Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9020 4632261 4611190 2026-04-25T13:39:55Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|75%}} The most of Linux system distributions update the kernel automatically to recommended and tested release. If you want to research your own copy of sources, compile it and run you can do it manually. Here is short and fast starting instruction: git clone <nowiki>git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git</nowiki> cd linux cp /boot/config-$(uname -r) .config # reuse current working config make olddefconfig # configure using current config and default options make localyesconfig # update current config converting local mods to core make sudo make install Other make targets for configuration * menuconfig ** requires libncurses5-dev * gconfig ** requires libglade2-dev * xconfig ** requires libqt4-dev 📖 References : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/doc|Installing the kernel from sources, admin guide|admin-guide/README.html#installing-the-kernel-source}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Build System|kbuild}} 📚 Further reading : [https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/10/html/managing_monitoring_and_updating_the_kernel/the-linux-kernel#updating-the-kernel Updating the kernel on RHEL 10] [https://canonical-kernel-docs.readthedocs-hosted.com/latest/how-to/develop-customise/build-kernel/ How to build an Ubuntu Linux kernel] : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel 💾 Historical: * https://linuxreviews.org/Kernel_Rebuild_Guide {{BookCat}} 9vx62jkh4eo6zcmqbx9darargrbt0jm 0 29787 4632257 4060450 2026-04-25T13:39:50Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632257 wikitext text/x-wiki A watchdog timer is a device that triggers a system reset if it detects that the system has hung. A program running on the system is supposed periodically to service the watchdog timer by writing a "service pulse." If the watchdog is not serviced within a particular period of time, the watchdog assumes that the system has hung, and triggers a system reset. Usually, watchdog timers are implemented as add-on cards, or as on-chip peripherals within microcontrollers. But if there is no hardware watchdog, the Linux kernel can provide a software watchdog implemented using kernel timers. In Linux, the watchdog driver provides a character driver interface to the user space. When some data is written to the watchdog driver, the watchdog driver services the watchdog hardware. The user space application periodically writes some data to the watchdog driver, depending upon the watchdog timeout period. If for some reason the user space application hangs, the watchdog device does not get serviced and hence triggers a system reset. Usually the application that writes to the watchdog driver is a watchdog daemon which monitors processes in the system, as well as other parameters such as CPU utilization, memory utilization, and so on. When the softdog driver is opened, softdog schedules a kernel timer to expire after a specified timer margin. When some data is written to the driver, the softdog driver re-schedules the timer. The user space watchdog daemon periodically writes to the driver, and the timer is continuously rescheduled and hence the timer callback is never called. If the watchdog daemon stops writing to the driver, the timer expires and the callback is called. In the timer callback, the system is restarted. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/watchdog.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_register_device}} 👁 Example: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/watchdog/softdog.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Watchdog Support|watchdog}} : [[Embedded Systems/Watchdog Timer]] {{BookCat}} ttg8fvv6qeb8mu155u6l9vrw1vgy5iy 0 38820 4632249 2235239 2026-04-25T13:39:39Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632249 wikitext text/x-wiki What does the kernel do when you boot your computer? There are several major steps that happen prior to the logon screen appearing when you boot the GNU/Linux system. In order they are: ==Firmware/Post== Your computer firmware/BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a small computer program whose starting address is loaded into the program counter register of your computer's CPU when power is applied to your system. The firmware/POST (Power-On Self Test) performs a few rudimentary tests on your computer system (usually memory checks, including possibly a barber-pole memory sieve routine to check your memory, checks to see if you have a keyboard, mouse, hard drive, etc. on your system. It then goes through a user defined list of devices, looking for a small program called a boot loader. The list of devices could be a CD-ROM, DVD drive, hard disk, etc. When it finds a bootloader, it loads the boot loader's starting address into the CPU's program counter register. ==Bootloader== The Linux bootloader may be [[w:en:LILO|LILO]], or now more commonly [[w:en:GRUB|GRUB]]. The bootloader may have only one operating system to boot, or it may have several, and if it has several, it presents a list of which system to load. The operating system need not be GNU/Linux. If the GNU/Linux operating system is selected, and the system is on Intel X86/32 hardware, then the bootloader is running in "real" x86 mode (running as if the CPU is an 8086), even though the processor may be a Pentium 4/Celeron/Xeon. The job of the bootloader is to reset all CPU registers, load an operating system into memory and start it running by loading the starting address into the CPU's Program Counter. Since the Intel 8086 couldn't support more than 640k of memory and the modern Linux kernel is bigger than 640k, special jump instructions (trampoline) are used to load the compressed Linux kernel called the zImage into memory. The bootloader loads several programs to help it do this job, including '''setup.S''' and '''system'''. setup.S is responsible for getting the system data from the BIOS, and putting it into appropriate places in system memory. setup.S asks the BIOS for memory, disk, and other parameters, and relocates itself and system from the low memory location where it was loaded, to a "safe" place: 0x90000-0x901FF (INITSEG), where the boot-block used to be. setup.S then uncompresses the compressed (zImage) kernel image at starting address 0x10000 or 64K, just beyond the firmware's data space (SYSSEG). It then moves the uncompressed kernel from address 0x10000 to address 0x1000 (4k, leaving one page of low memory free) switches from "real" x86 mode to emm386 mode, and loads the kernels' starting address into the CPU's Program Counter register (starts the kernel running). One of the last things setup.S does is run the video setup and detection code, video.S. The shuffling of the kernel back and forth in memory is to overcome limitations of the PC BIOS memory addressability (640k), and free up several hundred kilobytes of system memory (the actual amount freed is reported by the system). The 4k is used for handling virtual memory. The special load instructions (trampoline) are required to 'cheat' the system, as the instructions load part of the kernel into memory locations beyond the 640k barrier that the (then currently running "real mode") system knows about. In the process of shuffling the kernel around, the memory originally written to by the BIOS, and also where the setup and system programs were loaded are overwritten by the kernel image, hence the need for moving them to a safe place, beyond where the uncompressed kernel image is loaded. The actual load is slightly more complicated on x86 systems as not all BIOSs report their memory on the same registers, report information in different ways, or map their memory/system resources in unconventional ways. Also, some BIOSs must be prodded for information several times or have A20 Gate problems. Other computer architectures may not have the limitations of the Intel x86 processor, and so loading the Linux kernel is done in a much more straightforward manner. {{BookCat}} ej3a6516m40ymkf0nkeawscu57b7x7r 0 58296 4632274 349787 2026-04-25T15:17:17Z Arlo Barnes 381814 retarget 4632274 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect[[wikijunior:countries A-Z/Turkey]] mmm8ozt404vvnbqcqdl247cj6snqw2b 0 64596 4632457 4097333 2026-04-26T00:43:46Z ~2026-25505-95 3579183 Added content 4632457 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{Print version notice|Chess|Chess/Print_version}} <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify; font-weight:normal; font-size:11pt; color:#00000C" > Chess is an ancient Indian game of strategy, played by two individuals on an 8x8 grid. The objective is to maneuver one's pieces so as to put the opposing king in "checkmate". This book will cover the basic pieces of chess, before going on to some more advanced topics. © Copyright 2003–2006 contributing authors, all rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Document License, version 1.2. A copy of this is included in the section entitled GNU Free Document License. = Contents = <span class="noprint">If you save this file to your computer, you can click on a link below to go to the chapter.</span> * [[#Pieces|Pieces]] * [[#Playing The Game|Playing The Game]] * [[#Notating The Game|Notating The Game]] * [[#Tactics|Tactics]] * [[#Tactics Exercises|Tactics Exercises]] * [[#Strategy|Strategy]] * [[#Basic Openings|Basic Openings]] * [[#Sample chess game|Sample chess game]] * [[#The Endgame|The Endgame]] * [[#Variants|Variants]] * [[#Tournaments|Tournaments]] * [[#Optional homework|Optional homework]] * [[#GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] =Pieces = {{:Chess/Pieces}} =Playing The Game = {{:Chess/Playing The Game}} =Notating The Game = {{:Chess/Notating The Game}} =Tactics= {{:Chess/Tactics}} =Tactics= {{:Chess/Tactics Exercises}} =Strategy= {{:Chess/Strategy}} =Basic Openings= {{:Chess/Basic Openings}} =Sample chess game= {{:Chess/Sample chess game}} =The Endgame= {{:Chess/The Endgame}} =Variants= {{:Chess/Variants}} =Tournaments= {{:Chess/Tournaments}} =Optional homework= These optional homework problems will test your ability to apply chess concepts. Try them and learn! =Homework 1= {{:Chess/Optional homework/1}} =Homework 2= {{:Chess/Optional homework/2}} =Homework 3= {{:Chess/Optional homework/3}} =Homework 4= {{:Chess/Optional homework/4}} =Solutions= {{:Chess/Optional homework/Solutions}} = GNU Free Documentation License = {{:GNU Free Documentation License}} </div> <!-- for justify and font colour --> 4864ydyk1ybovwxb4y4ljd4165pkt31 110 70002 4632477 4620791 2026-04-26T01:58:10Z ~2026-25307-74 3579191 /* What writing system(s) does this language use? */ 4632477 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}|}}</noinclude> == What writing system(s) does this language use? == Spanisho is written using the Latin alphabet, with the addition of '''Ñ''' (enye). '''CH''' (che) and '''LL''' (eye) also used to have their own places in the alphabet (a, b, c, ch, d, ..., l, ll, m, n, ñ, ...) as well as '''RR''' (erre, the double r indicating a rolled r). Since 1994, however, words containing the letters CH and LL have been alphabetized as though spelled with the separate letters c - h and l - l. Spanish doesn't use letter '''W''' except in foreign words. Letter '''K''' is used very little and is mainly found in foreign words. == How many people speak this language? == There are more than 400 million people across the globe who speak Spanish as their first language. When you include non-native speakers (people who learned another language before they learned Spanish), the total increases to about 500 million. == Where is this language spoken? == This language is spoken in Central and [[Wikijunior:South America|South America]] (except Brazil, Guyana, French Guyana, and Suriname), Mexico, and [[Wikijunior:Europe/Spain|Spain]]. Large numbers of Spanish-speaking peoples live in the United States as well. Spanish is also spoken in several Caribbean islands including the Dominican Republic, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Some Jews living in Israel speak a dialect called Sefardi, also called Ladino. The biggest Spanish-speaking countries are Mexico, [[Wikijunior:South America/Colombia|Colombia]], Spain, [[Wikijunior:South America/Argentina|Argentina]] and the United States. == What is the history of this language? == Spanish is a member of the Romance branch of Indo-European languages, descended largely from Latin. Spanish has also been influenced by many other languages it has been in contact with, including [[../Basque|Basque]], Germanic, [[../Arabic|Arabic]], several Native American languages, and other Romance languages such as [[../French|French]] and [[../Italian|Italian]], so there are some Spanish words that do not come from Latin. == Who are some famous authors or poets in this language? == * '''Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra''' was a Spanish novelist, poet and playwright. He is best known for his novel ''Don Quixote de la Mancha'', which is considered by many to be the first modern novel, one of the greatest works in Western literature, and the greatest of the Spanish language. * '''Gabriel José García Márquez''' is a Colombian novelist, widely credited with introducing the global public to magical realism. He wrote ''Crónicas de una Muerte Anunciada'' (Chronicle of a Death Foretold), ''Amor en los Tiempos de Cólera'' (Love in the Time of Cholera), ''Cien Años de Soledad'' (One Hundred Years of Solitude), and others.<br> * '''Jorge Luis Borges''' was an Argentine writer who is considered one of the foremost literary figures of the 20th century. He is best known in the English speaking world for his short stories. Many of his most popular stories concern the nature of time, infinity, mirrors, labyrinths, reality, and identity.<br> * '''Ernesto Sabato''' is an Argentine writer best known for his existentialist novels ''El Túnel'', ''On heroes and tombs'', and ''The angel of darkness''.<br> * '''Julio Cortázar''' was an Argentine intellectual and author of several experimental novels and many short stories. Cortázar is highly regarded as a master of short stories of a fantastic bent, with the collections ''Bestiario'' (1951) and ''Final de Juego'' (1956) containing many of his best examples in the genre, including the famous "Continuidad de los Parques."<br> * '''Pablo Neruda''' (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the penname and, later, legal name of the Chilean writer and communist politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. His works have been translated into dozens of languages, and he is considered one of the greatest and most influential poets of the 20th century. He was accomplished in a wide variety of styles, including erotically charged love poems (such as "White Hills"), surrealist poems, historical epics, and overtly political manifestos. Some of Neruda's most beloved poems are his "Odes to Broken Things," collected in several volumes. Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez has called him "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language". In 1971, Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature, a controversial award because of his political activism. == What are some basic words in this language that I can learn? == {| class="wikitable" ! Respuestas || Responses |- | Sí || Yes |- | No || No |- | Tal vez, quizás || Probably, perhaps |- ! Saludos || Greetings |- | Hola || Hello |- | Buenos días || Good morning |- | Buenas tardes || Good afternoon |- | Buenas noches || Good night |- | ¿Qué hay de nuevo?, ¿Qué hay?, ¿Qué onda?, ¿Qué pasa? || What's up? |- | No mucho. || Not much. |- | Nada. || Nothing. |- ! Despedidas || Good-byes |- | Adiós. || Good-bye. |- | Hasta luego. || See you later. |- | Hasta mañana. || See you tomorrow. |- | Hasta la vista. || See you later. |- | Hablamos (translated 'Nos mantendremos en contacto'). || Keep in touch. |- | Te veo pronto. || See you soon. |- ! Frases útiles || Useful phrases |- | ¿Podría decirme dónde puedo encontrar un baño? (polite) <br /> ¿Dónde hay un baño? | Could you tell me where I can find a bathroom? <br /> Where is the bathroom? |- | ¿Cuánto cuesta?, ¿Cuánto es? || How much does it cost? |- | Quiero leche por favor. || I want milk please. |- | Gracias. || Thanks. |- | Me caes bien. || I like you. |- | Te quiero, Te amo. || I love you |- | Mi perro se comió mi tarea. || My dog ate my homework. |- | ...Por favor... || ...Please... |- | De nada. || You're welcome. |} == What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language? == === Hola, mis amigos, ¿cómo están? === {| | '''Hola, mis amigos, ¿cómo están?'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> Hola, mis amigos, ¿cómo están?<br /> Hoy vamos a jugar<br /> luego vamos a cantar<br /> y después podemos irnos a casa. | '''Hello, How Are You My Friends?'''<br /> '''(English)'''<br /> Hello, how are you my friends?<br /> Today we are going to play<br /> then we are going to sing<br /> and then we can go home. |} === Estrellita === {| | '''Estrellita'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> Estrellita, ¿dónde estás?<br /> Me pregunto qué serás.<br /> En el cielo y en el mar,<br /> un diamante de verdad.<br /> Estrellita, ¿dónde estás?<br /> Me pregunto qué serás... | '''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star''' '''(English)'''<br /> Twinkle, twinkle, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are.<br /> Up above the world so high,<br /> Like a diamond in the sky.<br /> Twinkle, twinkle, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are! | '''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star''' '''(Literal English)'''<br /> Where are you, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are.<br /> In the sky and in the sea,<br /> Truly like a diamond.<br /> Where are you, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are! |} === La pequeñita araña === {| | '''La pequeñita araña'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> La pequeñita araña subió, subió, subió.<br /> Bajó la lluvia y se la llevó.<br /> Salió el sol y todo secó,<br /> y la pequeñita araña subió, subió, subió. | '''The Itsy Bitsy Spider''' '''(English)'''<br /> Itsy bitsy spider climbed up the water spout.<br /> Down came the rain and washed the spider out.<br /> Out came the sun-shine and dried up all the rain,<br /> And itsy bitsy spider climbed up the spout again. | '''The Cute Little Spider''' '''(Literal English)'''<br /> The cute little spider climbed up, climbed up, climbed up.<br /> Down came the rain and she was carried away.<br /> Out came the sun and it dried everything,<br /> And the cute little spider climbed up, climbed up, climbed up. |} === Un elefante === {| | '''Un elefante'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> Un elefante<br /> se balanceaba<br /> sobre la tela de una araña.<br /> Como veía<br /> que no se caía,<br /> fue a llamar a otro elefante.<br /> <br /> Dos elefantes<br /> se balanceaban<br /> sobre la tela de una araña.<br /> Como veían<br /> que no se caían,<br /> fueron a llamar otro elefante.<br /> <br /> Tres elefantes...<br /> (Y así...) | '''One Elephant'''<br /> '''(English)'''<br /> One elephant<br /> Was balancing<br /> On a spider web.<br /> Since he saw<br /> That it didn't fall<br /> He went to call another elephant.<br /> <br /> Two elephants<br /> Were balancing<br /> On a spider web.<br /> Since they saw<br /> That they didn't fall<br /> They went to call another elephant.<br /> <br /> Three elephants...<br /> (And so on...) |} ==References== {| align="center" |{{wikipedia|Spanish language}} |<div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:wikibooks-logo.png|50px|none|Wikibooks]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Main Page|Wikibooks]] has a texbook where you can find more about this language: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[Spanish]]'''''</div> </div> </div> |} </noinclude> <noinclude>{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Footer}} [[it:Wikijunior lingue/Spagnolo]] [[de:Wikijunior Sprachen/ Spanisch]] [[fr:Wikijunior:Langues/Espagnol]] [[pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Hiszpański]] </noinclude> 9ya2tq7lrzdhyt4vwbsc6qirmx03xar 4632478 4632477 2026-04-26T01:58:44Z ~2026-25307-74 3579191 /* What writing system(s) does this language use? */ 4632478 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}|}}</noinclude> == What writing system(s) does this language use? == Spanish is written using the Latin alphabet, with the addition of '''Ñ''' (enye). '''CH''' (che) and '''LL''' (eye) also used to have their own places in the alphabet (a, b, c, ch, d, ..., l, ll, m, n, ñ, ...) as well as '''RR''' (erre, the double r indicating a rolled r). Since 1994, however, words containing the letters CH and LL have been alphabetized as though spelled with the separate letters c - h and l - l. Spanish doesn't use letter '''W''' except in foreign words. Letter '''K''' is used very little and is mainly found in foreign words. == How many people speak this language? == There are more than 400 million people across the globe who speak Spanish as their first language. When you include non-native speakers (people who learned another language before they learned Spanish), the total increases to about 500 million. == Where is this language spoken? == This language is spoken in Central and [[Wikijunior:South America|South America]] (except Brazil, Guyana, French Guyana, and Suriname), Mexico, and [[Wikijunior:Europe/Spain|Spain]]. Large numbers of Spanish-speaking peoples live in the United States as well. Spanish is also spoken in several Caribbean islands including the Dominican Republic, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Some Jews living in Israel speak a dialect called Sefardi, also called Ladino. The biggest Spanish-speaking countries are Mexico, [[Wikijunior:South America/Colombia|Colombia]], Spain, [[Wikijunior:South America/Argentina|Argentina]] and the United States. == What is the history of this language? == Spanish is a member of the Romance branch of Indo-European languages, descended largely from Latin. Spanish has also been influenced by many other languages it has been in contact with, including [[../Basque|Basque]], Germanic, [[../Arabic|Arabic]], several Native American languages, and other Romance languages such as [[../French|French]] and [[../Italian|Italian]], so there are some Spanish words that do not come from Latin. == Who are some famous authors or poets in this language? == * '''Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra''' was a Spanish novelist, poet and playwright. He is best known for his novel ''Don Quixote de la Mancha'', which is considered by many to be the first modern novel, one of the greatest works in Western literature, and the greatest of the Spanish language. * '''Gabriel José García Márquez''' is a Colombian novelist, widely credited with introducing the global public to magical realism. He wrote ''Crónicas de una Muerte Anunciada'' (Chronicle of a Death Foretold), ''Amor en los Tiempos de Cólera'' (Love in the Time of Cholera), ''Cien Años de Soledad'' (One Hundred Years of Solitude), and others.<br> * '''Jorge Luis Borges''' was an Argentine writer who is considered one of the foremost literary figures of the 20th century. He is best known in the English speaking world for his short stories. Many of his most popular stories concern the nature of time, infinity, mirrors, labyrinths, reality, and identity.<br> * '''Ernesto Sabato''' is an Argentine writer best known for his existentialist novels ''El Túnel'', ''On heroes and tombs'', and ''The angel of darkness''.<br> * '''Julio Cortázar''' was an Argentine intellectual and author of several experimental novels and many short stories. Cortázar is highly regarded as a master of short stories of a fantastic bent, with the collections ''Bestiario'' (1951) and ''Final de Juego'' (1956) containing many of his best examples in the genre, including the famous "Continuidad de los Parques."<br> * '''Pablo Neruda''' (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the penname and, later, legal name of the Chilean writer and communist politician Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. His works have been translated into dozens of languages, and he is considered one of the greatest and most influential poets of the 20th century. He was accomplished in a wide variety of styles, including erotically charged love poems (such as "White Hills"), surrealist poems, historical epics, and overtly political manifestos. Some of Neruda's most beloved poems are his "Odes to Broken Things," collected in several volumes. Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez has called him "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language". In 1971, Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature, a controversial award because of his political activism. == What are some basic words in this language that I can learn? == {| class="wikitable" ! Respuestas || Responses |- | Sí || Yes |- | No || No |- | Tal vez, quizás || Probably, perhaps |- ! Saludos || Greetings |- | Hola || Hello |- | Buenos días || Good morning |- | Buenas tardes || Good afternoon |- | Buenas noches || Good night |- | ¿Qué hay de nuevo?, ¿Qué hay?, ¿Qué onda?, ¿Qué pasa? || What's up? |- | No mucho. || Not much. |- | Nada. || Nothing. |- ! Despedidas || Good-byes |- | Adiós. || Good-bye. |- | Hasta luego. || See you later. |- | Hasta mañana. || See you tomorrow. |- | Hasta la vista. || See you later. |- | Hablamos (translated 'Nos mantendremos en contacto'). || Keep in touch. |- | Te veo pronto. || See you soon. |- ! Frases útiles || Useful phrases |- | ¿Podría decirme dónde puedo encontrar un baño? (polite) <br /> ¿Dónde hay un baño? | Could you tell me where I can find a bathroom? <br /> Where is the bathroom? |- | ¿Cuánto cuesta?, ¿Cuánto es? || How much does it cost? |- | Quiero leche por favor. || I want milk please. |- | Gracias. || Thanks. |- | Me caes bien. || I like you. |- | Te quiero, Te amo. || I love you |- | Mi perro se comió mi tarea. || My dog ate my homework. |- | ...Por favor... || ...Please... |- | De nada. || You're welcome. |} == What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language? == === Hola, mis amigos, ¿cómo están? === {| | '''Hola, mis amigos, ¿cómo están?'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> Hola, mis amigos, ¿cómo están?<br /> Hoy vamos a jugar<br /> luego vamos a cantar<br /> y después podemos irnos a casa. | '''Hello, How Are You My Friends?'''<br /> '''(English)'''<br /> Hello, how are you my friends?<br /> Today we are going to play<br /> then we are going to sing<br /> and then we can go home. |} === Estrellita === {| | '''Estrellita'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> Estrellita, ¿dónde estás?<br /> Me pregunto qué serás.<br /> En el cielo y en el mar,<br /> un diamante de verdad.<br /> Estrellita, ¿dónde estás?<br /> Me pregunto qué serás... | '''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star''' '''(English)'''<br /> Twinkle, twinkle, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are.<br /> Up above the world so high,<br /> Like a diamond in the sky.<br /> Twinkle, twinkle, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are! | '''Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star''' '''(Literal English)'''<br /> Where are you, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are.<br /> In the sky and in the sea,<br /> Truly like a diamond.<br /> Where are you, little star,<br /> How I wonder what you are! |} === La pequeñita araña === {| | '''La pequeñita araña'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> La pequeñita araña subió, subió, subió.<br /> Bajó la lluvia y se la llevó.<br /> Salió el sol y todo secó,<br /> y la pequeñita araña subió, subió, subió. | '''The Itsy Bitsy Spider''' '''(English)'''<br /> Itsy bitsy spider climbed up the water spout.<br /> Down came the rain and washed the spider out.<br /> Out came the sun-shine and dried up all the rain,<br /> And itsy bitsy spider climbed up the spout again. | '''The Cute Little Spider''' '''(Literal English)'''<br /> The cute little spider climbed up, climbed up, climbed up.<br /> Down came the rain and she was carried away.<br /> Out came the sun and it dried everything,<br /> And the cute little spider climbed up, climbed up, climbed up. |} === Un elefante === {| | '''Un elefante'''<br /> '''(español)'''<br /> Un elefante<br /> se balanceaba<br /> sobre la tela de una araña.<br /> Como veía<br /> que no se caía,<br /> fue a llamar a otro elefante.<br /> <br /> Dos elefantes<br /> se balanceaban<br /> sobre la tela de una araña.<br /> Como veían<br /> que no se caían,<br /> fueron a llamar otro elefante.<br /> <br /> Tres elefantes...<br /> (Y así...) | '''One Elephant'''<br /> '''(English)'''<br /> One elephant<br /> Was balancing<br /> On a spider web.<br /> Since he saw<br /> That it didn't fall<br /> He went to call another elephant.<br /> <br /> Two elephants<br /> Were balancing<br /> On a spider web.<br /> Since they saw<br /> That they didn't fall<br /> They went to call another elephant.<br /> <br /> Three elephants...<br /> (And so on...) |} ==References== {| align="center" |{{wikipedia|Spanish language}} |<div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:wikibooks-logo.png|50px|none|Wikibooks]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Main Page|Wikibooks]] has a texbook where you can find more about this language: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[Spanish]]'''''</div> </div> </div> |} </noinclude> <noinclude>{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Footer}} [[it:Wikijunior lingue/Spagnolo]] [[de:Wikijunior Sprachen/ Spanisch]] [[fr:Wikijunior:Langues/Espagnol]] [[pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Hiszpański]] </noinclude> px6j7peg2p6ddm36jmwuijgkpmq69bb 110 83305 4632479 4510599 2026-04-26T02:02:05Z ~2026-25307-74 3579191 /* What writing system(s) does this language use? */ 4632479 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}</noinclude> ==What writing system(s) does this language use?== The Polish language is written in its own version of the Latin alphabet, like English. Unlike English, however, Polish does not have the letters Q, V, and X. The Polish alphabet also uses four '''diacritics'''. These are the kreska ("dash"), the ogonek ("tail"), the kropka ("dot"), and the stroke. Letters having a kreska in Polish include: *'''Ć''' or '''ć''' (like the "ch" sound in "chocolato"), *'''Ń''' or '''ń''' (like the "ny" sound in "canyon"), *'''Ó''' or '''ó''' (like the "oo" sound in "proof", just like Polish '''u'''), *'''Ś''' or '''ś''' (like the "sh" in "ship"), *'''Ź''' or '''ź''' (a unique "zh" sound, like the "s" in "vision"). The letters with an ogonek are both '''nasal vowels''': *'''Ą''' or '''ą''' (like the "ome" sound in "home"), *'''Ę''' or '''ę''' (like the "en" sound in "lend" The letter '''Ż''' or '''ż''' (like "zh" but different from the '''Ź''' sound above) has a dot, and the letter '''Ł''' or '''ł''' (pronounced like "w" as in "wind") has a stroke. Because of these differences, Polish has 32 letters. That's six more than in English! The Polish alphabet is: {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 !Upper case |A |Ą |B |C |Ć |D |E |Ę |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |Ł |M |N |Ń |O |Ó |P |R |S |Ś |T |U |W |Y |Z |Ź |Ż |- !Lower case |a |ą |b |c |ć |d |e |ę |f |g |h |i |j |k |l |ł |m |n |ń |o |ó |p |r |s |ś |t |u |w |y |z |ź |ż |} Polish has also digraphs: * '''Ch''' or '''ch''' (like the "ch" in "loch", just like Polish '''H''') * '''Cz''' or '''cz''' (like the "ch" in "chocolate" but different from the '''Ć''' sound above) * '''Rz''' or '''rz''' (read just like '''Ż''') * '''Sz''' or '''sz''' (like the "sh" in "ship" but different from the '''Ś''' sound above) {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|diacritic|a mark added to a letter to change the way it is pronounced. For example, when a "kreska" is added to the Polish letter "C", its pronunciation changes from a "ts" sound (as in "boots") to a "ch" sound as in "chocolate".}} {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|nasal vowel|a vowel which is so called because it sounds like it is being said while the nose is blocked (hence "nasal").}} ==How many people speak this language?== Polish has 46 million speakers. Of these, 38 million live in Poland, while the rest live in countries all over the world. Around 10% of the EU population speak Polish. Over half a million Polish speakers live in the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|UK]] - most of these people are recent immigrants but many are Polish-British people who've lived there since the 1940s. ==Where is this language spoken?== As the place where it was first spoken, Polish is mainly spoken in [[Wikijunior:Europe/Poland|Poland]]. There are also large numbers of Polish speakers in neighbouring countries such as [[Wikijunior:Europe/Belarus|Belarus]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ukraine|Ukraine]], as well as important Polish-speaking communities in [[Wikijunior:South_America/Argentina|Argentina]], Australia, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Austria|Austria]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Wikijunior:South_America/Brazil|Brazil]], Canada, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Estonia|Estonia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Finland|Finland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Germany|Germany]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Greece|Greece]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Hungary|Hungary]], Israel, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ireland|Ireland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Latvia|Latvia]], New Zealand, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Norway|Norway]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden|Sweden]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Romania|Romania]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Russia|Russia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Slovakia|Slovakia]], the United Arab Emirates, the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and the United States. Polish is an official language of the [[Wikijunior:Europe/EU|European Union]]. ==What is the history of this language?== [[Image:MieszkoDagome.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The history of Polish is closely linked to Mieszko I, the first Duke of Poland.]] Like most languages in the countries around Poland, the Polish language comes from the very old Proto-Slavic language, a dead language once spoken around central and eastern Europe. The Polish language as we know it today began to take shape around the 10th century, when Poland started to become a distinct state. In particular, the history of the language is tied in with that of Mieszko I, the first Polish Duke, who united various Slavic tribes in the region that shared a similar culture and language. After Poland became Christian in 966, the new country adopted the Latin alphabet for its language. Before then, the language had no writing system, and only existed through people speaking it. The earliest examples of written Polish are religious texts written by members of the Catholic Church. Non-religious examples of written Polish emerged in the Middle Ages, and the language kept changing and adding new words from other languages, such as German, Russian and Czech. Today, Polish borrows many words for English for new items that have never existed before, such as computer, which is called '''komputer''' in Polish! ==Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?== Adam Mickiewicz, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Stanisław Lem, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska ==What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?== {| class="wikitable" !Polish !! listen !! English |- |ja||{{inline player|Pl-ja.ogg}}||I |- |ty||{{inline player|Pl-ty.ogg}}||you |- |cześć||{{inline player|Pl-cześć.ogg}}||hello |- |do widzenia||{{inline player|Pl-do widzenia.ogg}}||goodbye |- |dobranoc||{{inline player|Pl-dobranoc.ogg}}||good night |- |słoń||{{inline player|Pl-słoń.ogg}}||elephant |- |kot||{{inline player|Pl-kot.ogg}}||cat |- |Polska||{{inline player|Pl-Polska.ogg}}|||Poland |- |imię||{{inline player|Pl-imię.ogg}}||name |} ==What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?== Christmas is a very special time in Poland. One of the most popular carols sung there is the ''Jesus Lullaby''. In Polish: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Lulajże Jezuniu, moja perełko!<br> Lulaj ulubione me pieścidełko.<br> Lulajże, Jezuniu, lulajże, lulaj!<br> A Ty Go, Matulu, w płaczu utulaj.<br> }} In English: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Sleep, little Jesus, my little pearl!<br> Sleep, my favourite darling.<br> Sleep, little Jesus, in loving arms lying,<br> And you, Mummy, hug him while he is crying.<br> }} ==References== * {{wp|Polish language}} <noinclude> {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Footer}} [[pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Polski]] </noinclude> 9xov7zjigzz0kkpfqkkd0lifjq628ja 4632480 4632479 2026-04-26T02:02:56Z ~2026-25307-74 3579191 /* What writing system(s) does this language use? */ 4632480 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{ {{BOOKTEMPLATE}} }}</noinclude> ==What writing system(s) does this language use?== The Polish language is written in its own version of the Latin alphabet, like English. Unlike English, however, Polish does not have the letters Q, V, and X. The Polish alphabet also uses four '''diacritics'''. These are the kreska ("dash"), the ogonek ("tail"), the kropka ("dot"), and the stroke. Letters having a kreska in Polish include: *'''Ć''' or '''ć''' (like the "ch" sound in "chocolate"), *'''Ń''' or '''ń''' (like the "ny" sound in "canyon"), *'''Ó''' or '''ó''' (like the "oo" sound in "proof", just like Polish '''u'''), *'''Ś''' or '''ś''' (like the "sh" in "ship"), *'''Ź''' or '''ź''' (a unique "zh" sound, like the "s" in "vision"). The letters with an ogonek are both '''nasal vowels''': *'''Ą''' or '''ą''' (like the "ome" sound in "home"), *'''Ę''' or '''ę''' (like the "en" sound in "lend" The letter '''Ż''' or '''ż''' (like "zh" but different from the '''Ź''' sound above) has a dot, and the letter '''Ł''' or '''ł''' (pronounced like "w" as in "wind") has a stroke. Because of these differences, Polish has 32 letters. That's six more than in English! The Polish alphabet is: {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 !Upper case |A |Ą |B |C |Ć |D |E |Ę |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |Ł |M |N |Ń |O |Ó |P |R |S |Ś |T |U |W |Y |Z |Ź |Ż |- !Lower case |a |ą |b |c |ć |d |e |ę |f |g |h |i |j |k |l |ł |m |n |ń |o |ó |p |r |s |ś |t |u |w |y |z |ź |ż |} Polish has also digraphs: * '''Ch''' or '''ch''' (like the "ch" in "loch", just like Polish '''H''') * '''Cz''' or '''cz''' (like the "ch" in "chocolate" but different from the '''Ć''' sound above) * '''Rz''' or '''rz''' (read just like '''Ż''') * '''Sz''' or '''sz''' (like the "sh" in "ship" but different from the '''Ś''' sound above) {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|diacritic|a mark added to a letter to change the way it is pronounced. For example, when a "kreska" is added to the Polish letter "C", its pronunciation changes from a "ts" sound (as in "boots") to a "ch" sound as in "chocolate".}} {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Define|nasal vowel|a vowel which is so called because it sounds like it is being said while the nose is blocked (hence "nasal").}} ==How many people speak this language?== Polish has 46 million speakers. Of these, 38 million live in Poland, while the rest live in countries all over the world. Around 10% of the EU population speak Polish. Over half a million Polish speakers live in the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|UK]] - most of these people are recent immigrants but many are Polish-British people who've lived there since the 1940s. ==Where is this language spoken?== As the place where it was first spoken, Polish is mainly spoken in [[Wikijunior:Europe/Poland|Poland]]. There are also large numbers of Polish speakers in neighbouring countries such as [[Wikijunior:Europe/Belarus|Belarus]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ukraine|Ukraine]], as well as important Polish-speaking communities in [[Wikijunior:South_America/Argentina|Argentina]], Australia, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Austria|Austria]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[Wikijunior:South_America/Brazil|Brazil]], Canada, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Estonia|Estonia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Finland|Finland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Germany|Germany]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Greece|Greece]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Hungary|Hungary]], Israel, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Ireland|Ireland]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Latvia|Latvia]], New Zealand, [[Wikijunior:Europe/Norway|Norway]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden|Sweden]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Romania|Romania]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Russia|Russia]], [[Wikijunior:Europe/Slovakia|Slovakia]], the United Arab Emirates, the [[Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and the United States. Polish is an official language of the [[Wikijunior:Europe/EU|European Union]]. ==What is the history of this language?== [[Image:MieszkoDagome.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The history of Polish is closely linked to Mieszko I, the first Duke of Poland.]] Like most languages in the countries around Poland, the Polish language comes from the very old Proto-Slavic language, a dead language once spoken around central and eastern Europe. The Polish language as we know it today began to take shape around the 10th century, when Poland started to become a distinct state. In particular, the history of the language is tied in with that of Mieszko I, the first Polish Duke, who united various Slavic tribes in the region that shared a similar culture and language. After Poland became Christian in 966, the new country adopted the Latin alphabet for its language. Before then, the language had no writing system, and only existed through people speaking it. The earliest examples of written Polish are religious texts written by members of the Catholic Church. Non-religious examples of written Polish emerged in the Middle Ages, and the language kept changing and adding new words from other languages, such as German, Russian and Czech. Today, Polish borrows many words for English for new items that have never existed before, such as computer, which is called '''komputer''' in Polish! ==Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?== Adam Mickiewicz, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Stanisław Lem, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska ==What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?== {| class="wikitable" !Polish !! listen !! English |- |ja||{{inline player|Pl-ja.ogg}}||I |- |ty||{{inline player|Pl-ty.ogg}}||you |- |cześć||{{inline player|Pl-cześć.ogg}}||hello |- |do widzenia||{{inline player|Pl-do widzenia.ogg}}||goodbye |- |dobranoc||{{inline player|Pl-dobranoc.ogg}}||good night |- |słoń||{{inline player|Pl-słoń.ogg}}||elephant |- |kot||{{inline player|Pl-kot.ogg}}||cat |- |Polska||{{inline player|Pl-Polska.ogg}}|||Poland |- |imię||{{inline player|Pl-imię.ogg}}||name |} ==What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?== Christmas is a very special time in Poland. One of the most popular carols sung there is the ''Jesus Lullaby''. In Polish: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Lulajże Jezuniu, moja perełko!<br> Lulaj ulubione me pieścidełko.<br> Lulajże, Jezuniu, lulajże, lulaj!<br> A Ty Go, Matulu, w płaczu utulaj.<br> }} In English: {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Box| Sleep, little Jesus, my little pearl!<br> Sleep, my favourite darling.<br> Sleep, little Jesus, in loving arms lying,<br> And you, Mummy, hug him while he is crying.<br> }} ==References== * {{wp|Polish language}} <noinclude> {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Footer}} [[pl:Wikijunior:Języki/Polski]] </noinclude> renv0dfrsjcwa3vj7ashpy3spkgivt8 0 108805 4632253 4520082 2026-04-25T13:39:45Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632253 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux modules}}</noinclude><includeonly>== Modules ==</includeonly> A kernel module is a code that can be loaded into the kernel image at will, without requiring users to rebuild the kernel or reboot their computer. Modular design ensures that you do not have to make a monolithic kernel that contains all code necessary for hardware and situations. Common kernel modules are device drivers, which directly access computer and peripheral hardware. Kernel modules have a .ko extension. ⚲ API : /proc/modules : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|insmod}} &ndash; simple program to insert a module : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|modprobe}} &ndash; searches and loads a module with dependencies :: /etc/modprobe.d/ :: /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep &ndash; module dependencies, is created by depmod -a : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|lsmod}} &ndash; list loaded modules : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|kmod}} &ndash; core program to manage Linux Kernel modules : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|modinfo}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/init.h}} &ndash; initcalls : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/module.h}} &ndash; macros and functions for kernel module support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|module_init}} &ndash; module initialization entry point :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|module_exit}} &ndash; module initialization exit point :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|MODULE_LICENSE}} &ndash; licence declaration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mod_devicetable.h}} &ndash; device ID tables for module device matching : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/export.h}} &ndash; macros for symbol export control to kernel modules. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kernel.h}} &ndash; miscellaneous stuff ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/module}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Building External Modules|kbuild/modules.html}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Loadable kernel module}} : [https://sysprog21.github.io/lkmpg/ The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide] : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Kernel_module : [https://github.com/makelinux/ldt Linux Driver Template] : http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch02.pdf : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch02.html : [https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/managing_monitoring_and_updating_the_kernel/managing-kernel-modules_managing-monitoring-and-updating-the-kernel Managing kernel modules, RHEL] : http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/modules/modules.html {{BookCat}} k2sr4tsrl34e7azf86vxtwe76yei4r8 4 112405 4632464 4632123 2026-04-26T00:57:31Z MediaWiki message delivery 1188004 /* Request for comment (global AI policy) */ new section 4632464 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress == Hello. [[s:Correspondence between John Belton and the Continental Congress]] is probably going to be deleted from Wikisource as out of scope, would Wikibooks be interested in its import? -- [[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] ([[User talk:Jan.Kamenicek|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan.Kamenicek|contribs]]) 19:27, 3 March 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Jan.Kamenicek|Jan.Kamenicek]] Thank you for checking! We do not host source texts, so it doesn't look like this would be in scope at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:55, 3 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming deployment of CampaignEvents extension to Wikibooks == <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, We are writing to inform you that the [[mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be deployed to all Wikibooks projects during the week of '''23 March 2026'''. This follows last year’s broader rollout across Wikimedia projects. We realized that Wikibooks was not included at the time, and we’re now addressing that to ensure consistency across all communities. The CampaignEvents extension provides tools to support event and campaign organization on-wiki, including features like on-wiki event registration and collaboration lists(global event list). We welcome any questions, feedback, or concerns you may have. We are also happy to support anyone interested in trying out the tools. ''Apologies if this message is not in your preferred language. If you’re able to help translate it for your community, please feel free to do so.'' <section end="message"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|discuss]]) 18:22, 19 March 2026 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/MM_target&oldid=30284073 --> == Regarding the project's FlaggedRevs extension == Hello, everyone. I want to discuss with the community about the use of this project's FlaggedRevs (flagged revisions) extension, which was deployed many years ago (and configured recently). === Many unreviewed edits, and edit quality options === According to [[Special:PendingChanges]], there are almost 4000 unreviewed edits (per the standard FlaggedRevs configuration). In addition, on the edit review interface when evaluating a diff, there are three radio buttons that determine the quality of the edit (minimal, average, good). Do we have to utilize these buttons if the quality of the edit or the book matters, according to [[WB:REVIEW]]? This proposal is to whether discontinue the edit rating buttons or not. One way to reduce such a large amount of unreviewed edits is to set the following to <code>true</code>: * <code>wgFlaggedRevsProtection</code> (pending changes protection, to be used on Wikijunior pages; this might negate the need to show the stable version by default) * (optional) <code>wgSimpleFlaggedRevsUI</code> (simpler, icon-based UI on the edit review interface) We should also include the following configuration (partially based from English Wikipedia), if this proposal passes: <syntaxhighlight lang="php"> elseif ( $wgDBname == 'enwikibooks' ) { // Limited to the main, Cookbook, and Wikijunior namespaces (T408110) $wgFlaggedRevsNamespaces = [ NS_MAIN, 102, 110 ]; # We have only one tag with one level $wgFlaggedRevsTags = [ 'status' => [ 'levels' => 1 ] ]; # Restrict autoconfirmed to flagging semi-protected $wgFlaggedRevsTagsRestrictions = [ 'status' => [ 'review' => 1, 'autoreview' => 1 ], ]; # Restriction levels for auto-review/review rights $wgFlaggedRevsRestrictionLevels = [ 'autoreview' ]; # Remove 'validate' from reviewers $wgGroupPermissions['reviewer']['validate'] = false; # Group permissions for sysops $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['review'] = true; $wgGroupPermissions['sysop']['stablesettings'] = true; # Allow sysops to add and remove the 'reviewer' group $wgAddGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; $wgRemoveGroups['sysop'][] = 'reviewer'; # Remove the 'editor' user group unset( $wgGroupPermissions['editor'] ); } </syntaxhighlight> === Inactive reviewers === After conducting an audit of over 1000 reviewers, most, if not many of them are completely inactive. === User group changes for reviewers === The reviewer user group is known to the software as <code>editor</code>, which might sound misleading (the actual [[MediaWiki:Group-editor/qqq|/qqq definition]] is "Editors"). To fix that, we might have to consider switching to <code>reviewer</code> and unset <code>editor</code>. I am also not sure whether administrators should have the <code>validate</code> user right, since <code>reviewer</code> has it on by default (but it is currently disabled). On the above configuration I proposed, administrators (and users in the <code>reviewer</code> user group) would no longer have <code>validate</code>. === Page patrolling === Currently, only administrators can mark new pages as patrolled (<code>patrol</code>) by using the MediaWiki page patrol software, but clicking on "Accept revision" (via FlaggedRevs) would also mark the page as patrolled, in question. I believe that using FlaggedRevs to patrol new pages is redundant, given that we might not want to use one or the other. If we are considering on switching to pending changes, we should also allow reviewers to mark new pages as patrolled, as they are trusted to have the <code>autopatrol</code> right in addition to administrators and autoreviewed users. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:05, 21 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree on replacing <code>editor</code> with <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion. Reviewers don't need to have patrol permissions as a reviewed page would be patrolled as well. I don't think people will use it much as a page or edit being reviewed already means that it has been checked by someone else. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 16:00, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::When I said that reviewers would have <code>patrol</code>, they can review new pages that other users created, but not any new pages they create themselves. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:16, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::How can that be the case if they have <code>autopatrol</code>? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 18:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::I will give you an example. On the English Wikiquote, there are two user groups that have <code>autopatrol</code>: autopatrollers and patrollers. Autopatrollers have their page creations marked as patrolled by the software, while patrollers (whilst also having their page creations marked as patrolled) can mark new pages as patrolled (in addition to administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::But what is the point of giving reviewers <code>patrol</code> if we are already using FlaggedRevs? I think that we won't need patrol because we already have reviewing, and patrol only seems to be a confirmation that the page is up to policy from what I have seen, so giving them reviewers to mark pages as patrolled seems pointless to me when we already have FlaggedRevs. [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 19:06, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::I understand, but my proposal was to convert FlaggedRevs into a protection-like mechanism which would be used alongside page protection; it might turn off FlaggedRevs's ability to patrol new pages for reviewers, hence why I suggested this above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:30, 22 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::: @[[User:Kingofnuthin|Kingofnuthin]] I will summarize what you said from above: :::::::* You agree about the reviewer user group to be moved from <code>editor</code> to <code>reviewer</code> to avoid confusion (technically). :::::::* However, you probably disagree about allowing reviewers to patrol new pages ''and'' having their page creations automatically marked as patrolled, because FlaggedRevs can do all of this, and <code>$wgUseNPPatrol</code> might seem to be redundant. ::::::: A compromise about your disagreement is that we might have to consider removing <code>autopatrol</code> and/or <code>patrol</code> from our existing user groups, similar to [[phab:T423461]]. ::::::: I started this because in addition to that, one of my concerns was the extreme backlog of unreviewed edits and pages [4000!]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :I may be missing some things here, so let me know if I haven't answered any points here: :# I don't think we currently need to have the review status indicate the quality of the edit (i.e. minimal, average, good). I don't think this is used at all anymore. :# I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>. I always like clarity in language. :# Are you saying that pages marked as reviewed are currently also classed as patrolled? If that's the case, I think we should not have reviewed pages automatically classed as patrolled, and we should keep reviewing and patrolling separate. :I'll note that honestly don't know much about patrolling, since I've never engaged with it—I have only ever referenced the reviewing system. If there is a significant functional difference, I would love to know it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:00, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::When someone clicks "Accept revision" on an unreviewed page, it is listed under [[Special:Log/review]]; if an admin marks a page as patrolled with "Mark this page as patrolled", it will show up under [[Special:Log/patrol]], which is not really logged much compared to the former log (review). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:12, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :I agree to your thoughts about the <code>editor</code> group and edit quality ratings, but I don't understand what this proposal changes for FlaggedRevs, since I don't have much technical knowledge. Can you explain what the proposal changes here, how are we going to convert FlaggedRevs into a "protection-like mechanism"? [[User:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: lime">kingofnuthin</span>]] ([[User talk:kingofnuthin|<span style="font-family: Georgia; color: teal">talk</span>]]) 17:24, 23 March 2026 (UTC) ::The proposal of changing FlaggedRevs into a protection-like feature (pending changes) is when an editor (unregistered/one not holding autoreviewer, reviewer, or administrator permissions) makes an edit, but their edit will be hidden from the public until it is approved by a reviewer or an administrator, and it will solely apply to Wikijunior pages. The configuration above is similar to what English Wikipedia uses. {{quote|::I think it makes sense to reassign the reviewer user group to <code>editor</code>.}} ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: I believe you might have misunderstood. What I meant is that <code>(editor)</code> will be changed to <code>(reviewer)</code> to avoid confusion, but I plan to remove <code>editor</code> from all inactive reviewers, then do the same for recently active reviewers. However, given that there are a lot of reviewers, a script will possibly do all the work (under {{no ping|Maintenance script}} or similar). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:29, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :::Gotcha! I can't currently foresee an issue with this —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:09, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :'''Re FlaggedRevs generally: '''The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Mediawiki page of the extension]] says it is not being maintained and not recommended for production use. We should consider whether we need this extension at all. :What is the actual policy justification for having FlaggedRevs? :[[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]] says it's "our primary counter-vandalism tool". I don't know if it is that: it doesn't prevent vandalism or reduce exposure to vandalism (as with stable versions). The "counter-vandalism" bit comes from human editors looking at the edits, identifying vandalism, and reverting. FlaggedRevs isn't necessary for that. Maybe it makes it a little easier to spot edits in recent changes from new editors that may need a little more help (wikicode etc, not just spam), but can that be achieved just with the patrolled edits functionality? :If we still want something like FlaggedRevs, as an anti-vandalism tool or for draft control, then Mediawiki has a [[mw:Content approval extensions|list of alternatives]] that may be more suited and better maintained. :'''Re minimal/average/good specifically:''' I agree that we don't need the three categories. I thought I read somewhere that these were intended to show the quality of the REVIEW not of the page? That is, a "minimal" review is "I checked there was no obvious vandalism" and a "good" review was "I've thoroughly fact-checked everything". [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 11:34, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :: This was enabled back in 2008, which resulted in [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] currently being obsolete. To be honest, I would keep FlaggedRevs, but I was proposing to change it to pending changes protection, similar to how Wikipedia utilizes it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:04, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :Pinging <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]]:</span> and <span class="template-ping">@[[:User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]:</span> for additional input. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[w:Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 22:29, 22 March 2026.</span><!--Template:Undated--> == Global ban for Faster than Thunder == * {{user|Faster than Thunder}} Hello, this message is to notify that [[User:Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] has been nominated for a global ban at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Faster than Thunder]]. You are receiving this notification as required per the [[m:global ban|global ban]] policy as they have made at least 1 edit on this wiki. Thanks, --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 01:52, 22 March 2026 (UTC) == Upcoming Wikimedia Café meetup regarding the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]] == {{tmbox | image = [[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|45px]] | type=notice | text = Hello! There will be a '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Café|Wikimedia Café]]''' meetup on '''Saturday, 11 April 2026 at 14:00 UTC''', focusing on the [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|the 2026-2027 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan]]. The featured guests will be {{Noping|KStineRowe (WMF)|label1=Kelsi Stine-Rowe}} (senior manager, [[:meta:Movement Communications|Movement Communications]], Wikimedia Foundation), and {{Noping|Samwalton9 (WMF)|label1=Sam Walton}} (senior product manager, [[:mw:Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]], Wikimedia Foundation). <br /> In addition to this Café session, [[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Collaboration|several additional meetings regarding the Annual Plan are listed on the Collaboration page]], and you may participate on the [[:meta:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. <br /> This Café meetup will be approximately two hours long. Attendees may choose to attend only for a part. Please see the Café page for more information, including [[:meta:Wikimedia Café#Signups for the April 2026 session|how to register]]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]] }} <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">↠Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 05:23, 29 March 2026 (UTC) == Regarding copyright of recipes found on online cooking forums == What is the copyright situation regarding cooking recipes found on online recipe books with recipes made by other people? I ask this because I want to add/translate recipes from 下厨房 (xià chúfáng) for Chinese recipes, and while I was intending to add the original writer of the recipe with the translation I still want to ask for clarification. [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Recipes are in principle not copyright-able, as they are just facts. When someone includes descriptive text or anything that elaborates on the basic ingredients and steps, that is copyright-able. I am not a lawyer or legal scholar and cannot give legal advice. See (e.g.) https://www.copyrightlaws.com/copyright-protection-recipes/ —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:16, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::In that case, would simplifying ingredients and methods to where they are simple yet can still be understood be sufficient for said recipes? [[User:Fukukitaru|Fukukitaru]] ([[User talk:Fukukitaru|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Fukukitaru|contribs]]) 19:23, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::Yes, you can add a recipe here as long as the instructions and text are not too overlapping with the copyrighted original. As the linked page says, the '''ideas''' behind the ingredient list and steps to prepare a given food item are not currently copyrightable, but the way you write the ideas may be copyrightable. You should also cite where you took the recipe from so we can trace its origins. I personally recommend only adding recipes that you have successfully made so we don't become a massive repository of potentially low-quality or untested recipes—I only add recipes once I have made them successfully. Let me know if you have any more questions about the Cookbook! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:06, 30 March 2026 (UTC) ::::To build up on this, if you want to understand what is copyright-able and what is not, the "[[:w:en:Idea–expression distinction|idea versus expression]]" distinction. You cannot own the idea of "Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy and girl commit suicide" but you can copyright a specific version of ''Romeo and Juliet'' with your own innovative ideas. And, for that matter, this is context-specific, but if you can understand the distinction, it can help with future questions about "could this be protected by copyright?", which can be a subtle one. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:50, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :::::To further build up on this, there's something called the merger doctrine (see ''[[w:Baker v. Selden|Baker v. Selden]]''). This is why you can't copyright drawings of [[w:Structural formula|structural formulas]]. This doctrine means that if there's only one or a handful of ways to express an idea, then any such expression cannot be copyrighted, since copyrighting that expression would essentially be copyrighting the idea itself. This comes in a lot with recipes. I very likely can't copyright this list (from [[Cookbook:Cornmeal Pancakes (Arepa)]]: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour :::::* 1.2 tsp salt :::::* 0.6 cup grated white cheese :::::* 2.4 cups cool water :::::Since there's essentially only one way to express the idea of that combination of ingredients. However, if I say: :::::* 2.4 cups corn flour: for this, I strongly recommend Harina P.A.N., because my grandma always used to make me arepas from that stuff every day, and it was delicious. :::::That is copyrightable. At that point, I cease to merely be expressing the idea of a food item with those four ingredients, and add a minimum degree of creativity. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::And to build on all <em>that</em>, even if individual pieces of information are in the public domain (or are fair use), the <em>arrangement</em> of them can be copyrighted. This is why even if ''Bartlett's Quotations'' only had public domain material, the act of selectively editing and positioning them thematically for the user's benefit could constitute a sufficiently original work. So we could copy the material from a bunch of recipes, but could run a foul of copyright issues if we arranged and sorted them in some kind of manner that replicated someone else's original work. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 02:28, 31 March 2026 (UTC) == Style Guidelines for Advanced Points == Is there a general style guideline to refer the reader to advanced information, while the main text gives the short-answer version? For example, how would I specify that in practical applications, A is true, but if you use the theory you see that A is not quite true, or has caveats, or similar?-- [[User:Iain marcuson|Iain marcuson]] ([[User talk:Iain marcuson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Iain marcuson|contribs]]) 17:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Request: Help adding Objective Projection writing guide (filter blocked) == Hello, I am Levent Bulut (ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261), author of the Objective Projection methodology. I am trying to contribute a practical writing guide to Wikibooks under CC BY-SA 4.0. Book title: "Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories" The automated filter blocked my edits due to external links and content volume. I have already created the page with the introduction and contents, but could not add the chapters. The Turkish version of the same book is already live on Wikibooks: https://tr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nesnel_%C4%B0zd%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm:_Beyin_Neden_Baz%C4%B1_Hikayeleri_Unutmuyor%3F This is not a new theory — it is an instructional guide teaching a published methodology documented in DOI-registered publications: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18689179 Open license declaration on my site: https://leventbulut.com/acik-lisans-bildirimi-wikibooks/ All content is my own work, written for Wikibooks, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Could an experienced editor help add the remaining chapters, or whitelist my account so the filter does not block future edits? Thank you. Levent Bulut | leventbulut.com [[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] ([[User talk:LeventBulut|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/LeventBulut|contribs]]) 21:28, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:LeventBulut|LeventBulut]] This happened because you added too much content when creating the book. Also, when reporting false positives from an edit filter, please report on [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:03, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> 43xkonwgpdc7awrjjw9745rjh4f0mgb 0 124293 4632290 3252783 2026-04-25T16:41:43Z ~2026-15639-73 3567562 4632290 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Cognitive Therapy== ===Key Figure=== Aaron Beck was born July 18, 1921 in Providence, Rhode Island, United States, to Russian Jewish immigrants. Beck’s birth, as the youngest of five children, was into a family marked by tragedy; a brother had already died in infancy as had a sister during the influenza pandemic in 1919. One consequence of these events was that Beck’s mother was severely depressed for periods of Beck’s childhood, providing him with his first exposure to a principal focus of his future career. Beck viewed himself as a replacement child, effectively easing his mother’s sense of loss. It seems fitting that Beck’s arrival apparently served as at least a partial cure for his mother’s depression, setting him on his life’s work at a very early age. Quadrynculus A childhood accident in which Beck’s arm was broken and became infected represents another important episode from which we can trace Beck’s later interest in and understanding of psychopathology. Beck’s condition had been serious and his recovery in hospital was long and arduous; he developed a number of phobias and anxieties as a result and his extended absence from school led him to believe he was stupid and inept (beliefs compounded by a harsh grade one teacher who held him back). But through self-help and hard work Beck eventually overtook his age-matched peers. Weishaar (1993) quotes Beck as recalling of his ‘comeback’, “psychologically it did show some evidence that I could do things, that if I got into a hole I could dig myself out” (p.&nbsp;10). His school success over the next few years illustrated for the young Beck the power of disconfirming evidence in the face of negative thoughts and beliefs about oneself, a realization that became a corner stone of his later therapy model. As well, Beck considered the anger of this teacher and his mother’s mood swings to have been instrumental in developing his pronounced sensitivity to changes in others’ moods, a skill that his students and colleagues observed many years later to be a key feature of Beck’s therapy work (although somewhat less evident in his therapy writings). It wasn’t until conversations many years later with David Barlow (the renowned behavior therapist and anxiety specialist) and his 1985 adaptation of his therapy model for anxiety disorders and phobias that Beck fully understood the phobias (of abandonment, of blood, and of surgery) he developed following his childhood accident and convalescence. Indeed, he wrestled with these for years, attributing his entry into medicine as partly an attempt to defeat them, and using his internship experiences on rotations in surgery and internal medicine to disconfirm the beliefs that underscored these phobias. Beck drew on his first-hand experience with phobias and anxiety, and also his bouts of mild depression (funding limitations and the loss of an office on campus marked a difficult period for him in the mid-1960s) as valuable experiences from which he gained insight as he wrote his books on the causes and treatment of there disorders (the first of which was published in 1967). Beck graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Brown University in 1942 and completed his M.D. at Yale in 1946. Although initially interested in psychiatry, Beck could not embrace the Kraeplinian approach to psychiatry, which he found to be nihilistic. Nor was he wholly comfortable with what he considered to be the soft and esoteric approach of the Psychoanalytic School of Psychotherapy. His initial rejection of the latter reveals another key characteristic of Beck that set the stage for his venture toward an innovative theory of psychopathology and psychotherapy of his own. Weishaar (1993) quotes him as recalling, “It [psychoanalysis] was nonsense. I could not see that it really fitted. I always had a kind of rebellious thing… [but] this was probably the first time I was aware of it” (p.&nbsp;14). His evidence-based training in internal medicine led him instead to pursue neurology with its precision and empiricism but a required rotation back in psychiatry meant his struggles with psychoanalytic thought and therapy were only really just beginning. However, he remained in psychiatry after the required six months, slowly ‘seduced’ by the manner in which psychoanalysts had interpretations and explanations for everything and by the promise of psychoanalysis as a cure for most conditions. Beck was even supervised by Erik Erickson, the renowned German psychoanalyst, during his two-year fellowship in psychiatry at the Austin Riggs Center in Massachusetts. Beck was board certified in psychiatry in 1953 and began teaching in psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1954. After finishing his analytic training at the Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute he took a post as an assistant professor of psychiatry at Penn in 1959. At that point he set about researching the empirical basis of psychoanalytic theory, with the objective of convincing ‘hard-headed psychologists’, who Beck recognized as influential but rejecting of psychoanalysis, of its scientific validity. Beck focused on the dreams of depressed patients because he believed that the psychoanalytic theories of depression were both well-developed and testable (and he had a readily available depressed population with which to work). However, using procedures from experimental psychology (learnt from colleagues in psychology such as Seymour Feshbach), the collective evidence from these studies (which was quite the contrary to the retroflected hostility, need to suffer, and seeking of failure predicted by psychoanalytic theory), led Beck to view depressed patients instead as holding distorted views of themselves and reality. His research results matched his experiences with patients in therapy. Beck has pointed to the lack of empirical support as the reason for his moving away from the motivational basis and associated structures of psychoanalytic thinking. But according to his collaborator, Ruth Greenberg, his personality, particularly the aforementioned rebelliousness, would have undermined his ability to remain within the psychoanalytic fold for very long (Weishaar, 1993). Beck erred towards his own data rather than the psychoanalytic authorities of his day. Beck also liked to be in control, Greenberg recalled, something that he would have lacked while undergoing analysis himself; it is likely no coincidence that his Cognitive Therapy explicitly involves the patient in a collaboration with the therapist and makes the patient their own authority. As he developed Cognitive Therapy, Beck drew on the work of psychologists (such as George Kelly and Jean Piaget in his initial formulations), finding support in the advances made with the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1970s (including the work of individuals such as Albert Bandura), and later corresponding with fellow cognitively oriented theorists and therapists including Albert Ellis and Donald Meichenbaum. But what is interesting about his break with psychoanalytic thought and therapy is just how quickly and comprehensively he formulated his alternative model of psychopathology and therapy. As he recollects, “Within a couple of years, I really laid the framework for everything that’s happened since then. There’s nothing that I’ve been associated with since 1963 the seeds of which were not in the 1962 to 1964 articles” (Weishaar, 1993, p.&nbsp;21). In coming up with Cognitive Therapy, Beck described the process as having involved, first, observing his patients and developing ways to measure his observations; second, advancing a theory to explain these observations; third, devising interventions to address them; and, fourth, designing research to confirm or disconfirm the whole enterprise. The development and use of measures in psychotherapy (among which the most well known are the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Scale for Suicide Ideation) represents one area in which Beck’s pioneering efforts made a huge and influential contribution to the field more broadly. A second area in which Beck’s contribution is clear is in evaluation research work. From the beginning, Beck emphasized the importance of empirical evaluations of therapy, with the first study of his own Cognitive Therapy published in 1977 by Beck’s close collaborator, Shaw, and a recent review of 16 meta-analyses by Beck and his colleagues appearing in 2006. A third area representing another of his major contributions is reflected in Beck’s publication in 1979 of what was, essentially, a therapist’s ‘how-to’ guide to the treatment of depression. This book was based on the early training manual and its revisions that Beck had used as he recruited and trained his team of psychiatrists and psychologists in his clinical and research endeavors. The manualization of treatment approaches has greatly facilitated the training of psychotherapists and, since Beck’s initial efforts, has become a mainstay of treatment program evaluation research today (Woody & Sanderson, 1998), affording researchers a means to introduce and monitor treatment integrity and fidelity and so discern what differences truly exist between models and approaches under scrutiny. It should be noted, however, that Beck’s ideas and therapy weren’t the only developments that undermined the dominance of psychoanalytic thought in psychiatry. Biological models of psychopathology and pharmacological treatments were (re-)emerging in the 1960s too. Indeed, it is interesting to note that the two articles Beck published in 1963 and 1964 in the journal Archives of General Psychiatry (articles in which he first set out his theory of depression, his clinical observations and evidence in support of it, and its application to psychotherapy), appeared alongside numerous articles about the biological basis and assessment of depression (e.g., Gibbons, 1964; Kurland, 1964; Wechsler et al., 1963). Of course, Beck wasn’t alone in his desire to better understanding and treating depression but he was quite distinct from others, in that he was putting forward his ideas about the role of cognition (combining the patient’s internal experience, specifically their accessible thoughts and feelings rather than the subconscious motivations emphasized by psychoanalytic thought, with an emphasis on empiricism borrowed from behavior therapy) at a time when North American psychiatry was quite distracted by a paradigm shift that was already underway. Unlike Beck, his fellow ‘radicals’ in psychiatry (and their articles book-ending Beck’s in the 1960s) were struggling to give nature a place back at the table, turning from phenomenology to biological models and pharmacological treatments. It is of interest that these efforts eventually ushered in the renaissance of biological psychiatry in the 1970s (Shorter, 1997), with Beck’s work appearing conspicuously more at home in the context of the cognitive revolution in psychology, which also was taking place in that period. It seems fitting to end this selective consideration of Beck’s biography and contributions as we started, by looking back at Beck’s family. Beck faced considerable resistance to his ideas throughout his career from the psychoanalytic and behavioral schools. Despite this resistance, and his own history of various phobias and depression, Beck was evidently a strong and determined individual, able to work for many years in relative isolation (although his preference has clearly been for collaborative efforts (see, for example, some of his key publications). It is in Beck’s parents that the source of these characteristics can be clearly seen. Turning first to Beck’s mother, Lizzie Temkin, we can see the same determination and autonomy that her youngest son showed later. The premature death of Beck’s grandmother meant Lizzie, as the oldest of nine, had to assume much of the responsibility of caring for the family, and she maintained her role as matriarch throughout her life. Although three of her brothers graduated from universities, her own aspiration to be a physician went unfulfilled. But her dominant and outspoken manner must have been an inspiration of sorts to Beck in later life as he persevered to develop and disseminate his research and psychotherapy. In Beck’s father too, Harry Beck, a printer by trade, we can see the foundations of some of Beck’s characteristics. Harry was not nearly religious enough to endear himself to Lizzie’s father when their marriage was announced. This was, in part, due to Harry’s active involvement in the socialist movement (having been an anti-Bolshevik in his native Russia). Harry was also something of an intellectual in their Rhode Island community, serving as a regular host of meetings in which politics, philosophy, and literature were discussed, and later taking courses in literature and psychology at his son’s future alta mater, Brown University. All his sons inherited their father’s intellectual curiosity; Beck is known to have wide and eclectic reading interests. As well, it is interesting to note that just as his father regularly sought feedback on his poetry from his sons, Beck went on to regularly seek feedback on his ideas and manuscripts from his colleagues and students. Most notably in the context of these comments is the fact that Harry was a free-thinker, not merely someone who unquestioningly went along with prevailing wisdom and practice, just as his youngest son proved to be years later as a pioneer in the psychotherapy field. Brief mention must also be made both of Beck’s prolific output (he has published over 500 articles and authored or co-authored 17 books, as reported on the website for the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research), and also the plethora of major awards Beck has received over his lifetime (41 are noted on the Beck Institute website). These serve as testament to the considerable importance of his work. Of particular note are the awards he received from the American Psychological Association, in 1989, and from the American Psychiatric Association, in 2006, but also earlier and perhaps of greater historical interest, in 1979, at a time when the American Psychoanalytic School were strongly resisting the purging of its influence in the DSM (see Bayer & Spitzer, 1985) and whose adherents would not have been welcoming of any recognition of Cognitive Therapy. Indeed, Beck is the only individual to have been honored by both Associations. {{BookCat}} seuh2mbvqxkn2x0p8lwrx4hnrx17geq 4632291 4632290 2026-04-25T16:41:52Z ~2026-15639-73 3567562 4632291 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Cognitive Therapy== ===Key Figure=== Aaron Beck was born July 18, 1921 in Providence, Rhode Island, United States, to Russian Jewish immigrants. Beck’s birth, as the youngest of five children, was into a family marked by tragedy; a brother had already died in infancy as had a sister during the influenza pandemic in 1919. One consequence of these events was that Beck’s mother was severely depressed for periods of Beck’s childhood, providing him with his first exposure to a principal focus of his future career. Beck viewed himself as a replacement child, effectively easing his mother’s sense of loss. It seems fitting that Beck’s arrival apparently served as at least a partial cure for his mother’s depression, setting him on his life’s work at a very early age. A childhood accident in which Beck’s arm was broken and became infected represents another important episode from which we can trace Beck’s later interest in and understanding of psychopathology. Beck’s condition had been serious and his recovery in hospital was long and arduous; he developed a number of phobias and anxieties as a result and his extended absence from school led him to believe he was stupid and inept (beliefs compounded by a harsh grade one teacher who held him back). But through self-help and hard work Beck eventually overtook his age-matched peers. Weishaar (1993) quotes Beck as recalling of his ‘comeback’, “psychologically it did show some evidence that I could do things, that if I got into a hole I could dig myself out” (p.&nbsp;10). His school success over the next few years illustrated for the young Beck the power of disconfirming evidence in the face of negative thoughts and beliefs about oneself, a realization that became a corner stone of his later therapy model. As well, Beck considered the anger of this teacher and his mother’s mood swings to have been instrumental in developing his pronounced sensitivity to changes in others’ moods, a skill that his students and colleagues observed many years later to be a key feature of Beck’s therapy work (although somewhat less evident in his therapy writings). It wasn’t until conversations many years later with David Barlow (the renowned behavior therapist and anxiety specialist) and his 1985 adaptation of his therapy model for anxiety disorders and phobias that Beck fully understood the phobias (of abandonment, of blood, and of surgery) he developed following his childhood accident and convalescence. Indeed, he wrestled with these for years, attributing his entry into medicine as partly an attempt to defeat them, and using his internship experiences on rotations in surgery and internal medicine to disconfirm the beliefs that underscored these phobias. Beck drew on his first-hand experience with phobias and anxiety, and also his bouts of mild depression (funding limitations and the loss of an office on campus marked a difficult period for him in the mid-1960s) as valuable experiences from which he gained insight as he wrote his books on the causes and treatment of there disorders (the first of which was published in 1967). Beck graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Brown University in 1942 and completed his M.D. at Yale in 1946. Although initially interested in psychiatry, Beck could not embrace the Kraeplinian approach to psychiatry, which he found to be nihilistic. Nor was he wholly comfortable with what he considered to be the soft and esoteric approach of the Psychoanalytic School of Psychotherapy. His initial rejection of the latter reveals another key characteristic of Beck that set the stage for his venture toward an innovative theory of psychopathology and psychotherapy of his own. Weishaar (1993) quotes him as recalling, “It [psychoanalysis] was nonsense. I could not see that it really fitted. I always had a kind of rebellious thing… [but] this was probably the first time I was aware of it” (p.&nbsp;14). His evidence-based training in internal medicine led him instead to pursue neurology with its precision and empiricism but a required rotation back in psychiatry meant his struggles with psychoanalytic thought and therapy were only really just beginning. However, he remained in psychiatry after the required six months, slowly ‘seduced’ by the manner in which psychoanalysts had interpretations and explanations for everything and by the promise of psychoanalysis as a cure for most conditions. Beck was even supervised by Erik Erickson, the renowned German psychoanalyst, during his two-year fellowship in psychiatry at the Austin Riggs Center in Massachusetts. Beck was board certified in psychiatry in 1953 and began teaching in psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1954. After finishing his analytic training at the Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute he took a post as an assistant professor of psychiatry at Penn in 1959. At that point he set about researching the empirical basis of psychoanalytic theory, with the objective of convincing ‘hard-headed psychologists’, who Beck recognized as influential but rejecting of psychoanalysis, of its scientific validity. Beck focused on the dreams of depressed patients because he believed that the psychoanalytic theories of depression were both well-developed and testable (and he had a readily available depressed population with which to work). However, using procedures from experimental psychology (learnt from colleagues in psychology such as Seymour Feshbach), the collective evidence from these studies (which was quite the contrary to the retroflected hostility, need to suffer, and seeking of failure predicted by psychoanalytic theory), led Beck to view depressed patients instead as holding distorted views of themselves and reality. His research results matched his experiences with patients in therapy. Beck has pointed to the lack of empirical support as the reason for his moving away from the motivational basis and associated structures of psychoanalytic thinking. But according to his collaborator, Ruth Greenberg, his personality, particularly the aforementioned rebelliousness, would have undermined his ability to remain within the psychoanalytic fold for very long (Weishaar, 1993). Beck erred towards his own data rather than the psychoanalytic authorities of his day. Beck also liked to be in control, Greenberg recalled, something that he would have lacked while undergoing analysis himself; it is likely no coincidence that his Cognitive Therapy explicitly involves the patient in a collaboration with the therapist and makes the patient their own authority. As he developed Cognitive Therapy, Beck drew on the work of psychologists (such as George Kelly and Jean Piaget in his initial formulations), finding support in the advances made with the emergence of cognitive psychology in the 1970s (including the work of individuals such as Albert Bandura), and later corresponding with fellow cognitively oriented theorists and therapists including Albert Ellis and Donald Meichenbaum. But what is interesting about his break with psychoanalytic thought and therapy is just how quickly and comprehensively he formulated his alternative model of psychopathology and therapy. As he recollects, “Within a couple of years, I really laid the framework for everything that’s happened since then. There’s nothing that I’ve been associated with since 1963 the seeds of which were not in the 1962 to 1964 articles” (Weishaar, 1993, p.&nbsp;21). In coming up with Cognitive Therapy, Beck described the process as having involved, first, observing his patients and developing ways to measure his observations; second, advancing a theory to explain these observations; third, devising interventions to address them; and, fourth, designing research to confirm or disconfirm the whole enterprise. The development and use of measures in psychotherapy (among which the most well known are the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Scale for Suicide Ideation) represents one area in which Beck’s pioneering efforts made a huge and influential contribution to the field more broadly. A second area in which Beck’s contribution is clear is in evaluation research work. From the beginning, Beck emphasized the importance of empirical evaluations of therapy, with the first study of his own Cognitive Therapy published in 1977 by Beck’s close collaborator, Shaw, and a recent review of 16 meta-analyses by Beck and his colleagues appearing in 2006. A third area representing another of his major contributions is reflected in Beck’s publication in 1979 of what was, essentially, a therapist’s ‘how-to’ guide to the treatment of depression. This book was based on the early training manual and its revisions that Beck had used as he recruited and trained his team of psychiatrists and psychologists in his clinical and research endeavors. The manualization of treatment approaches has greatly facilitated the training of psychotherapists and, since Beck’s initial efforts, has become a mainstay of treatment program evaluation research today (Woody & Sanderson, 1998), affording researchers a means to introduce and monitor treatment integrity and fidelity and so discern what differences truly exist between models and approaches under scrutiny. It should be noted, however, that Beck’s ideas and therapy weren’t the only developments that undermined the dominance of psychoanalytic thought in psychiatry. Biological models of psychopathology and pharmacological treatments were (re-)emerging in the 1960s too. Indeed, it is interesting to note that the two articles Beck published in 1963 and 1964 in the journal Archives of General Psychiatry (articles in which he first set out his theory of depression, his clinical observations and evidence in support of it, and its application to psychotherapy), appeared alongside numerous articles about the biological basis and assessment of depression (e.g., Gibbons, 1964; Kurland, 1964; Wechsler et al., 1963). Of course, Beck wasn’t alone in his desire to better understanding and treating depression but he was quite distinct from others, in that he was putting forward his ideas about the role of cognition (combining the patient’s internal experience, specifically their accessible thoughts and feelings rather than the subconscious motivations emphasized by psychoanalytic thought, with an emphasis on empiricism borrowed from behavior therapy) at a time when North American psychiatry was quite distracted by a paradigm shift that was already underway. Unlike Beck, his fellow ‘radicals’ in psychiatry (and their articles book-ending Beck’s in the 1960s) were struggling to give nature a place back at the table, turning from phenomenology to biological models and pharmacological treatments. It is of interest that these efforts eventually ushered in the renaissance of biological psychiatry in the 1970s (Shorter, 1997), with Beck’s work appearing conspicuously more at home in the context of the cognitive revolution in psychology, which also was taking place in that period. It seems fitting to end this selective consideration of Beck’s biography and contributions as we started, by looking back at Beck’s family. Beck faced considerable resistance to his ideas throughout his career from the psychoanalytic and behavioral schools. Despite this resistance, and his own history of various phobias and depression, Beck was evidently a strong and determined individual, able to work for many years in relative isolation (although his preference has clearly been for collaborative efforts (see, for example, some of his key publications). It is in Beck’s parents that the source of these characteristics can be clearly seen. Turning first to Beck’s mother, Lizzie Temkin, we can see the same determination and autonomy that her youngest son showed later. The premature death of Beck’s grandmother meant Lizzie, as the oldest of nine, had to assume much of the responsibility of caring for the family, and she maintained her role as matriarch throughout her life. Although three of her brothers graduated from universities, her own aspiration to be a physician went unfulfilled. But her dominant and outspoken manner must have been an inspiration of sorts to Beck in later life as he persevered to develop and disseminate his research and psychotherapy. In Beck’s father too, Harry Beck, a printer by trade, we can see the foundations of some of Beck’s characteristics. Harry was not nearly religious enough to endear himself to Lizzie’s father when their marriage was announced. This was, in part, due to Harry’s active involvement in the socialist movement (having been an anti-Bolshevik in his native Russia). Harry was also something of an intellectual in their Rhode Island community, serving as a regular host of meetings in which politics, philosophy, and literature were discussed, and later taking courses in literature and psychology at his son’s future alta mater, Brown University. All his sons inherited their father’s intellectual curiosity; Beck is known to have wide and eclectic reading interests. As well, it is interesting to note that just as his father regularly sought feedback on his poetry from his sons, Beck went on to regularly seek feedback on his ideas and manuscripts from his colleagues and students. Most notably in the context of these comments is the fact that Harry was a free-thinker, not merely someone who unquestioningly went along with prevailing wisdom and practice, just as his youngest son proved to be years later as a pioneer in the psychotherapy field. Brief mention must also be made both of Beck’s prolific output (he has published over 500 articles and authored or co-authored 17 books, as reported on the website for the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research), and also the plethora of major awards Beck has received over his lifetime (41 are noted on the Beck Institute website). These serve as testament to the considerable importance of his work. Of particular note are the awards he received from the American Psychological Association, in 1989, and from the American Psychiatric Association, in 2006, but also earlier and perhaps of greater historical interest, in 1979, at a time when the American Psychoanalytic School were strongly resisting the purging of its influence in the DSM (see Bayer & Spitzer, 1985) and whose adherents would not have been welcoming of any recognition of Cognitive Therapy. Indeed, Beck is the only individual to have been honored by both Associations. {{BookCat}} j0vh8boq8a30a42ea4cju8kmuknvj7r 0 137418 4632492 4629526 2026-04-26T03:14:56Z ~2026-25316-14 3579205 4632492 wikitext text/x-wiki == Superprojects == A '''Superproject''', is simply a git repository. To create a superproject, simply ''git init'' any directory, and ''git submodule add'' all of the git archives you wish to include. A quick aside, you can not currently ''git submodule add'' git repositories that are direct children within the same directory.{{ref|lie_parent}} The resulting structure will look similar to this: |- superproject |- submodule (git archive) [a] |- submodule [b] |- submodule [c] |- submodule [d] When someone pulls down the superproject, they will see a series of empty folders for each submodule. They can then ''git submodule init'' all of those that they wish to utilize. == Submodules == A ''git archive'' is said to become a ''submodule'' the second after you execute ''git submodule add'' in another git repository. <!-- <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> atomic-example </syntaxhighlight> --> == Work Flow == The work flow of superprojects, and submodules should generally adhere to the following: # the repo has been initialized in path_to_working_directory # Make change in submodule # ''git commit'' change in submodule # ''git commit'' change in superproject # ''git submodule update'' to push change to the individual repositories that predate the superproject. ==Footnotes== #{{note|lie_parent}} Well that isn't true at all, Git supports this as of v1.5.3, but the official porcelain doesn't. You can ''git init'' a parent directory, and create your own ".gitmodules", then follow it up with a ''git submodule init''. Generally speaking though, what the porcelain doesn't cover is outside of the scope of this book. {{BookCat}} [[fr:Git/Sous-modules et Super-projets]] 09f0p03debt9b7zx8rnms20tdyc6pnh 4632493 4632492 2026-04-26T03:15:57Z MathXplore 3097823 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-25316-14|~2026-25316-14]] ([[User talk:~2026-25316-14|talk]]) to last version by JackPotte: unexplained content removal 4629526 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''superproject''' is a new aspect of git which has been in development for a long while. It addresses the need for better control over numerous git repositories. The porcelain for the superproject functionality is fairly new and was only recently released with Git v1.5.3. A Git '''project''' may consist of a set of ''git repositories'' and each of these "git repositories" is called a '''module'''.You can think of a '''module''' as a '''project,''' and the '''project''' as a '''module.''' It really doesn't make too much sense why either of these terms would have a ''sub-'' or ''super-'' prefix without their alternative; nonetheless, that's how the official Git documentation will refer to them. The only git application specific to the submodule/superproject functionality is '''git-module'''. == Superprojects == A '''Superproject''', is simply a git repository. To create a superproject, simply ''git init'' any directory, and ''git submodule add'' all of the git archives you wish to include. A quick aside, you can not currently ''git submodule add'' git repositories that are direct children within the same directory.{{ref|lie_parent}} The resulting structure will look similar to this: |- superproject |- submodule (git archive) [a] |- submodule [b] |- submodule [c] |- submodule [d] When someone pulls down the superproject, they will see a series of empty folders for each submodule. They can then ''git submodule init'' all of those that they wish to utilize. == Submodules == A ''git archive'' is said to become a ''submodule'' the second after you execute ''git submodule add'' in another git repository. <!-- <syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> atomic-example </syntaxhighlight> --> == Work Flow == The work flow of superprojects, and submodules should generally adhere to the following: # the repo has been initialized in path_to_working_directory # Make change in submodule # ''git commit'' change in submodule # ''git commit'' change in superproject # ''git submodule update'' to push change to the individual repositories that predate the superproject. ==Footnotes== #{{note|lie_parent}} Well that isn't true at all, Git supports this as of v1.5.3, but the official porcelain doesn't. You can ''git init'' a parent directory, and create your own ".gitmodules", then follow it up with a ''git submodule init''. Generally speaking though, what the porcelain doesn't cover is outside of the scope of this book. {{BookCat}} [[fr:Git/Sous-modules et Super-projets]] 36w2bm8w7dxmp1l6bt052rj062150p8 4 140081 4632221 4632215 2026-04-25T12:19:44Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting Everythingis99 4632221 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Roosevelt707 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Roosevelt707}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311522]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Roosevelt707/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == Prodoo1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Prodoo1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Prodoo1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:58, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) qnbliin8q65wa2dpl0npfr4tqwjp1gy 4632265 4632221 2026-04-25T14:41:59Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore */ reply: {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4632265 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Roosevelt707 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Roosevelt707}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311522]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Roosevelt707/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == Prodoo1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Prodoo1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Prodoo1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:58, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) tp8hwrgjxzz4ljg0zlqo7tzhnpp8a3j 4632526 4632265 2026-04-26T06:57:14Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting Mirko Privitera 4632526 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{shortcut|WB:AN|WB:AA}} {{TOC left}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].<br />''Please do not post those requests here!''}} {{Clear}} Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''. You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup. You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say <code>!admin</code> to get attention). For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Roosevelt707 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Roosevelt707}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311522]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Roosevelt707/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == Prodoo1 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Prodoo1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Prodoo1/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:58, 13 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:05, 13 April 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-22960-74 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|~2026-22960-74}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-22960-74/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done|Blocked}} for three months, and page protected for one month. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:37, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == Heathhenry44 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Heathhenry44}} Spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311614]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Heathhenry44/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:04, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Jhon12345154321 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Jhon12345154321}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/311699]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Jhon12345154321/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:23, 22 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:21, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Amuckgoads reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Amuckgoads}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Amuckgoads/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:25, 22 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. The account has been blocked indefinitely, and the talk page has been salted under autoconfirmed protection indefinitely. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:50, 22 April 2026 (UTC) == Adetoro muiz4 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Adetoro muiz4}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Adetoro muiz4/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:45, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Owolabi Habeeb ola reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Owolabi Habeeb ola}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Owolabi Habeeb ola/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Toni Tagiam reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Toni Tagiam}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Toni Tagiam/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:00, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Globally blocked}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:37, 24 April 2026 (UTC) == Kianpatterson53 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Kianpatterson53}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Kianpatterson53/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:06, 25 April 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by WikiBayer (GS); it's an LTA. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:41, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Everythingis99 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Everythingis99}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Everythingis99/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Mirko Privitera reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Mirko Privitera}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/Mirko Privitera/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:57, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 9qlt2q7innnuhkix32nyja1mvxwz4xq 10 153273 4632541 4631745 2026-04-26T09:04:05Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Added moves. 4632541 wikitext text/x-wiki <br clear="all" /> <div style="display:grid;border: 1px #ddd solid;padding:5px;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);filter:drop-shadow(0.2em 0.2em 0.1em #ccc);"><!--Outer box--> <div style="background-color:darkslategrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; padding-right: 0.5em;margin-bottom:0.2em;"><!--Box header--> <div style="float: left; text-align: left; margin-left: 0.5em; font-size: 88%;font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:normal;">[[Template:Chess Opening Theory/Footer|v]] · [[Template talk:Chess Opening Theory/Footer|t]] · <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Chess_Opening_Theory/Footer&action=edit e]</span></div><!--Edit buttons--> Chess Opening Theory<!--Title--></div> {{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5|e5]] <br>Open games |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3|2. Nf3]] |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|3. Bb5]] <br>Spanish |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6|Berlin]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. d3|Anti-Berlin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Bc5|Beverwijk]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4/5...Nd6|L'Hermet]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nf6/4. O-O/4...Nxe4/5. d4/5...Nd6/6. Bxc6/6...dxc6/7. dxe5/7...Nf5/8. Qxd8/8...Kxd8|Berlin Wall]] }} }}{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6|Morphy]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Bxc6|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7|Closed]] → {{hlist|class=inline|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...O-O/8. c3/8...d5|Marshall]]|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Na5|Chigorin]]|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Be7/6. Re1/6...b5/7. Bb3/7...d6/8. c3/8...O-O/9. h3/9...Bb7|Flohr]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...Nxe4|Open]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. O-O/5...b5/6. Bb3/6...Bb7|Arkhangelsk]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. d3|Anderssen]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...a6/4. Ba4/4...Nf6/5. d4|Mackenzie]] }} }}{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nd4|Bird]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Bc5|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...Nge7|Cozio]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...d6|Old Steinitz]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5/3...f5|Schliemann]] }} <!-- end Spanish --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|3. Bc4]] <br>Italian |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5|Giuoco Piano]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. b4|Evans gambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d3|Giuoco pianissimo]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. d4|Rosentreter]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Bc5/4. Bxf7|Jerome]] {{Chess/eval|??}}</small> }} }}{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Two knights defence]] → {{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. d4|Open]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5|Knight attack]] → {{hlist| class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Fried liver]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nf6/4. Ng5/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Polerio]] }} }} }} <small>{{hlist|[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...h6|Anti-fried liver]] {{chess/eval|?!}}| [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4/3...Nd4|Blackburne shilling]] {{chess/eval|?}} }}</small> <!-- end Italian --> | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3|3. Nc3]] <br>Three knights |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Four knights]] {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. g3|Glek]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bc4|Italian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4|Scotch]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. d4/4...exd4/5. Nd5|Belgrade]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Bb5|Spanish]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nd5|Naroditsky]] {{chess/eval|!?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nxe5|Halloween]] {{chess/eval|?!}} }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...g6|Steinitz]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4/4. Nd5/4...Nf6|Schlechter]] }}<!-- end 3-4 N --> |''Other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|Ponziani]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|Scotch game]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. g3|Konstantinopolsky]] {{Chess/eval|!?}}</small>}} }} <!-- end 2. Nf3 Nc6 other bucket --> | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|2...Nf6]] <br>Russian |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...d6/4. Nf3/4...Nxe4/5. d4|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Qe7|Kholmov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. d4|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4/4. Nc3|Boden-Kieseritzky]] {{chess/eval|!?}} | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nc6|Stafford]] {{chess/eval|?}}</small> | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. Nxe5/3...Nxe4/4. Qe2/4...Nf6|Damiano trap]] {{chess/eval|??}}</small> }}<!-- end Russian --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] <br>Philidor |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...exd4|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...f5|Philidor countergambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nf6|Nimzowitsch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...Nd7|Hanham]] }}<!-- end Philidor --> |''Other'' |<small>{{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Bc5|Busch-Gass gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...d5|Elephant gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Qf6|Greco defence]] {{Chess/eval|?!}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f5|Latvian gambit]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...f6|Damiano defence]] {{Chess/eval|??}} }}</small><!-- end 2. Nf3 other --> }}<!-- end 2. Nf3 bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4|2. f4]] <br>King's gambit |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4|2...exf4]] <br>Accepted |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3|King's knight]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. h4/4...g4/5. Ne5|Kieseritzky]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...Nf6|Schallop]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d6|Fischer]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. Bxf7|Lolli]] {{chess/eval|?}}</small> | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...g5/4. Bc4/4...g4/5. O-O|Muzio]] {{Chess/eval|?}}</small> }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Bc4|Bishop's]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Bc4/3...Nf6|Cozio]] }} }}<!-- end KGA --> |''Other'' <br>Declined |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Bc5|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...Nc6|Queen's knight]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d5|Falkbeer]] }}<!-- end KGD --> }}<!-- end king's gambit --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3|2. Nc3]] <br>Vienna |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6|Falkbeer]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/2. g3|Mieses]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4|Stanley]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bc4/3...Nxe4|Frankenstein-Dracula]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. f4|Vienna gambit]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6|Max Lange]] }}<!-- end Vienna --> |''Other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4|Bishop's opening]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Nf6|Berlin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bc4/2...Bc5|Boi]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4|Centre game]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d4/2...exd4/3. c3|Danish]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. d3|Leonardis]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Bb5|Portuguese]] {{chess/eval|?!}} | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Ke2|Bongcloud]] {{chess/eval|?}}</small> }}<!-- end other --> }}<!-- end open games bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|c5]] <br>Sicilian |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3|2. Nf3]] |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...g6|Accelerated dragon]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...g6/5. c4|Maróczy bind]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...d6|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6|Godiva]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...e5/5. Nb5/5...d6|Kalashnikov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...e5|Sveshnikov]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...Nc6|2...Nc6]] ''other'' | {{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bb5|Rossolimo]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]] }}<!-- end Nc6 sicilians --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...g6|Dragon]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. f4|Levenfish attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Bg7/7. f3| Yugoslav attack]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...g6/6. Be3/6...Bg7/7. f3/7...a3|Dragondorf]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...Bd7|Kupreichik]] |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6|Najdorf]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Bg5|6. Bg5]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Be3|English attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...a6/6. Be2|Opocensky]]}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6/3._d4/3...cxd4/4._Nxd4/4...Nf6/5._Nc3/5...e6|Scheveningen]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._e4/1...c5/2._Nf3/2...d6|2...d6]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. Bb5|Moscow]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Qxd4|Chekhover]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...d6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]] }}<!-- end d6 sicilians --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6|2...e6]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4|3. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4|cxd4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4|4. Nxd4]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6|French, Normal]] {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Nf6/6. Ndb5/6...Bb4/7. Nd6+|American attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Nf6|Four knights]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nf6/5. Nc3/5...Bb4|Pin]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...a6|Kan]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Qb6|Kveinis]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Bc5|Paulsen-Basman]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6|Taimanov]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Qc7|Bastrikov]] → <small>{{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nc3/5...Qc7/6. Be3|English attack]]}}</small> | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nb5|Szén]] → <small>{{hlist |class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. d4/3...cxd4/4. Nxd4/4...Nc6/5. Nb5/5...d6/6. c4/6...Nf6/7. N1c3/7...a6/8. Na3/8...d5|Garry Gambit]]}}</small> }} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6|2...e6]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. c4|Kramnik]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. c3|Delayed Alapin]] }}<!-- end e6 sicilians --> |''Others'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...g6|Hyper-accelerated dragon]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...b6|Katalymov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|Nimzowitsch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nf3/2...a6|O'Kelly]] }}<!-- end open sicilians --> }} |''Anti-Sicilians'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. c3|Alapin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Bc4|Bowdler]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3|Closed Sicilian]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...d6/3. d4|Carlsen]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. f4|Grand Prix]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. Nc3/2...Nc6/3. g3|Fianchetto]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. f4|McDonnell]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. a3|Mengarini]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4|Smith-Morra]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. b3|Snyder]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. c4|Staunton-Cochrane]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. b4|Wing gambit]] }}<!-- end antisicilians sicilians --> }}<!-- end sicilian bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6|e6]] <br>French |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Advance]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Nf6|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nd2|Tarrasch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...dxe4|Rubinstein]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Bb4|Winawer]] }}<!-- end french --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6|c6]] <br>Caro-Kann |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4|Accelerated Panov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|Advance]] → {{hlist|class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nf3|Short]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5/3...Bf5/4. Nc3|van der Wiel]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|Exchange]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Nc3/2...d5/3. Nf3|Two knights]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. f3|Fantasy]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. Bc4|Hillbilly]] {{Chess/eval|?!}}</small> }}<!-- end caro-kann --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|1. e4]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nf6|Alekhine]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6/2. d4/2...Nf6/3. Nc3/3...c6|Czech]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g6|Modern]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...Nc6|Nimzowitsch]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b6|Owen's]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d6|Pirc]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...d5|Scandinavian]] }}<small>{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f6|Barnes]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g5|Borg]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...a5|Corn stalk]] {{Chess/eval|??}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...f5|Duras]] {{Chess/eval|??}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...b5|1...b5]] {{Chess/eval|??}} }}</small><!-- end 1. e4 other --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5|d5]] <br>Closed games |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4|2. c4]] <br>Queen's gambit |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e5|Albin countergambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c5|Austrian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nc6|Chigorin]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...Nf6|Marshall]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...dxc4|Queen's gambit accepted]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e6|Queen's gambit declined]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c6|Slav]] → {{hlist|class=inline |[[Chess Opening Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...Nf6/4._Nf3/4...e6|Semi-Slav]] }} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3|2. Nc3]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bg5|Richter-Versov]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...c5|Irish gambit]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nc3/2...Nf6/3. Bf4|Jobava London]] }} |2. other |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bf4|Accelerated London]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6/3. e3|Colle]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Bg5|Levitsky]] {{chess/eval|!?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. Qd3|Amazon]] {{chess/eval|?!}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4|Blackmar-Diemer]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. f4|Mason]] {{Chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. g4|Zurich]] {{Chess/eval|??}} }} }} <!-- end closed games bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6|Nf6]] <br>Indian |{{Buckets |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6|e6]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...Bb4|Bogo-Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. g3|Catalan]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nc3/3...Bb4|Nimzo-Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6|Queen's Indian]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6|g6]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6|King's Indian]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. Nf3|Classical]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. f4|Four pawns attack]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Bg7/4. e4/4...d6/5. f3|Sämisch]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...d5|Grünfeld]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4|2. c4]] ''other'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6|Accelerated queen's Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...c5|Modern Benoni]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...c5/3. d5/3...b5|Benko]] }} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e5|Budapest]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...Nc6|Mexican]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...d6|Old Indian]] }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3|2. Nf3]] |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...c5|Spielmann Indian]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Nf3/2...e6/3. Bg5|Torre]] }} |2. ''other:'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5|Trompowsky]] ([[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. Bh4|Edge]], [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. h4|Raptor]]) | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bf4|London system (Indian)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. f3|Paleface]] | <small>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. e4|Omega]] {{Chess/eval|?}}</small> }} }} <!-- end indian bucket --> |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5|f5]]<br>Dutch |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. Bg5|Hopton]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. h3|Korchnoi]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. g3/2...g6|Leningrad]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. e4|Staunton]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4|Stonewall]] → {{hlist |class=inline | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. c4/2...g6/3. Nc3/3...Nh6|Bladel]] }} }} |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|1. d4]] ''...other:'' |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b6|English defence]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e5|Englund gambit]] {{chess/eval|?}} | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...e6|Horwitz]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...c5|Old Benoni]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...b5|Polish]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d6/2. c4/2...e5|Rat]] }} |Flank |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. f4|Bird's (1. f4)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. c4|English (1. c4)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g4|Grob (1. g4)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. g3|King's fianchetto (1.g3)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. b3|Larsen (1. b3)]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3|Zukertort/Réti (1.Nf3)]] }} |Unorthodox |{{hlist | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. a3|a3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Na3|Na3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. a4|a4]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. b4|b4]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. c3|c3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nc3|Nc3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d3|d3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e3|e3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. f3|f3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. h3|h3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nh3|Nh3]] | [[Chess Opening Theory/1. h4|h4]] }} }} </div> <noinclude>[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Chess}}/Templates|ChessOpenings]]</noinclude><includeonly>{{BookCat}}</includeonly> 74epms1r47itwo7lbpfhilt6iv8dvig 0 155016 4632363 4631956 2026-04-25T18:35:48Z ~2026-25324-43 3579118 4632363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Sofia Pro',sans-serif,'Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Noto Sans Symbols'" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Mahjong Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EAST WIND|&#x1f000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SOUTH WIND|&#x1f001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WEST WIND|&#x1f002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NORTH WIND|&#x1f003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE RED DRAGON|&#x1f004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE GREEN DRAGON|&#x1f005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WHITE DRAGON|&#x1f006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CIRCLES|&#x1f020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE PLUM|&#x1f022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ORCHID|&#x1f023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BAMBOO|&#x1f024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE CHRYSANTHEMUM|&#x1f025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SPRING|&#x1f026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SUMMER|&#x1f027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE AUTUMN|&#x1f028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WINTER|&#x1f029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE JOKER|&#x1f02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BACK|&#x1f02b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Domino Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL BACK|&#x1f030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-00|&#x1f031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-01|&#x1f032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-02|&#x1f033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-03|&#x1f034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-04|&#x1f035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-05|&#x1f036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-06|&#x1f037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-00|&#x1f038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-01|&#x1f039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-02|&#x1f03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03|&#x1f03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-04|&#x1f03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-05|&#x1f03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-06|&#x1f03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-00|&#x1f03f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-01|&#x1f040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-02|&#x1f041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-03|&#x1f042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-04|&#x1f043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-05|&#x1f044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-06|&#x1f045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-00|&#x1f046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-01|&#x1f047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-02|&#x1f048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-03|&#x1f049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-04|&#x1f04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-05|&#x1f04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-06|&#x1f04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-00|&#x1f04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-01|&#x1f04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-02|&#x1f04f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-03|&#x1f050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-04|&#x1f051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-05|&#x1f052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-06|&#x1f053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-00|&#x1f054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-01|&#x1f055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-02|&#x1f056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-03|&#x1f057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-04|&#x1f058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-05|&#x1f059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-06|&#x1f05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-00|&#x1f05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-01|&#x1f05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-02|&#x1f05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-03|&#x1f05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-04|&#x1f05f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-05|&#x1f060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-06|&#x1f061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL BACK|&#x1f062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-00|&#x1f063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-01|&#x1f064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-02|&#x1f065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-03|&#x1f066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-04|&#x1f067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-05|&#x1f068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-06|&#x1f069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-00|&#x1f06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-01|&#x1f06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-02|&#x1f06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-03|&#x1f06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-04|&#x1f06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-05|&#x1f06f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-06|&#x1f070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-00|&#x1f071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-01|&#x1f072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02|&#x1f073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-03|&#x1f074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-04|&#x1f075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-05|&#x1f076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-06|&#x1f077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-00|&#x1f078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-01|&#x1f079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-02|&#x1f07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-03|&#x1f07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-04|&#x1f07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-05|&#x1f07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-06|&#x1f07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-00|&#x1f07f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-01|&#x1f080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-02|&#x1f081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-03|&#x1f082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-04|&#x1f083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-05|&#x1f084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-06|&#x1f085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-00|&#x1f086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-01|&#x1f087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-02|&#x1f088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-03|&#x1f089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-04|&#x1f08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-05|&#x1f08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-06|&#x1f08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-00|&#x1f08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-01|&#x1f08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-02|&#x1f08f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F09x |style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-03|&#x1f090;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-04|&#x1f091;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-05|&#x1f092;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-06|&#x1f093;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Playing Cards''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BACK|&#x1f0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF SPADES|&#x1f0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF SPADES|&#x1f0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF SPADES|&#x1f0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF SPADES|&#x1f0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF SPADES|&#x1f0ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Bx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF HEARTS|&#x1f0be;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD RED JOKER|&#x1f0bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Cx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BLACK JOKER|&#x1f0cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Dx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF CLUBS|&#x1f0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF CLUBS|&#x1f0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD WHITE JOKER|&#x1f0df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOOL|&#x1f0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-1|&#x1f0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-2|&#x1f0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-3|&#x1f0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-4|&#x1f0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-5|&#x1f0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-6|&#x1f0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-7|&#x1f0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-8|&#x1f0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-9|&#x1f0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-10|&#x1f0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-11|&#x1f0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-12|&#x1f0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-13|&#x1f0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-14|&#x1f0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-15|&#x1f0ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Fx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-16|&#x1f0f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-17|&#x1f0f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-18|&#x1f0f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-19|&#x1f0f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-20|&#x1f0f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-21|&#x1f0f5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP|&#x1f100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO COMMA|&#x1f101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE COMMA|&#x1f102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO COMMA|&#x1f103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE COMMA|&#x1f104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR COMMA|&#x1f105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE COMMA|&#x1f106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX COMMA|&#x1f107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN COMMA|&#x1f108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT COMMA|&#x1f109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE COMMA|&#x1f10a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ZERO WITH SLASH|&#x1f10d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&#x1f10e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOLLAR SIGN WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f10f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f11f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CD|&#x1f12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WZ|&#x1f12e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPYLEFT SYMBOL|&#x1f12f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f130;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f13c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f13e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f13f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f141;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f145;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f149;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HV|&#x1f14a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MV|&#x1f14b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SD|&#x1f14c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SS|&#x1f14d;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PPV|&#x1f14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED WC|&#x1f14f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F15x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f156;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f15f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F16x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f169;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MC SIGN|&#x1f16a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MD SIGN|&#x1f16b;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MR SIGN|&#x1f16c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CC|&#x1f16d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f16e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE|&#x1f16f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f178;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f17a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f17b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f17e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f17f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f189;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f18a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED IC|&#x1f18b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED PA|&#x1f18c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED SA|&#x1f18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED AB|&#x1f18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED WC|&#x1f18f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F19x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DJ|&#x1f190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CL|&#x1f191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED COOL|&#x1f192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FREE|&#x1f193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ID|&#x1f194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NEW|&#x1f195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NG|&#x1f196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED OK|&#x1f197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SOS|&#x1f198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1f199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VS|&#x1f19a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED THREE D|&#x1f19b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SECOND SCREEN|&#x1f19c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWO K|&#x1f19d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR K|&#x1f19e;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED EIGHT K|&#x1f19f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FIVE POINT ONE|&#x1f1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SEVEN POINT ONE|&#x1f1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWENTY-TWO POINT TWO|&#x1f1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SIXTY P|&#x1f1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ONE HUNDRED TWENTY P|&#x1f1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&#x1f1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HC|&#x1f1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HDR|&#x1f1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HI-RES|&#x1f1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOSSLESS|&#x1f1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SHV|&#x1f1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UHD|&#x1f1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VOD|&#x1f1ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASK WORK SYMBOL|&#x1f1ad;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMOBIKI SYMBOL|&#x1f1ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ex |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A|&#x1f1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER B|&#x1f1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C|&#x1f1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D|&#x1f1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER E|&#x1f1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER F|&#x1f1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER G|&#x1f1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER H|&#x1f1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER I|&#x1f1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER J|&#x1f1ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER K|&#x1f1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER L|&#x1f1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER M|&#x1f1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N|&#x1f1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER O|&#x1f1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER P|&#x1f1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Q|&#x1f1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER R|&#x1f1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER S|&#x1f1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER T|&#x1f1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U|&#x1f1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER V|&#x1f1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER W|&#x1f1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER X|&#x1f1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Y|&#x1f1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z|&#x1f1ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F20x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HIRAGANA HOKA|&#x1f200;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO|&#x1f201;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA SA|&#x1f202;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-624B|&#x1f210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B57|&#x1f211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CC|&#x1f212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA DE|&#x1f213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591A|&#x1f215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-89E3|&#x1f216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929|&#x1f217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA4|&#x1f218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6620|&#x1f219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121|&#x1f21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6599|&#x1f21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D|&#x1f21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C|&#x1f21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D|&#x1f21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65B0|&#x1f21f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-521D|&#x1f220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D42|&#x1f221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F|&#x1f222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA9|&#x1f223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58F0|&#x1f224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5439|&#x1f225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F14|&#x1f226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6295|&#x1f227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6355|&#x1f228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x1f229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&#x1f22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6|&#x1f22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&#x1f22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F3|&#x1f22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6307|&#x1f22f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F23x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D70|&#x1f230;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981|&#x1f232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A|&#x1f233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408|&#x1f234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E80|&#x1f235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709|&#x1f236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6708|&#x1f237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7533|&#x1f238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5272|&#x1f239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55B6|&#x1f23a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-914D|&#x1f23b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F24x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C|&#x1f240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89|&#x1f243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70B9|&#x1f244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76D7|&#x1f246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52DD|&#x1f247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557|&#x1f248;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F25x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE|&#x1f250;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ACCEPT|&#x1f251;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F26x |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR FU|&#x1f260;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR LU|&#x1f261;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHOU|&#x1f262;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR XI|&#x1f263;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHUANGXI|&#x1f264;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR CAI|&#x1f265;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F30x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYCLONE|&#x1f300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOGGY|&#x1f301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UMBRELLA|&#x1f302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NIGHT WITH STARS|&#x1f303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE OVER MOUNTAINS|&#x1f304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE|&#x1f305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE AT DUSK|&#x1f306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNSET OVER BUILDINGS|&#x1f307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAINBOW|&#x1f308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDGE AT NIGHT|&#x1f309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER WAVE|&#x1f30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLCANO|&#x1f30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILKY WAY|&#x1f30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE EUROPE-AFRICA|&#x1f30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE AMERICAS|&#x1f30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE ASIA-AUSTRALIA|&#x1f30f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#0000ff"|1F31x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS|&#x1f310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRESCENT MOON|&#x1f319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN WITH FACE|&#x1f31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOWING STAR|&#x1f31f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F32x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOOTING STAR|&#x1f320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMOMETER|&#x1f321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DROPLET|&#x1f322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN|&#x1f323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH SMALL CLOUD|&#x1f324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&#x1f325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH SNOW|&#x1f328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH TORNADO|&#x1f32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOG|&#x1f32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND BLOWING FACE|&#x1f32c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT DOG|&#x1f32d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TACO|&#x1f32e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BURRITO|&#x1f32f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F33x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHESTNUT|&#x1f330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEEDLING|&#x1f331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EVERGREEN TREE|&#x1f332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIDUOUS TREE|&#x1f333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM TREE|&#x1f334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CACTUS|&#x1f335;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT PEPPER|&#x1f336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULIP|&#x1f337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRY BLOSSOM|&#x1f338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSE|&#x1f339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIBISCUS|&#x1f33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNFLOWER|&#x1f33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOSSOM|&#x1f33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF MAIZE|&#x1f33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF RICE|&#x1f33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERB|&#x1f33f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F34x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR LEAF CLOVER|&#x1f340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAPLE LEAF|&#x1f341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLEN LEAF|&#x1f342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAF FLUTTERING IN WIND|&#x1f343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSHROOM|&#x1f344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMATO|&#x1f345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUBERGINE|&#x1f346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPES|&#x1f347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MELON|&#x1f348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATERMELON|&#x1f349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGERINE|&#x1f34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEMON|&#x1f34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANANA|&#x1f34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINEAPPLE|&#x1f34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED APPLE|&#x1f34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN APPLE|&#x1f34f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F35x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PEAR|&#x1f350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACH|&#x1f351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRIES|&#x1f352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAWBERRY|&#x1f353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMBURGER|&#x1f354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLICE OF PIZZA|&#x1f355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEAT ON BONE|&#x1f356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POULTRY LEG|&#x1f357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE CRACKER|&#x1f358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE BALL|&#x1f359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKED RICE|&#x1f35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRY AND RICE|&#x1f35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAMING BOWL|&#x1f35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPAGHETTI|&#x1f35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAD|&#x1f35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRIES|&#x1f35f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F36x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROASTED SWEET POTATO|&#x1f360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANGO|&#x1f361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ODEN|&#x1f362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSHI|&#x1f363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRIED SHRIMP|&#x1f364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH CAKE WITH SWIRL DESIGN|&#x1f365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT ICE CREAM|&#x1f366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAVED ICE|&#x1f367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CREAM|&#x1f368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUGHNUT|&#x1f369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKIE|&#x1f36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOCOLATE BAR|&#x1f36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDY|&#x1f36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOLLIPOP|&#x1f36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTARD|&#x1f36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEY POT|&#x1f36f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F37x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTCAKE|&#x1f370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENTO BOX|&#x1f371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POT OF FOOD|&#x1f372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING|&#x1f373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE|&#x1f374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEACUP WITHOUT HANDLE|&#x1f375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAKE BOTTLE AND CUP|&#x1f376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINE GLASS|&#x1f377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKTAIL GLASS|&#x1f378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL DRINK|&#x1f379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEER MUG|&#x1f37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING BEER MUGS|&#x1f37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY BOTTLE|&#x1f37c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE WITH PLATE|&#x1f37d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTLE WITH POPPING CORK|&#x1f37e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POPCORN|&#x1f37f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F38x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON|&#x1f380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRAPPED PRESENT|&#x1f381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRTHDAY CAKE|&#x1f382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JACK-O-LANTERN|&#x1f383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHRISTMAS TREE|&#x1f384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FATHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORKS|&#x1f386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORK SPARKLER|&#x1f387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON|&#x1f388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTY POPPER|&#x1f389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFETTI BALL|&#x1f38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANABATA TREE|&#x1f38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED FLAGS|&#x1f38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINE DECORATION|&#x1f38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE DOLLS|&#x1f38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARP STREAMER|&#x1f38f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F39x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND CHIME|&#x1f390;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON VIEWING CEREMONY|&#x1f391;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL SATCHEL|&#x1f392;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRADUATION CAP|&#x1f393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT|&#x1f394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET OF FLOWERS|&#x1f395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY MEDAL|&#x1f396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REMINDER RIBBON|&#x1f397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD WITH JACKS|&#x1f398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUDIO MICROPHONE|&#x1f399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEVEL SLIDER|&#x1f39a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTROL KNOBS|&#x1f39b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED ASCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f39c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED DESCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f39d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM FRAMES|&#x1f39e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADMISSION TICKETS|&#x1f39f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CAROUSEL HORSE|&#x1f3a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FERRIS WHEEL|&#x1f3a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER COASTER|&#x1f3a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISHING POLE AND FISH|&#x1f3a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROPHONE|&#x1f3a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOVIE CAMERA|&#x1f3a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CINEMA|&#x1f3a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADPHONE|&#x1f3a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTIST PALETTE|&#x1f3a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HAT|&#x1f3a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCUS TENT|&#x1f3aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TICKET|&#x1f3ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPER BOARD|&#x1f3ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFORMING ARTS|&#x1f3ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO GAME|&#x1f3ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIRECT HIT|&#x1f3af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOT MACHINE|&#x1f3b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLIARDS|&#x1f3b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GAME DIE|&#x1f3b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWLING|&#x1f3b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER PLAYING CARDS|&#x1f3b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL NOTE|&#x1f3b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLE MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f3b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAXOPHONE|&#x1f3b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUITAR|&#x1f3b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD|&#x1f3b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUMPET|&#x1f3ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIOLIN|&#x1f3bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SCORE|&#x1f3bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNING SHIRT WITH SASH|&#x1f3bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TENNIS RACQUET AND BALL|&#x1f3be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKI AND SKI BOOT|&#x1f3bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKETBALL AND HOOP|&#x1f3c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEQUERED FLAG|&#x1f3c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWBOARDER|&#x1f3c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNER|&#x1f3c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SURFER|&#x1f3c4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPORTS MEDAL|&#x1f3c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPHY|&#x1f3c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE RACING|&#x1f3c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMERICAN FOOTBALL|&#x1f3c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUGBY FOOTBALL|&#x1f3c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWIMMER|&#x1f3ca;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEIGHT LIFTER|&#x1f3cb;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLFER|&#x1f3cc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING MOTORCYCLE|&#x1f3cd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING CAR|&#x1f3ce;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET BAT AND BALL|&#x1f3cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLLEYBALL|&#x1f3d0;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIELD HOCKEY STICK AND BALL|&#x1f3d1;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE HOCKEY STICK AND PUCK|&#x1f3d2;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TABLE TENNIS PADDLE AND BALL|&#x1f3d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOW CAPPED MOUNTAIN|&#x1f3d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMPING|&#x1f3d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEACH WITH UMBRELLA|&#x1f3d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUILDING CONSTRUCTION|&#x1f3d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDINGS|&#x1f3d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE|&#x1f3d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DERELICT HOUSE BUILDING|&#x1f3da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLASSICAL BUILDING|&#x1f3db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT|&#x1f3dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT ISLAND|&#x1f3dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NATIONAL PARK|&#x1f3de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STADIUM|&#x1f3df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDING|&#x1f3e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE WITH GARDEN|&#x1f3e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OFFICE BUILDING|&#x1f3e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE POST OFFICE|&#x1f3e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN POST OFFICE|&#x1f3e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOSPITAL|&#x1f3e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANK|&#x1f3e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE|&#x1f3e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOTEL|&#x1f3e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE HOTEL|&#x1f3e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONVENIENCE STORE|&#x1f3ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL|&#x1f3eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEPARTMENT STORE|&#x1f3ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACTORY|&#x1f3ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IZAKAYA LANTERN|&#x1f3ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE CASTLE|&#x1f3ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Fx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN CASTLE|&#x1f3f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PENNANT|&#x1f3f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PENNANT|&#x1f3f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING WHITE FLAG|&#x1f3f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING BLACK FLAG|&#x1f3f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSETTE|&#x1f3f5;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK ROSETTE|&#x1f3f6;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LABEL|&#x1f3f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BADMINTON RACQUET AND SHUTTLECOCK|&#x1f3f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOW AND ARROW|&#x1f3f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMPHORA|&#x1f3fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-1-2|&#x1f3fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-3|&#x1f3fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-4|&#x1f3fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-5|&#x1f3fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-6|&#x1f3ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F40x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAT|&#x1f400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE|&#x1f401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OX|&#x1f402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER BUFFALO|&#x1f403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW|&#x1f404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER|&#x1f405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEOPARD|&#x1f406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT|&#x1f407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT|&#x1f408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON|&#x1f409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROCODILE|&#x1f40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHALE|&#x1f40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAIL|&#x1f40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAKE|&#x1f40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE|&#x1f40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAM|&#x1f40f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F41x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAT|&#x1f410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHEEP|&#x1f411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY|&#x1f412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOSTER|&#x1f413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHICKEN|&#x1f414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG|&#x1f415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG|&#x1f416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOAR|&#x1f417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEPHANT|&#x1f418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTOPUS|&#x1f419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL SHELL|&#x1f41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUG|&#x1f41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANT|&#x1f41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEYBEE|&#x1f41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADY BEETLE|&#x1f41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH|&#x1f41f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F42x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL FISH|&#x1f420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOWFISH|&#x1f421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURTLE|&#x1f422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HATCHING CHICK|&#x1f423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY CHICK|&#x1f424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRONT-FACING BABY CHICK|&#x1f425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRD|&#x1f426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENGUIN|&#x1f427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KOALA|&#x1f428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POODLE|&#x1f429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROMEDARY CAMEL|&#x1f42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACTRIAN CAMEL|&#x1f42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOLPHIN|&#x1f42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE FACE|&#x1f42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW FACE|&#x1f42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER FACE|&#x1f42f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F43x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT FACE|&#x1f430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE|&#x1f431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FACE|&#x1f432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOUTING WHALE|&#x1f433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE FACE|&#x1f434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY FACE|&#x1f435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG FACE|&#x1f436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG FACE|&#x1f437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FROG FACE|&#x1f438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSTER FACE|&#x1f439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOLF FACE|&#x1f43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAR FACE|&#x1f43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANDA FACE|&#x1f43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG NOSE|&#x1f43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAW PRINTS|&#x1f43e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHIPMUNK|&#x1f43f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F44x |{{H:title|dotted=no|EYES|&#x1f440;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EYE|&#x1f441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR|&#x1f442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOSE|&#x1f443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUTH|&#x1f444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TONGUE|&#x1f445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISTED HAND SIGN|&#x1f44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING HAND SIGN|&#x1f44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPING HANDS SIGN|&#x1f44f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F45x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN HANDS SIGN|&#x1f450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROWN|&#x1f451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS HAT|&#x1f452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EYEGLASSES|&#x1f453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NECKTIE|&#x1f454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|T-SHIRT|&#x1f455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JEANS|&#x1f456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRESS|&#x1f457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIMONO|&#x1f458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIKINI|&#x1f459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS CLOTHES|&#x1f45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURSE|&#x1f45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBAG|&#x1f45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUCH|&#x1f45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MANS SHOE|&#x1f45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ATHLETIC SHOE|&#x1f45f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F46x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-HEELED SHOE|&#x1f460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS SANDAL|&#x1f461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS BOOTS|&#x1f462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOTPRINTS|&#x1f463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUST IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUSTS IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOY|&#x1f466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRL|&#x1f467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN|&#x1f468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN|&#x1f469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAMILY|&#x1f46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN AND WOMAN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO MEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO WOMEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE OFFICER|&#x1f46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN WITH BUNNY EARS|&#x1f46f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F47x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDE WITH VEIL|&#x1f470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BLOND HAIR|&#x1f471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH GUA PI MAO|&#x1f472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH TURBAN|&#x1f473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER MAN|&#x1f474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER WOMAN|&#x1f475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY|&#x1f476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION WORKER|&#x1f477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCESS|&#x1f478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE OGRE|&#x1f479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE GOBLIN|&#x1f47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GHOST|&#x1f47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY ANGEL|&#x1f47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALIEN|&#x1f47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALIEN MONSTER|&#x1f47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMP|&#x1f47f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F48x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL|&#x1f480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION DESK PERSON|&#x1f481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARDSMAN|&#x1f482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANCER|&#x1f483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPSTICK|&#x1f484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL POLISH|&#x1f485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE MASSAGE|&#x1f486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRCUT|&#x1f487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BARBER POLE|&#x1f488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYRINGE|&#x1f489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILL|&#x1f48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS MARK|&#x1f48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE LETTER|&#x1f48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING|&#x1f48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEM STONE|&#x1f48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS|&#x1f48f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F49x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET|&#x1f490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUPLE WITH HEART|&#x1f491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDDING|&#x1f492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEATING HEART|&#x1f493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN HEART|&#x1f494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO HEARTS|&#x1f495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLING HEART|&#x1f496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GROWING HEART|&#x1f497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH ARROW|&#x1f498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE HEART|&#x1f499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN HEART|&#x1f49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YELLOW HEART|&#x1f49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURPLE HEART|&#x1f49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH RIBBON|&#x1f49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVOLVING HEARTS|&#x1f49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART DECORATION|&#x1f49f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND SHAPE WITH A DOT INSIDE|&#x1f4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB|&#x1f4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGER SYMBOL|&#x1f4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOMB|&#x1f4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING SYMBOL|&#x1f4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLLISION SYMBOL|&#x1f4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLASHING SWEAT SYMBOL|&#x1f4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROPLET|&#x1f4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH SYMBOL|&#x1f4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILE OF POO|&#x1f4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEXED BICEPS|&#x1f4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY SYMBOL|&#x1f4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEECH BALLOON|&#x1f4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THOUGHT BALLOON|&#x1f4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLOWER|&#x1f4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUNDRED POINTS SYMBOL|&#x1f4af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY BAG|&#x1f4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRENCY EXCHANGE|&#x1f4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CREDIT CARD|&#x1f4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH EURO SIGN|&#x1f4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH POUND SIGN|&#x1f4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY WITH WINGS|&#x1f4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND AND YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAT|&#x1f4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFCASE|&#x1f4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIDISC|&#x1f4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC|&#x1f4bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|DVD|&#x1f4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CURL|&#x1f4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE FACING UP|&#x1f4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CALENDAR|&#x1f4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAR-OFF CALENDAR|&#x1f4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX|&#x1f4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH DOWNWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR CHART|&#x1f4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLIPBOARD|&#x1f4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAPERCLIP|&#x1f4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHT RULER|&#x1f4cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR RULER|&#x1f4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK TABS|&#x1f4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEDGER|&#x1f4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK|&#x1f4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK WITH DECORATIVE COVER|&#x1f4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED BOOK|&#x1f4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOOK|&#x1f4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN BOOK|&#x1f4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE BOOK|&#x1f4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE BOOK|&#x1f4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKS|&#x1f4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAME BADGE|&#x1f4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCROLL|&#x1f4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEMO|&#x1f4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGER|&#x1f4df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX MACHINE|&#x1f4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE ANTENNA|&#x1f4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUBLIC ADDRESS LOUDSPEAKER|&#x1f4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEERING MEGAPHONE|&#x1f4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PACKAGE|&#x1f4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|E-MAIL SYMBOL|&#x1f4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMING ENVELOPE|&#x1f4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH DOWNWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTBOX|&#x1f4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL HORN|&#x1f4ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWSPAPER|&#x1f4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW AT LEFT|&#x1f4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIBRATION MODE|&#x1f4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE OFF|&#x1f4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO MOBILE PHONES|&#x1f4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTENNA WITH BARS|&#x1f4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA|&#x1f4f7;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA WITH FLASH|&#x1f4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO CAMERA|&#x1f4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEVISION|&#x1f4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO|&#x1f4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEOCASSETTE|&#x1f4fc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM PROJECTOR|&#x1f4fd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PORTABLE STEREO|&#x1f4fe;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRAYER BEADS|&#x1f4ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F50x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWISTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&#x1f500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS WITH CIRCLED ONE OVERLAY|&#x1f502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER|&#x1f508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATTERY|&#x1f50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC PLUG|&#x1f50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK WITH INK PEN|&#x1f50f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F51x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED LOCK WITH KEY|&#x1f510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEY|&#x1f511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK|&#x1f512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN LOCK|&#x1f513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL|&#x1f514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK|&#x1f516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINK SYMBOL|&#x1f517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO BUTTON|&#x1f518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOON WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP WITH UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ONE UNDER EIGHTEEN SYMBOL|&#x1f51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYCAP TEN|&#x1f51f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F52x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN CAPITAL LETTERS|&#x1f520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN SMALL LETTERS|&#x1f521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR NUMBERS|&#x1f522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR SYMBOLS|&#x1f523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN LETTERS|&#x1f524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE|&#x1f525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC TORCH|&#x1f526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRENCH|&#x1f527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER|&#x1f528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUT AND BOLT|&#x1f529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOCHO|&#x1f52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISTOL|&#x1f52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROSCOPE|&#x1f52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELESCOPE|&#x1f52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYSTAL BALL|&#x1f52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED STAR WITH MIDDLE DOT|&#x1f52f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F53x |{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER|&#x1f530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIDENT EMBLEM|&#x1f531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED CIRCLE|&#x1f534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE CIRCLE|&#x1f535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F54x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f540;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE WITH HALF-CIRCLE BELOW|&#x1f541;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f542;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LEFT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED RIGHT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR MARKS CHAPTER|&#x1f545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LATIN CROSS|&#x1f546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LATIN CROSS|&#x1f547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CELTIC CROSS|&#x1f548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OM SYMBOL|&#x1f549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOVE OF PEACE|&#x1f54a;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAABA|&#x1f54b;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUE|&#x1f54c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYNAGOGUE|&#x1f54d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENORAH WITH NINE BRANCHES|&#x1f54e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL OF HYGIEIA|&#x1f54f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F55x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE OCLOCK|&#x1f550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO OCLOCK|&#x1f551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE OCLOCK|&#x1f552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR OCLOCK|&#x1f553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE OCLOCK|&#x1f554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX OCLOCK|&#x1f555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT OCLOCK|&#x1f557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE OCLOCK|&#x1f558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN OCLOCK|&#x1f559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE OCLOCK|&#x1f55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE-THIRTY|&#x1f55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO-THIRTY|&#x1f55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE-THIRTY|&#x1f55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR-THIRTY|&#x1f55f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F56x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE-THIRTY|&#x1f560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX-THIRTY|&#x1f561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT-THIRTY|&#x1f563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE-THIRTY|&#x1f564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN-THIRTY|&#x1f565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE-THIRTY|&#x1f567;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER|&#x1f568;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f569;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN|&#x1f56b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN WITH SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGING BELL|&#x1f56d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOK|&#x1f56e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDLE|&#x1f56f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F57x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MANTELPIECE CLOCK|&#x1f570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&#x1f571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PIRACY|&#x1f572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLE|&#x1f573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT LEVITATING|&#x1f574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEUTH OR SPY|&#x1f575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SUNGLASSES|&#x1f576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER|&#x1f577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER WEB|&#x1f578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOYSTICK|&#x1f579;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN DANCING|&#x1f57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER WITH PAGE|&#x1f57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F58x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE ON TOP OF MODEM|&#x1f580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAMSHELL MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK OF ENVELOPE|&#x1f582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING ENVELOPE|&#x1f585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEN OVER STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINKED PAPERCLIPS|&#x1f587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PUSHPIN|&#x1f588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PENCIL|&#x1f589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BALLPOINT PEN|&#x1f58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FOUNTAIN PEN|&#x1f58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PAINTBRUSH|&#x1f58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT CRAYON|&#x1f58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WRITING HAND|&#x1f58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f58f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F59x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED VICTORY HAND|&#x1f594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED|&#x1f595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS|&#x1f596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING LEFT HAND INDEX|&#x1f597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART|&#x1f5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP COMPUTER|&#x1f5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD AND MOUSE|&#x1f5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE NETWORKED COMPUTERS|&#x1f5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER|&#x1f5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POCKET CALCULATOR|&#x1f5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE CARTRIDGE|&#x1f5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRED KEYBOARD|&#x1f5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACKBALL|&#x1f5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HARD DISK|&#x1f5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREEN|&#x1f5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER ICON|&#x1f5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX ICON|&#x1f5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC ICON|&#x1f5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT|&#x1f5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT AND PICTURE|&#x1f5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH TILES|&#x1f5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH AN X|&#x1f5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOLDER|&#x1f5bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDER|&#x1f5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FOLDER|&#x1f5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX DIVIDERS|&#x1f5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD FILE BOX|&#x1f5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE CABINET|&#x1f5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE|&#x1f5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAD|&#x1f5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE|&#x1f5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAD|&#x1f5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY DOCUMENT|&#x1f5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGE|&#x1f5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGES|&#x1f5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT|&#x1f5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE|&#x1f5cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGES|&#x1f5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WASTEBASKET|&#x1f5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL NOTE PAD|&#x1f5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL CALENDAR PAD|&#x1f5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP WINDOW|&#x1f5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIMIZE|&#x1f5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAXIMIZE|&#x1f5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAP|&#x1f5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHT AND LEFT SEMICIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCELLATION X|&#x1f5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPRESSION|&#x1f5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD KEY|&#x1f5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLED-UP NEWSPAPER|&#x1f5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CIRCLED TEXT|&#x1f5df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|STOCK CHART|&#x1f5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER KNIFE|&#x1f5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPS|&#x1f5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKING HEAD IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS ABOVE|&#x1f5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS BELOW|&#x1f5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS LEFT|&#x1f5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS RIGHT|&#x1f5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD|&#x1f5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BALLOT|&#x1f5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT CHECK MARK|&#x1f5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD CHECK|&#x1f5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WORLD MAP|&#x1f5fa;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNT FUJI|&#x1f5fb;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOKYO TOWER|&#x1f5fc;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STATUE OF LIBERTY|&#x1f5fd;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SILHOUETTE OF JAPAN|&#x1f5fe;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOYAI|&#x1f5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Emoticons''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F60x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE|&#x1f600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES|&#x1f604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HALO|&#x1f607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HORNS|&#x1f608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINKING FACE|&#x1f609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD|&#x1f60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES|&#x1f60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMIRKING FACE|&#x1f60f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F61x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL FACE|&#x1f610;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXPRESSIONLESS FACE|&#x1f611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNAMUSED FACE|&#x1f612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COLD SWEAT|&#x1f613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENSIVE FACE|&#x1f614;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFUSED FACE|&#x1f615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFOUNDED FACE|&#x1f616;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE|&#x1f617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE THROWING A KISS|&#x1f618;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE|&#x1f61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE|&#x1f61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED FACE|&#x1f61e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORRIED FACE|&#x1f61f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F62x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGRY FACE|&#x1f620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING FACE|&#x1f621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING FACE|&#x1f622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSEVERING FACE|&#x1f623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH|&#x1f624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f625;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f626;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGUISHED FACE|&#x1f627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FEARFUL FACE|&#x1f628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY FACE|&#x1f629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPY FACE|&#x1f62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRED FACE|&#x1f62b;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRIMACING FACE|&#x1f62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOUDLY CRYING FACE|&#x1f62d;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f62e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUSHED FACE|&#x1f62f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F63x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR|&#x1f631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTONISHED FACE|&#x1f632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUSHED FACE|&#x1f633;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING FACE|&#x1f634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY FACE|&#x1f635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITHOUT MOUTH|&#x1f636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK|&#x1f637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE|&#x1f63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING CAT FACE|&#x1f63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING CAT FACE|&#x1f63f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F64x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY CAT FACE|&#x1f640;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE|&#x1f641;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE|&#x1f642;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPSIDE-DOWN FACE|&#x1f643;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ROLLING EYES|&#x1f644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE|&#x1f645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OK GESTURE|&#x1f646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON BOWING DEEPLY|&#x1f647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND|&#x1f64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION|&#x1f64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON FROWNING|&#x1f64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH POUTING FACE|&#x1f64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS|&#x1f64f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ornamental Dingbats''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F65x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F66x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F67x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWASH AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SOLIDUS|&#x1f67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY REVERSE SOLIDUS|&#x1f67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Transport and Map Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F68x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCKET|&#x1f680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELICOPTER|&#x1f681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAM LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY CAR|&#x1f683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN|&#x1f684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN WITH BULLET NOSE|&#x1f685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAIN|&#x1f686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRO|&#x1f687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RAIL|&#x1f688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STATION|&#x1f689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM|&#x1f68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM CAR|&#x1f68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS|&#x1f68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING BUS|&#x1f68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLLEYBUS|&#x1f68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS STOP|&#x1f68f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F69x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIBUS|&#x1f690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMBULANCE|&#x1f691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CAR|&#x1f693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING POLICE CAR|&#x1f694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAXI|&#x1f695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING TAXI|&#x1f696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECREATIONAL VEHICLE|&#x1f699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELIVERY TRUCK|&#x1f69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTICULATED LORRY|&#x1f69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACTOR|&#x1f69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONORAIL|&#x1f69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN RAILWAY|&#x1f69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSPENSION RAILWAY|&#x1f69f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN CABLEWAY|&#x1f6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AERIAL TRAMWAY|&#x1f6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIP|&#x1f6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROWBOAT|&#x1f6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEEDBOAT|&#x1f6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION SIGN|&#x1f6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CARS REVOLVING LIGHT|&#x1f6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR FLAG ON POST|&#x1f6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOOR|&#x1f6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY SIGN|&#x1f6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUT LITTER IN ITS PLACE SYMBOL|&#x1f6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DO NOT LITTER SYMBOL|&#x1f6af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLE|&#x1f6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO BICYCLES|&#x1f6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEDESTRIAN|&#x1f6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PEDESTRIANS|&#x1f6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILDREN CROSSING|&#x1f6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTROOM|&#x1f6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY SYMBOL|&#x1f6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOILET|&#x1f6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER CLOSET|&#x1f6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOWER|&#x1f6bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Cx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATH|&#x1f6c0;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATHTUB|&#x1f6c1;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSPORT CONTROL|&#x1f6c2;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTOMS|&#x1f6c3;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGGAGE CLAIM|&#x1f6c4;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LUGGAGE|&#x1f6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1f6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROHIBITED SIGN|&#x1f6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED INFORMATION SOURCE|&#x1f6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOYS SYMBOL|&#x1f6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRLS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUCH AND LAMP|&#x1f6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION|&#x1f6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING BAGS|&#x1f6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELLHOP BELL|&#x1f6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BED|&#x1f6cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF WORSHIP|&#x1f6d0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTAGONAL SIGN|&#x1f6d1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING TROLLEY|&#x1f6d2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STUPA|&#x1f6d3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGODA|&#x1f6d4;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HINDU TEMPLE|&#x1f6d5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUT|&#x1f6d6;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEVATOR|&#x1f6d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LANDSLIDE|&#x1f6d8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTHOUSE|&#x1f6d9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEATBELT SIGN|&#x1f6da;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NO CARS|&#x1f6db;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRELESS|&#x1f6dc;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYGROUND SLIDE|&#x1f6dd;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL|&#x1f6de;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING BUOY|&#x1f6df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND WRENCH|&#x1f6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIELD|&#x1f6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OIL DRUM|&#x1f6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORWAY|&#x1f6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY TRACK|&#x1f6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR BOAT|&#x1f6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING MILITARY AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTHEAST-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE DEPARTURE|&#x1f6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE ARRIVING|&#x1f6ec;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT AIR BALLOON|&#x1f6ed;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRSHIP|&#x1f6ee;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAPLANE|&#x1f6ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE|&#x1f6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSENGER SHIP|&#x1f6f3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCOOTER|&#x1f6f4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR SCOOTER|&#x1f6f5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANOE|&#x1f6f6;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLED|&#x1f6f7;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING SAUCER|&#x1f6f8;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKATEBOARD|&#x1f6f9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTO RICKSHAW|&#x1f6fa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKUP TRUCK|&#x1f6fb;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER SKATE|&#x1f6fc;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKLIFT|&#x1f6fd;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCAVATOR|&#x1f6fe;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBMARINE|&#x1f6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Alchemical Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F70x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE|&#x1f700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR|&#x1f701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE|&#x1f702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH|&#x1f703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER|&#x1f704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS|&#x1f705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA|&#x1f706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA-2|&#x1f707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE|&#x1f708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE-2|&#x1f709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR|&#x1f70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-2|&#x1f70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-3|&#x1f70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR|&#x1f70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR|&#x1f70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR|&#x1f70f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F71x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE|&#x1f710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2|&#x1f711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3|&#x1f712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR|&#x1f713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT|&#x1f714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE|&#x1f715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL|&#x1f716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL-2|&#x1f717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT|&#x1f718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT-2|&#x1f719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|&#x1f71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER|&#x1f71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE|&#x1f71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE-2|&#x1f71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON|&#x1f71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON|&#x1f71f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F72x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE|&#x1f720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE|&#x1f721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER|&#x1f722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER|&#x1f723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER-2|&#x1f724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER|&#x1f727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS|&#x1f728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE|&#x1f729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE|&#x1f72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE|&#x1f72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F73x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2|&#x1f731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS|&#x1f732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-2|&#x1f733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-3|&#x1f734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-4|&#x1f735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI|&#x1f736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI-2|&#x1f737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE|&#x1f738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC|&#x1f739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC|&#x1f73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR|&#x1f73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR-2|&#x1f73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT|&#x1f73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE|&#x1f73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR|&#x1f73f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F74x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR-2|&#x1f740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME|&#x1f741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX|&#x1f742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-2|&#x1f743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-3|&#x1f744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM|&#x1f745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL|&#x1f746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT|&#x1f747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE|&#x1f748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM|&#x1f749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX|&#x1f74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER|&#x1f74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX|&#x1f74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY|&#x1f74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM|&#x1f74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE|&#x1f74f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F75x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS|&#x1f750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT|&#x1f751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT|&#x1f752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE|&#x1f753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SOAP|&#x1f754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE|&#x1f755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HORSE DUNG|&#x1f756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES|&#x1f757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES|&#x1f758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK|&#x1f759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK|&#x1f75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM|&#x1f75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM|&#x1f75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2|&#x1f75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATION|&#x1f75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE|&#x1f75f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F76x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISTILL|&#x1f760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE|&#x1f761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE-2|&#x1f762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PURIFY|&#x1f763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PUTREFACTION|&#x1f764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE|&#x1f765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-2|&#x1f766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-3|&#x1f767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-4|&#x1f768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-5|&#x1f769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALEMBIC|&#x1f76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF MARY|&#x1f76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF VAPOURS|&#x1f76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR RETORT|&#x1f76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HOUR|&#x1f76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NIGHT|&#x1f76f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F77x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DAY-NIGHT|&#x1f770;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MONTH|&#x1f771;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF DRAM|&#x1f772;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF OUNCE|&#x1f773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOT OF FORTUNE|&#x1f774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCCULTATION|&#x1f775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNAR ECLIPSE|&#x1f776;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA FORM TWO|&#x1f777;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA FORM TWO|&#x1f778;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA FORM TWO|&#x1f779;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTHENOPE FORM TWO|&#x1f77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAUMEA|&#x1f77B;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKEMAKE|&#x1f77C;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GONGGONG|&#x1f77D;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUAOAR|&#x1f77E;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCUS|&#x1f77F;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F78x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND TARGET|&#x1f78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY SQUARE|&#x1f78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F79x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&#x1f795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TARGET|&#x1f796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY DIAMOND|&#x1f797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&#x1f79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND TARGET|&#x1f79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY LOZENGE|&#x1f79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LOZENGE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SALTIRE|&#x1f7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SALTIRE|&#x1f7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SALTIRE|&#x1f7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SALTIRE|&#x1f7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE LIGHT FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Dx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d4;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d5;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d6;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d7;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d8;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE POINTED WHITE STAR|&#x1f7d9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&#x1f7da;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7db;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW CIRCLE|&#x1f7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED SQUARE|&#x1f7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE SQUARE|&#x1f7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE SQUARE|&#x1f7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW SQUARE|&#x1f7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN SQUARE|&#x1f7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE SQUARE|&#x1f7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN SQUARE|&#x1f7eb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NOT EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7ec;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#c8a36f" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Fx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOTTOM RIGHT OBLIQUE HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1f7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPARENT CUBE|&#x1f7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CUBE|&#x1f7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BISECTING LINES|&#x1f7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHOMBUS|&#x1f7ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f847;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f859;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f887;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE HALF|&#x1f89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE THIRD|&#x1f89f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BOTTOM-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BOTTOM SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f8ad;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Bx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING UPWARDS THEN NORTH WEST|&#x1f8b0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING SOUTH WEST|&#x1f8b1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK|&#x1f8b2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW TO BAR|&#x1f8b3;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b4;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED UPWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b6;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b7;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b9;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8ba;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8bb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Cx |style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Dx |style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8d0;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d1;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d2;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d3;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d4;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d5;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&#x1f8d6;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE SLASH|&#x1f8d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DEPENDENT LOBE|&#x1f8d8;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE|&#x1f902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT|&#x1f906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&#x1f907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK|&#x1f908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK|&#x1f909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90b;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHED FINGERS|&#x1f90c;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART|&#x1f90d;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BROWN HEART|&#x1f90e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHING HAND|&#x1f90f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH THERMOMETER|&#x1f912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NERD FACE|&#x1f913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THINKING FACE|&#x1f914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE|&#x1f915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROBOT FACE|&#x1f916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUGGING FACE|&#x1f917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGN OF THE HORNS|&#x1f918;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CALL ME HAND|&#x1f919;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED BACK OF HAND|&#x1f91a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDSHAKE|&#x1f91d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED|&#x1f91e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN|&#x1f91f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COWBOY HAT|&#x1f920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOWN FACE|&#x1f921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAUSEATED FACE|&#x1f922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING|&#x1f923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROOLING FACE|&#x1f924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LYING FACE|&#x1f925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE PALM|&#x1f926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNEEZING FACE|&#x1f927;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED|&#x1f928;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES|&#x1f929;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE|&#x1f92a;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS|&#x1f92b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92c;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92d;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING|&#x1f92e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD|&#x1f92f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT WOMAN|&#x1f930;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAST-FEEDING|&#x1f931;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALMS UP TOGETHER|&#x1f932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SELFIE|&#x1f933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCE|&#x1f934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN TUXEDO|&#x1f935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRUG|&#x1f937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL|&#x1f938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUGGLING|&#x1f939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FENCER|&#x1f93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODERN PENTATHLON|&#x1f93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRESTLERS|&#x1f93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER POLO|&#x1f93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBALL|&#x1f93e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVING MASK|&#x1f93f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WILTED FLOWER|&#x1f940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS|&#x1f941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING GLASSES|&#x1f942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TUMBLER GLASS|&#x1f943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOON|&#x1f944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAL NET|&#x1f945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIFLE|&#x1f946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECOND PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIRD PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOXING GLOVE|&#x1f94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM|&#x1f94b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLING STONE|&#x1f94c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LACROSSE STICK AND BALL|&#x1f94d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTBALL|&#x1f94e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING DISC|&#x1f94f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CROISSANT|&#x1f950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AVOCADO|&#x1f951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUCUMBER|&#x1f952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACON|&#x1f953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POTATO|&#x1f954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARROT|&#x1f955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGUETTE BREAD|&#x1f956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN SALAD|&#x1f957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD|&#x1f958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUFFED FLATBREAD|&#x1f959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EGG|&#x1f95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLASS OF MILK|&#x1f95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEANUTS|&#x1f95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWIFRUIT|&#x1f95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANCAKES|&#x1f95e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUMPLING|&#x1f95f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F96x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FORTUNE COOKIE|&#x1f960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKEOUT BOX|&#x1f961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOPSTICKS|&#x1f962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL WITH SPOON|&#x1f963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP WITH STRAW|&#x1f964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCONUT|&#x1f965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROCCOLI|&#x1f966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIE|&#x1f967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRETZEL|&#x1f968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUT OF MEAT|&#x1f969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANDWICH|&#x1f96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANNED FOOD|&#x1f96b;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFY GREEN|&#x1f96c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANGO|&#x1f96d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON CAKE|&#x1f96e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGEL|&#x1f96f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F97x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS|&#x1f970;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YAWNING FACE|&#x1f971;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH TEAR|&#x1f972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT|&#x1f973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH|&#x1f974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERHEATED FACE|&#x1f975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FREEZING FACE|&#x1f976;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINJA|&#x1f977;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISGUISED FACE|&#x1f978;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS|&#x1f979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PLEADING EYES|&#x1f97a;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SARI|&#x1f97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAB COAT|&#x1f97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOGGLES|&#x1f97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIKING BOOT|&#x1f97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT SHOE|&#x1f97f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F98x |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRAB|&#x1f980;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LION FACE|&#x1f981;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPION|&#x1f982;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKEY|&#x1f983;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNICORN FACE|&#x1f984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAGLE|&#x1f985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUCK|&#x1f986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAT|&#x1f987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARK|&#x1f988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OWL|&#x1f989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOX FACE|&#x1f98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTERFLY|&#x1f98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEER|&#x1f98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GORILLA|&#x1f98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIZARD|&#x1f98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHINOCEROS|&#x1f98f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F99x |style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRIMP|&#x1f990;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUID|&#x1f991;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRAFFE FACE|&#x1f992;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEBRA FACE|&#x1f993;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEDGEHOG|&#x1f994;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUROPOD|&#x1f995;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|T-REX|&#x1f996;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET|&#x1f997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGAROO|&#x1f998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LLAMA|&#x1f999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACOCK|&#x1f99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIPPOPOTAMUS|&#x1f99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARROT|&#x1f99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RACCOON|&#x1f99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOBSTER|&#x1f99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUITO|&#x1f99f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ax |style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROBE|&#x1f9a0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BADGER|&#x1f9a1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWAN|&#x1f9a2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAMMOTH|&#x1f9a3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DODO|&#x1f9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOTH|&#x1f9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTER|&#x1f9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGUTAN|&#x1f9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKUNK|&#x1f9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAMINGO|&#x1f9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OYSTER|&#x1f9aa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAVER|&#x1f9ab;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BISON|&#x1f9ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL|&#x1f9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUIDE DOG|&#x1f9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROBING CANE|&#x1f9af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR|&#x1f9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR|&#x1f9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT BALD|&#x1f9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR|&#x1f9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BONE|&#x1f9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG|&#x1f9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOT|&#x1f9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTH|&#x1f9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERHERO|&#x1f9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERVILLAIN|&#x1f9b9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY VEST|&#x1f9ba;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR WITH HEARING AID|&#x1f9bb;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bc;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANUAL WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bd;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL ARM|&#x1f9be;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL LEG|&#x1f9bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Cx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEESE WEDGE|&#x1f9c0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPCAKE|&#x1f9c1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SALT SHAKER|&#x1f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEVERAGE BOX|&#x1f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GARLIC|&#x1f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONION|&#x1f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALAFEL|&#x1f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAFFLE|&#x1f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTER|&#x1f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATE DRINK|&#x1f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CUBE|&#x1f9ca;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLE TEA|&#x1f9cb;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLL|&#x1f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STANDING PERSON|&#x1f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNEELING PERSON|&#x1f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEAF PERSON|&#x1f9cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MONOCLE|&#x1f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADULT|&#x1f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILD|&#x1f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER ADULT|&#x1f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEARDED PERSON|&#x1f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH HEADSCARF|&#x1f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM|&#x1f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON CLIMBING|&#x1f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION|&#x1f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGE|&#x1f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAIRY|&#x1f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAMPIRE|&#x1f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERPERSON|&#x1f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELF|&#x1f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GENIE|&#x1f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZOMBIE|&#x1f9df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ex |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAIN|&#x1f9e0;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE HEART|&#x1f9e1;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLED CAP|&#x1f9e2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCARF|&#x1f9e3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOVES|&#x1f9e4;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COAT|&#x1f9e5;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCKS|&#x1f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED GIFT ENVELOPE|&#x1f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRECRACKER|&#x1f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE|&#x1f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEST TUBE|&#x1f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PETRI DISH|&#x1f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DNA DOUBLE HELIX|&#x1f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPASS|&#x1f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ABACUS|&#x1f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE EXTINGUISHER|&#x1f9ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOLBOX|&#x1f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRICK|&#x1f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGNET|&#x1f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUGGAGE|&#x1f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTION BOTTLE|&#x1f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOOL OF THREAD|&#x1f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALL OF YARN|&#x1f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY PIN|&#x1f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEDDY BEAR|&#x1f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROOM|&#x1f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKET|&#x1f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLL OF PAPER|&#x1f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR OF SOAP|&#x1f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPONGE|&#x1f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECEIPT|&#x1f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAZAR AMULET|&#x1f9ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Chess Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING|&#x1fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN|&#x1fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK|&#x1fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP|&#x1fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT|&#x1fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN|&#x1fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREE|&#x1fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA5x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa50;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa51;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa52;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa53;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa54;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa55;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa56;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa57;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa58;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa59;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5a;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5b;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5d;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5e;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED GENERAL|&#x1fa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED MANDARIN|&#x1fa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED ELEPHANT|&#x1fa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED HORSE|&#x1fa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CHARIOT|&#x1fa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CANNON|&#x1fa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED SOLDIER|&#x1fa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK GENERAL|&#x1fa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK MANDARIN|&#x1fa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK ELEPHANT|&#x1fa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK HORSE|&#x1fa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CHARIOT|&#x1fa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CANNON|&#x1fa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK SOLDIER|&#x1fa6d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA7x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLET SHOES|&#x1fa70;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE-PIECE SWIMSUIT|&#x1fa71;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFS|&#x1fa72;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTS|&#x1fa73;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THONG SANDAL|&#x1fa74;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT BLUE HEART|&#x1fa75;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREY HEART|&#x1fa76;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINK HEART|&#x1fa77;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DROP OF BLOOD|&#x1fa78;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADHESIVE BANDAGE|&#x1fa79;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STETHOSCOPE|&#x1fa7a;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|X-RAY|&#x1fa7b;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUTCH|&#x1fa7c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOOD BAG|&#x1fa7d;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INHALER|&#x1fa7e;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX OF PILLS|&#x1fa7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA8x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YO-YO|&#x1fa80;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KITE|&#x1fa81;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARACHUTE|&#x1fa82;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOMERANG|&#x1fa83;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGIC WAND|&#x1fa84;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINATA|&#x1fa85;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NESTING DOLLS|&#x1fa86;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARACAS|&#x1fa87;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUTE|&#x1fa88;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HARP|&#x1fa89;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROMBONE|&#x1fa8a;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|METEOR|&#x1fa8b;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASER|&#x1fa8c;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NET WITH HANDLE|&#x1fa8d;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TREASURE CHEST|&#x1fa8e;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOVEL|&#x1fa8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA9x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGED PLANET|&#x1fa90;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAIR|&#x1fa91;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAZOR|&#x1fa92;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AXE|&#x1fa93;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIYA LAMP|&#x1fa94;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BANJO|&#x1fa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY HELMET|&#x1fa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCORDION|&#x1fa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DRUM|&#x1fa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COIN|&#x1fa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARPENTRY SAW|&#x1fa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREWDRIVER|&#x1fa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADDER|&#x1fa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOOK|&#x1fa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR|&#x1fa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINDOW|&#x1fa9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUNGER|&#x1faa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING NEEDLE|&#x1faa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNOT|&#x1faa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUCKET|&#x1faa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE TRAP|&#x1faa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHBRUSH|&#x1faa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE|&#x1faa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACARD|&#x1faa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCK|&#x1faa8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR BALL|&#x1faa9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTIFICATION CARD|&#x1faaa;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BATTERY|&#x1faab;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSA|&#x1faac;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDING HAND FAN|&#x1faad;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR PICK|&#x1faae;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHANDA|&#x1faaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FABx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLY|&#x1fab0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORM|&#x1fab1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEETLE|&#x1fab2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKROACH|&#x1fab3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTTED PLANT|&#x1fab4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOOD|&#x1fab5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEATHER|&#x1fab6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTUS|&#x1fab7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORAL|&#x1fab8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NEST|&#x1fab9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEST WITH EGGS|&#x1faba;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYACINTH|&#x1fabb;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JELLYFISH|&#x1fabc;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WING|&#x1fabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFLESS TREE|&#x1fabe;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOOSE|&#x1fabf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FACx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANATOMICAL HEART|&#x1fac0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNGS|&#x1fac1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEOPLE HUGGING|&#x1fac2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT MAN|&#x1fac3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT PERSON|&#x1fac4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH CROWN|&#x1fac5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FINGERPRINT|&#x1fac6;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVER|&#x1fac7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRY CREATURE|&#x1fac8;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTAUR|&#x1fac9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGONFLY|&#x1faca;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWI BIRD|&#x1facb;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONARCH BUTTERFLY|&#x1facc;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCA|&#x1facd;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOSE|&#x1face;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONKEY|&#x1facf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FADx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUEBERRIES|&#x1fad0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL PEPPER|&#x1fad1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OLIVE|&#x1fad2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATBREAD|&#x1fad3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMALE|&#x1fad4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FONDUE|&#x1fad5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAPOT|&#x1fad6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POURING LIQUID|&#x1fad7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEANS|&#x1fad8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAR|&#x1fad9;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GINGER ROOT|&#x1fada;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEA POD|&#x1fadb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOT VEGETABLE|&#x1fadc;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKLE|&#x1fadd;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RASPBERRY|&#x1fade;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLATTER|&#x1fadf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MELTING FACE|&#x1fae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALUTING FACE|&#x1fae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN EYES AND HAND OVER MOUTH|&#x1fae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PEEKING EYE|&#x1fae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH DIAGONAL MOUTH|&#x1fae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED LINE FACE|&#x1fae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BITING LIP|&#x1fae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLES|&#x1fae7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAKING FACE|&#x1fae8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES|&#x1fae9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISTORTED FACE|&#x1faea;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRACKING FACE|&#x1faeb;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH SQUINTING EYES|&#x1faec;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEVER FACE|&#x1faed;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PALM ON CHEEK|&#x1faee;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGHT CLOUD|&#x1faef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAFx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB CROSSED|&#x1faf0;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM DOWN HAND|&#x1faf3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM UP HAND|&#x1faf4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDEX POINTING AT THE VIEWER|&#x1faf5;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART HANDS|&#x1faf6;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1faf9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1fafa;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE FINGER SALUTE|&#x1fafb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND SNAPPING FINGERS|&#x1fafc;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB FORMING CIRCLE|&#x1fafd;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG KICKING|&#x1fafe;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMP|&#x1faff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1|&#x1fb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2|&#x1fb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12|&#x1fb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3|&#x1fb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13|&#x1fb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23|&#x1fb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-123|&#x1fb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-4|&#x1fb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-14|&#x1fb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-24|&#x1fb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-124|&#x1fb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-34|&#x1fb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-134|&#x1fb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-234|&#x1fb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1234|&#x1fb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-5|&#x1fb0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-15|&#x1fb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-25|&#x1fb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-125|&#x1fb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-35|&#x1fb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-235|&#x1fb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1235|&#x1fb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-45|&#x1fb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-145|&#x1fb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-245|&#x1fb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1245|&#x1fb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-345|&#x1fb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1345|&#x1fb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2345|&#x1fb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12345|&#x1fb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-6|&#x1fb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-16|&#x1fb1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-26|&#x1fb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-126|&#x1fb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-36|&#x1fb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-136|&#x1fb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-236|&#x1fb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1236|&#x1fb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-46|&#x1fb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-146|&#x1fb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1246|&#x1fb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-346|&#x1fb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1346|&#x1fb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2346|&#x1fb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12346|&#x1fb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-56|&#x1fb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-156|&#x1fb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-256|&#x1fb2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1256|&#x1fb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-356|&#x1fb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1356|&#x1fb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2356|&#x1fb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12356|&#x1fb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-456|&#x1fb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1456|&#x1fb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2456|&#x1fb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12456|&#x1fb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3456|&#x1fb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13456|&#x1fb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23456|&#x1fb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND RIGHT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LEFT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-1358|&#x1fb81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK AND LOWER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND LOWER HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb92;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HORIZONTAL FILL|&#x1fb97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&#x1fb98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&#x1fb99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT AND MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&#x1fbaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROWHEAD-SHAPED POINTER|&#x1fbb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECK MARK|&#x1fbb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&#x1fbb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOIDED GREEK CROSS|&#x1fbbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OPEN SQUARED DOT|&#x1fbbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL CROSS|&#x1fbbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY SALTIRE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1fbc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED QUESTION MARK|&#x1fbc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE|&#x1fbc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED|&#x1fbc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING LEFT|&#x1fbc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING RIGHT|&#x1fbc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH DRESS|&#x1fbc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbca;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CROSS MARK|&#x1fbcb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SMALL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&#x1fbcc;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbcd;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TWO THIRDS BLOCK|&#x1fbce;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE THIRD BLOCK|&#x1fbcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT JUSTIFIED LOWER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT JUSTIFIED UPPER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT JUSTIFIED UPPER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ZERO|&#x1fbf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ONE|&#x1fbf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT TWO|&#x1fbf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT THREE|&#x1fbf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FOUR|&#x1fbf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FIVE|&#x1fbf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SIX|&#x1fbf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1fbf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1fbf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT NINE|&#x1fbf9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM BELL SYMBOL|&#x1fbfa;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD0x |style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RECTANGULAR TABLE|&#x1fd00;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ESCALATOR|&#x1fd01;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLDOZER|&#x1fd02;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT TYRE|&#x1fd03;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTHQUAKE|&#x1fd04;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICYCLE|&#x1fd05;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD1x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL CLIPPER|&#x1fd10;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHPASTE|&#x1fd11;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLIER|&#x1fd12;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KNIFE WITH CUTTING BOARD|&#x1fd13;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAKE|&#x1fd14;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TISSUE BOX|&#x1fd15;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOTHES HANGER|&#x1fd16;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRILL|&#x1fd17;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING BUTTON|&#x1fd18;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING POT|&#x1fd19;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|APRON|&#x1fd1a;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BINOCULARS|&#x1fd1b;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INCENSE|&#x1fd1c;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PIGGY BANK|&#x1fd1d;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRAY CAN|&#x1fd1e;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFUME GLASS BOTTLE|&#x1fd1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD2x |style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLD BAR|&#x1fd20;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYMBALS|&#x1fd21;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|XYLOPHONE|&#x1fd22;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONCRETE BLOCK|&#x1fd23;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD4x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEEK|&#x1fd40;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPEFRUIT|&#x1fd41;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE POP|&#x1fd42;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CINNAMON STICKS|&#x1fd43;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUGAR CUBES|&#x1fd44;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POMEGRANATE|&#x1fd45;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FRUIT|&#x1fd46;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOFFEE|&#x1fd47;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD5x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCHID|&#x1fd50;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAMELEON|&#x1fd51;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OSTRICH|&#x1fd52;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOLE|&#x1fd53;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARIGOLD|&#x1fd54;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMBAT|&#x1fd55;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAHORSE|&#x1fd56;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOUCAN|&#x1fd57;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD7x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMACH|&#x1fd70;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTESTINE|&#x1fd71;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD8x |style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE REVEALING FACE|&#x1fd80;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} kal8t1gxtrpqungsry0fib85lib6bwl 4632364 4632363 2026-04-25T18:37:15Z ~2026-25324-43 3579118 4632364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Sofia Pro',sans-serif,'Arial Unicode MS','MS PGothic','Noto Sans Symbols'" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Mahjong Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EAST WIND|&#x1f000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SOUTH WIND|&#x1f001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WEST WIND|&#x1f002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NORTH WIND|&#x1f003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE RED DRAGON|&#x1f004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE GREEN DRAGON|&#x1f005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WHITE DRAGON|&#x1f006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CHARACTERS|&#x1f00f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CIRCLES|&#x1f020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE PLUM|&#x1f022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ORCHID|&#x1f023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BAMBOO|&#x1f024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE CHRYSANTHEMUM|&#x1f025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SPRING|&#x1f026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SUMMER|&#x1f027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE AUTUMN|&#x1f028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WINTER|&#x1f029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE JOKER|&#x1f02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BACK|&#x1f02b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Domino Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL BACK|&#x1f030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-00|&#x1f031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-01|&#x1f032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-02|&#x1f033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-03|&#x1f034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-04|&#x1f035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-05|&#x1f036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-06|&#x1f037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-00|&#x1f038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-01|&#x1f039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-02|&#x1f03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03|&#x1f03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-04|&#x1f03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-05|&#x1f03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-06|&#x1f03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-00|&#x1f03f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-01|&#x1f040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-02|&#x1f041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-03|&#x1f042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-04|&#x1f043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-05|&#x1f044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-06|&#x1f045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-00|&#x1f046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-01|&#x1f047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-02|&#x1f048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-03|&#x1f049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-04|&#x1f04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-05|&#x1f04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-06|&#x1f04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-00|&#x1f04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-01|&#x1f04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-02|&#x1f04f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-03|&#x1f050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-04|&#x1f051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-05|&#x1f052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-06|&#x1f053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-00|&#x1f054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-01|&#x1f055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-02|&#x1f056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-03|&#x1f057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-04|&#x1f058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-05|&#x1f059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-06|&#x1f05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-00|&#x1f05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-01|&#x1f05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-02|&#x1f05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-03|&#x1f05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-04|&#x1f05f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-05|&#x1f060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-06|&#x1f061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL BACK|&#x1f062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-00|&#x1f063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-01|&#x1f064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-02|&#x1f065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-03|&#x1f066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-04|&#x1f067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-05|&#x1f068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-06|&#x1f069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-00|&#x1f06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-01|&#x1f06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-02|&#x1f06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-03|&#x1f06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-04|&#x1f06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-05|&#x1f06f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-06|&#x1f070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-00|&#x1f071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-01|&#x1f072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02|&#x1f073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-03|&#x1f074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-04|&#x1f075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-05|&#x1f076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-06|&#x1f077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-00|&#x1f078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-01|&#x1f079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-02|&#x1f07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-03|&#x1f07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-04|&#x1f07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-05|&#x1f07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-06|&#x1f07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-00|&#x1f07f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#75ffab" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-01|&#x1f080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-02|&#x1f081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-03|&#x1f082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-04|&#x1f083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-05|&#x1f084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-06|&#x1f085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-00|&#x1f086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-01|&#x1f087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-02|&#x1f088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-03|&#x1f089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-04|&#x1f08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-05|&#x1f08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-06|&#x1f08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-00|&#x1f08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-01|&#x1f08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-02|&#x1f08f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F09x |style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-03|&#x1f090;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-04|&#x1f091;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-05|&#x1f092;}}||style="background:#75ffab"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-06|&#x1f093;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Playing Cards''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BACK|&#x1f0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF SPADES|&#x1f0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF SPADES|&#x1f0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF SPADES|&#x1f0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF SPADES|&#x1f0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF SPADES|&#x1f0ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Bx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF HEARTS|&#x1f0be;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD RED JOKER|&#x1f0bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Cx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BLACK JOKER|&#x1f0cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Dx |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF CLUBS|&#x1f0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF CLUBS|&#x1f0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD WHITE JOKER|&#x1f0df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOOL|&#x1f0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-1|&#x1f0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-2|&#x1f0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-3|&#x1f0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-4|&#x1f0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-5|&#x1f0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-6|&#x1f0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-7|&#x1f0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-8|&#x1f0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-9|&#x1f0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-10|&#x1f0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-11|&#x1f0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-12|&#x1f0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-13|&#x1f0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-14|&#x1f0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-15|&#x1f0ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F0Fx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-16|&#x1f0f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-17|&#x1f0f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-18|&#x1f0f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-19|&#x1f0f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-20|&#x1f0f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-21|&#x1f0f5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP|&#x1f100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO COMMA|&#x1f101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE COMMA|&#x1f102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO COMMA|&#x1f103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE COMMA|&#x1f104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR COMMA|&#x1f105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE COMMA|&#x1f106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX COMMA|&#x1f107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN COMMA|&#x1f108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT COMMA|&#x1f109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE COMMA|&#x1f10a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ZERO WITH SLASH|&#x1f10d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&#x1f10e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOLLAR SIGN WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f10f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f11f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CD|&#x1f12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WZ|&#x1f12e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPYLEFT SYMBOL|&#x1f12f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f130;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f13c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f13e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f13f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f141;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f145;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f149;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HV|&#x1f14a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MV|&#x1f14b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SD|&#x1f14c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SS|&#x1f14d;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PPV|&#x1f14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED WC|&#x1f14f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F15x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f156;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f15f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F16x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f169;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MC SIGN|&#x1f16a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MD SIGN|&#x1f16b;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MR SIGN|&#x1f16c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CC|&#x1f16d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f16e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE|&#x1f16f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f178;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f17a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f17b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f17e;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f17f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f189;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f18a;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED IC|&#x1f18b;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED PA|&#x1f18c;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED SA|&#x1f18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED AB|&#x1f18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED WC|&#x1f18f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F19x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DJ|&#x1f190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CL|&#x1f191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED COOL|&#x1f192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FREE|&#x1f193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ID|&#x1f194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NEW|&#x1f195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NG|&#x1f196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED OK|&#x1f197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SOS|&#x1f198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1f199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VS|&#x1f19a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED THREE D|&#x1f19b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SECOND SCREEN|&#x1f19c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWO K|&#x1f19d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR K|&#x1f19e;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED EIGHT K|&#x1f19f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FIVE POINT ONE|&#x1f1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SEVEN POINT ONE|&#x1f1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWENTY-TWO POINT TWO|&#x1f1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SIXTY P|&#x1f1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ONE HUNDRED TWENTY P|&#x1f1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&#x1f1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HC|&#x1f1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HDR|&#x1f1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HI-RES|&#x1f1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOSSLESS|&#x1f1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SHV|&#x1f1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UHD|&#x1f1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VOD|&#x1f1ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASK WORK SYMBOL|&#x1f1ad;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMOBIKI SYMBOL|&#x1f1ae;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Ex |style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A|&#x1f1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER B|&#x1f1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C|&#x1f1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D|&#x1f1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER E|&#x1f1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER F|&#x1f1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER G|&#x1f1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER H|&#x1f1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER I|&#x1f1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER J|&#x1f1ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F1Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER K|&#x1f1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER L|&#x1f1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER M|&#x1f1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N|&#x1f1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER O|&#x1f1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER P|&#x1f1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Q|&#x1f1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER R|&#x1f1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER S|&#x1f1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER T|&#x1f1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U|&#x1f1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER V|&#x1f1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER W|&#x1f1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER X|&#x1f1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Y|&#x1f1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z|&#x1f1ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F20x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HIRAGANA HOKA|&#x1f200;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO|&#x1f201;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA SA|&#x1f202;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-624B|&#x1f210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B57|&#x1f211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CC|&#x1f212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA DE|&#x1f213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591A|&#x1f215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-89E3|&#x1f216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929|&#x1f217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA4|&#x1f218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6620|&#x1f219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121|&#x1f21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6599|&#x1f21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D|&#x1f21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C|&#x1f21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D|&#x1f21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65B0|&#x1f21f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-521D|&#x1f220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D42|&#x1f221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F|&#x1f222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA9|&#x1f223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58F0|&#x1f224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5439|&#x1f225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F14|&#x1f226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6295|&#x1f227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6355|&#x1f228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x1f229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&#x1f22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6|&#x1f22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&#x1f22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F3|&#x1f22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6307|&#x1f22f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F23x |style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D70|&#x1f230;}}||style="background:#78ffca"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981|&#x1f232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A|&#x1f233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408|&#x1f234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E80|&#x1f235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709|&#x1f236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6708|&#x1f237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7533|&#x1f238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5272|&#x1f239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55B6|&#x1f23a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-914D|&#x1f23b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#78ffca" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F24x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C|&#x1f240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89|&#x1f243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70B9|&#x1f244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76D7|&#x1f246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52DD|&#x1f247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557|&#x1f248;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F25x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE|&#x1f250;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ACCEPT|&#x1f251;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F26x |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR FU|&#x1f260;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR LU|&#x1f261;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHOU|&#x1f262;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR XI|&#x1f263;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHUANGXI|&#x1f264;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR CAI|&#x1f265;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F30x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYCLONE|&#x1f300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOGGY|&#x1f301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UMBRELLA|&#x1f302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NIGHT WITH STARS|&#x1f303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE OVER MOUNTAINS|&#x1f304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE|&#x1f305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE AT DUSK|&#x1f306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNSET OVER BUILDINGS|&#x1f307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAINBOW|&#x1f308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDGE AT NIGHT|&#x1f309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER WAVE|&#x1f30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLCANO|&#x1f30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILKY WAY|&#x1f30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE EUROPE-AFRICA|&#x1f30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE AMERICAS|&#x1f30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE ASIA-AUSTRALIA|&#x1f30f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#0000ff" !style="background:#0000ff"|1F31x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS|&#x1f310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRESCENT MOON|&#x1f319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN WITH FACE|&#x1f31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOWING STAR|&#x1f31f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F32x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOOTING STAR|&#x1f320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMOMETER|&#x1f321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DROPLET|&#x1f322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN|&#x1f323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH SMALL CLOUD|&#x1f324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&#x1f325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH SNOW|&#x1f328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH TORNADO|&#x1f32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOG|&#x1f32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND BLOWING FACE|&#x1f32c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT DOG|&#x1f32d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TACO|&#x1f32e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BURRITO|&#x1f32f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F33x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHESTNUT|&#x1f330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEEDLING|&#x1f331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EVERGREEN TREE|&#x1f332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIDUOUS TREE|&#x1f333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM TREE|&#x1f334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CACTUS|&#x1f335;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT PEPPER|&#x1f336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULIP|&#x1f337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRY BLOSSOM|&#x1f338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSE|&#x1f339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIBISCUS|&#x1f33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNFLOWER|&#x1f33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOSSOM|&#x1f33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF MAIZE|&#x1f33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF RICE|&#x1f33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERB|&#x1f33f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F34x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR LEAF CLOVER|&#x1f340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAPLE LEAF|&#x1f341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLEN LEAF|&#x1f342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAF FLUTTERING IN WIND|&#x1f343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSHROOM|&#x1f344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMATO|&#x1f345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUBERGINE|&#x1f346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPES|&#x1f347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MELON|&#x1f348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATERMELON|&#x1f349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGERINE|&#x1f34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEMON|&#x1f34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANANA|&#x1f34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINEAPPLE|&#x1f34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED APPLE|&#x1f34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN APPLE|&#x1f34f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F35x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PEAR|&#x1f350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACH|&#x1f351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRIES|&#x1f352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAWBERRY|&#x1f353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMBURGER|&#x1f354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLICE OF PIZZA|&#x1f355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEAT ON BONE|&#x1f356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POULTRY LEG|&#x1f357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE CRACKER|&#x1f358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RICE BALL|&#x1f359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKED RICE|&#x1f35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRY AND RICE|&#x1f35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAMING BOWL|&#x1f35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPAGHETTI|&#x1f35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAD|&#x1f35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRENCH FRIES|&#x1f35f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F36x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROASTED SWEET POTATO|&#x1f360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANGO|&#x1f361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ODEN|&#x1f362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSHI|&#x1f363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRIED SHRIMP|&#x1f364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH CAKE WITH SWIRL DESIGN|&#x1f365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT ICE CREAM|&#x1f366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAVED ICE|&#x1f367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CREAM|&#x1f368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUGHNUT|&#x1f369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKIE|&#x1f36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOCOLATE BAR|&#x1f36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDY|&#x1f36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOLLIPOP|&#x1f36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTARD|&#x1f36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEY POT|&#x1f36f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F37x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTCAKE|&#x1f370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BENTO BOX|&#x1f371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POT OF FOOD|&#x1f372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING|&#x1f373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE|&#x1f374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEACUP WITHOUT HANDLE|&#x1f375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAKE BOTTLE AND CUP|&#x1f376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINE GLASS|&#x1f377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKTAIL GLASS|&#x1f378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL DRINK|&#x1f379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEER MUG|&#x1f37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING BEER MUGS|&#x1f37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY BOTTLE|&#x1f37c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORK AND KNIFE WITH PLATE|&#x1f37d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTLE WITH POPPING CORK|&#x1f37e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POPCORN|&#x1f37f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F38x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RIBBON|&#x1f380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRAPPED PRESENT|&#x1f381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRTHDAY CAKE|&#x1f382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JACK-O-LANTERN|&#x1f383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHRISTMAS TREE|&#x1f384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FATHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORKS|&#x1f386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIREWORK SPARKLER|&#x1f387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOON|&#x1f388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTY POPPER|&#x1f389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFETTI BALL|&#x1f38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANABATA TREE|&#x1f38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED FLAGS|&#x1f38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PINE DECORATION|&#x1f38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE DOLLS|&#x1f38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARP STREAMER|&#x1f38f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F39x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND CHIME|&#x1f390;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON VIEWING CEREMONY|&#x1f391;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL SATCHEL|&#x1f392;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRADUATION CAP|&#x1f393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT|&#x1f394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET OF FLOWERS|&#x1f395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY MEDAL|&#x1f396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REMINDER RIBBON|&#x1f397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD WITH JACKS|&#x1f398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUDIO MICROPHONE|&#x1f399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEVEL SLIDER|&#x1f39a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONTROL KNOBS|&#x1f39b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED ASCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f39c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAMED DESCENDING MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f39d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM FRAMES|&#x1f39e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADMISSION TICKETS|&#x1f39f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CAROUSEL HORSE|&#x1f3a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FERRIS WHEEL|&#x1f3a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER COASTER|&#x1f3a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISHING POLE AND FISH|&#x1f3a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROPHONE|&#x1f3a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOVIE CAMERA|&#x1f3a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CINEMA|&#x1f3a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADPHONE|&#x1f3a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTIST PALETTE|&#x1f3a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP HAT|&#x1f3a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCUS TENT|&#x1f3aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TICKET|&#x1f3ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPER BOARD|&#x1f3ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFORMING ARTS|&#x1f3ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO GAME|&#x1f3ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIRECT HIT|&#x1f3af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOT MACHINE|&#x1f3b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLIARDS|&#x1f3b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GAME DIE|&#x1f3b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWLING|&#x1f3b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOWER PLAYING CARDS|&#x1f3b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL NOTE|&#x1f3b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTIPLE MUSICAL NOTES|&#x1f3b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAXOPHONE|&#x1f3b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUITAR|&#x1f3b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL KEYBOARD|&#x1f3b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRUMPET|&#x1f3ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIOLIN|&#x1f3bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MUSICAL SCORE|&#x1f3bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNING SHIRT WITH SASH|&#x1f3bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TENNIS RACQUET AND BALL|&#x1f3be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKI AND SKI BOOT|&#x1f3bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKETBALL AND HOOP|&#x1f3c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEQUERED FLAG|&#x1f3c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOWBOARDER|&#x1f3c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUNNER|&#x1f3c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SURFER|&#x1f3c4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPORTS MEDAL|&#x1f3c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPHY|&#x1f3c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE RACING|&#x1f3c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMERICAN FOOTBALL|&#x1f3c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RUGBY FOOTBALL|&#x1f3c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWIMMER|&#x1f3ca;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WEIGHT LIFTER|&#x1f3cb;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLFER|&#x1f3cc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING MOTORCYCLE|&#x1f3cd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RACING CAR|&#x1f3ce;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET BAT AND BALL|&#x1f3cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLLEYBALL|&#x1f3d0;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIELD HOCKEY STICK AND BALL|&#x1f3d1;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE HOCKEY STICK AND PUCK|&#x1f3d2;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TABLE TENNIS PADDLE AND BALL|&#x1f3d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNOW CAPPED MOUNTAIN|&#x1f3d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMPING|&#x1f3d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEACH WITH UMBRELLA|&#x1f3d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUILDING CONSTRUCTION|&#x1f3d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDINGS|&#x1f3d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE|&#x1f3d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DERELICT HOUSE BUILDING|&#x1f3da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLASSICAL BUILDING|&#x1f3db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT|&#x1f3dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESERT ISLAND|&#x1f3dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NATIONAL PARK|&#x1f3de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STADIUM|&#x1f3df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE BUILDING|&#x1f3e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOUSE WITH GARDEN|&#x1f3e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OFFICE BUILDING|&#x1f3e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE POST OFFICE|&#x1f3e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN POST OFFICE|&#x1f3e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOSPITAL|&#x1f3e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANK|&#x1f3e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE|&#x1f3e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOTEL|&#x1f3e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE HOTEL|&#x1f3e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONVENIENCE STORE|&#x1f3ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCHOOL|&#x1f3eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEPARTMENT STORE|&#x1f3ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACTORY|&#x1f3ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IZAKAYA LANTERN|&#x1f3ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE CASTLE|&#x1f3ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F3Fx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EUROPEAN CASTLE|&#x1f3f0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE PENNANT|&#x1f3f1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PENNANT|&#x1f3f2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING WHITE FLAG|&#x1f3f3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING BLACK FLAG|&#x1f3f4;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSETTE|&#x1f3f5;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK ROSETTE|&#x1f3f6;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LABEL|&#x1f3f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BADMINTON RACQUET AND SHUTTLECOCK|&#x1f3f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOW AND ARROW|&#x1f3f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMPHORA|&#x1f3fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-1-2|&#x1f3fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-3|&#x1f3fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-4|&#x1f3fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-5|&#x1f3fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-6|&#x1f3ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F40x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAT|&#x1f400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE|&#x1f401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OX|&#x1f402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER BUFFALO|&#x1f403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW|&#x1f404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER|&#x1f405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEOPARD|&#x1f406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT|&#x1f407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT|&#x1f408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON|&#x1f409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROCODILE|&#x1f40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHALE|&#x1f40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAIL|&#x1f40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNAKE|&#x1f40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE|&#x1f40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAM|&#x1f40f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F41x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAT|&#x1f410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHEEP|&#x1f411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY|&#x1f412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOSTER|&#x1f413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHICKEN|&#x1f414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG|&#x1f415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG|&#x1f416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOAR|&#x1f417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEPHANT|&#x1f418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTOPUS|&#x1f419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL SHELL|&#x1f41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUG|&#x1f41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANT|&#x1f41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HONEYBEE|&#x1f41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADY BEETLE|&#x1f41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISH|&#x1f41f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F42x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TROPICAL FISH|&#x1f420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOWFISH|&#x1f421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURTLE|&#x1f422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HATCHING CHICK|&#x1f423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY CHICK|&#x1f424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRONT-FACING BABY CHICK|&#x1f425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIRD|&#x1f426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENGUIN|&#x1f427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KOALA|&#x1f428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POODLE|&#x1f429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROMEDARY CAMEL|&#x1f42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACTRIAN CAMEL|&#x1f42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOLPHIN|&#x1f42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE FACE|&#x1f42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COW FACE|&#x1f42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIGER FACE|&#x1f42f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F43x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RABBIT FACE|&#x1f430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE|&#x1f431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FACE|&#x1f432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOUTING WHALE|&#x1f433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORSE FACE|&#x1f434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONKEY FACE|&#x1f435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOG FACE|&#x1f436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG FACE|&#x1f437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FROG FACE|&#x1f438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSTER FACE|&#x1f439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOLF FACE|&#x1f43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAR FACE|&#x1f43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANDA FACE|&#x1f43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIG NOSE|&#x1f43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAW PRINTS|&#x1f43e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHIPMUNK|&#x1f43f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F44x |{{H:title|dotted=no|EYES|&#x1f440;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EYE|&#x1f441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR|&#x1f442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOSE|&#x1f443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUTH|&#x1f444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TONGUE|&#x1f445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FISTED HAND SIGN|&#x1f44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAVING HAND SIGN|&#x1f44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAPPING HANDS SIGN|&#x1f44f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F45x |{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN HANDS SIGN|&#x1f450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CROWN|&#x1f451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS HAT|&#x1f452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EYEGLASSES|&#x1f453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NECKTIE|&#x1f454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|T-SHIRT|&#x1f455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JEANS|&#x1f456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRESS|&#x1f457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIMONO|&#x1f458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BIKINI|&#x1f459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS CLOTHES|&#x1f45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURSE|&#x1f45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBAG|&#x1f45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUCH|&#x1f45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MANS SHOE|&#x1f45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ATHLETIC SHOE|&#x1f45f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F46x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-HEELED SHOE|&#x1f460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS SANDAL|&#x1f461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMANS BOOTS|&#x1f462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOTPRINTS|&#x1f463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUST IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUSTS IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOY|&#x1f466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRL|&#x1f467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN|&#x1f468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN|&#x1f469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAMILY|&#x1f46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN AND WOMAN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO MEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO WOMEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE OFFICER|&#x1f46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN WITH BUNNY EARS|&#x1f46f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F47x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDE WITH VEIL|&#x1f470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BLOND HAIR|&#x1f471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH GUA PI MAO|&#x1f472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH TURBAN|&#x1f473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER MAN|&#x1f474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER WOMAN|&#x1f475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY|&#x1f476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION WORKER|&#x1f477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCESS|&#x1f478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE OGRE|&#x1f479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE GOBLIN|&#x1f47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GHOST|&#x1f47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY ANGEL|&#x1f47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALIEN|&#x1f47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALIEN MONSTER|&#x1f47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMP|&#x1f47f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F48x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL|&#x1f480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION DESK PERSON|&#x1f481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARDSMAN|&#x1f482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANCER|&#x1f483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPSTICK|&#x1f484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL POLISH|&#x1f485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE MASSAGE|&#x1f486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRCUT|&#x1f487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BARBER POLE|&#x1f488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYRINGE|&#x1f489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILL|&#x1f48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS MARK|&#x1f48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE LETTER|&#x1f48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING|&#x1f48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEM STONE|&#x1f48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS|&#x1f48f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F49x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET|&#x1f490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUPLE WITH HEART|&#x1f491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDDING|&#x1f492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEATING HEART|&#x1f493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN HEART|&#x1f494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO HEARTS|&#x1f495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLING HEART|&#x1f496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GROWING HEART|&#x1f497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH ARROW|&#x1f498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE HEART|&#x1f499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN HEART|&#x1f49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YELLOW HEART|&#x1f49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURPLE HEART|&#x1f49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH RIBBON|&#x1f49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVOLVING HEARTS|&#x1f49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART DECORATION|&#x1f49f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND SHAPE WITH A DOT INSIDE|&#x1f4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB|&#x1f4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGER SYMBOL|&#x1f4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOMB|&#x1f4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING SYMBOL|&#x1f4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLLISION SYMBOL|&#x1f4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLASHING SWEAT SYMBOL|&#x1f4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROPLET|&#x1f4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH SYMBOL|&#x1f4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILE OF POO|&#x1f4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEXED BICEPS|&#x1f4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY SYMBOL|&#x1f4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEECH BALLOON|&#x1f4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THOUGHT BALLOON|&#x1f4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLOWER|&#x1f4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUNDRED POINTS SYMBOL|&#x1f4af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY BAG|&#x1f4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRENCY EXCHANGE|&#x1f4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CREDIT CARD|&#x1f4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH EURO SIGN|&#x1f4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH POUND SIGN|&#x1f4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY WITH WINGS|&#x1f4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND AND YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAT|&#x1f4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFCASE|&#x1f4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIDISC|&#x1f4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC|&#x1f4bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|DVD|&#x1f4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CURL|&#x1f4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE FACING UP|&#x1f4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CALENDAR|&#x1f4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAR-OFF CALENDAR|&#x1f4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX|&#x1f4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH DOWNWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR CHART|&#x1f4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLIPBOARD|&#x1f4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAPERCLIP|&#x1f4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHT RULER|&#x1f4cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR RULER|&#x1f4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK TABS|&#x1f4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEDGER|&#x1f4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK|&#x1f4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK WITH DECORATIVE COVER|&#x1f4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED BOOK|&#x1f4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOOK|&#x1f4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN BOOK|&#x1f4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE BOOK|&#x1f4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE BOOK|&#x1f4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKS|&#x1f4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAME BADGE|&#x1f4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCROLL|&#x1f4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEMO|&#x1f4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGER|&#x1f4df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX MACHINE|&#x1f4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE ANTENNA|&#x1f4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUBLIC ADDRESS LOUDSPEAKER|&#x1f4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEERING MEGAPHONE|&#x1f4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PACKAGE|&#x1f4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|E-MAIL SYMBOL|&#x1f4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMING ENVELOPE|&#x1f4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH DOWNWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTBOX|&#x1f4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL HORN|&#x1f4ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWSPAPER|&#x1f4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW AT LEFT|&#x1f4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIBRATION MODE|&#x1f4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE OFF|&#x1f4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO MOBILE PHONES|&#x1f4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTENNA WITH BARS|&#x1f4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA|&#x1f4f7;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA WITH FLASH|&#x1f4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO CAMERA|&#x1f4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEVISION|&#x1f4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO|&#x1f4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEOCASSETTE|&#x1f4fc;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM PROJECTOR|&#x1f4fd;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PORTABLE STEREO|&#x1f4fe;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRAYER BEADS|&#x1f4ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F50x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWISTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&#x1f500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS WITH CIRCLED ONE OVERLAY|&#x1f502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER|&#x1f508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATTERY|&#x1f50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC PLUG|&#x1f50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK WITH INK PEN|&#x1f50f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F51x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED LOCK WITH KEY|&#x1f510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEY|&#x1f511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK|&#x1f512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN LOCK|&#x1f513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL|&#x1f514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK|&#x1f516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINK SYMBOL|&#x1f517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO BUTTON|&#x1f518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOON WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP WITH UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ONE UNDER EIGHTEEN SYMBOL|&#x1f51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYCAP TEN|&#x1f51f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F52x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN CAPITAL LETTERS|&#x1f520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN SMALL LETTERS|&#x1f521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR NUMBERS|&#x1f522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR SYMBOLS|&#x1f523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN LETTERS|&#x1f524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE|&#x1f525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC TORCH|&#x1f526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRENCH|&#x1f527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER|&#x1f528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUT AND BOLT|&#x1f529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOCHO|&#x1f52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISTOL|&#x1f52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROSCOPE|&#x1f52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELESCOPE|&#x1f52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYSTAL BALL|&#x1f52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED STAR WITH MIDDLE DOT|&#x1f52f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F53x |{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER|&#x1f530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIDENT EMBLEM|&#x1f531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED CIRCLE|&#x1f534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE CIRCLE|&#x1f535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F54x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f540;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE WITH HALF-CIRCLE BELOW|&#x1f541;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f542;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LEFT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED RIGHT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR MARKS CHAPTER|&#x1f545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LATIN CROSS|&#x1f546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LATIN CROSS|&#x1f547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CELTIC CROSS|&#x1f548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OM SYMBOL|&#x1f549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOVE OF PEACE|&#x1f54a;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAABA|&#x1f54b;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUE|&#x1f54c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYNAGOGUE|&#x1f54d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENORAH WITH NINE BRANCHES|&#x1f54e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL OF HYGIEIA|&#x1f54f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F55x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE OCLOCK|&#x1f550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO OCLOCK|&#x1f551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE OCLOCK|&#x1f552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR OCLOCK|&#x1f553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE OCLOCK|&#x1f554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX OCLOCK|&#x1f555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT OCLOCK|&#x1f557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE OCLOCK|&#x1f558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN OCLOCK|&#x1f559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE OCLOCK|&#x1f55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE-THIRTY|&#x1f55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO-THIRTY|&#x1f55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE-THIRTY|&#x1f55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR-THIRTY|&#x1f55f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F56x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE-THIRTY|&#x1f560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX-THIRTY|&#x1f561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT-THIRTY|&#x1f563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE-THIRTY|&#x1f564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN-THIRTY|&#x1f565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE-THIRTY|&#x1f567;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER|&#x1f568;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f569;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56a;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN|&#x1f56b;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN WITH SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56c;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGING BELL|&#x1f56d;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOK|&#x1f56e;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDLE|&#x1f56f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F57x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MANTELPIECE CLOCK|&#x1f570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&#x1f571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PIRACY|&#x1f572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLE|&#x1f573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT LEVITATING|&#x1f574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEUTH OR SPY|&#x1f575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DARK SUNGLASSES|&#x1f576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER|&#x1f577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIDER WEB|&#x1f578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JOYSTICK|&#x1f579;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN DANCING|&#x1f57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER WITH PAGE|&#x1f57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HAND TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TOUCHTONE TELEPHONE|&#x1f57f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F58x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE ON TOP OF MODEM|&#x1f580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLAMSHELL MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK OF ENVELOPE|&#x1f582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING ENVELOPE|&#x1f585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEN OVER STAMPED ENVELOPE|&#x1f586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINKED PAPERCLIPS|&#x1f587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK PUSHPIN|&#x1f588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PENCIL|&#x1f589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BALLPOINT PEN|&#x1f58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FOUNTAIN PEN|&#x1f58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT PAINTBRUSH|&#x1f58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT CRAYON|&#x1f58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT WRITING HAND|&#x1f58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED OK HAND SIGN|&#x1f58f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F59x |{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED RAISED HAND WITH FINGERS SPLAYED|&#x1f591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN|&#x1f592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED THUMBS DOWN SIGN|&#x1f593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED VICTORY HAND|&#x1f594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED|&#x1f595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS|&#x1f596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DOWN POINTING LEFT HAND INDEX|&#x1f597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK LEFT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS WHITE DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f59f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART|&#x1f5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP COMPUTER|&#x1f5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD AND MOUSE|&#x1f5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE NETWORKED COMPUTERS|&#x1f5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER|&#x1f5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POCKET CALCULATOR|&#x1f5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE CARTRIDGE|&#x1f5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRED KEYBOARD|&#x1f5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACKBALL|&#x1f5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HARD DISK|&#x1f5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREEN|&#x1f5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER ICON|&#x1f5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX ICON|&#x1f5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC ICON|&#x1f5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT|&#x1f5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT AND PICTURE|&#x1f5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH TILES|&#x1f5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH AN X|&#x1f5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOLDER|&#x1f5bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDER|&#x1f5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FOLDER|&#x1f5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX DIVIDERS|&#x1f5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD FILE BOX|&#x1f5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE CABINET|&#x1f5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE|&#x1f5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAD|&#x1f5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE|&#x1f5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAD|&#x1f5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY DOCUMENT|&#x1f5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGE|&#x1f5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGES|&#x1f5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT|&#x1f5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE|&#x1f5cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGES|&#x1f5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WASTEBASKET|&#x1f5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL NOTE PAD|&#x1f5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL CALENDAR PAD|&#x1f5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP WINDOW|&#x1f5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIMIZE|&#x1f5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAXIMIZE|&#x1f5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAP|&#x1f5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHT AND LEFT SEMICIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCELLATION X|&#x1f5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPRESSION|&#x1f5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD KEY|&#x1f5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLED-UP NEWSPAPER|&#x1f5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CIRCLED TEXT|&#x1f5df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|STOCK CHART|&#x1f5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER KNIFE|&#x1f5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPS|&#x1f5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKING HEAD IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS ABOVE|&#x1f5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS BELOW|&#x1f5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS LEFT|&#x1f5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS RIGHT|&#x1f5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD|&#x1f5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BALLOT|&#x1f5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT CHECK MARK|&#x1f5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD CHECK|&#x1f5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WORLD MAP|&#x1f5fa;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNT FUJI|&#x1f5fb;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOKYO TOWER|&#x1f5fc;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STATUE OF LIBERTY|&#x1f5fd;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SILHOUETTE OF JAPAN|&#x1f5fe;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOYAI|&#x1f5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Emoticons''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F60x |style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE|&#x1f600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES|&#x1f604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HALO|&#x1f607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HORNS|&#x1f608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINKING FACE|&#x1f609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD|&#x1f60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES|&#x1f60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMIRKING FACE|&#x1f60f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F61x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL FACE|&#x1f610;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXPRESSIONLESS FACE|&#x1f611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNAMUSED FACE|&#x1f612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COLD SWEAT|&#x1f613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENSIVE FACE|&#x1f614;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFUSED FACE|&#x1f615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFOUNDED FACE|&#x1f616;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE|&#x1f617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE THROWING A KISS|&#x1f618;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE|&#x1f61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE|&#x1f61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED FACE|&#x1f61e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORRIED FACE|&#x1f61f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F62x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGRY FACE|&#x1f620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING FACE|&#x1f621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING FACE|&#x1f622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSEVERING FACE|&#x1f623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH|&#x1f624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f625;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f626;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGUISHED FACE|&#x1f627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FEARFUL FACE|&#x1f628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY FACE|&#x1f629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPY FACE|&#x1f62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRED FACE|&#x1f62b;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRIMACING FACE|&#x1f62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOUDLY CRYING FACE|&#x1f62d;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f62e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUSHED FACE|&#x1f62f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F63x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR|&#x1f631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTONISHED FACE|&#x1f632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUSHED FACE|&#x1f633;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING FACE|&#x1f634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY FACE|&#x1f635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITHOUT MOUTH|&#x1f636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK|&#x1f637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE|&#x1f63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING CAT FACE|&#x1f63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING CAT FACE|&#x1f63f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F64x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY CAT FACE|&#x1f640;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE|&#x1f641;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE|&#x1f642;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPSIDE-DOWN FACE|&#x1f643;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ROLLING EYES|&#x1f644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE|&#x1f645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OK GESTURE|&#x1f646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON BOWING DEEPLY|&#x1f647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND|&#x1f64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION|&#x1f64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON FROWNING|&#x1f64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH POUTING FACE|&#x1f64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS|&#x1f64f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Ornamental Dingbats''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F65x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F66x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F67x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWASH AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SOLIDUS|&#x1f67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY REVERSE SOLIDUS|&#x1f67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Transport and Map Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F68x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCKET|&#x1f680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELICOPTER|&#x1f681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAM LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY CAR|&#x1f683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN|&#x1f684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN WITH BULLET NOSE|&#x1f685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAIN|&#x1f686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRO|&#x1f687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RAIL|&#x1f688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STATION|&#x1f689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM|&#x1f68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM CAR|&#x1f68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS|&#x1f68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING BUS|&#x1f68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLLEYBUS|&#x1f68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS STOP|&#x1f68f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F69x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIBUS|&#x1f690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMBULANCE|&#x1f691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CAR|&#x1f693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING POLICE CAR|&#x1f694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAXI|&#x1f695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING TAXI|&#x1f696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECREATIONAL VEHICLE|&#x1f699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELIVERY TRUCK|&#x1f69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTICULATED LORRY|&#x1f69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACTOR|&#x1f69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONORAIL|&#x1f69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN RAILWAY|&#x1f69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSPENSION RAILWAY|&#x1f69f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN CABLEWAY|&#x1f6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AERIAL TRAMWAY|&#x1f6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIP|&#x1f6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROWBOAT|&#x1f6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEEDBOAT|&#x1f6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION SIGN|&#x1f6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CARS REVOLVING LIGHT|&#x1f6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR FLAG ON POST|&#x1f6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOOR|&#x1f6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY SIGN|&#x1f6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUT LITTER IN ITS PLACE SYMBOL|&#x1f6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DO NOT LITTER SYMBOL|&#x1f6af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLE|&#x1f6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO BICYCLES|&#x1f6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEDESTRIAN|&#x1f6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PEDESTRIANS|&#x1f6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILDREN CROSSING|&#x1f6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTROOM|&#x1f6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY SYMBOL|&#x1f6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOILET|&#x1f6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER CLOSET|&#x1f6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOWER|&#x1f6bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Cx |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATH|&#x1f6c0;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATHTUB|&#x1f6c1;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSPORT CONTROL|&#x1f6c2;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTOMS|&#x1f6c3;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGGAGE CLAIM|&#x1f6c4;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LUGGAGE|&#x1f6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1f6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROHIBITED SIGN|&#x1f6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED INFORMATION SOURCE|&#x1f6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOYS SYMBOL|&#x1f6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRLS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUCH AND LAMP|&#x1f6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION|&#x1f6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING BAGS|&#x1f6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELLHOP BELL|&#x1f6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BED|&#x1f6cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Dx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF WORSHIP|&#x1f6d0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTAGONAL SIGN|&#x1f6d1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING TROLLEY|&#x1f6d2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STUPA|&#x1f6d3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGODA|&#x1f6d4;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HINDU TEMPLE|&#x1f6d5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUT|&#x1f6d6;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEVATOR|&#x1f6d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LANDSLIDE|&#x1f6d8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTHOUSE|&#x1f6d9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEATBELT SIGN|&#x1f6da;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NO CARS|&#x1f6db;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRELESS|&#x1f6dc;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYGROUND SLIDE|&#x1f6dd;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL|&#x1f6de;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING BUOY|&#x1f6df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND WRENCH|&#x1f6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIELD|&#x1f6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OIL DRUM|&#x1f6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORWAY|&#x1f6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY TRACK|&#x1f6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR BOAT|&#x1f6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING MILITARY AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTHEAST-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE DEPARTURE|&#x1f6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE ARRIVING|&#x1f6ec;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT AIR BALLOON|&#x1f6ed;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRSHIP|&#x1f6ee;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAPLANE|&#x1f6ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE|&#x1f6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSENGER SHIP|&#x1f6f3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCOOTER|&#x1f6f4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR SCOOTER|&#x1f6f5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANOE|&#x1f6f6;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLED|&#x1f6f7;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING SAUCER|&#x1f6f8;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKATEBOARD|&#x1f6f9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTO RICKSHAW|&#x1f6fa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKUP TRUCK|&#x1f6fb;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER SKATE|&#x1f6fc;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKLIFT|&#x1f6fd;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCAVATOR|&#x1f6fe;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBMARINE|&#x1f6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Alchemical Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F70x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE|&#x1f700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR|&#x1f701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE|&#x1f702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH|&#x1f703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER|&#x1f704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS|&#x1f705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA|&#x1f706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA-2|&#x1f707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE|&#x1f708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE-2|&#x1f709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR|&#x1f70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-2|&#x1f70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-3|&#x1f70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR|&#x1f70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR|&#x1f70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR|&#x1f70f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F71x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE|&#x1f710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2|&#x1f711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3|&#x1f712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR|&#x1f713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT|&#x1f714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE|&#x1f715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL|&#x1f716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL-2|&#x1f717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT|&#x1f718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT-2|&#x1f719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|&#x1f71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER|&#x1f71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE|&#x1f71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE-2|&#x1f71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON|&#x1f71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON|&#x1f71f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F72x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE|&#x1f720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE|&#x1f721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER|&#x1f722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER|&#x1f723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER-2|&#x1f724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER|&#x1f727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS|&#x1f728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE|&#x1f729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE|&#x1f72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE|&#x1f72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F73x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2|&#x1f731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS|&#x1f732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-2|&#x1f733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-3|&#x1f734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-4|&#x1f735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI|&#x1f736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI-2|&#x1f737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE|&#x1f738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC|&#x1f739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC|&#x1f73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR|&#x1f73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR-2|&#x1f73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT|&#x1f73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE|&#x1f73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR|&#x1f73f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F74x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR-2|&#x1f740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME|&#x1f741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX|&#x1f742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-2|&#x1f743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-3|&#x1f744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM|&#x1f745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL|&#x1f746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT|&#x1f747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE|&#x1f748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM|&#x1f749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX|&#x1f74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER|&#x1f74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX|&#x1f74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY|&#x1f74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM|&#x1f74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE|&#x1f74f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F75x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS|&#x1f750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT|&#x1f751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT|&#x1f752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE|&#x1f753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SOAP|&#x1f754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE|&#x1f755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HORSE DUNG|&#x1f756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES|&#x1f757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES|&#x1f758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK|&#x1f759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK|&#x1f75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM|&#x1f75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM|&#x1f75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2|&#x1f75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATION|&#x1f75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE|&#x1f75f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#7bffe8" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F76x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISTILL|&#x1f760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE|&#x1f761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE-2|&#x1f762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PURIFY|&#x1f763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PUTREFACTION|&#x1f764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE|&#x1f765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-2|&#x1f766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-3|&#x1f767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-4|&#x1f768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-5|&#x1f769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALEMBIC|&#x1f76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF MARY|&#x1f76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF VAPOURS|&#x1f76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR RETORT|&#x1f76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HOUR|&#x1f76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NIGHT|&#x1f76f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0c0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F77x |style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DAY-NIGHT|&#x1f770;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MONTH|&#x1f771;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF DRAM|&#x1f772;}}||style="background:#7bffe8"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF OUNCE|&#x1f773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOT OF FORTUNE|&#x1f774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCCULTATION|&#x1f775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNAR ECLIPSE|&#x1f776;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA FORM TWO|&#x1f777;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA FORM TWO|&#x1f778;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA FORM TWO|&#x1f779;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTHENOPE FORM TWO|&#x1f77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAUMEA|&#x1f77B;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKEMAKE|&#x1f77C;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GONGGONG|&#x1f77D;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUAOAR|&#x1f77E;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCUS|&#x1f77F;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F78x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND TARGET|&#x1f78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY SQUARE|&#x1f78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F79x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&#x1f795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TARGET|&#x1f796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY DIAMOND|&#x1f797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&#x1f79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND TARGET|&#x1f79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY LOZENGE|&#x1f79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LOZENGE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SALTIRE|&#x1f7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SALTIRE|&#x1f7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SALTIRE|&#x1f7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SALTIRE|&#x1f7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE LIGHT FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Dx |style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d0;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d1;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d2;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d3;}}||style="background:#87abff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d4;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d5;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d6;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d7;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d8;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE POINTED WHITE STAR|&#x1f7d9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&#x1f7da;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7db;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW CIRCLE|&#x1f7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED SQUARE|&#x1f7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE SQUARE|&#x1f7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE SQUARE|&#x1f7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW SQUARE|&#x1f7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN SQUARE|&#x1f7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE SQUARE|&#x1f7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN SQUARE|&#x1f7eb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NOT EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7ec;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#c8a36f" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F7Fx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOTTOM RIGHT OBLIQUE HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1f7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPARENT CUBE|&#x1f7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CUBE|&#x1f7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BISECTING LINES|&#x1f7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHOMBUS|&#x1f7ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80b;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f847;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f859;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f887;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE HALF|&#x1f89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE THIRD|&#x1f89f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#87abff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BOTTOM-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BOTTOM SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f8ad;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Bx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING UPWARDS THEN NORTH WEST|&#x1f8b0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING SOUTH WEST|&#x1f8b1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK|&#x1f8b2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW TO BAR|&#x1f8b3;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b4;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED UPWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b6;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b7;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b9;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8ba;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8bb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Cx |style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Dx |style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8d0;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d1;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d2;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d3;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d4;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d5;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&#x1f8d6;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE SLASH|&#x1f8d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DEPENDENT LOBE|&#x1f8d8;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE|&#x1f902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT|&#x1f906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&#x1f907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK|&#x1f908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK|&#x1f909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90b;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHED FINGERS|&#x1f90c;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART|&#x1f90d;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BROWN HEART|&#x1f90e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHING HAND|&#x1f90f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#8a94ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH THERMOMETER|&#x1f912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NERD FACE|&#x1f913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THINKING FACE|&#x1f914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE|&#x1f915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROBOT FACE|&#x1f916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUGGING FACE|&#x1f917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGN OF THE HORNS|&#x1f918;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CALL ME HAND|&#x1f919;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED BACK OF HAND|&#x1f91a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDSHAKE|&#x1f91d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED|&#x1f91e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN|&#x1f91f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COWBOY HAT|&#x1f920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOWN FACE|&#x1f921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAUSEATED FACE|&#x1f922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING|&#x1f923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROOLING FACE|&#x1f924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LYING FACE|&#x1f925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE PALM|&#x1f926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNEEZING FACE|&#x1f927;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED|&#x1f928;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES|&#x1f929;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE|&#x1f92a;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS|&#x1f92b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92c;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92d;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING|&#x1f92e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD|&#x1f92f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT WOMAN|&#x1f930;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAST-FEEDING|&#x1f931;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALMS UP TOGETHER|&#x1f932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SELFIE|&#x1f933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCE|&#x1f934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN TUXEDO|&#x1f935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRUG|&#x1f937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL|&#x1f938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUGGLING|&#x1f939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FENCER|&#x1f93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODERN PENTATHLON|&#x1f93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRESTLERS|&#x1f93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER POLO|&#x1f93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBALL|&#x1f93e;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVING MASK|&#x1f93f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WILTED FLOWER|&#x1f940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS|&#x1f941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING GLASSES|&#x1f942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TUMBLER GLASS|&#x1f943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOON|&#x1f944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAL NET|&#x1f945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIFLE|&#x1f946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECOND PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIRD PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOXING GLOVE|&#x1f94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM|&#x1f94b;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLING STONE|&#x1f94c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LACROSSE STICK AND BALL|&#x1f94d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTBALL|&#x1f94e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING DISC|&#x1f94f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CROISSANT|&#x1f950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AVOCADO|&#x1f951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUCUMBER|&#x1f952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACON|&#x1f953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POTATO|&#x1f954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARROT|&#x1f955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGUETTE BREAD|&#x1f956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN SALAD|&#x1f957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD|&#x1f958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUFFED FLATBREAD|&#x1f959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EGG|&#x1f95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLASS OF MILK|&#x1f95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEANUTS|&#x1f95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWIFRUIT|&#x1f95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANCAKES|&#x1f95e;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUMPLING|&#x1f95f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F96x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FORTUNE COOKIE|&#x1f960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKEOUT BOX|&#x1f961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOPSTICKS|&#x1f962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL WITH SPOON|&#x1f963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP WITH STRAW|&#x1f964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCONUT|&#x1f965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROCCOLI|&#x1f966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIE|&#x1f967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRETZEL|&#x1f968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUT OF MEAT|&#x1f969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANDWICH|&#x1f96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANNED FOOD|&#x1f96b;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFY GREEN|&#x1f96c;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANGO|&#x1f96d;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON CAKE|&#x1f96e;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGEL|&#x1f96f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F97x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS|&#x1f970;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YAWNING FACE|&#x1f971;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH TEAR|&#x1f972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT|&#x1f973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH|&#x1f974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERHEATED FACE|&#x1f975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FREEZING FACE|&#x1f976;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINJA|&#x1f977;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISGUISED FACE|&#x1f978;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS|&#x1f979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PLEADING EYES|&#x1f97a;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SARI|&#x1f97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAB COAT|&#x1f97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOGGLES|&#x1f97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIKING BOOT|&#x1f97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT SHOE|&#x1f97f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#9c8dff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F98x |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRAB|&#x1f980;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LION FACE|&#x1f981;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPION|&#x1f982;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKEY|&#x1f983;}}||style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNICORN FACE|&#x1f984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAGLE|&#x1f985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUCK|&#x1f986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAT|&#x1f987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARK|&#x1f988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OWL|&#x1f989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOX FACE|&#x1f98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTERFLY|&#x1f98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEER|&#x1f98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GORILLA|&#x1f98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIZARD|&#x1f98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHINOCEROS|&#x1f98f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F99x |style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRIMP|&#x1f990;}}||style="background:#9c8dff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUID|&#x1f991;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRAFFE FACE|&#x1f992;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEBRA FACE|&#x1f993;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEDGEHOG|&#x1f994;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUROPOD|&#x1f995;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|T-REX|&#x1f996;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET|&#x1f997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGAROO|&#x1f998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LLAMA|&#x1f999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACOCK|&#x1f99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIPPOPOTAMUS|&#x1f99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARROT|&#x1f99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RACCOON|&#x1f99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOBSTER|&#x1f99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUITO|&#x1f99f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ax |style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROBE|&#x1f9a0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BADGER|&#x1f9a1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWAN|&#x1f9a2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAMMOTH|&#x1f9a3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DODO|&#x1f9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOTH|&#x1f9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTER|&#x1f9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGUTAN|&#x1f9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKUNK|&#x1f9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAMINGO|&#x1f9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OYSTER|&#x1f9aa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAVER|&#x1f9ab;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BISON|&#x1f9ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL|&#x1f9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUIDE DOG|&#x1f9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROBING CANE|&#x1f9af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR|&#x1f9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR|&#x1f9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT BALD|&#x1f9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR|&#x1f9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BONE|&#x1f9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG|&#x1f9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOT|&#x1f9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTH|&#x1f9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERHERO|&#x1f9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERVILLAIN|&#x1f9b9;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY VEST|&#x1f9ba;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR WITH HEARING AID|&#x1f9bb;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bc;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANUAL WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bd;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL ARM|&#x1f9be;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL LEG|&#x1f9bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Cx |style="background:#8a94ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEESE WEDGE|&#x1f9c0;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPCAKE|&#x1f9c1;}}||style="background:#d093ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SALT SHAKER|&#x1f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEVERAGE BOX|&#x1f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GARLIC|&#x1f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONION|&#x1f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALAFEL|&#x1f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAFFLE|&#x1f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTER|&#x1f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATE DRINK|&#x1f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CUBE|&#x1f9ca;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLE TEA|&#x1f9cb;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLL|&#x1f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STANDING PERSON|&#x1f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNEELING PERSON|&#x1f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEAF PERSON|&#x1f9cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#b690ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MONOCLE|&#x1f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADULT|&#x1f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILD|&#x1f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER ADULT|&#x1f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEARDED PERSON|&#x1f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH HEADSCARF|&#x1f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM|&#x1f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON CLIMBING|&#x1f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION|&#x1f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGE|&#x1f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAIRY|&#x1f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAMPIRE|&#x1f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERPERSON|&#x1f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELF|&#x1f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GENIE|&#x1f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZOMBIE|&#x1f9df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Ex |style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAIN|&#x1f9e0;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE HEART|&#x1f9e1;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLED CAP|&#x1f9e2;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCARF|&#x1f9e3;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOVES|&#x1f9e4;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COAT|&#x1f9e5;}}||style="background:#b690ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCKS|&#x1f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED GIFT ENVELOPE|&#x1f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRECRACKER|&#x1f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE|&#x1f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEST TUBE|&#x1f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PETRI DISH|&#x1f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DNA DOUBLE HELIX|&#x1f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPASS|&#x1f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ABACUS|&#x1f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE EXTINGUISHER|&#x1f9ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1F9Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOLBOX|&#x1f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRICK|&#x1f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGNET|&#x1f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUGGAGE|&#x1f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTION BOTTLE|&#x1f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOOL OF THREAD|&#x1f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALL OF YARN|&#x1f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY PIN|&#x1f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEDDY BEAR|&#x1f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROOM|&#x1f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKET|&#x1f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLL OF PAPER|&#x1f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR OF SOAP|&#x1f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPONGE|&#x1f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECEIPT|&#x1f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAZAR AMULET|&#x1f9ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Chess Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING|&#x1fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN|&#x1fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK|&#x1fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP|&#x1fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT|&#x1fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN|&#x1fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREE|&#x1fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#e896ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA5x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa50;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa51;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa52;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa53;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa54;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa55;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa56;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa57;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa58;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa59;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5a;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5b;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5d;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5e;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#d093ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED GENERAL|&#x1fa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED MANDARIN|&#x1fa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED ELEPHANT|&#x1fa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED HORSE|&#x1fa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CHARIOT|&#x1fa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CANNON|&#x1fa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED SOLDIER|&#x1fa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK GENERAL|&#x1fa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK MANDARIN|&#x1fa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK ELEPHANT|&#x1fa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK HORSE|&#x1fa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CHARIOT|&#x1fa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CANNON|&#x1fa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK SOLDIER|&#x1fa6d;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA7x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLET SHOES|&#x1fa70;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE-PIECE SWIMSUIT|&#x1fa71;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFS|&#x1fa72;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTS|&#x1fa73;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THONG SANDAL|&#x1fa74;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT BLUE HEART|&#x1fa75;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREY HEART|&#x1fa76;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINK HEART|&#x1fa77;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DROP OF BLOOD|&#x1fa78;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADHESIVE BANDAGE|&#x1fa79;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STETHOSCOPE|&#x1fa7a;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|X-RAY|&#x1fa7b;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUTCH|&#x1fa7c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOOD BAG|&#x1fa7d;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INHALER|&#x1fa7e;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX OF PILLS|&#x1fa7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA8x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YO-YO|&#x1fa80;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KITE|&#x1fa81;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARACHUTE|&#x1fa82;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOMERANG|&#x1fa83;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGIC WAND|&#x1fa84;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINATA|&#x1fa85;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NESTING DOLLS|&#x1fa86;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARACAS|&#x1fa87;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUTE|&#x1fa88;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HARP|&#x1fa89;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROMBONE|&#x1fa8a;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|METEOR|&#x1fa8b;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASER|&#x1fa8c;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NET WITH HANDLE|&#x1fa8d;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TREASURE CHEST|&#x1fa8e;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOVEL|&#x1fa8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FA9x |style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGED PLANET|&#x1fa90;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAIR|&#x1fa91;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAZOR|&#x1fa92;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AXE|&#x1fa93;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIYA LAMP|&#x1fa94;}}||style="background:#e896ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BANJO|&#x1fa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY HELMET|&#x1fa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCORDION|&#x1fa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DRUM|&#x1fa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COIN|&#x1fa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARPENTRY SAW|&#x1fa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREWDRIVER|&#x1fa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADDER|&#x1fa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOOK|&#x1fa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR|&#x1fa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINDOW|&#x1fa9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUNGER|&#x1faa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING NEEDLE|&#x1faa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNOT|&#x1faa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUCKET|&#x1faa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE TRAP|&#x1faa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHBRUSH|&#x1faa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE|&#x1faa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACARD|&#x1faa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCK|&#x1faa8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR BALL|&#x1faa9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTIFICATION CARD|&#x1faaa;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BATTERY|&#x1faab;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSA|&#x1faac;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDING HAND FAN|&#x1faad;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR PICK|&#x1faae;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHANDA|&#x1faaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FABx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLY|&#x1fab0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORM|&#x1fab1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEETLE|&#x1fab2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKROACH|&#x1fab3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTTED PLANT|&#x1fab4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOOD|&#x1fab5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEATHER|&#x1fab6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTUS|&#x1fab7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORAL|&#x1fab8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NEST|&#x1fab9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEST WITH EGGS|&#x1faba;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYACINTH|&#x1fabb;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JELLYFISH|&#x1fabc;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WING|&#x1fabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFLESS TREE|&#x1fabe;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOOSE|&#x1fabf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FACx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANATOMICAL HEART|&#x1fac0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNGS|&#x1fac1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEOPLE HUGGING|&#x1fac2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT MAN|&#x1fac3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT PERSON|&#x1fac4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH CROWN|&#x1fac5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FINGERPRINT|&#x1fac6;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVER|&#x1fac7;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRY CREATURE|&#x1fac8;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTAUR|&#x1fac9;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGONFLY|&#x1faca;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWI BIRD|&#x1facb;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONARCH BUTTERFLY|&#x1facc;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCA|&#x1facd;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOSE|&#x1face;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONKEY|&#x1facf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FADx |style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUEBERRIES|&#x1fad0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL PEPPER|&#x1fad1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OLIVE|&#x1fad2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATBREAD|&#x1fad3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMALE|&#x1fad4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FONDUE|&#x1fad5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAPOT|&#x1fad6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POURING LIQUID|&#x1fad7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEANS|&#x1fad8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAR|&#x1fad9;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GINGER ROOT|&#x1fada;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEA POD|&#x1fadb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOT VEGETABLE|&#x1fadc;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKLE|&#x1fadd;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RASPBERRY|&#x1fade;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLATTER|&#x1fadf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MELTING FACE|&#x1fae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALUTING FACE|&#x1fae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN EYES AND HAND OVER MOUTH|&#x1fae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PEEKING EYE|&#x1fae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH DIAGONAL MOUTH|&#x1fae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED LINE FACE|&#x1fae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BITING LIP|&#x1fae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLES|&#x1fae7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAKING FACE|&#x1fae8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES|&#x1fae9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISTORTED FACE|&#x1faea;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRACKING FACE|&#x1faeb;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH SQUINTING EYES|&#x1faec;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEVER FACE|&#x1faed;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PALM ON CHEEK|&#x1faee;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGHT CLOUD|&#x1faef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FAFx |style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB CROSSED|&#x1faf0;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM DOWN HAND|&#x1faf3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM UP HAND|&#x1faf4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDEX POINTING AT THE VIEWER|&#x1faf5;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART HANDS|&#x1faf6;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1faf9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1fafa;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE FINGER SALUTE|&#x1fafb;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND SNAPPING FINGERS|&#x1fafc;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB FORMING CIRCLE|&#x1fafd;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG KICKING|&#x1fafe;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMP|&#x1faff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1|&#x1fb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2|&#x1fb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12|&#x1fb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3|&#x1fb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13|&#x1fb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23|&#x1fb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-123|&#x1fb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-4|&#x1fb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-14|&#x1fb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-24|&#x1fb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-124|&#x1fb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-34|&#x1fb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-134|&#x1fb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-234|&#x1fb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1234|&#x1fb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-5|&#x1fb0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-15|&#x1fb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-25|&#x1fb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-125|&#x1fb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-35|&#x1fb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-235|&#x1fb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1235|&#x1fb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-45|&#x1fb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-145|&#x1fb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-245|&#x1fb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1245|&#x1fb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-345|&#x1fb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1345|&#x1fb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2345|&#x1fb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12345|&#x1fb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-6|&#x1fb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-16|&#x1fb1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-26|&#x1fb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-126|&#x1fb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-36|&#x1fb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-136|&#x1fb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-236|&#x1fb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1236|&#x1fb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-46|&#x1fb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-146|&#x1fb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1246|&#x1fb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-346|&#x1fb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1346|&#x1fb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2346|&#x1fb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12346|&#x1fb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-56|&#x1fb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-156|&#x1fb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-256|&#x1fb2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1256|&#x1fb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-356|&#x1fb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1356|&#x1fb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2356|&#x1fb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12356|&#x1fb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-456|&#x1fb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1456|&#x1fb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2456|&#x1fb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12456|&#x1fb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3456|&#x1fb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13456|&#x1fb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23456|&#x1fb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND RIGHT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LEFT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-1358|&#x1fb81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FB9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK AND LOWER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND LOWER HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb92;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HORIZONTAL FILL|&#x1fb97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&#x1fb98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&#x1fb99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT AND MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&#x1fbaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROWHEAD-SHAPED POINTER|&#x1fbb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECK MARK|&#x1fbb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&#x1fbb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOIDED GREEK CROSS|&#x1fbbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OPEN SQUARED DOT|&#x1fbbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL CROSS|&#x1fbbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY SALTIRE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1fbc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED QUESTION MARK|&#x1fbc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE|&#x1fbc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED|&#x1fbc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING LEFT|&#x1fbc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING RIGHT|&#x1fbc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH DRESS|&#x1fbc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbca;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CROSS MARK|&#x1fbcb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SMALL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&#x1fbcc;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbcd;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TWO THIRDS BLOCK|&#x1fbce;}}||style="background:#edc3b4"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE THIRD BLOCK|&#x1fbcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#edc3b4" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT JUSTIFIED LOWER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT JUSTIFIED UPPER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT JUSTIFIED UPPER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffb0ff" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FBFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ZERO|&#x1fbf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ONE|&#x1fbf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT TWO|&#x1fbf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT THREE|&#x1fbf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FOUR|&#x1fbf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FIVE|&#x1fbf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SIX|&#x1fbf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1fbf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1fbf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT NINE|&#x1fbf9;}}||style="background:#ddb495"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM BELL SYMBOL|&#x1fbfa;}}||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FCFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD0x |style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RECTANGULAR TABLE|&#x1fd00;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ESCALATOR|&#x1fd01;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLDOZER|&#x1fd02;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT TYRE|&#x1fd03;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTHQUAKE|&#x1fd04;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICYCLE|&#x1fd05;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD1x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL CLIPPER|&#x1fd10;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHPASTE|&#x1fd11;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLIER|&#x1fd12;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KNIFE WITH CUTTING BOARD|&#x1fd13;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAKE|&#x1fd14;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TISSUE BOX|&#x1fd15;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOTHES HANGER|&#x1fd16;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRILL|&#x1fd17;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING BUTTON|&#x1fd18;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING POT|&#x1fd19;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|APRON|&#x1fd1a;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BINOCULARS|&#x1fd1b;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INCENSE|&#x1fd1c;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PIGGY BANK|&#x1fd1d;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRAY CAN|&#x1fd1e;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFUME GLASS BOTTLE|&#x1fd1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD2x |style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLD BAR|&#x1fd20;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYMBALS|&#x1fd21;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|XYLOPHONE|&#x1fd22;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONCRETE BLOCK|&#x1fd23;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD4x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEEK|&#x1fd40;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPEFRUIT|&#x1fd41;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE POP|&#x1fd42;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CINNAMON STICKS|&#x1fd43;}}||style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUGAR CUBES|&#x1fd44;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POMEGRANATE|&#x1fd45;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FRUIT|&#x1fd46;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOFFEE|&#x1fd47;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD5x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCHID|&#x1fd50;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAMELEON|&#x1fd51;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OSTRICH|&#x1fd52;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOLE|&#x1fd53;}}||style="background:#97a24a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARIGOLD|&#x1fd54;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMBAT|&#x1fd55;}}||style="background:#457d6d"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAHORSE|&#x1fd56;}}||style="background:#457d8a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOUCAN|&#x1fd57;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD7x |style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMACH|&#x1fd70;}}||style="background:#bba757"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTESTINE|&#x1fd71;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD8x |style="background:#768b4a"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE REVEALING FACE|&#x1fd80;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777" !style="background:#ffffff"|1FFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp;||style="background:#000000"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} mxheww71ksoqt62r1lscknns4rp5ded 0 176809 4632506 1622991 2026-04-26T04:13:34Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Changed link 4632506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Falkbeer Countergambit| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|= |pd|pd|pd| | |pd|pd|pd|= | | | | | | | | |= | | | |pd|pd| | | |= | | | | |pl|pl| | |= | | | | | |nl| | |= |pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|= |rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl|= }} = Falkbeer Countergambit = ===3.Nf3=== ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. '''1. e4 e5 2.f4 d5 3.Nf3''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left"><font size="2">3</font></th> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">King's Gambit Accepted, Abbazia Defense</th> <td>...<br>[[../../2...d5/3. Nf3/3...exf4|exf4]]</td> <td>exd5<br>&nbsp;</td> <td>to 2...exf4 3.Nf3 d5</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>...<br>[[/3...dxe4|dxe4]]</td> <td><br>&nbsp;</td> <td></td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} {{Wikipedia|Falkbeer Countergambit}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{NCO}} {{MCO14}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 5cclc1aoj22a43z2y3lz6uwrd8ei4ym 0 177412 4632534 4451302 2026-04-26T07:44:59Z WinterbergAsten 3579247 4632534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Queen's Pawn Game| |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|= |pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|= | | | | | | | | |= | | | | | | |bl| |= | | | |pl|nd| | | |= | | | | | | | | |= |pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl|pl|= |rl|nl| |ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|= }} =Trompowsky Attack= ==2...Ne4== 2...Ne4 starts the Main Line Trompowsky Atack. Black attacks the bishop, thus forcing White to move it; the bishop usually moves to f4. Now both sides have moved a minor piece twice in two consecutive moves. Theory stretches out at this point, thus giving White and Black much freedom, which is why many players have committed this opening to memory. Usually Black follows up 3...c5 attacking the pawn, and the Black knight is often displaced from its post on e4 with the f-pawn.{{Wikipedia|Trompowsky Attack}} ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}. :'''1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 Ne4''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th></th> <th align="left">3</th><td></td></tr> <tr> <th align="right">Trompowsky Attack</th> <td>[[/3. Bf4|Bf4]]<br>c5</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right">Edge Variation</th> <td>[[/3. Bh4|Bh4]]<br>c5</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th align="right"></th> <td>[[/3. Bc1|Bc1?!]] <br>c5</td> <td></td> </tr><tr><th align="right">Raptor Variation</th><td>[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. h4|h4]] Nxg5 </td><td></td></tr></table> {{ChessMid}} * Nunn's Chess Openings. 1999. John Nunn (Editor), Graham Burgess, John Emms, Joe Gallagher. {{ISBN|1-8574-4221-0}}. * Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. 1999. Nick de Firmian, Walter Korn. {{ISBN|0-8129-3084-3}}. {{BCO2}} {{ChessFooter}} ndu9auxxlvsfuvk1db3bxlqpf6ek4er 0 226981 4632259 4520455 2026-04-25T13:39:53Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632259 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:System functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="float: right; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; margin: auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#edf" |system |- | bgcolor="#cdf" |[[#System interfaces|system interfaces]] |- | bgcolor=#abe |[[#Virtualization|virtualization]] |- | bgcolor="#aad" |[[#Driver Model|Driver Model]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#99c" |[[../Modules|modules]] |- | bgcolor="#88a" |[[#Peripheral buses|buses]], [[The Linux Kernel/PCI|PCI]] |- | bgcolor="#889" |[[#Hardware interfaces|hardware interfaces]], [[#Booting and halting|[re]booting]] |} The System functionality is named after system calls and sysfs. It differs from other kernel functionalities. Its subsystems are not tightly coupled across layers but instead provide infrastructure to other parts of the kernel. For example, the System Calls subsystem offers a common interface layer for all functionalities exposed to user space. == System interfaces == There are several mechanisms available in Linux for user space system interfaces. One of the most common mechanisms is through {{w|system call}}s, which are functions that allow user space applications to request services from the kernel, such as opening files, creating processes, and accessing system resources. Another mechanism for user space communication is through {{w|service file}}s, which are special files that represent physical or virtual devices, such as storage devices, network interfaces, and various peripheral devices. User space applications can communicate with these devices by reading from and writing to their corresponding device files. In summary, Linux kernel provides several mechanisms for user space communication, including system calls, device files, {{w|procfs}}, {{w|sysfs}}, and devtmpfs. These mechanisms enable user space applications to communicate with the kernel and access system resources in a safe and controlled manner. ⚲ APIs: : kernel space API for user space :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/uapi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ioctl}} :: [[#System calls|System calls]] :: [[#Device files|Device files]] : user space API for kernel space :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|copy_to_user}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|copy_from_user}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User-space API guides|userspace-api}} : {{w|User space}} : {{w|Linux kernel interfaces}} : [http://safari.oreilly.com/0596005652/understandlk-CHP-11 ULK3 Chapter 11. Signals] ===System calls=== System calls are the fundamental interface between user space applications and the Linux kernel. They provide a way for programs to request services from the operating system, such as opening a file, allocating memory, or creating a new process. In the Linux kernel, system calls are implemented as functions that can be invoked by user space programs using a software interrupt mechanism. The Linux kernel provides hundreds of system calls, each with its own unique functionality. These system calls are organized into categories such as process management, file management, network communication, and memory management. User space applications can use these system calls to interact with the kernel and access the underlying system resources. ⚲ API : [[../Syscalls|Table of syscalls]] : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syscalls}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/syscalls.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|syscall_init}} installs {{The Linux Kernel/id|entry_SYSCALL_64}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syscall}} ↪ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|entry_SYSCALL_64}} ↯ call hierarchy: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_syscall_64}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_call_table}} 📖 References : {{w|System call}} : [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/dir_section_2.html Directory of system calls, man section 2] : Anatomy of a system call, [https://lwn.net/Articles/604287/ part 1] and [https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/ part 2] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|syscalls}} 💾 ''Historical'' : [http://safari.oreilly.com/0596005652/understandlk-CHP-10 ULK3 Chapter 10. System Calls] === Device files === Classic UNIX devices are [[../Human_interfaces#Char_devices|Char devices]] used as byte streams with {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ioctl}}. ⚲ API ls /dev cat /proc/devices cat /proc/misc Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|misc_fops}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|usb_fops}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|memory_fops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocated devices|admin-guide/devices.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/char}} - actually byte stream devices : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-the-linux/0596005652/ch13.html Chapter 13. I/O Architecture and Device Drivers] ==== hiddev ==== ⚠️ Warning: confusion. hiddev isn't real [[../Human_interfaces#HID|human interface device]]! It reuses USBHID infrastructure. hiddev is used for example for monitor controls and Uninterruptible Power Supplies. This module supports these devices separately using a separate event interface on /dev/usb/hiddevX (char 180:96 to 180:111) (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|HIDDEV_MINOR_BASE}}) ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/hiddev.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|HID_CONNECT_HIDDEV}} ⚙️ Internals : [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/K/ident/CONFIG_USB_HIDDEV CONFIG_USB_HIDDEV] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hiddev.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hiddev_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hid/usbhid/hiddev.c}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|hiddev_fops}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HIDDEV - Care and feeding of your Human Interface Devices|hid/hiddev.html}} 📖 References : {{w|Device file}} ===Administration=== 🔧 TODO 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|netlink}} :{{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide|admin-guide}} ==== procfs ==== The ''proc filesystem'' (''procfs'') is a special filesystem that presents information about processes and other system information in a hierarchical file-like structure, providing a more convenient and standardized method for dynamically accessing process data held in the kernel than traditional tracing methods or direct access to kernel memory. Typically, it is mapped to a mount point named <code>/proc</code> at boot time. The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime. <code>/proc</code> includes a directory for each running process &mdash;including kernel threads&mdash; in directories named <code>/proc/PID</code>, where <code>PID</code> is the process number. Each directory contains information about one process, including the command that originally started the process (<code>/proc/PID/cmdline</code>), the names and values of its environment variables (<code>/proc/PID/environ</code>), a symlink to its working directory (<code>/proc/PID/cwd</code>), another symlink to the original executable file &mdash;if it still exists&mdash; (<code>/proc/PID/exe</code>), a couple of directories with symlinks to each open file descriptor (<code>/proc/PID/fd</code>) and the status &mdash;position, flags, ...&mdash; of each of them (<code>/proc/PID/fdinfo</code>), information about mapped files and blocks like heap and stack (<code>/proc/PID/maps</code>), a binary image representing the process's virtual memory (<code>/proc/PID/mem</code>), a symlink to the root path as seen by the process (<code>/proc/PID/root</code>), a directory containing hard links to any child process or thread (<code>/proc/PID/task</code>), basic information about a process including its run state and memory usage (<code>/proc/PID/status</code>) and much more. 📖 References : {{w|procfs}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|procfs}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|capabilities}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/proc_fs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/proc}} ==== sysfs ==== sysfs is a pseudo-file system that exports information about various kernel subsystems, hardware devices, and associated device drivers from the kernel's device model to user space through virtual files. In addition to providing information about various devices and kernel subsystems, exported virtual files are also used for their configuring. Sysfs is designed to export the information present in the device tree, which would then no longer clutter up procfs. Sysfs is mounted under the <code>/sys</code> mount point. ⚲ API :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sysfs.h}} 📖 References : {{w|sysfs}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|sysfs}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sysfs - filesystem for exporting kernel objects|filesystems/sysfs.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/sysfs}} ==== devtmpfs ==== devtmpfs is a hybrid {{w|User space and kernel space|kernel/user space}} approach of a device filesystem to provide nodes before udev runs for the first time. 📖 References : {{w|Device file}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/devtmpfs.c}} == Virtualization == 🔧 TODO See {{w|Kernel-based Virtual Machine}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtualization Support|virt/}} 📚 Further reading : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux/3-virtualization === Containerization === {{w|OS-level virtualization|Containerization}} is a powerful technology that has revolutionized the way software applications are developed, deployed, and run. At its core, containerization provides an isolated environment for running applications, where the application has all the necessary dependencies and can be easily moved from one environment to another without worrying about any compatibility issues. Containerization technology has its roots in the {{w|chroot}} command, which was introduced in the Unix operating system in the 1979. Chroot provided a way to change the root directory of a process, effectively creating a new isolated environment with its own file system hierarchy. However, this early implementation of containerization had limited functionality, and it was difficult to manage and control the various processes running within the container. In the early 2000s, the Linux kernel introduced {{w|Linux namespaces|namespaces}} and {{w|cgroups|control groups}} to provide a more robust and scalable containerization solution. '''Namespaces''' allow processes to have their own isolated view of the system, including the file system, network, and process ID space, while '''control groups''' provide fine-grained control over the resources allocated to each container, such as CPU, memory, and I/O. Using these kernel features, containerization platforms such as {{w|Docker (software)|Docker}} and {{w|Kubernetes}} have emerged as popular solutions for building and deploying containerized applications at scale. Containerization has become an essential tool for modern software development, allowing developers to easily package applications and deploy them in a consistent and predictable manner across different environments. ==== Resources usage and limits ==== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|chroot}} &ndash; change root directory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sysinfo}} &ndash; return system information : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getrusage}} &ndash; get resource usage : get/set resource limits: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getrlimit}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setrlimit}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prlimit64}} 📖 References : {{w|chroot}} ==== Namespaces ==== {{w|Linux namespaces}} provide the way to to isolate and virtualize different aspects of the operating system. Namespaces allow multiple instances of an application to run in isolation from each other, without interfering with the host system or other instances. 🔧 TODO ⚲ API : /proc/self/ns : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|lsns}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ioctl_ns}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_ioctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|unshare}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nsenter}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setns}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone3}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|clone_args}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ns_common.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/proc_ns.h}} : namespaces definition :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|uts_namespace}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipc_namespace}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mnt_namespace}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_namespace}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|net/net_namespace.h}} - struct net :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|user_namespace}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time_namespace}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cgroup_namespace}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_nsproxy}} - struct of namespaces : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/nsproxy.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/proc/namespaces.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|net/core/net_namespace.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/namespace.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/user_namespace.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid_namespace.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/utsname.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/namespace.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|uts_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|ipc_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|mount_namespace}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pid_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|network_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|user_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|time_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cgroup_namespaces}} === Control groups === {{w|cgroups}} are used to limit and control the resource usage of groups of processes. They allow administrators to set limits on CPU usage, memory usage, disk I/O, network bandwidth, and other resources, which can be useful for managing system performance and preventing resource contention. There are two versions of cgroups. Unlike v1, cgroup v2 has only a single process hierarchy and discriminates between processes, not threads. Here are some of the key differences between cgroups v1 and v2: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !cgroups v1 !cgroups v2 |- |Hierarchy |each subsystem had its own hierarchy, which could lead to complexity and confusion |unified hierarchy, which simplifies management and enables better resource allocation |- |Controllers |has several subsystems that are controlled by separate controllers, each with its own set of configuration files and parameters |controllers are consolidated into a single "cgroup2" controller, which provides a unified interface for managing resources |- |Resource distribution |distributes resources among groups of processes based on proportional sharing, which can lead to unpredictable results |resources are distributed based on a "weighted fair queuing" algorithm, which provides better predictability and fairness |} Cgroups v2 is not backward compatible with cgroups v1, which means that migrating from v1 to v2 can be challenging and requires careful planning. 🔧 TODO ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cgroup.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cgroup-defs.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|css_set}} &ndash; holds set of reference-counted pointers to {{The Linux Kernel/id|cgroup_subsys_state}} objects :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cgroup_subsys}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cgroup_subsys.h}} &ndash; list of cgroup subsystems ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cg_list}} &ndash; list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|css_set}} in task_struct : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cgroup_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cgroup2_fs_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/cgroup}} 📖 References : [[The_Linux_Kernel/System/CGroup_v2|Control Groups v2]] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Control Groups v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|systemd-cgtop}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|systemd.slice}} &ndash; slice unit configuration : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cgroups}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cgroup_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control for cgroups|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Real-Time group scheduling|scheduler/sched-rt-group.html}} : [https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/latest/html/managing_monitoring_and_updating_the_kernel/setting-limits-for-applications_managing-monitoring-and-updating-the-kernel Understanding control groups, RHEL] 📚 Further reading : https://github.com/containers : [https://github.com/mk-fg/fgtk#cgrc cgrc tool] 💾 Historical : https://github.com/mk-fg/cgroup-tools for cgrpup v1 == Driver Model == The Linux driver model (or Device Model, or just DM) is a framework that provides a consistent and standardized way for device drivers to interface with the kernel. It defines a set of rules, interfaces, and data structures that enable device drivers to communicate with the kernel and perform various operations, such as managing resources, livecycle and more. DM core structure consists of DM classes, DM buses, DM drivers and DM devices. === kobject === In the Linux kernel, a {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobject}} is a fundamental data structure used to represent kernel objects and provide a standardized interface for interacting with them. A kobject is a generic object that can represent any type of kernel object, including devices, files, modules, and more. The kobject data structure contains several fields that describe the object, such as its name, type, parent, and operations. Each kobject has a unique name within its parent object, and the parent-child relationships form a hierarchy of kobjects. Kobjects are managed by the kernel's sysfs file system, which provides a virtual file system that exposes kernel objects as files and directories in the user space. Each kobject is associated with a sysfs directory, which contains files and attributes that can be read or written to interact with the kernel object. ⚲ Infrastructure API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobject}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel objects manipulation|driver-api/basics.html#kernel-objects-manipulation}} : 🔧 TODO === Classes === A class is a higher-level view of a device that abstracts out low-level implementation details. Drivers may see a NVME storage or a SATA storage, but, at the class level, they are all simply {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} devices. Classes allow user space to work with devices based on what they do, rather than how they are connected or how they work. General DM classes structure match {{w|composite pattern}}. ⚲ API : ls /sys/class/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|class_register}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|class}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device/class.h}} 👁 Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_class}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|net_class}} === Buses === A {{w|peripheral bus}} is a channel between the processor and one or more peripheral devices. A DM bus is {{w|Proxy pattern|proxy}} for a peripheral bus. General DM buses structure match {{w|composite pattern}}. For the purposes of the device model, all devices are connected via a bus, even if it is an internal, virtual, {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_bus_type}}. Buses can plug into each other. A USB controller is usually a PCI device, for example. The device model represents the actual connections between buses and the devices they control. A bus is represented by the {{The Linux Kernel/id|bus_type}} structure. It contains the name, the default attributes, the bus' methods, PM operations, and the driver core's private data. ⚲ API : ls /sys/bus/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|bus_register}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|bus_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device/bus.h}} 👁 Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|usb_bus_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_bus_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pci_bus_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|scsi_bus_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_bus_type}} : [[#Peripheral_buses|Peripheral buses]] === Drivers === ⚲ API : ls /sys/bus/:/drivers/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|module_driver}} - simple common driver initializer, 👁 for example used in {{The Linux Kernel/id|module_pci_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|driver_register}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_driver}} - basic device driver structure, one per all device instances. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device/driver.h}} 👁 Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_generic}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|usb_register_device_driver}} '''Platform drivers''' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|module_platform_driver}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_driver}} (platform wrapper of {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_driver}}) with {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_bus_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/platform_device.h}} 👁 Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|gpio_mouse_device_driver}} === Devices === ⚲ API : ls /sys/devices/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_register}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|device}} - the basic device structure, per each device instance : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device drivers infrastructure|driver-api/infrastructure.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dev_printk.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Resource Management|driver-api/basics.html#device-resource-management}}, devres, devm ... 👁 Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_bus}} mousedev_create '''Platform devices''' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_device}} - platform wrapper of {{The Linux Kernel/doc|struct <big>device</big> - the basic device structure|driver-api/infrastructure.html#c.device}}, contains resources associated with the devie : it is can be created dynamically automatically by {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_device_register_simple}} or {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_device_alloc}}. Or registered with {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_device_register}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|platform_device_unregister}} - releases device and associated resources 👁 Examples: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_pcspkr}} ⚲ API 🔧 TODO : platform_device_info platform_device_id platform_device_register_full platform_device_add : platform_device_add_data platform_device_register_data platform_device_add_resources : attribute_group dev_pm_ops <hr> ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dev_printk.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/kobject.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/platform.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/core.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device drivers infrastructure|driver-api/infrastructure.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Driver Model|driver-api/driver-model}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux Kernel Device Model|driver-api/driver-model/overview.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Platform Devices and Drivers|driver-api/driver-model/platform.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/device_model.html Linux Device Model, by linux-kernel-labs] {{:The Linux Kernel/Modules}} == {{w|Peripheral bus}}es == Peripheral buses are the communication channels used to connect various peripheral devices to a computer system. These buses are used to transfer data between the peripheral devices and the system's processor or memory. In the Linux kernel, peripheral buses are implemented as drivers that enable communication between the operating system and the hardware. Peripheral buses in the Linux kernel include USB, PCI, SPI, I2C, and more. Each of these buses has its own unique characteristics, and the Linux kernel provides support for a wide range of peripheral devices. The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus is used to connect internal hardware devices in a computer system. It is commonly used to connect graphics cards, network cards, and other expansion cards. The Linux kernel provides a PCI bus driver that enables communication between the operating system and the devices connected to the bus. The USB (Universal Serial Bus) is one of the most commonly used peripheral buses in modern computer systems. It allows devices to be hot-swapped and supports high-speed data transfer rates. 🔧 TODO: device enumeration ⚲ API : Shell interface: ls /proc/bus/ /sys/bus/ See also [[#Buses|Buses of Driver Model]] See [[../Human_interfaces#Input_devices|'''Input: keyboard, mouse etc''']] '''PCI''' ⚲ Shell API : lspci -vv : column -t /proc/bus/pci/devices Main article: [[The_Linux_Kernel/PCI|PCI]] '''USB''' ⚲ Shell API : lsusb -v : ls /sys/bus/usb/ : cat /proc/bus/usb/devices ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/usb}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|USB|usb}} : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch13.pdf LDD3:USB Drivers] '''Other buses''' : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/bus}} '''Buses for 🤖 embedded devices:''' : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gpio/driver.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gpio.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/gpio}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/gpio}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/i2c}} https://i2c.wiki.kernel.org '''SPI''' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spi/spi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/spi}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/spi}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|spi_register_controller}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|spi_controller_list}}🚧 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SPI|spi}} ==Hardware interfaces== Hardware interfaces are basic part of any operating, enabling communication between the processor and other HW components of a computer system: memory, peripheral devices and buses, various controllers. [[../Processing#Interrupts|Interrupts]] ===I/O ports and registers=== I/O ports and registers are electronic components in computer systems that enable communication between CPU and other electronic controllers and devices. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/io.h}} &mdash; generic I/O port emulation. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|ioport_map}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|ioread32}} / {{The Linux Kernel/id|iowrite32}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/id|readl}}/ {{The Linux Kernel/id|writel}} ... : The {in,out}[bwl] macros are for emulating x86-style PCI/ISA IO space: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|inl}}/ {{The Linux Kernel/id|outl}} ... {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ioport.h}} &mdash; definitions of routines for detecting, reserving and allocating system resources. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_mem_region}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/io.h}} Functions for memory mapped registers: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ioremap}} ... ==== regmap ==== The regmap subsystem provides a standardized abstraction layer for register access in device drivers. It simplifies interactions with hardware registers across various bus types, such as I2C, SPI, and MMIO, by offering a consistent API. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/regmap.h}} &mdash; register map access API : the most frequently used functions: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_update_bits}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_write}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_read}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_reg_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_bulk_read}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_regmap_init_i2c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_set_bits}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_field_write}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_bulk_write}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_clear_bits}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_write_bits}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_config}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|regmap_read_poll_timeout}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_regmap_init_mmio}} ⚙️ Internals {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/regmap}} ===Hardware Device Drivers=== Keywords: firmware, hotplug, clock, mux, pin ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/acpi}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/sdio}} - {{w|Secure Digital#SDIO cards|Secure Digital Input Output}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/virtio}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hwmon}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/thermal}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/pinctrl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/clk}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Pin control subsystem|driver-api/pin-control.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Hardware Monitoring|hwmon}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Firmware guide|firmware-guide}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Devicetree|devicetree}} : https://hwmon.wiki.kernel.org/ : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch14.pdf LDD3:The Linux Device Model] : http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/dd/drivers.html : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ : http://examples.oreilly.com/linuxdrive2/ === Booting and halting === ==== Kernel booting ==== This is loaded in two stages - in the first stage the kernel (as a compressed image file) is loaded into memory and decompressed, and a few fundamental functions such as essential hardware and basic memory management (memory paging) are set up. Control is then switched one final time to the main kernel start process calling {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, which then performs the majority of system setup (interrupts, the rest of memory management, device and driver initialization, etc.) before spawning separately, the idle process and scheduler, and the init process (which is executed in user space). '''Kernel loading stage''' The kernel as loaded is typically an image file, compressed into either zImage or bzImage formats with zlib. A routine at the head of it does a minimal amount of hardware setup, decompresses the image fully into high memory, and takes note of any RAM disk if configured. It then executes kernel startup via startup_64 (for x86_64 architecture). : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.lds.S}} - linker script defines entry {{The Linux Kernel/id|startup_64}} in : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S}} - assembly of extractor : {{The Linux Kernel/id|extract_kernel}} - extractor in language C :: prints Decompressing Linux... done. Booting the kernel. '''Kernel startup stage''' The startup function for the kernel (also called the swapper or process 0) establishes memory management (paging tables and memory paging), detects the type of CPU and any additional functionality such as floating point capabilities, and then switches to non-architecture specific Linux kernel functionality via a call to {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}. ↯ Startup call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S}} &ndash; linker script : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/head_64.S}} &ndash; assembly of uncompressed startup code : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/head64.c}} &ndash; platform depended startup: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_64_start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_64_start_reservations}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|init/main.c}} &ndash; main initialization code :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} 200 SLOC ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_init}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_init}} &ndash; {{w|Read-copy-update}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rest_init}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_init}} - deferred kernel thread #1 ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_init_freeable}} This and following functions are defied with attribute {{The Linux Kernel/id|__init}} :::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|prepare_namespace}} ::::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|initrd_load}} ::::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_root}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}} obviously runs the first process {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|init}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; deferred kernel thread #2 :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_startup_entry}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_idle}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} executes a wide range of initialization functions. It sets up interrupt handling (IRQs), further configures memory, starts the {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|init}} process (the first user-space process), and then starts the idle task via {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_startup_entry}}. Notably, the kernel startup process also mounts the {{w|initial ramdisk}} (initrd) that was loaded previously as the temporary root file system during the boot phase. The initrd allows driver modules to be loaded directly from memory, without reliance upon other devices (e.g. a hard disk) and the drivers that are needed to access them (e.g. a SATA driver). This split of some drivers statically compiled into the kernel and other drivers loaded from initrd allows for a smaller kernel. The root file system is later switched via a call to {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|pivot_root}} / {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pivot_root}} which unmounts the temporary root file system and replaces it with the use of the real one, once the latter is accessible. The memory used by the temporary root file system is then reclaimed. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/Kconfig.debug}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} ===== ... ===== 📖 References : Article about [[../Booting|booting of the kernel]] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Initial RAM disk|admin-guide/initrd.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=initcall_debug initcall_debug, boot argument] : {{w|Linux startup process}} : {{w|init}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/632528/ Linux (U)EFI boot process] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The kernel’s command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The EFI Boot Stub|admin-guide/efi-stub.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Boot Configuration|admin-guide/bootconfig.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Boot time memory management|core-api/boot-time-mm.html}} : [https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/blob/master/Booting/README.md Kernel booting process] : [https://github.com/0xAX/linux-insides/blob/master/Initialization/README.md Kernel initialization process] 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Boot-time tracing|trace/boottime-trace.html}} : {{w|E820}} 💾 ''Historical'' : http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO/ : http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-1.html : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-4.html ==== Halting or rebooting ==== 🔧 TODO ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/reboot.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/stop_machine.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|print_stop_info}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|stop_machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|stop_core_cpuslocked}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|reboot_mode}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_reboot}} calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|machine_restart}} or :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|machine_halt}} or :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|machine_power_off}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/reboot-mode.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|reboot_mode_driver}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_reboot_mode_register}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/reboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/stop_machine.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_stopper}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_stop_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_stopper_thread}} &ndash; "migration" tasks : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/reboot.c}} : [[../Softdog Driver/]] ==== Power management ==== Keyword: suspend, alarm, hibernation. ⚲ API : /sys/power/ : /sys/kernel/debug/wakeup_sources :: <big>⌨️</big> hands-on: :: sudo awk '{gsub("^ ","?")} NR>1 {if ($6) {print $1}}' /sys/kernel/debug/wakeup_sources : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux|dev_pm_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_clock.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_domain.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_wakeirq.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_wakeup.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_source}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_source_register}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/suspend.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_suspend}} suspends the system : Suspend and wakeup depend on :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} and {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} with clock ids {{The Linux Kernel/id|CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM}} or {{The Linux Kernel/id|CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM}} will wake the system if it is suspended. :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_ctl}} with flag {{The Linux Kernel/id|EPOLLWAKEUP}} blocks suspend :: See also {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|capabilities}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|CAP_WAKE_ALARM}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PM}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SUSPEND}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/alarmtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/power}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_sources}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM administration|admin-guide/pm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU and Device PM|driver-api/pm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Power Management|power}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sysfs power testing ABI|admin-guide/abi-testing.html#file-testing-sysfs-power}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management : {{w|PowerTOP}} : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/xenial/man8/tlp.8.html tlp] &ndash; apply laptop power management settings : {{w|ACPI}} &ndash; Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ===== Runtime PM ===== Keywords: runtime power management, devices power management opportunistic suspend, autosuspend, autosleep. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/.../power/: :: async autosuspend_delay_ms control runtime_active_kids runtime_active_time runtime_enabled runtime_status runtime_suspended_time runtime_usage : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_runtime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_mark_last_busy}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_enable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_get}} &ndash; asynchronous get :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_get_sync}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_resume_and_get}} &ndash; preferable synchronous get :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_put}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_put_noidle}} &ndash; just decrement usage counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_put_sync}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pm_runtime_put_autosuspend}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SET_RUNTIME_PM_OPS}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ac97_pm}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PM_AUTOSLEEP}} === ... === 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Runtime Power Management Framework for I/O Devices|power/runtime_pm.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/applications/cpuidle CPU idle power saving methods for real-time workloads] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-devices-power Sysfs devices PM API] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/driver-api/usb/power-management.rst Power Management for USB] : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Opportunistic_suspend Opportunistic suspend] 📚 Further reading : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux/5-hardware-drivers == Building and Updating == : [[../Updating/]] {{BookCat}} 8tucqubto8mcc5xiue5mnrbs78iuklh 0 226982 4632218 4610218 2026-04-25T12:18:30Z Conan 3188 Update from local git 4632218 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internal historically is called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; equeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general <tt>task_struct</tt> process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an "ideal processor" would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an "ideal processor". When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes, the operation of the scheduler is as follows: # The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution. # If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree. # If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time. # The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration. If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running. An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload. Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.<ref name="malte" /> The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. 💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.'' ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] 💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.'' ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. 💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} 1nbm4dkrz6xphoknhnfotexxqgjpa1c 4632228 4632218 2026-04-25T12:49:43Z Conan 3188 Wrap long lines for readability 4632228 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internal historically is called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; equeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general <tt>task_struct</tt> process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an "ideal processor" would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an "ideal processor". When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes, the operation of the scheduler is as follows: # The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution. # If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree. # If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time. # The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration. If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running. An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload. Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.<ref name="malte" /> The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. 💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.'' ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] 💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.'' ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. 💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} gt04ex3quix4rzy0dgxs50qtapq03k8 4632230 4632228 2026-04-25T12:56:41Z Conan 3188 Restore spacing in : paragraph 4632230 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internal historically is called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; equeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general <tt>task_struct</tt> process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an "ideal processor" would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an "ideal processor". When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes, the operation of the scheduler is as follows: # The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution. # If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree. # If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time. # The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration. If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running. An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload. Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.<ref name="malte" /> The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. 💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.'' ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] 💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.'' ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. 💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} ju205720d5af2oz51n03kml3czl8ejk 4632246 4632230 2026-04-25T13:24:18Z Conan 3188 Fix: sched_entity is embedded in task_struct, not derived 4632246 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} ptzk8m0blr47yalhvt3bzlxtu5hbgpa 4632262 4632246 2026-04-25T14:10:40Z Conan 3188 add eventfd, signalfd, timerfd to IPC 4632262 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigaction}} &ndash; examine and change a signal action : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} &ndash; examine and change blocked signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigpending}} &ndash; examine pending signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} &ndash; wait for a signal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} &ndash; set or get signal stack context : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigtimedwait}} &ndash; synchronously wait for queued signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|signal}} &ndash; overview of signals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|eventfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_eventfd}} &ndash; event notification via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signalfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_signalfd4}} &ndash; receive signals via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} &ndash; timer notification via file descriptor : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === sched_ext === Since version 6.12 the kernel supports {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_EXT}} &mdash; an extensible scheduler class whose behavior is defined by a set of {{w|eBPF}} programs. Any scheduling algorithm can be implemented on top of sched_ext, loaded and unloaded dynamically at runtime. The system integrity is maintained no matter what the BPF scheduler does: the default scheduling behavior is restored on error or when a runnable task stalls. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/ext.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_ops}} &ndash; BPF scheduler operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_entity}} &ndash; per-task sched_ext data, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/sched_ext}} &ndash; in-tree example BPF schedulers 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Extensible Scheduler Class|scheduler/sched-ext.html}} : [https://github.com/sched-ext/scx sched-ext/scx] &ndash; production BPF schedulers : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-BPF Scheduler BPF LWN] === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} 5umbawmz7lg489jf0xa74pjqps4fn26 4632264 4632262 2026-04-25T14:41:15Z Conan 3188 add CPU cgroup controller references 4632264 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigaction}} &ndash; examine and change a signal action : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} &ndash; examine and change blocked signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigpending}} &ndash; examine pending signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} &ndash; wait for a signal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} &ndash; set or get signal stack context : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigtimedwait}} &ndash; synchronously wait for queued signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|signal}} &ndash; overview of signals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|eventfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_eventfd}} &ndash; event notification via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signalfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_signalfd4}} &ndash; receive signals via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} &ndash; timer notification via file descriptor : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [[The Linux Kernel/System/CGroup v2#CPU|CPU cgroup controller]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU cgroup interface files|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpu-interface-files}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === sched_ext === Since version 6.12 the kernel supports {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_EXT}} &mdash; an extensible scheduler class whose behavior is defined by a set of {{w|eBPF}} programs. Any scheduling algorithm can be implemented on top of sched_ext, loaded and unloaded dynamically at runtime. The system integrity is maintained no matter what the BPF scheduler does: the default scheduling behavior is restored on error or when a runnable task stalls. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/ext.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_ops}} &ndash; BPF scheduler operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_entity}} &ndash; per-task sched_ext data, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/sched_ext}} &ndash; in-tree example BPF schedulers 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Extensible Scheduler Class|scheduler/sched-ext.html}} : [https://github.com/sched-ext/scx sched-ext/scx] &ndash; production BPF schedulers : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-BPF Scheduler BPF LWN] === Energy Aware Scheduling === 🚀 advanced topic Since version 5.0, Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS) gives the scheduler the ability to predict the impact of its decisions on the energy consumed by CPUs. EAS relies on an Energy Model (EM) to select an energy efficient CPU for each task, with minimal impact on throughput. EAS operates only on heterogeneous CPU topologies (such as ARM {{w|big.LITTLE}}) where the potential for energy savings is highest. ⚲ API : /proc/sys/kernel/sched_energy_aware &ndash; enable or disable EAS : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/energy_model.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_perf_domain}} &ndash; performance domain descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_cpu_get}} &ndash; get the EM for a given CPU ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ENERGY_MODEL}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_energy_efficient_cpu}} &ndash; find most energy-efficient target CPU for a waking task : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/energy_model.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Aware Scheduling|scheduler/sched-energy.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Model of devices|power/energy-model.html}} === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} 22m2g5mqwonjwp4wfk99hby0pn2u2cd 4632362 4632264 2026-04-25T18:28:03Z Conan 3188 remove nonexistent kernel/posix-timers.c path 4632362 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigaction}} &ndash; examine and change a signal action : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} &ndash; examine and change blocked signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigpending}} &ndash; examine pending signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} &ndash; wait for a signal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} &ndash; set or get signal stack context : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigtimedwait}} &ndash; synchronously wait for queued signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|signal}} &ndash; overview of signals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|eventfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_eventfd}} &ndash; event notification via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signalfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_signalfd4}} &ndash; receive signals via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} &ndash; timer notification via file descriptor : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [[The Linux Kernel/System/CGroup v2#CPU|CPU cgroup controller]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU cgroup interface files|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpu-interface-files}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === sched_ext === Since version 6.12 the kernel supports {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_EXT}} &mdash; an extensible scheduler class whose behavior is defined by a set of {{w|eBPF}} programs. Any scheduling algorithm can be implemented on top of sched_ext, loaded and unloaded dynamically at runtime. The system integrity is maintained no matter what the BPF scheduler does: the default scheduling behavior is restored on error or when a runnable task stalls. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/ext.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_ops}} &ndash; BPF scheduler operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_entity}} &ndash; per-task sched_ext data, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/sched_ext}} &ndash; in-tree example BPF schedulers 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Extensible Scheduler Class|scheduler/sched-ext.html}} : [https://github.com/sched-ext/scx sched-ext/scx] &ndash; production BPF schedulers : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-BPF Scheduler BPF LWN] === Energy Aware Scheduling === 🚀 advanced topic Since version 5.0, Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS) gives the scheduler the ability to predict the impact of its decisions on the energy consumed by CPUs. EAS relies on an Energy Model (EM) to select an energy efficient CPU for each task, with minimal impact on throughput. EAS operates only on heterogeneous CPU topologies (such as ARM {{w|big.LITTLE}}) where the potential for energy savings is highest. ⚲ API : /proc/sys/kernel/sched_energy_aware &ndash; enable or disable EAS : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/energy_model.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_perf_domain}} &ndash; performance domain descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_cpu_get}} &ndash; get the EM for a given CPU ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ENERGY_MODEL}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_energy_efficient_cpu}} &ndash; find most energy-efficient target CPU for a waking task : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/energy_model.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Aware Scheduling|scheduler/sched-energy.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Model of devices|power/energy-model.html}} === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} 2yamzqxm94fva34cy4rewik44ydrjtv 4632378 4632362 2026-04-25T19:57:47Z Conan 3188 add mutex_waiter to locking internals 4632378 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigaction}} &ndash; examine and change a signal action : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} &ndash; examine and change blocked signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigpending}} &ndash; examine pending signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} &ndash; wait for a signal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} &ndash; set or get signal stack context : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigtimedwait}} &ndash; synchronously wait for queued signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|signal}} &ndash; overview of signals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|eventfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_eventfd}} &ndash; event notification via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signalfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_signalfd4}} &ndash; receive signals via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} &ndash; timer notification via file descriptor : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [[The Linux Kernel/System/CGroup v2#CPU|CPU cgroup controller]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU cgroup interface files|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpu-interface-files}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === sched_ext === Since version 6.12 the kernel supports {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_EXT}} &mdash; an extensible scheduler class whose behavior is defined by a set of {{w|eBPF}} programs. Any scheduling algorithm can be implemented on top of sched_ext, loaded and unloaded dynamically at runtime. The system integrity is maintained no matter what the BPF scheduler does: the default scheduling behavior is restored on error or when a runnable task stalls. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/ext.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_ops}} &ndash; BPF scheduler operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_entity}} &ndash; per-task sched_ext data, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/sched_ext}} &ndash; in-tree example BPF schedulers 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Extensible Scheduler Class|scheduler/sched-ext.html}} : [https://github.com/sched-ext/scx sched-ext/scx] &ndash; production BPF schedulers : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-BPF Scheduler BPF LWN] === Energy Aware Scheduling === 🚀 advanced topic Since version 5.0, Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS) gives the scheduler the ability to predict the impact of its decisions on the energy consumed by CPUs. EAS relies on an Energy Model (EM) to select an energy efficient CPU for each task, with minimal impact on throughput. EAS operates only on heterogeneous CPU topologies (such as ARM {{w|big.LITTLE}}) where the potential for energy savings is highest. ⚲ API : /proc/sys/kernel/sched_energy_aware &ndash; enable or disable EAS : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/energy_model.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_perf_domain}} &ndash; performance domain descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_cpu_get}} &ndash; get the EM for a given CPU ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ENERGY_MODEL}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_energy_efficient_cpu}} &ndash; find most energy-efficient target CPU for a waking task : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/energy_model.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Aware Scheduling|scheduler/sched-energy.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Model of devices|power/energy-model.html}} === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex_waiter}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} d89o41jyzpj52p4g1xfp4uzgu24f3q9 4632527 4632378 2026-04-26T07:01:30Z Conan 3188 add simple wait queues (swait) 4632527 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigaction}} &ndash; examine and change a signal action : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} &ndash; examine and change blocked signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigpending}} &ndash; examine pending signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} &ndash; wait for a signal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} &ndash; set or get signal stack context : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigtimedwait}} &ndash; synchronously wait for queued signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|signal}} &ndash; overview of signals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|eventfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_eventfd}} &ndash; event notification via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signalfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_signalfd4}} &ndash; receive signals via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} &ndash; timer notification via file descriptor : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [[The Linux Kernel/System/CGroup v2#CPU|CPU cgroup controller]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU cgroup interface files|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpu-interface-files}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === sched_ext === Since version 6.12 the kernel supports {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_EXT}} &mdash; an extensible scheduler class whose behavior is defined by a set of {{w|eBPF}} programs. Any scheduling algorithm can be implemented on top of sched_ext, loaded and unloaded dynamically at runtime. The system integrity is maintained no matter what the BPF scheduler does: the default scheduling behavior is restored on error or when a runnable task stalls. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/ext.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_ops}} &ndash; BPF scheduler operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_entity}} &ndash; per-task sched_ext data, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/sched_ext}} &ndash; in-tree example BPF schedulers 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Extensible Scheduler Class|scheduler/sched-ext.html}} : [https://github.com/sched-ext/scx sched-ext/scx] &ndash; production BPF schedulers : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-BPF Scheduler BPF LWN] === Energy Aware Scheduling === 🚀 advanced topic Since version 5.0, Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS) gives the scheduler the ability to predict the impact of its decisions on the energy consumed by CPUs. EAS relies on an Energy Model (EM) to select an energy efficient CPU for each task, with minimal impact on throughput. EAS operates only on heterogeneous CPU topologies (such as ARM {{w|big.LITTLE}}) where the potential for energy savings is highest. ⚲ API : /proc/sys/kernel/sched_energy_aware &ndash; enable or disable EAS : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/energy_model.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_perf_domain}} &ndash; performance domain descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_cpu_get}} &ndash; get the EM for a given CPU ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ENERGY_MODEL}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_energy_efficient_cpu}} &ndash; find most energy-efficient target CPU for a waking task : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/energy_model.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Aware Scheduling|scheduler/sched-energy.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Model of devices|power/energy-model.html}} === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} Simple wait queues &ndash; simplified version with raw spinlock, suitable for RT and restricted contexts: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swait.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|swait_queue_head}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/swait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex_waiter}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} c63e9gkb3hm2lx6x5bw0kih3mirfybq 4632544 4632527 2026-04-26T09:41:35Z Conan 3188 EEVDF replaced CFS, drop O(1) references, add vlag sleeper fairness 4632544 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigaction}} &ndash; examine and change a signal action : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} &ndash; examine and change blocked signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigpending}} &ndash; examine pending signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} &ndash; wait for a signal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} &ndash; set or get signal stack context : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sigtimedwait}} &ndash; synchronously wait for queued signals : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|signal}} &ndash; overview of signals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|eventfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_eventfd}} &ndash; event notification via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signalfd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_signalfd4}} &ndash; receive signals via file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timerfd_create}} &ndash; timer notification via file descriptor : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm, which replaced the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS). While much of the CFS infrastructure remains: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; the task selection logic is fundamentally different. EEVDF is based on a classic scheduling algorithm originally designed for packet networks. The scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Both picking and reinserting a task require O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. The runqueue ({{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}) is implemented as a red-black tree representing a "timeline" of future task execution. The scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting and requires no heuristics or interactivity estimators. EEVDF improves sleeper fairness over CFS by tracking ''lag'' ({{The Linux Kernel/id|vlag}}) &mdash; the difference between the service a task was entitled to and the service it actually received. When a sleeping task wakes up, its lag determines eligibility, ensuring interactive tasks get prompt service without starving long-running tasks. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}} structures, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [[The Linux Kernel/System/CGroup v2#CPU|CPU cgroup controller]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU cgroup interface files|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpu-interface-files}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === sched_ext === Since version 6.12 the kernel supports {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_EXT}} &mdash; an extensible scheduler class whose behavior is defined by a set of {{w|eBPF}} programs. Any scheduling algorithm can be implemented on top of sched_ext, loaded and unloaded dynamically at runtime. The system integrity is maintained no matter what the BPF scheduler does: the default scheduling behavior is restored on error or when a runnable task stalls. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_CLASS_EXT}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/ext.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_ops}} &ndash; BPF scheduler operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_ext_entity}} &ndash; per-task sched_ext data, embedded in {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/sched_ext}} &ndash; in-tree example BPF schedulers 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Extensible Scheduler Class|scheduler/sched-ext.html}} : [https://github.com/sched-ext/scx sched-ext/scx] &ndash; production BPF schedulers : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-BPF Scheduler BPF LWN] === Energy Aware Scheduling === 🚀 advanced topic Since version 5.0, Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS) gives the scheduler the ability to predict the impact of its decisions on the energy consumed by CPUs. EAS relies on an Energy Model (EM) to select an energy efficient CPU for each task, with minimal impact on throughput. EAS operates only on heterogeneous CPU topologies (such as ARM {{w|big.LITTLE}}) where the potential for energy savings is highest. ⚲ API : /proc/sys/kernel/sched_energy_aware &ndash; enable or disable EAS : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/energy_model.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_perf_domain}} &ndash; performance domain descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|em_cpu_get}} &ndash; get the EM for a given CPU ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ENERGY_MODEL}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_energy_efficient_cpu}} &ndash; find most energy-efficient target CPU for a waking task : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/energy_model.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Aware Scheduling|scheduler/sched-energy.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Model of devices|power/energy-model.html}} === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} Simple wait queues &ndash; simplified version with raw spinlock, suitable for RT and restricted contexts: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swait.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|swait_queue_head}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/swait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semop}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constraints, easier to debug than semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex_waiter}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} 33ofp1na2m6ldpnz3lig1qpq3lzmatg 0 226983 4632251 4596052 2026-04-25T13:39:42Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632251 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocatoion of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}//{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} ''' SLOB allocator ''' &ndash; Simple List Of Blocks for 🤖 embedded devices Unfortunately, SLAB and SLUB allocators consume a big amount of memory allocating their slabs, which is a serious drawback in small systems with memory constraints, such as embedded systems. To overcome it, the SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator was designed in January 2006 by Matt Mackall as a simpler method to allocate kernel objects. SLOB allocator uses a first-fit algorithm, which chooses the first available space for memory. This algorithm reduces memory consumption, but a major limitation of this method is that it suffers greatly from internal fragmentation. The SLOB allocator is also used as a fall back by the kernel build system when no slab allocator is defined (when the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLAB}} flag is disabled). ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slob.c}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|slob_alloc}} : {{w|SLOB}} ''' SLAB allocator ''' 💾 History: ''SLAB allocator is the original implementation Slab allocation. It was the default allocator since kernel 2.2 until 2.6.23, when SLUB allocator became the default, but it is still available as an option.'' SLAB is the name given to the first slab allocation implementation in the kernel to distinguish it from later allocators that use the same interface. It's heavily based on Jeff Bonwick's paper ''"The Slab Allocator: An Object-Caching Kernel Memory Allocator"'' (1994) describing the first slab allocator implemented in the Solaris 5.4 kernel. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab.c}} <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory nap|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA SAC Single Address Cycle ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 3iktw2x8r8ar2hsvokxw238b9jwu1ku 4632269 4632251 2026-04-25T15:01:03Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632269 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632277 4632269 2026-04-25T15:48:29Z Conan 3188 -TODO ([[WP:ASSISTED|AI assisted edit]]) 4632277 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632287 4632277 2026-04-25T16:41:21Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632287 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632288 4632287 2026-04-25T16:41:23Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632288 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632289 4632288 2026-04-25T16:41:25Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632289 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632292 4632289 2026-04-25T16:45:59Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632292 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632293 4632292 2026-04-25T16:46:00Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632293 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632294 4632293 2026-04-25T16:46:02Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632294 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632295 4632294 2026-04-25T16:46:03Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632295 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632296 4632295 2026-04-25T16:46:05Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632296 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632297 4632296 2026-04-25T17:03:51Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632297 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632298 4632297 2026-04-25T17:03:53Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632298 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632299 4632298 2026-04-25T17:03:55Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632299 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632300 4632299 2026-04-25T17:03:56Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632300 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632301 4632300 2026-04-25T17:03:58Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632301 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632302 4632301 2026-04-25T17:03:59Z Conan 3188 add Huge pages section (HugeTLB, THP) 4632302 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 7agvlx9efr3yavou8tic8pfaccnk13t 4632303 4632302 2026-04-25T17:04:01Z Conan 3188 add OOM killer section, use $pid convention 4632303 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} he0z6dv3oams10n31w5hrurkkjui3zo 4632305 4632303 2026-04-25T17:04:04Z Conan 3188 add CMA section 4632305 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} nwx717rfnvvj0hwsho6f1g43tump6cl 4632306 4632305 2026-04-25T17:04:06Z Conan 3188 add memory cgroup controller section 4632306 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} l4ch6d3aet600j303wi1quy60zfk1pz 4632328 4632306 2026-04-25T18:02:11Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632328 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632329 4632328 2026-04-25T18:02:12Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632329 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632330 4632329 2026-04-25T18:02:14Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632330 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632331 4632330 2026-04-25T18:02:15Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632331 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632332 4632331 2026-04-25T18:02:17Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632332 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632333 4632332 2026-04-25T18:02:19Z Conan 3188 add Huge pages section (HugeTLB, THP) 4632333 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 7agvlx9efr3yavou8tic8pfaccnk13t 4632334 4632333 2026-04-25T18:02:20Z Conan 3188 add OOM killer section, use $pid convention 4632334 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} he0z6dv3oams10n31w5hrurkkjui3zo 4632335 4632334 2026-04-25T18:02:22Z Conan 3188 add CMA section 4632335 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} nwx717rfnvvj0hwsho6f1g43tump6cl 4632336 4632335 2026-04-25T18:02:23Z Conan 3188 add memory cgroup controller section 4632336 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} l4ch6d3aet600j303wi1quy60zfk1pz 4632337 4632336 2026-04-25T18:02:25Z Conan 3188 add NUMA section under Physical memory 4632337 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === NUMA === In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs. Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU. Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.). ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &ndash; set default NUMA memory policy : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}} : cat /proc/buddyinfo : /sys/devices/system/node/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &ndash; page migration between nodes : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &ndash; memory block and distance setup 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}} : {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} : See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 02cd3gk8h6jgygrkcx1oloceohfbhli 4632339 4632337 2026-04-25T18:05:06Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632339 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632340 4632339 2026-04-25T18:05:07Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632340 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632341 4632340 2026-04-25T18:05:09Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632341 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632342 4632341 2026-04-25T18:05:11Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632342 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632343 4632342 2026-04-25T18:05:12Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632343 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632344 4632343 2026-04-25T18:05:14Z Conan 3188 add Huge pages section (HugeTLB, THP) 4632344 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 7agvlx9efr3yavou8tic8pfaccnk13t 4632345 4632344 2026-04-25T18:05:15Z Conan 3188 add OOM killer section, use $pid convention 4632345 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} he0z6dv3oams10n31w5hrurkkjui3zo 4632346 4632345 2026-04-25T18:05:18Z Conan 3188 add CMA section 4632346 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} nwx717rfnvvj0hwsho6f1g43tump6cl 4632347 4632346 2026-04-25T18:05:19Z Conan 3188 add memory cgroup controller section 4632347 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} l4ch6d3aet600j303wi1quy60zfk1pz 4632348 4632347 2026-04-25T18:05:21Z Conan 3188 add NUMA section under Physical memory 4632348 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === NUMA === In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs. Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU. Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.). ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &ndash; set default NUMA memory policy : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}} : cat /proc/buddyinfo : /sys/devices/system/node/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &ndash; page migration between nodes : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &ndash; memory block and distance setup 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}} : {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} : See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 02cd3gk8h6jgygrkcx1oloceohfbhli 4632349 4632348 2026-04-25T18:05:22Z Conan 3188 fix broken Wikipedia link for CMA 4632349 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === NUMA === In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs. Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU. Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.). ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &ndash; set default NUMA memory policy : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}} : cat /proc/buddyinfo : /sys/devices/system/node/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &ndash; page migration between nodes : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &ndash; memory block and distance setup 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}} : {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} : See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === The Contiguous Memory Allocator (CMA) reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} d0tw9advbtoyeke8wf68o6pt2je9jav 4632351 4632349 2026-04-25T18:14:55Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632351 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632352 4632351 2026-04-25T18:14:56Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632352 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632353 4632352 2026-04-25T18:14:58Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632353 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632354 4632353 2026-04-25T18:14:59Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632354 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632355 4632354 2026-04-25T18:15:01Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632355 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632356 4632355 2026-04-25T18:15:03Z Conan 3188 add Huge pages section (HugeTLB, THP) 4632356 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 7agvlx9efr3yavou8tic8pfaccnk13t 4632357 4632356 2026-04-25T18:15:04Z Conan 3188 add OOM killer section, use $pid convention 4632357 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} he0z6dv3oams10n31w5hrurkkjui3zo 4632358 4632357 2026-04-25T18:15:06Z Conan 3188 add CMA section 4632358 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} nwx717rfnvvj0hwsho6f1g43tump6cl 4632359 4632358 2026-04-25T18:15:08Z Conan 3188 add memory cgroup controller section 4632359 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} l4ch6d3aet600j303wi1quy60zfk1pz 4632360 4632359 2026-04-25T18:15:09Z Conan 3188 add NUMA section under Physical memory 4632360 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === NUMA === In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs. Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU. Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.). ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &ndash; set default NUMA memory policy : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}} : cat /proc/buddyinfo : /sys/devices/system/node/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &ndash; page migration between nodes : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &ndash; memory block and distance setup 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}} : {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} : See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 02cd3gk8h6jgygrkcx1oloceohfbhli 4632361 4632360 2026-04-25T18:15:11Z Conan 3188 fix broken Wikipedia link for CMA 4632361 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === NUMA === In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs. Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU. Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.). ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &ndash; set default NUMA memory policy : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}} : cat /proc/buddyinfo : /sys/devices/system/node/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa.c}} &ndash; NUMA node data allocation during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} &ndash; NUMA memory allocation policies : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} &ndash; page migration between nodes : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memory-tiers.c}} &ndash; memory tiering (DRAM, PMEM, HBM) : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/numa_memblks.c}} &ndash; memory block and distance setup 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}} : {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} : See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === The Contiguous Memory Allocator (CMA) reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/contiguous.c}} &ndash; DMA-CMA integration : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma_debug.c}} &ndash; debugfs interface : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} busbxui8uutkx2t7zh96glwxfiq0rtl 0 226984 4632258 4520453 2026-04-25T13:39:51Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Storage functionality}} {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor=#cef | storage |-style="" | bgcolor=#aef | [[#Files_and_directories|files & directories access]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8df | [[#Virtual File System|Virtual File System]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8ce |[[#Page_cache|page cache]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#7ac |[[#Logical file systems|logical file systems]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#69a |[[#Block_device_layer|block devices]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#689 |[[#Storage_drivers|storage drivers]] |} Storage functionality provides access to various storage devices via files and directories of files. Most of the storage is persistent as flash memory, SSD and legacy hard disks. Another kind of storage is temporary. The ''file system'' provides an abstraction to organize the information into separate pieces of data (called ''files'') identified by a unique name. Each file system type defines their own structures and logic rules used to manage these groups of information and their names. Linux supports a plethora or different file system types, local and remote, native and from other operating systems. To accommodate such disparity the kernel defines a common top layer, the ''virtual file system'' (VFS) layer. [[File:The Linux Storage Stack Diagram.svg|Summary of the Linux kernel's storage stack|right|800x800px]] == Files and directories == Four basic files access system calls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|open}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_open}} - opens a file by name and returns a {{w|file descriptor}} (<big>fd</big>). Below functions operates on a fd. : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|close}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|close_fd}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|read}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_read}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|write}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_write}} File in Linux and UNIX is not only physical file on persistent storage. File interface is used to access pipes, sockets and other pseudo-files. 🔧 TODO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|symlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|link}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|readdir}} ⇾ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getdents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|path_resolution}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor ⚙️ Files and directories internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/fs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/open.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namei.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/read_write.c}} 📚 Files and directories references : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Overview.html Input/Output, The GNU C Library] : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] : {{w|Unix file types}} === File locks === File locks are mechanisms that allow processes to coordinate access to shared files. These locks help prevent conflicts when multiple processes or threads attempt to access the same file simultaneously. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|lslocks}} &ndash; list local system locks : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|lockf}} &ndash; apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} &ndash; apply or remove an advisory BSD lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_SETLK}} &ndash; advisory record lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_OFD_SETLK}} &ndash; Open File Description Lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|flock}} &ndash; lock parameters : ⚠️ Avoid mixing flock and fcntl locks on the same file as they don’t interact with each other. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/filelock.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/locks.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/filelock.h}} 💾 ''Historical: [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.14/K/ident/CONFIG_MANDATORY_FILE_LOCKING Mandatory locking] feature is no longer supported at all in Linux 5.15 and above because the implementation is unreliable.'' === Asynchronous I/O === 🚀 advanced features '''AIO''' : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Asynchronous_IO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_submit}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_cancel}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_destroy}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_getevents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/aio_abi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/aio.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|io/aio}} '''{{w|io_uring}}''' 🌱 ''New since release 5.1 in May 2019'' : https://blogs.oracle.com/linux/an-introduction-to-the-io_uring-asynchronous-io-framework : https://thenewstack.io/how-io_uring-and-ebpf-will-revolutionize-programming-in-linux/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_enter}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_register}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/.c}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#io_uring :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/810414/ The rapid growth of io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/815491/ Automatic buffer selection for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/826053/ Operations restrictions for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/803070/ Redesigned workqueues for io_uring] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|io_uring}} === {{w|Asynchronous_I/O#Forms|Non-blocking I/O}} === Allow non-blocking access to multiple file descriptors. '''Efficient event polling {{w|epoll}}''' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/eventpoll.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|epoll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_create}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_ctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_ctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_wait}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/eventpoll.c}} '''{{w|Select (Unix)|select}} and {{w|poll (Unix)|poll}}''' 💾 ''Historical: Select and poll system calls are derived from UNIX'' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|poll}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_poll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|select}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kern_select}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/select.c}} === Vectored I/O === 🚀 advanced feature {{w|Vectored I/O}}, also known as scatter/gather I/O, is a method of input and output by which a single procedure call sequentially reads data from multiple buffers and writes it to a single data stream, or reads data from a data stream and writes it to multiple buffers, as defined in a vector of buffers. Scatter/gather refers to the process of gathering data from, or scattering data into, the given set of buffers. Vectored I/O can operate synchronously or asynchronously. The main reasons for using vectored I/O are efficiency and convenience. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iovec}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|writev}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writev}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iov_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_readv}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|import_iovec}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_file_read_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/iov_iter.c}} === ... === 📖 References : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatter_002dGather.html Fast Scatter-Gather I/O, The GNU C Library] : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Vectored_IO : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scattergather_chaining 📚 Further reading : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux/4-filesystems == Virtual File System == The {{w|virtual file system}} (VFS) is an abstract layer on top of a concrete logical file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of logical file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to access local and [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] devices transparently without the client application noticing the difference. It can be used to bridge the differences in Windows, classic Mac OS/macOS and Unix filesystems, so that applications can access files on local file systems of those types without having to know what type of file system they are accessing. A VFS specifies an interface (or a "contract") between the kernel and a logical file system. Therefore, it is easy to add support for new file system types to the kernel simply by fulfilling the contract. 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfsmount}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_create}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_read}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_write}} 📚 VFS References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|VFS|filesystems/#core-vfs-documentation}} : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Logical file systems == A {{w|file system}} (or ''filesystem'') is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage area would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into individual pieces, and giving each piece a name, the information is easily separated and identified. Each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system". There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs. File systems can be used on many different kinds of storage devices. Each storage device uses a different kind of media. The most common storage device in use today is a {{w|SSD}}. Other media that was used are hard disk, magnetic tape, optical disc, and . In some cases, the computer's main memory (RAM) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use. Raw storage is called a block device. Linux supports many different file systems, but common choices for the system disk on a block device include the ext* family (such as {{w|ext2}}, {{w|ext3}} and {{w|ext4}}), {{w|XFS}}, {{w|ReiserFS}} and {{w|btrfs}}. For raw Flash without a {{w|flash translation layer}} (FTL) or {{w|Memory Technology Device}} (MTD), there is {{w|UBIFS}}, {{w|JFFS2}}, and {{w|YAFFS}}, among others. {{w|SquashFS}} is a common compressed read-only file system. NFS and another network FS are described further in paragraph [[../Networking#Network_storage|Network storage]]. ⚲ Shell interfaces: : cat /proc/filesystems : ls /sys/fs/ : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|umount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|findmnt}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|mountpoint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|df}} Infrastructure ⚲ API function {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_filesystem}} registers structs {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_system_type}} and stores them in linked list ⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_systems}}. Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_init_fs}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_fs_type}}. Operation of ''file system opening'' is called mounting: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_mount}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mount}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/buffer_head.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|super_block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sb_bread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/ext4/ext4.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_sb_bread}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|filesystems|filesystems/#filesystems}} : Kernel wikis: [https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/ EXT4], [https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/ btrfs], [https://reiser4.wiki.kernel.org/ Reiser4], [https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/ RAID], [https://xfs.wiki.kernel.org/ XFS] == Page cache == A page cache or disk cache is a transparent cache for the memory pages originating from a secondary storage device such as a hard disk drive. The operating system keeps a page cache in otherwise unused portions of the main memory, resulting in quicker access to the contents of cached pages and overall performance improvements. The page cache is implemented by the kernel, and is mostly transparent to applications. Usually, all physical memory not directly allocated to applications is used by the operating system for the page cache. Since the memory would otherwise be idle and is easily reclaimed when applications request it, there is generally no associated performance penalty and the operating system might even report such memory as "free" or "available". The page cache also aids in writing to a disk. Pages in the main memory that have been modified during writing data to disk are marked as "dirty" and have to be flushed to disk before they can be freed. When a file write occurs, the page backing the particular block is looked up. If it is already found in the page cache, the write is done to that page in the main memory. Otherwise, when the write perfectly falls on page size boundaries, the page is not even read from disk, but allocated and immediately marked dirty. Otherwise, the page(s) are fetched from disk and requested modifications are done. Not all cached pages can be written to as program code is often mapped as read-only or copy-on-write; in the latter case, modifications to code will only be visible to the process itself and will not be written to disk. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fsync}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fsync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sync_file_range}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_sync_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syncfs}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sync_filesystem}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wb_workfn}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|address_space}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writepages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/writeback.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page-writeback.c}} : {{w|Page cache}} More : [https://lwn.net/Articles/717953/ The future of DAX ] - direct access bypassing the cache : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-4.html Linux Page Cache in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Zero-copy == 🚀 advanced features Writing data to storage and reading are very resource consuming operations. Copying memory is time and CPU consuming operation too. Set of methods to avoid copying operations is called {{w|zero-copy}}. The goal of zero-copy methods is a fast and efficient data transfer within the system. The first and simplest method is {{w|Pipeline (Unix)|Pipeline}}, invoked by operator "|" in shells. Instead of writing data into temporary file and reading, the data is passed efficiently via a pipe bypassing a storage. The second method is {{w|Tee_(command)|tee}}. ⚲ Syscalls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|tee}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}} ⚲ API and ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_pipe2}} - creates pipe :: uses {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipe_fs_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipefifo_fops}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tee}}- duplicates pipe content :: calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|link_pipe}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sendfile}} - transfers data between file descriptors, the output can be a socket. Used in [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] and servers. :: Calls: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_direct_to_actor}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_copy_file_range}} - transfers data between files :: calls custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfs42_remap_file_range}} :: or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|copy_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|fuse_copy_file_range}} :: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice}} - splices data to/from a pipe. :: There are three cases regarding which end being a pipe: :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_from}} - only input is a pipe :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|iter_file_splice_write}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_write}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_write}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_pipe_buf}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|splice_from_pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__splice_from_pipe}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_to}} - only output is a pipe. :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|generic_file_splice_read}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_read}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_read}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_readv}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_pipe_to_pipe}} - both are pipes : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}}''' ↪ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_pipe}} &ndash; splices user pages to a pipe :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_user}} &ndash; splices a pipe to user pages ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/splice.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/pipe.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/splice.c}} 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|zerocopy_sg_from_iter}} builds a zerocopy skb datagram from an iov_iter. Used in {{The Linux Kernel/id|tap_get_user}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|tun_get_user}}. {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy_iter_dgram}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pipe}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|fifo}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|splice and pipes|filesystems/splice.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Pipes API|filesystems/splice.html#pipes-api}} : {{w|splice (system call)}} : LTP: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe2}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sendfile}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|copy_file_range}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|splice}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|vmsplice}} == Block device layer == The block device layer in Linux provides an abstraction for accessing storage devices, such as and USB drives, by presenting them as a series of fixed-size blocks. It sits between the hardware and the file system, allowing applications and file systems to perform read and write operations efficiently without needing to know the specifics of the underlying hardware. Key components include block drivers, the I/O scheduler, and buffer management, which work together to handle requests, optimize access patterns, and ensure data integrity. This layer supports essential features like caching, partition management, and queueing mechanisms to balance performance and reliability. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/genhd.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bio}} &ndash; main unit of I/O for the block layer and lower layers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|req_op}} &ndash; operations common to the bio and request structures : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_size}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_disk_node}} allocates {{The Linux Kernel/id|gendisk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_disk}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device_operations}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blkdev.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|gendisk}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dev_to_disk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|disk_to_dev}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} &ndash; block devices Driver Model class :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_blkdev}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_queue}} ⚙️ Internals. : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/brd.c}} - small RAM backed block device driver : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} === Device mapper === The ''device mapper'' is a framework provided by the kernel for mapping physical block devices onto higher-level "virtual block devices". It forms the foundation of LVM2, software RAIDs and dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots. Device mapper works by passing data from a virtual block device, which is provided by the device mapper itself, to another block device. Data can be also modified in transition, which is performed, for example, in the case of device mapper providing disk encryption. User space applications that need to create new mapped devices talk to the device mapper via the <code>libdevmapper.so</code> shared library, which in turn issues ioctls to the <code>/dev/mapper/control</code> device node. Functions provided by the device mapper include linear, striped and error ''mappings,'' as well as crypt and multipath ''targets.'' For example, two disks may be concatenated into one logical volume with a pair of ''linear'' mappings, one for each disk. As another example, ''crypt'' target encrypts the data passing through the specified device, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API. The following mapping targets are available: : ''cache'' - allows the creation of hybrid volumes, by using solid-state drives (SSDs) as caches for hard disk drives (HDDs) : ''crypt'' - provides data encryption, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API : ''delay'' - delays reads and/or writes to different devices (used for testing) : ''era'' - behaves in a way similar to the linear target, while it keeps track of blocks that were written to within a user-defined period of time : ''error'' - simulates I/O errors for all mapped blocks (used for testing) : ''flakey'' - simulates periodic unreliable behaviour (used for testing) : ''linear'' - maps a continuous range of blocks onto another block device : ''mirror'' - maps a mirrored logical device, while providing data redundancy : ''multipath'' - supports the mapping of multipathed devices, through usage of their path groups : ''raid'' - offers an interface to the Linux kernel's software RAID driver (md) : ''snapshot'' and ''snapshot-origin'' - used for creation of LVM snapshots, as part of the underlining copy-on-write scheme : ''striped'' - strips the data across physical devices, with the number of stripes and the striping chunk size as parameters : ''zero'' - an equivalent of <code>/dev/zero</code>, all reads return blocks of zeros, and writes are discarded 📚 References : {{w|Device mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device mapper|admin-guide/device-mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device-mapper.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/md}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Device_mapper === Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing === The blk-mq API enhances IO performance by leveraging multiple queues for parallel processing, addressing bottlenecks from traditional single-queue designs. It uses software queues for scheduling, merging, and reordering requests, and hardware queues to interface directly with devices. If hardware resources are limited, requests are temporarily queued for later dispatch. ⚲ Interfaces: : /sys/devices/.../mq/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk-mq.h}} :: Structures: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_hw_ctx}} &ndash; hardware dispatch queue context ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tag_set}} &ndash; shared between request queues :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ops}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tags}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_queue_map}} &ndash; map software queues to hardware queues ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request}} 👁️ Example : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} &ndash; multi-queue aware block test driver ⚙️ Internals : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/hctx* : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ctx}} &ndash; software staging queue context : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.c}} &ndash; block multi-queue core code : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq-tag.c}} &ndash; tag allocation using scalable bitmaps : ... 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} === I/O scheduler === I/O scheduling (or disk scheduling) is the method chosen by the kernel to decide in which order the block I/O operations will be submitted to the storage volumes. I/O scheduling usually has to work with hard disk drives that have long access times for requests placed far away from the current position of the disk head (this operation is called a seek). To minimize the effect this has on system performance, most I/O schedulers implement a variant of the elevator algorithm that reorders the incoming randomly ordered requests so the associated data would be accessed with minimal arm/head movement. The particular I/O scheduler used with certain block device can be switched at run time by modifying the corresponding <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/scheduler</code> file in the sysfs filesystem. Some I/O schedulers also have tunable parameters that can be set through files in <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/iosched/</code>. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ionice}} &ndash; set or get process I/O scheduling class and priority :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ioprio_get}}, ioprio_set : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/elevator.h}} : Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|elv_register}} registers struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_type}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_queue}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/ioprio.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/elevator.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/Kconfig.iosched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/bfq-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/kyber-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/mq-deadline.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/trace/events/block.h}} 📖 References: : {{w|I/O scheduling}} : {{w|Elevator algorithm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|deadline-iosched.html}} : https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/linux-io-scheduler-tuning/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/IOSchedulers === ... === 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Block devices|block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|block/deadline-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kyber I/O scheduler tunables|block/kyber-iosched.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} 📚 Further reading : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/ : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Block_layer : [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/ block devices ML] : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch16.pdf LDD3:Block Drivers] : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch12.html LDD1:Loading Block Drivers] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-the-linux/0596005652/ch14.html ULK3 Chapter 14. Block Device Drivers] : [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/The Linux SCSI Generic (sg) Driver] :: [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/scsi_debug.html Scsi_debug adapter driver for Linux] :: https://github.com/doug-gilbert/sg3_utils == {{w|Computer data storage|Storage}} drivers == 🔧 TODO ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvmem}} &ndash; {{w|Non-volatile memory}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/sdio}} &ndash; {{w|Secure Digital#SDIO cards|Secure Digital Input Output}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/scsi}} &ndash; {{w|SCSI|Small Computer System Interface}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/virtio}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/mtd}} &ndash; {{w|Memory Technology Device}} for 🤖 embedded devices === NVMe === {{w|NVM Express}} drivers provide accesses a computer's {{w|non-volatile storage}}. Local storage is attached via {{w|PCIe|PCI Express}} bus. PCI NVMe device driver entry point is {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}}. Remote storage driver is called target and local {{w|Proxy_pattern|proxy}} driver is called host. {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} connect remote targets with local host. A fabric can be based on {{w|Remote direct memory access|RDMA}}, {{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} or {{w|Fibre Channel}} protocols. ⚲ API: : [https://github.com/linux-nvme/nvme-cli nvme-cli] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/nvme_ioctl.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme.h}} ⚙️ '''Internals:''' : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme}} '''Host''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host}}: ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/nvme.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} initializes a NVMe controller structures {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl}} with operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl_ops}} ::: a subroutine of {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_scan_work}} adds a new disk with {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}} - local PCI nvme module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_probe}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} ... ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_pci_ctrl_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_core_init}} - module init '''Fabrics''' ⚲ interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/fabrics.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_register_transport}} resisters {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init ⚙️ internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_misc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_fops}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_write}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_create_ctrl}} binds {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} '''Target''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target}}: ⚲ Interfaces: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_register_transport}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fabrics_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_init}} - module init : {{The Linux Kernel/id|fcloop_init}} - loopback test module init which can be useful to test NVMe-FC transport interfaces. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! colspan="3" |NVMe over {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Layers</div> !{{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} ![[../Networking#RDMA|RDMA]] !{{w|Fibre Channel}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Host modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_tcp_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_rdma_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_fc_init_module}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Fabrics protocols</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-tcp.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-rdma.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc-driver.h}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Target modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_tcp_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_rdma_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fc_init_module}} |} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_init_module}} nvme loopback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_transport}} - fabrics operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_ctrl}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_io_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_ops}} - target operation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_add_port}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_queue_response}} == ... == 🚀 Advanced : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} &ndash; reports task statistics : /proc/self/io &ndash; I/O statistics for the process (see {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|proc}}) 💾 Historical storage drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/ata}} - {{w|Parallel ATA}} 📖 Further reading about storage : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#storage-and-filesystems-tools bcc/ebpf storage and filesystems tools] {{BookCat}} juqryfobnpeuzbeh6shraksp2hn4zii 0 226986 4632255 4529194 2026-04-25T13:39:48Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632255 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Network functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#dff" |networking |- | bgcolor="#bff" |[[#Sockets|sockets access]] |- | bgcolor="#adf" |[[#Address_families|address families: inet, unix, ...]] |- | bgcolor="#9cd" |[[#Network_storage|network storage]] |- | bgcolor="#8bb" |[[#Protocols|protocols]] |- | bgcolor="#7a9" |[[#Network_device_interfaces|network interfaces]] |- | bgcolor="#798" |[[#Network_drivers|network drivers]] |} Linux kernel network functionality spans from sockets interface through protocols to network cards. ⚲ Shell interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|netstat}} prints network connections, routing tables, interface statistics and other details : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ip}} shows and configures routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ss}} - socket statistics utility == Sockets == ⚲ API: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_socket.h.0p.html sys/socket.h &ndash; main user mode sockets header] Basic common and client side interface: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|socket}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_socket}} creates an endpoint for communication : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|sockaddr}} - abstract socket address : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|connect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_connect}}; : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shutdown}} shuts down part of a full-duplex connection : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|send}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_sendto}} sends a message on a socket : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|recv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_recvfrom}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_recvmsg}} receives a message from a socket Additional server side interface: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|bind}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_bind}} - binds a sockaddr to a socket : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|listen}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_listen}} - listens for connections on a socket : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|accept}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_accept4}} - accepts a connection on a socket ⚙️ Internals : struct '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|socket}}''' @ {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/net.h}} contains :: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|proto_ops}} - abstract protocols interface :: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|sock}} - network layer representation of sockets {{The Linux Kernel/include|net/sock.h}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_socket}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sock_create}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sock_create}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|security_socket_create}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sock_alloc}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|net_proto_family}}->create. :::::: for example {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_create}}. See [[#Address_families|Address families]] for another options. : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_connect}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|move_addr_to_kernel}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|audit_sockaddr}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sys_connect_file}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sock_from_file}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|security_socket_connect}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|proto_ops}}->connect. ::::: for example {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_stream_connect}}. See [[#Protocols|Protocols]] for another options. : {{The Linux Kernel/source|net/socket.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|socket}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/socket.h}} : {{w|Berkeley sockets}} == Network storage == 🚀 advanced topic 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sendfile}}. See also [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Zero-copy between file descriptors]] :{{w|Application layer|Application layer}}: {{w|Network File System}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NFS|filesystems/nfs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_nfs_fs}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfs4_fs_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfs_fs_type}}, :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_nfsd}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfsd_fs_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CIFS|admin-guide/cifs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_cifs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cifs_fs_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smb3_fs_type}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|cifs_smb3_do_mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|target and iSCSI Interfaces Guide|driver-api/target.html}} 📚 Further reading : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux/4.3-network-filesystems-(cifssmb) == Transport and Network == === Names === ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|uname}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sethostname}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gethostname}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setdomainname}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getdomainname}} : ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|utsname}} ⚙️ Details : {{The Linux Kernel/id|utsname}} returns writable pointer to {{The Linux Kernel/id|new_utsname}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|uts_namespace}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|nsproxy}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|current}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CLONE_NEWUTS}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|setns}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/utsname.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|network_namespaces}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|uts_namespaces}} === Address families === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getsockname}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpeername}} : Address Family (AF) <big>domain</big> defines address format and address length <big>socklen_t</big>. : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|inet_ntop}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|inet_pton}} (derive socklen_t from AF) Common AF: {{The Linux Kernel/id|AF_UNIX}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|AF_INET}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|AF_NETLINK}}. ''PF - Protocol Family index ({{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_MAX}}) actually is the same as Address Family index (AF).'' ⚙️ Internals of some AF : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|unix}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_family_ops}} - sockets for local IPC :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|ip}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_family_ops}} - IPv4 :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|netlink}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|netlink_family_ops}} - communication between kernel and user space :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|netlink_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|vsock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vsock_family_ops}} - communication between VM and hypervisor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vsock_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|packet}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|packet_family_ops}} - device level interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|packet_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|bt_sock_family_ops}} - Bluetooth :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bt_sock_create}} Totally there are more than 40 AFs (see {{The Linux Kernel/id|AF_MAX}}) ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sock_register}} - registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|net_proto_family}}. See references to this identifiers to find more than 30 protocol families. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__sock_create}} 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ip-address}} &ndash; protocol address management : {{w|Internet layer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|address_families}} === Protocols === Each Protocol Family (PF, ''same index as Address Family AF'') consists of several protocol implementations. Directory /proc/net contains various files and subdirectories containing information about the networking layer. File /proc/net/protocols lists available and used protocols. In each PF protocols are classified to different types {{The Linux Kernel/id|sock_type}}, for example stream, datagram and raw socket. TCP is type of stream, UDP is type of datagram, raw and ping are type of raw. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|proto_register}} - registers struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|proto}} - protocol implementations: : In {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_init}} initcall, {{The Linux Kernel/id|inetsw_array}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|proto_ops}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|proto}} : :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_stream_ops}} & {{The Linux Kernel/id|tcp_prot}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|tcp_sendmsg}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_dgram_ops}} & {{The Linux Kernel/id|udp_prot}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|udp_sendmsg}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|inet_sockraw_ops}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_prot}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_sendmsg}} ... ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ping_prot}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ping_v4_sendmsg}} ... : In {{The Linux Kernel/id|af_unix_init}} initcall: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_family_ops}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_create}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_stream_ops}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_stream_sendmsg}} ... :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_dgram_ops}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_dgram_sendmsg}} ... :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_seqpacket_ops}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|unix_seqpacket_sendmsg}} ... 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|tcp}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|udp}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|raw}} :[[w:Transport layer|Transport layer]] and [[w:Transmission_Control_Protocol|TCP]] === RDMA === 🚀 advanced topic 🗝️ Acronyms: : IB — {{w|InfiniBand}}, an interconnect standard, competes with {{w|Ethernet}}, {{w|Fibre Channel}} : IPoIB — IP network emulation layer over InfiniBand networks : SRP — {{w|SCSI RDMA Protocol}} : ULP — Upper-layer protocols : iSER — {{w|iSCSI Extensions for RDMA}} ⚲ Interfaces: : https://github.com/linux-rdma/rdma-core : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|rdma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|rdma_cm}} — RDMA communication manager : {{The Linux Kernel/source|include/uapi/rdma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|include/rdma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/infiniband}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/infiniband/ulp}} — Upper-layer protocols :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/infiniband/sw}} — software drivers :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/infiniband/hw}} — hardware device drivers 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|InfiniBand|infiniband}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|InfiniBand and RDMA Interfaces|driver-api/infiniband.html}} == {{w|Netfilter}} == 🚀 advanced topic ⚲ Interface: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ebtables-nft}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|arptables-nft}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|xtables-nft}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|iptables}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ip6tables}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ebtables}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|arptables}} : ipset : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/netfilter.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/netfilter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|net/netfilter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|net/netns/netfilter.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/netfilter}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|net/netfilter}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Netfilter Sysfs variables|networking/netfilter-sysctl.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Netfilter Conntrack Sysfs variables|networking/nf_conntrack-sysctl.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Netfilter’s flowtable infrastructure|networking/nf_flowtable.html}} : {{w|nftables}} : https://wiki.nftables.org/ : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Networking-Packet_filtering == Network device {{w|Network interface|interfaces}} == ⚲ Interfaces : <code>ip -brief link show</code> : <code>ls -l /sys/class/net</code> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_register_netdev}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|net_device}}, net_device_ops : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sk_buff}} socket buffer (skb) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dev_queue_xmit}} queues socket buffers into transmit queue : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/netdevice.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/skbuff.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/net/loopback.c}} - the most famous and simple interface '''lo''' ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|net/core/dev.c}} : function {{The Linux Kernel/id|loopback_xmit}} receives skb and passes it back with {{The Linux Kernel/id|netif_rx}} 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ip-link}} &ndash; network device configuration : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ip-stats}} &ndash; manage and show interface statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|netdevice}} &ndash; low-level access to Linux network devices : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|packet}} &ndash; packet interface on device level : [https://www.coverfire.com/articles/queueing-in-the-linux-network-stack/ Queueing in the Linux Network Stack] 💾 Historical : [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/net/net.html LDP TLK Chapter 10 Networks] == Network drivers== :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/etherdevice.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|netif_rx}} - before NAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_pkt_queue}} : {{w|New_API|NAPI}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/networking/napi NAPI Driver design] :: ⚲ API: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|netif_napi_add}} adds {{The Linux Kernel/id|napi_struct}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|napi_schedule}} - called by an IRQ handler to schedule a poll ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|netif_receive_skb}} - instead netif_rx, finally calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|ip_rcv}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|napi_complete_done}} - called from custom napi->poll() :: ⚙️ Internals: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|net_dev_init}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|net_rx_action}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|napi_poll}} calls custom napi->poll() :: 👁 example ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_intr}} calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|__napi_schedule}} ::: custom napi->poll() {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000e_poll}} calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|napi_complete_done}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|ether_setup}} setups Ethernet network device : 👁 An example of Ethernet driver: {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_probe}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/net}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/net/wireless}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/net/ethernet}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ethtool}} &ndash; query or control network driver and hardware settings : [[w:Data link layer|Data link layer]]: [[w:Ethernet|Ethernet]] : [https://lwn.net/Articles/358910/ GRO - Generic Receive Offload] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Segmentation Offloads|networking/segmentation-offloads.html}} : https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org <hr> 💾 ''Historical'': : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch14.html LDD2:Network Drivers] : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch17.pdf LDD3:Network Drivers] : [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-8.html Kernel Analysis: Networking, 2003] : [https://web.archive.org/web/20111030030517/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/networkoverview network_overview] 📖 Further reading about networking : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Networking interfaces|subsystem-apis.html#networking-interfaces}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Networking|networking}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Networking : https://lartc.org/ &ndash; Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|ip}} &ndash; show / manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|tc}} &ndash; show / manipulate traffic control settings : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#network-and-sockets-tools bcc/ebpf networking tools] : [https://github.com/cilium/cilium eBPF-based Networking, Security, and Observability] : [https://retis.readthedocs.io/ Retis &ndash; tracing packets in the Linux networking stack & friends] {{BookCat}} aem61kc0q5asnz009ycs0z460ir0jx8 0 238420 4632366 4631631 2026-04-25T19:23:16Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Chatbots as Therapists 4632366 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[Image:UVa Rotunda.jpg|thumb|196px|right|The Rotunda at The University of Virginia]] ''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology'' is a guidebook to the realm where technological phenomena and social phenomena intersect. If we think of technology and society as circular domains that overlap, the common domain they share is a [[w:Lens (geometry)|lens]] in shape. Hence the short title of the book, ''Lentis,'' which is Latin for "of [or about] the lens." If the title (with its association with [[w:Lens|lenses]]) also suggests means of viewing, of examining, of magnifying, and of discovering, so much the better. The lens-shaped realm is called the "social interface of technology." The chief authors of ''Lentis'' are students at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science. The authors are engineers representing diverse fields of engineering. As a wikibook, ''Lentis'' will accept contributions from authors and editors all over the world, but the student authors will take particular responsibility to produce a complete, well documented, well written and useful book. This is a student project. Until December 20, 2024, would-be contributors who are not students in the class are asked to consider editing sparingly, but are invited to comment freely on discussion pages, where their suggestions and advice will be welcomed and appreciated. No one's right to edit is in question. ''Lentis'' is intended to serve a general purpose and a specific purpose. The general purpose is to present to interested readers worldwide illuminating cases with practical lessons for those who navigate the dangerous channels of the social interface of technology. The book begins with the premise that success in technological and social endeavors often depends upon the skillful negotiation of sociotechnical factors, where technological techniques alone, or social techniques alone, are insufficient. A second premise is that case studies offer generalizable lessons that can guide people who work where technology and society overlap. They are, in effect, "true fables" that offer "morals" of practical value in diverse endeavors. More specifically, ''Lentis'' is a book written by and for engineers. Here the premise is that engineers by definition are problem solvers whose instruments may include social as well as technological tools, whose work ultimately serves non-engineers, and who must therefore inevitably venture into the social interface of technology, where these non-engineers dwell. Too often, engineers have had to leave this territory to managers, policymakers, clients and others who lack the technical expertise for success in this zone. If engineers can develop the social expertise they need at the social interface of technology, they can lead there. If "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," then those who recover the past can best lead us out of it. In the history of technology countless technological innovations succeeded until they met the social interface, where social phenomena interact with technological phenomena in surprising ways. This book will be a success if it helps engineers anticipate these effects. Most of the chapters in ''Lentis'' are examinations of cases. The authors will attempt to derive practical lessons from these cases; the most valuable lessons will be generalizable. If a lesson is generalizable, it is applicable in cases and situations that may be far removed in time, space or engineering field. A case from American transportation engineering in the 1990s, for example, may have lessons useful to biomedical engineers in 2024. The authors have endeavored to find such lessons in the cases they investigated. Because social theories are also useful navigational aids in the social interface of technology, some chapters examine such theories. The authors have sought not only to explain these theories, but to show how they can be of practical value. == Table of Contents == === '''Preliminaries''' === * [[/Chapters: Active and Candidates/]] === '''Lentis: The Social Interface of Technology''' === ==== Food and Energy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby|Public Health, Sugary Drinks, and the US Beverage Lobby]] * [[/Biofuels Vs. Food in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Politics of Biofuels/]] * [[/Opposition to GMOs in Europe/]] * [[/Patenting of GM Seeds/]] * [[/Corn, Beef and Feedlots/]] * [[/Dakota Access Pipeline/]] * [[/High-Fructose Corn Syrup/]] * [[/The Organic Foods Movement/]] * [[/Local Food as a Case of Disintermediation/]] * [[/Local Food as a Social Movement/]] * [[/Marketing of Natural Foods/]] * [[/Corn Ethanol in the United States/]] * [[/Popular Perceptions of Nuclear Power/]] * [[/Nuclear Meltdown: Is Nuclear Energy Socially Viable Following the 2011 Japanese Earthquake?/]] * [[/Fracking/]] * [[/Wind Energy/]] * [[/Rare Earth Metals/]] * [[/Carbon Offsets/]] * [[/Clean Coal/]] * [[/Food Waste in the United States/]] * [[/Genetically Modified Food Controversy in the United States/]] *[[/Solar Energy Policy in Germany/]] *[[/Peak Oil/]] *[[/U.S. Arctic Oil Mining/]] *[[/How Energy Companies Rebrand Themselves/]] * [[/Gluten-Free: Nutritional Principle or Social Value/]] *[[/Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional and Social Values/]] *[[/Energy from Trash/]] *[[/Life Off the Grid/]] * [[/Soylent/]] * [[/Expansion of Solar Farms in the Rural United States/]] * [[/Urban Farming/]] * [[/Oil Palm Plantations/]] * [[/Golden Rice/]] * [[/Miracle Rice/]] *[[/The Cavendish Banana, Monoculture, and Blight/]] *[[/Atlantic Coast Pipeline/]] * [[/Cooking with Wood Fuel/]] * [[Lentis/Solar Panel Recycling in the United States|Solar Panel Recycling in the United States]] * [[Lentis/Line 3 Pipeline Controversy|Line 3 Pipeline Controversy]] * [[/Data Centers and Energy/]] * [[/Conflicts of Interest in US Nutrition Research/]] </div> ==== Environmental Values and Climate Change ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/8 House|8 House]] * [[Lentis/Plastic Bags|Plastic Bags]] * [[Lentis/Water Bottles|Water Bottles]] * [[Lentis/Competition for Water in California|Competition for Water in California]] * [[Lentis/Green Roofing|Green Roofing]] * [[Lentis/Hypoxic Zones|Hypoxic Zones]] * [[Lentis/Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds|Unnatural Selection: Explaining Strange Pet Breeds]] * [[Lentis/Masdar City|Masdar City]] * [[Lentis/World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector|World Trade as an Invasive Species Vector]] * [[Lentis/Noise pollution|Noise pollution]] * [[Lentis/Ecovillages|Ecovillages]] * [[Lentis/Climate Change Denial|Climate Change Denial]] * [[Lentis/Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest|Lawn Care in America: Intensive Agriculture, No Harvest]] * [[Lentis/Marine Waste|Marine Waste]] * [[Lentis/Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru|Gold, Mercury, and Madre de Dios, Peru]] * [[Lentis/The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019|The Amazon Basin Fires of 2019]] * [[Lentis/Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles|Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles]] * [[Lentis/BedZED|BedZED]] * [[Lentis/Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise|Small Island Countries and Sea Level Rise]] * [[Lentis/Light pollution|Light pollution]] * [[Lentis/The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.|The 2020 Western Wildfire Season in the U.S.]] * [[Lentis/les Zadistes|les Zadistes]] *[[/Flight Shaming/]] *[[/Ecological Implications of Commercial Marine Fishing/]] *[[/Zero-Plastic Retailing/]] *[[/The PFAS Controversy/]] </div> ==== Health and Medicine ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[AI & Medical Imaging]] * [[Antimicrobial Agents in Consumer Products]] * [[Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market]] * [[/Nicotine Addictions/]] * [[/Thinking Small: Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries/]] * [[/Water Supply, Sanitation, and Public Health in Haiti/]] * [[/Fluoridation/]] * [[/Medicine and Disgust/]] * [[/Popular Hygiene: Perceptions and Practices/]] * [[/Bedside Manner in the High-Tech Hospital/]] * [[/Technology and Quality of Life for the Terminally Ill/]] * [[/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy/]] * [[Lentis/Chatbots as Therapists|Chatbots as Therapists]] * [[/Placebos/]] * [[/Baby Formula/]] * [[/Sick Building Syndrome/]] * [[/Football and Concussions/]] * [[/The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States /|The Dietary and Bodybuilding Supplement Industry in the United States]] * [[/Obesity and Diets in Economic Classes in the United States/]] * [[/Steroids and Baseball/]] * [[/Nanotechnology and Health/]] * [[/Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)/]] * [[/Malaria and Mosquito Nets/]] * [[/International Air Travel as a Disease Vector/]] * [[/Social Resistance to Vaccination: Thiomersal and Autism/]] * [[/Religious Opposition to Vaccination/]] * [[/Physician-Assisted Suicide/]] * [[/Power Balance, Magnetic Bracelets and Other Strange Cures/]] * [[/The D.A.R.E. Program/]] * [[/Social Obstacles to Public Health in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Athletes, Superstition, and Performance/]] * [[/Gattaca Revisited/]] * [[/Artificial Wombs/]] * [[/The Weight Loss Industry in the United States/]] * [[/Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics/]] * [[/Vaping/]] * [[/Neuroprosthetics/]] * [[/Detoxing as a Social Phenomenon/]] * [[/Antibiotics in India/]] * [[/Public Health: Fear Appeals vs Self-Efficacy and Social Norms Campaigns/]] * [[/Public Health Responds to Physical Inactivity/]] * [[/Mobility and Access for the Disabled/]] * [[/Power Lines and Public Health/]] * [[/The HPV Vaccine/]] * [[/Medication Overload/]] * [[/The 2020 Pandemic Response in Italy/]] * [[/Healthcare in U.S. Prisons/]] * [[/Antimaskers in the U.S. during the 2020 Pandemic/]] *[[/Pain Scales/]] *[[/Augmented Reality in Medicine/]] *[[/COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution/]] *[[/Chloramination of Drinking Water/]] *[[/Manual Water Collection in Developing Countries/]] *[[/The U.S. Pandemic Response: Influenza, 1918-1919/]] *[[Lentis/Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics|Robotic Pets for Psychosocial Therapeutics]] *[[Lentis/Caffeine Addiction|Caffeine Addiction]] *[[Lentis/The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US|The Cultural Politics of Obesity Drugs in the US]] *[[Lentis/Pharma’s influence in FDA|Pharma’s influence in FDA]] </div> ==== Mobility and Land Use ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Cascadia Earthquake Preparation/]] * [[/Bicyclists in Cities/]] * [[/Drivers’ and Bicyclists’ Perceptions of Each Other/]] * [[/American Automobility and the Car Counter-Culture/]] * [[/Congestion Pricing/]] * [[/Urban Sprawl/]] * [[/Planned Communities/]] * [[/Slugging/]] * [[/Bicycling in the Netherlands/]] * [[/Tata Nano and Mobility in India/]] * [[/How Cars Became Dining Rooms: Drive-Thrus, Cupholders and American Culture/]] * [[/Autonomous Vehicles/]] * [[/The Disappearing American Streetcar/]] * [[/Pedestrians and Walkability in Cities and Suburbs/]] * [[/Real-time Ridesharing/]] * [[/Hitchhiking in the Digital Age /]] * [[/Arcology/]] * [[/Lowriding/]] * [[/California High Speed Rail/]] * [[/Self-Driving Cars/]] * [[/The Future of U.S. Civil Aviation in 1945/]] * [[/Road Rage/]] * [[/The Ogallala Aquifer/]] * [[/Rail in America/]] * [[/The Belt and Road Initiative/]] * [[/Car Dependency in the U.S./]] * [[/Guerrilla Urbanism/]] *[[/The Transformation of Times Square/]] *[[/David Engwicht and Street Reclaiming/]] *[[/Vision Zero/]] *[[/Shared Space and Woonerven/]] *[[/Eyjafjallajökull 2010/]] *[[Lentis/Driving Speed Enforcement|Driving Speed Enforcement]] *[[/E-bikes and Personal Mobility/]] *[[Lentis/Zoning Laws in the United States|Zoning Laws in the United States]] *[[Lentis/Carpooling|Carpooling]] *[[The Politics of Electric Vehicle Subsidies]] *[[Lentis/Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities|Freeway Removal Movements in US Cities]] *[[/New Urbanism/]] </div> ==== Computers and the Internet ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/AI: More Human Than You Think/]] * [[/Antipiracy/]] * [[/Amazon and the Ecommerce Evolution/]] * [[/Compulsive Connectivity/]] * [[/Screen-Free Child Rearing/]] * [[/Crowdsourcing Higher Education/]] * [[/Cryptocurrency/]] * [[/"Data is the new oil"/]] * [[/Deepfakes/]] * [[/Fake Users/]] * [[/Hacker Culture/]] * [[/Human Flesh Search Engine/]] * [[/Social Engineering/]] * [[/Internet Memes/]] * [[/Internet Subcultures/]] * [[/The Open-Source Movement/]] * [[/Electronic Voting/]] * [[/Online Consumer Reviews/]] * [[/Online Dating Scams/]] * [[/Online Shopping/]] * [[/Online Reputation Management/]] * [[/Online Recruitment by Extremist Groups/]] * [[/Peer-to-Peer Media Sharing/]] * [[/Program and High Frequency Trading/]] * [[/Social Networks/]] * [[/Social Media and the Arab Spring/]] * [[/Social Norms in Virtual Worlds/]] * [[/Software Journalism: When Programs Write the News/]] * [[/Street View/]] * [[/Second Life/]] * [[/User-Generated Content in the Internet Age/]] * [[/password1234: Internet Security and Password Culture/]] * [[/Reddit: Anonymity and Social Norms/]] * [[/Wikipedia/]] * [[/Cyber-Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems/]] * [[/Cyberterrorism and Cyberwarfare/]] * [[/Mass Collaboration/]] * [[/Net Neutrality/]] * [[/Mass Control of a Single Gamer/]] * [[/Harmonious Society: Internet Censorship in China/]] * [[/Web Induced Risk Taking/]] * [[/Where It Goes: Electronic Waste and Salvage/]] * [[/Working Conditions at Apple Hardware Factories in China/]] * [[/Facebook Cheating/]] * [[/Intellectual Property in the Internet Age/]] * [[/The Social Psychology of YouTube/]] * [[/Learning from a Distance/]] * [[/Communication Technology and Interpersonal Relationships/]] * [[/Identity Theft/]] * [[/Higher Education Online/]] * [[/The Culture of Instagram/]] * [[/New Media and the United States Presidential Election of 2008/]] * [[/Targeted Advertising/]] * [[/Viral Marketing/]] * [[/Web Tracking/]] * [[/Internet Anonymity/]] * [[/The Culture of Snapchat/]] * [[/Snopes, PolitiFact, and Other Fact-Checking Websites/]] * [[/Twitter and other social networks in the Iranian protests of 2009/]] * [[/The Internet Strategy of White Supremacists/]] * [[/Google Translate|Google Translate]] * [[/The Deep Web/]] * [[/Social Media Mining/]] * [[/Internet Witch Hunts/]] * [[/News Echo Chambers/]] * [[/Featuritis/]] * [[/Content Moderation/]] * [[/Virtual Reality/]] * * [[/Social Media Shaming Campaigns/]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of TikTok|The Geopolitics of TikTok]] * [[/AI Music, Creativity, and Intellectual Property/]] </div> ==== Portable Electronics ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading|Smartphones and Cognitive Offloading]] * [[Cell Phones and Cancer in Britain]] * [[/Driving while Texting/]] * [[/GPS and Driving/]] * [[/Sociology of Texting/]] * [[/The Text Effect/]] * [[/Norms of Handheld Device Use/]] * [[/Happy Slapping/]] * [[/The Walkman Effect/]] * [[/Electronically Enabled Test Cheating/]] * [[/Cell Phones versus Face-to-Face Interaction/]] * [[/Children and Cell Phones/]] * [[/Amazon, E-readers and the Future of the Publishing Industry/]] * [[/Social Aspects of Cell Phone Cameras/]] * [[/Airline Passengers and Portable Electronics/]] * [[/Pokémon Go/]] * [[/Phone Cinematography/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Developing Countries/]] * [[/Wearable Activity Trackers/]] * [[/Handheld Electronics in South Korean Society/]] * [[/The Looking Glass/]] </div> ==== Entertainment and Media ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games/]] * [[/Gambling/]] * [[/Game Addictions/]] * [[/The Psychology and Technology of Game Immersion/]] * [[/The Proliferation of Music Production Capability/]] * [[/Grand Theft Auto: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Doom: Violent Video Games and Controversy/]] * [[/Implementation of Technology in Sports: Historical Successes and Failures, and Modern Discussion/]] * [[/Portrayal of Women in Video Games/]] * [[/Children,Video Games and Obesity/]] * [[/Electronic Sports (eSports)/]] * [[/Electronic Music Popular/]] * [[/From Cronkite to Stewart: TV News during and after Network Hegemony/]] * [[/The Impact of Fans on Technological Innovation in the NFL/]] * [[/Gold Farming/]] * [[/Jackass: Media Driven Risk Propagation/]] * [[/Anti-TV Social Movements/]] * [[/Media Format Wars/]] * [[/Microtransactions in Videogames/]] * [[/Moe Anthropomorphism/]] * [[/Hello Kitty: Identity Crisis, Kawaii Culture, and More/]] * [[/Technology and Conventional Norms of Personal Beauty/]] * [[/Dance Dance Revolution/]] * [[/Super Smash Bros./]] * [[/Twitch/]] * [[/Instant Replay in International Soccer/]] * [[/Among Us: Social Behavior in a Virtual World/]] * [[Lentis/TikTok|TikTok]] </div> ==== Security, Official Violence, Freedom, Privacy ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/JEDI Cloud/]] * [[/Digital Rights Management/]] * [[/Military Industrial Complex/]] * [[/Tasers and Stun Guns/]] * [[/Probation Technology/]] * [[/International Drug Trafficking and Law Enforcement/]] * [[/Air Travel Security/]] * [[/The United States - Mexico Border/]] * [[/Recording Police Activity/]] * [[/Video Surveillance/]] * [[/Shopkeepers and Shoplifters: Technology and the Changing Balance of Power/]] * [[/Cell Phones in Prison/]] * [[/Cell Phone Jamming in the United States/]] * [[/Freedom of Information: WikiLeaks/]] * [[/Playing Games at Work: Employees versus Employers, Surveillance and Stealth/]] * [[/Cyberslacking/]] * [[/Mashups and Remixes: Between Creativity and Theft/]] * [[/Video Surveillance in Great Britain/]] * [[/Technology and Incarceration in the United States/]] * [[/Additive Manufacturing/]] * [[/Law Enforcement Access to Encrypted Data/]] * [[/Amateurs with Drones/]] * [[/Body Cameras/]] * [[/Human Terrain System: Military Meets Cultural Mindfulness/]] * [[/Law Enforcement and Social Media/]] * [[/Cyber-attack Attribution/]] * [[/China’s Social Credit System/]] * [[/Technology in the 2019 Hong Kong Protests/]] * [[/8chan/]] * [[/Lockheed Martin F-35/]] *[[/Capital Punishment in the United States/]] * [[/The Yellow Vests Movement/]] * [[Lentis/The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike|The 2018 U.S. Prison Strike]] * [[Lentis/Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace|Office Productivity in the Changing Workplace]] * [[Lentis/The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine|The Geopolitics of Asymmetric War: The Case of Ukraine]] </div> ==== Systemic Racism in the U.S. ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[/Gentrification/]] * [[/Predictive Policing/]] *[[The Prison-Industrial Complex]] *[[/The War on Drugs/]] *[[Lentis/Algorithmic Bias|Algorithmic Bias]] *[[Lentis/The School to Prison Pipeline|The School to Prison Pipeline]] *[[Lentis/TheHBCURenaissance|The HBCU Renaissance]] </div> ==== Technology and Gender ==== * [[Lentis/Algorithmic_bias_by_gender|Algorithmic Bias by Gender]] ==== History of Technology ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[The Decline of Public Transport in the U.S., 1945-1975]] * [[/The Pill, the Vatican, and American Catholics/]] * [[/Education and the Space Race in the United States/]] * [[/Technology, Organized Crime, and Law Enforcement in the early 20th-Century United States/]] * [[/Disease Prevention in the First World War/]] * [[/Atomic Age Optimism: 1930s - 1960s/]] * [[/Abortion in America as a Sociotechnical Controversy/]] * [[/Phreaking/]] * [[/Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Development of Environmental Values, 1950-1970/]] *[[/The Legacy of the Donora Smog of 1946/]] *[[/COINTELPRO: The FBI, Civil Rights, and Domestic Surveillance/]] </div> ==== Sociotechnical Theories and Movements ==== <div style="column-count:3"> * [[Lentis/Protection Motivation Theory|Protection Motivation Theory]] * [[/The Singularity/]] * [[/Conversion to the Metric Standard in the United States/]] * [[/Disintermediation/]] * [[/Jevons Paradox/]] * [[/Path Dependence/]] * [[/Neoluddism and Technophilia/]] * [[/Emergent Behavior/]] * [[/Free Range Kids/|Free Range Kids: Children's Independent Mobility]] * [[/User Trust/]] * [[/The Panopticon/]] * [[/Planned Obsolescence/]] * [[/Fake News/]] *[[/Iron Triangles in the U.S. Federal Government/]] *[[/Risk Compensation/]] </div> {{BookCat}} {{Shelves|general engineering|Class projects}} {{alphabetical|L}} {{status|100%}} ipq1ynjosjdoks4iy61oguwebovc0e5 0 275159 4632275 3823378 2026-04-25T15:22:15Z Arlo Barnes 381814 /* Copyright Notice */ not non-commercial 4632275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DataScienceLogo.png|150px|right]] <div class="center">Welcome to <br> <big><div style="font-size:200%;margin:.5ex 0 .5ex 0"><span style="color:#0000FF;">'''Data Science: An Introduction'''</span></div></big> <br> Wikibook [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|150px|link=Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]] </div> ---- {{Book Search}} <noinclude>{{Data Science: An Introduction/Navigation}}</noinclude> __NOTOC__ ==Preface== This book is a very basic introduction to data science. It is designed for the advanced high school student or average college freshman with a high school-level understanding of math, science, word processing and spreadsheets. No understanding of computer science is assumed. The main emphasis of this book is to help students think about the world in data science terms. While some elementary data science skills will be taught, the point is not skill development, but rather critical thinking and problem solving development. These are skills that can be successfully applied to all phases of life, not just data science. '''Data science'''--as a profession and as an academic discipline unto itself—is new, having been born in the first decade of the 21st century. It is a child born of the mature parental disciplines of scientific methods, data and software engineering, statistics, and visualization. This book is not intended to do justice to any of those disciplines by themselves, but to bring them together in a productive synthesis. As such, the student will be introduced to the parent disciplines and then given exercises that will fuse the parental disciplines into data science. In addition, "hacking" in the original positive sense of the term, is also a contributing parent to the data science child, even though "hacking" is not taught as an academic discipline. Obviously, a mature data scientist will be proficient in each of the parent disciplines, studying them individually and combining them to solve serious data problems. This text book is but just a first tentative step in that direction. Data science, as practiced today, arises out of the "big data/cloud computing" world and complexity science. This means data science is an advanced discipline, requiring proficiency in parallel processing, map-reduce computing, petabyte-sized noSQL databases, machine learning, advanced statistics and complexity science. In this sense, "true" data science is more appropriately taught at the Master's and Doctorate level. We believe, however, '''that data science is as much about mindset as it is about the skillful use of tools. Thus we want to engage students early in their careers to start thinking holistically about data science'''. This textbook will not address the more advanced technologies and techniques of data science. It will, however, help students to start thinking like a data scientist. In business and government today, data science is performed as teams. We want the students in this class have that experience. Thus, all the homework, assignments, and exercises are designed for teams of 2 to 6 students. We hope the students will have a chance to work with everyone else in the class over the course of the semester. Most data scientists do not get to choose who they work with, but must learn to work with whomever is assigned to their team. We will do most of our data manipulation, computer programming, and statistical analysis in the open source [[Wikipedia:R (programming language)|'''R''']] package. We know that intermediate or advanced students would use other tools such as [[Wikipedia:Mysql|MySQL]], [[Wikipedia:PHP|PHP]], [[Wikipedia:Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Wikipedia:Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Wikipedia:Apache Hadoop|Hadoop]], [[Wikipedia:Hbase|HBase]], [[Wikipedia:AllegroGraph|AllegroGraph]], [[Wikipedia:Apache Mahout|Mahout]], [[Wikipedia:Matlab|MATLAB]], [[Wikipedia:SPSS|SPSS]], [[Wikipedia:SAS (software)|SAS]], etc. For this introduction, however, we are keeping it simple and sticking to just a single general purpose computing environment. Finally, we try to use terms and concepts which are already defined in the [[Wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]], [[Wiktionary:Main Page|Wiktionary]], and [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Wikiversity]]. This way people can refer to the corresponding Wikipedia/Wiktionary page to get a deeper understanding of the concept. ==Stages== In the table of contents on the right side of the page, you will notice there is a little box of four squares. The box indicates the maturity of the chapter. For example, {{stages}} ==Note to Instructors== We have designed this text for a 16-week 3-credit class. That is, a class that has three classroom-hours of instruction for 16 weeks—for example, 48 1-hour class periods. There are 32 chapters, which allows for—averaged over the semester—one day a week for student project presentations, for reviews and help sessions, and for testing. We image that there will be more lecture periods toward the beginning of the semester and more presentation and review days toward the end of the semester. The book also assumes 1 to 2 hours of "homework" per class period, which includes readings, assignments, study, and projects. The book's philosophy is that as much will be learned about data science by doing team homework projects as will be learned during the lectures. In the professional world, data science is a team sport. We designed the difficulty and scope of the homework project for teams. At this level (high school senior or first semester college freshman), it would be difficult for a single individual to complete these assignments alone. We also assume there is a place students can go to get help with the R programming language. ==Note to Contributors== First, please register yourself with Wikibooks (and list yourself below), so that we know who our co-contributors are. Also, please abide by the Wikibooks [[Wikibooks:Editing guideline|Editing Guidelines]], [[Wikibooks:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]], and [[Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines|Policies and Guidelines]]. Thank you. Secondly, we only need basic, clear, straightforward information in each chapter. We are not trying to be exhaustive or complete—the value of this book is in the simple synthesis across subjects. There are other venues in which to wax eloquent on the deepness and complexities of a particular subject. Please place yourself in a "beginner's mind" as you make contributions. Please also scope each chapter so that it can be taught in a one-hour class period. If the chapter requires more than an hour to teach, it is probably too detailed. *To the extent possible, please use terms and concepts in the way in which they are defined in the Wikipedia and Wiktionary. This way students can refer to the corresponding Wikipedia / Wiktionary page to get a deeper understanding of the concept. Thirdly, this is a cross-disciplinary book. We want to help people apply data science to all fields. Therefore, we need a wide variety of simple examples and simple exercises. Fourthly, please adhere to the simple structure of each chapter: Summary of Main Points, Discussion, More Reading, Exercises, and References. We want the More Reading section to link to on-line resources. The References section may contain off-line resources. To start a new page, you should use the wiki markup from '''[[Data Science: An Introduction/Prototype|this prototype page]]'''. Fifthly, as with any Wikibook please feel free to make corrections, expand explanations, and make additions where necessary, even if it is not "your" chapter. Use the discussion page to explain changes that might be controversial. Sixthly, some syntax rules: * Please '''bold''' key terms and phrases the student should learn. * Put the name of functions and code snippets using the 'code' tags: <code><nowiki><code>lm()</code></nowiki></code> * Use in-line links <code><nowiki> [[ ]]</nowiki></code> to the Wikipedia, Wiktionary, WikiCommons, Wikibooks, and other Wikimedia Foundation properties. * Use references (<nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki>) to "external" sources—both on-line and off-line. ** Use the citations templates to make citations : [[Template:Cite book]], [[Template:Cite web]], [[Template:Cite journal]] * When inserting R code into a page, please adhere to Google's R Style Guide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/google-r-style.html |title=R Style Guide |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Google, Inc. |accessdate=6 July 2012}}</ref> * If you want to add an image or graph, you should load it into the [[Commons:Special:UploadWizard|Commons]] rather than uploading into Wikibooks. **If appropriate, add the tag <code><nowiki>{{Created with R}}</nowiki></code>) when you upload the graph. * If using a different package than '''R''' standard packages, put the name of the package in bold in parenthesis after each function : <nowiki><code>MCMCprobit()</code> ('''MCMCpack''')</nowiki> * You can use the third chapter [[Data Science: An Introduction/Definitions of Data|Definitions of Data]] as an example of how to craft a chapter. Finally, thank you so much for volunteering to be part of our our team! ==List of Co-Authors== *[[user:Calvin.Andrus|Calvin Andrus]] *[[user:Jon.cook|Jon Cook]] *[[user:Soody|Suresh Sood]] == See also == See the following Wikibooks for good follow-on texts to this introduction: * The Scientific Method - [[Scientific Method]] * Data Engineering - [[Relational Database Design]], [[Data Structures]], [[SQL]] * Software Engineering - [[The Science of Programming]], [[R Programming]] * Mathematics - [[High School Mathematics Extensions]] * Statistical Analysis - [[Statistics]], [[Statistical Analysis: an Introduction using R|Statistical Analysis: An Introduction Using R]], [[Data Mining Algorithms In R|Data Mining Algorithms in R]] *Visualization - *Hacking - == References == {{reflist}} == Copyright Notice == [[file:cc-by-sa.svg|100px|border|link=Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License]] You are free: * to '''Share''' — to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work (pages from this wiki) * to '''Remix''' — to adapt or make derivative works Under the following conditions: * '''Attribution''' — You must attribute this work to Wikibooks. You may not suggest that Wikibooks, in any way, endorses you or your use of this work. * '''Share Alike''' — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. * '''Waiver''' — Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. * '''Public Domain''' — Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. * '''Other Rights''' — In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: :* Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; :* The author's moral rights; :* Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. * '''Notice''' — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.The best way to do this is with a link to the following web page. ::https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 {{shelves|Computing|Engineering|Mathematics|Science|Social sciences}} {{status|50%}} tmqkdcmwcd390h89rpguax43q6awm9l 0 359870 4632430 4330553 2026-04-25T22:20:11Z ~2026-25415-72 3579163 Slight adjustments to punctuation and phrasing for clarity 4632430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Discourse''''' is a complex communicative unity comprised of a text and extra-linguistic factors, which are necessary to understand a text. Discourse is such a dimension understood as a complex of utterences, which combines the process and the result of speaking (communicative) act. Its inner structure is built on syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between formal elements of the system and defines the pragmatic position of the subject of the utterance, limiting the field of possible text meanings.<ref name="cook">Cook, Guy. The Discourse of Advertising. London: Routledge, 1996. Print.</ref> From the formalistic point of view, discourse is the creation that exceeds the sentence and is compared to complex syntactic unity and text.<ref>Searle, J.R. “What a Speech Act Is?” New in Foreign Linguistics. Iss. 17. Moscow: Progress,1986. 151-170. Print. </ref> Speaking about functionality, discourse is seen as combination of functionally organized and determined by context language usages. Discourse is determined by a situation it appeares in. Discourse as the situational phenomenon includes a set of social, cultural, and pragmatical factors, which are out of linguistics, but they do influence the process of speaking.<ref name="Austin" /> ==Levels of language== M.A.K.Halliday in his work ''An Introduction to Functional Grammar'' <ref>Halliday, M. A. K., and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) London: Arnold, 2004. Print.</ref> presents the concept of the notion of pragmatics. Halliday divides a language into Extralinguistic and Linguistic levels. The Extralinguistic levels include the Context of Culture, which shapes the meanings of any interaction in social practices, and the Context of Situation, which gives substance to the words and grammatical patterns produced by speakers or writers. These two contexts are realised on the Linguistic levels, which are divided into two levels: the Content level and the Expression level. The Content level is further divided into Semantics and Lexicogrammar. These are further realised on the Expression level, which includes the Phonology (in speaking), Gestures (in signed languages) and Graphology (in writing). [[File:Levels of language (according to M.A.K. Halliday).jpg|thumb|Levels of language (according to M.A.K. Halliday)]] ==Genres of discourse== Teun Van Dijk writes that the term "discourse" is used to refer to different genres, "political discourse", "scientific discourse", "news discourse" <ref>Dijk, Teun Van. Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: Sage, 1998. Print.</ref>. He added that the known types of text added a new genre that "fills the space newspapers and screen - active and persuasive advertising." The advertising discourse is a kind of institutional discourse. Guy Gook identifies two main types of discourse, <u>personal</u>, or self-centered, and <u>institutional</u> <ref name="cook" />. In the first case, the speaker acts as a person, with all the individual characteristics of the world-view, the second - as a representative of a particular social institution. <u>Institutional discourse</u> is a set of communication which is based on the status and the role within the society or institution. A stereotype is an essential feature that helps to distinguish institutional discourse from personal. Institutional discourse is based on two important elements: the purpose and participants of communication<ref name="mey">Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics: An Introduction (2nd ed.) Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.</ref>. The purpose of advertising communication is not only to attract the attention of the audience, but also to encourage the greatest part of it to action. ==Communicative roles in discourse== Major participants in institutional discourse are social institution members (agents) and people who address them (clients). Communicative roles are cliches within the institutional discourse; they are the key to understanding the whole system of relations in the particular situation. They help to clearly distinguish the range of duties and rights (original rules), which will be later interpreted as the basic elements for pragmatic text. ==Pragmatics== '''Pragmatics''' is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intention|intent of the speaker, and other factors.<ref name="mey" /> The basic idea of ​​pragmatics is language that can be understood and explained only in the broader context of its usage. The concept is a basic operation in the pragmatic approach to language. Pragmatics studies all the conditions under which people use language signs. By the conditions the adequate selection and usage elf language units in order to achieve the goals of communication are understood. J.L. Austin, analysing the impact on the members of the communication act during speech activity, came to the conclusion that pragmatics is a branch of semiotics, which studied the linguistic sign in broadcasting, including the complex issues related to the speaker, the addressee and their interaction in the communication process and the situation of communication.<ref name="Austin">Austin, J.L. “The Meaning of a Word.” Philosophical Papers by J.L. Austin. Ed. J.O. Urmson and G.J. Warnock. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. 23-43. Print.</ref> ==Advertising discourse== Advertising discourse is "pragmatic discourse" because it actualises particular communication strategies. These strategies are implemented within the speech act, which is the basis for the exchange of information between participants of communication. The theory of speech acts is associated primarily with the name of John Langshaw Austin, who drew attention to the fact that the intonation of the utterance may be not only a message which contains some information, but also it may include some other actions, for example, request, advice, or warning. Within the theory of linguistic philosophy of Austin and Searle there was an attempt to proposed the distinction of <u>locution</u> (the act of speech,) <u>illocution</u> (the realisation of any communicative act in the process of speaking,) and <u>perlocution</u> (impact on feelings, thoughts and actions of others and getting results.)<ref name="Austin" /> When the participants of the communicative act interact two processes happen simultaneously - locution and illocution. The utterance is being pronounced and the utterance is being heard. A number of issues that pragmatics studies are relevant to promotional activities, which implies the impact on the recipient. Each ad text is designed for a perlocution effect. The pragmatic orientation of any advertising text is to provoke the recipient to act. The effectiveness of communication by means of advertising lies in how successful was the impact on the recipient of the information. N.D. Arutyunova analysing the recipient factor in the speech act, points out the relation between the pragmatic speech act, the speaker, and the communicative situation itself. All these factors influence the way the recipient decodes the message. So-called agreement between all the elements of the communicative act ensures adequate communication where the message of a speaker is properly decoded by a receiver of the message. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} nvuhdbghhmac0r09i0s8kk9c0xvupwm 0 376488 4632436 4385359 2026-04-25T23:24:11Z ~2026-25314-69 3579175 4632436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{deleteprintable}} {{deleteprintable}} 5s2sqadj1h74x2ptsfps0wrp60w9wx4 0 396198 4632307 4585262 2026-04-25T17:11:42Z ~2026-15639-73 3567562 4632307 wikitext text/x-wiki This page will be talking about number units that are greater or equal to one. ==Countable numbers== Zero: 0 One: 1 Two: 2 Three: 3 Four: 4 Five: 5 Six: 6 Seven: 7 Eight: 8 Nine: 9 Ten: 10 Hundred: 100 Thousand: 1,000 =="Uncountable" numbers== Million: 1,000,000 Billion: 1,000,000,000 Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000 Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000 Quintillion: 10^18 Sextillion: 10^21 Septillion: 10^24 Octillion: 10^27 Nonillion: 10^30 Decillion: 10^33 Undecillion: 10^36 Duodecillion: 10^39 Tredecillion: 10^42 Quattuordecillion: 10^45 Quindecillion: 10^48 Lcillion: 10^50 Sexdecillion: 10^51 Septendecillion: 10^54 Octodecillion: 10^57 Novemdecillion: 10^60 Vigintillion: 10^63 Unvigintillion: 10^66 Duovigintillion: 10^69 Trevigintillion: 10^72 Quattuorvigintillion: 10^75 Quinvigintillion: 10^78 Sexvigintillion: 10^81 Septenvigintillion: 10^84 Octovigintillion: 10^87 Novemvigintillion: 10^90 Trigintillion: 10^93 Googol: 10^100 Gargoogol: 10^200 Centillion: 10^303 Faxul: 200! Googolchime: 10^1,000 Millillion: 10^3,003 Googoltoll: 10^10,000 Marioplex: 10^12,431 Myrillion: 10^30,003 =="Unwritable" numbers== Maximusmillion: 10^1,000,000 Micrillion: 10^3,000,003 Maximusbillion: 10^1,000,000,000 Trialogue: 10^10,000,000,000 Googolplex: 10^10^100 Googolbang: (10^100)! Kilofaxul: (200!)! Killillion: 10^10^3,000 ==Class 4 numbers== Megillion: 10^10^3,000,003 Tetralogue: 10^10^10,000,000,000 Dakillion: 10^10^10^30 Ikillion: 10^10^10^60 Trakillion: 10^10^10^90 Googolplexian: 10^10^10^100 Tekillion: 10^10^10^120 Pekillion: 10^10^10^150 Exakillion: 10^10^10^180 Zakillion: 10^10^10^210 Yokillion: 10^10^10^240 Nekillion: 10^10^10^270 Hotillion: 10^10^10^300 Fzgoogolplex: (10^10^100)^(10^10^100) Megafaxul: ((200!)!)! Kalillion: 10^10^10^3,000 ==Class 5 numbers== Pentalogue: 10^10^10^10,000,000,000 Googoltriplex: 10^10^10^10^100 Hepillion: 10^10^10^10^3,000 Hexalogue: 10^^6 Googolquadriplex: 10^10^10^10^10^100 Gigafaxul: (((200!)!)!)! Hapaxillion: E3,000#5 Heptalogue: 10^^7 Googolquintiplex: 10^10^10^10^10^10^100 Redillion: E3,000#6 Octalogue: 10^^8 Googolsextiplex: E100#7 Fortchillion: E3,000#7 Ennalogue: 10^^9 Googolseptiplex: E100#8 Txillion: E3,000#8 Decker: 10^^10 Googoloctiplex: E100#9 Bodyillion: E3,000#9 Googolnoniplex: E100#10 Cacicillion: E3,000#10 Googoldeciplex: E100#11 Tintrillion: E3,000#11 Giggol: 10^^100 Mega: approx 10^^258 Giggolplex: 10^^10^^100 Giggolduplex: 10^^10^^10^^100 Catillion: 10^(10^9#10^9) Gaggol: 10^^^100 Folksman number: 2^^^2^901 Grahal: 3^^^^3 Geegol: 10^^^^100 Graham Grahal: 3(Grahal amount of ^s)3 Graham’s number: g64 Forcal: g1000000 Force Forcal: g(g1000000) Big Boowa: {3,3,3/2} BIGG: 200? Rayo’s Number: basically infinity Infinity: infinity ==Class 6 numbers== <math>\text{Little Graham} \approx F^{7}(12)</math> <math>\text{Gooftol} = \{10,100(1)1,2\}</math> ==More== Go to [[/Googology/]] for more. {{BookCat}} gto4r3ktn7thn6pwuzqmhdttz1ac02q 0 405998 4632550 4431917 2026-04-26T11:46:34Z ~2026-25426-27 3579289 Add 1934 Broadcaster Eric Donald transcription 4632550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==6ML Perth - Transcriptions and notes== ===1890s=== ====1899==== <blockquote>'''A high-class concert''' was given last evening at the Egan-street Wesley Church as a preliminary source of revenue in connection with the Rainbow Festival to take place shortly in Kalgoorlie. There was a fairly large attendance. A choice programme was presented, the contributors being all more or less well known here for their abilities as performers of music. The vocal section included numbers by Miss Teresa Maher, Miss Alice Maher, Miss Ida Browning, and Miss Alice Coulter. Miss Maher's renderings of "The Toilers" and "The Fire-side," also of "Pierrot," which was one of her encore numbers, were in that talented young lady's best style, and were accordingly much enjoyed. Miss Mather's items "Ben Bolt" and "The Gift" secured for the popular young contralto very hearty receptions, while the songs " Asthore," by Miss Coulter and "Life's Lullaby" by Miss Browning secured for the vocalists deserved applause. Mr Leslie Harris contributed one of the gems of the evening, a violin solo "Mazurka" (Wieniawski), to which Mr H. N. Clare played the pianoforte accompaniment. It was a performance of a highly meritorious character and inspired a strong wish that Mr Harris' playing may be frequently heard in Kalgoorlie in the future. The applause that greeted the number was very hearty, and continued till the violinist reappeared and supplemented his original performance. Mr Walter Ruse, whose fine voice was in good order, sang "The Yeoman's Wedding" and "Alia Stella Confidante," having the advantage of a violin obligato played by Mr Harris for the latter number. Encore recalls were his fate too. Mr J. Todd gave "The Bedouin Love Song" in good style, and Mr Fred Eddy helped to make up the bill by conscientious renderings of "Conquered" and "Anchored." The concert was opened with a clever pianoforte duet by Misses E. James and L. Tonkin. The pianoforte accompaniments were given by Miss Tippet, and Messrs H. N. Clare and '''Mandeville Musgrove''' and were throughout of a high order of merit. Mr Musgrove also introduced the second half of the programme with a much appreciated pianoforte selection.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88329394 |title=ITEMS OF NEWS. |newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |volume=4, |issue=1165 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1899 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE ENLISTED.''' The undermentioned are the names of those already enlisted as members of the Western Australian Mounted Infantry for service in South Africa. The names are subject to alteration, as they will not be finally approved until shortly before the departure of the unit from the colony:— . . . 47. '''Mandeville Musgrove''', 27 years (Eng.), railway employe, served three years in 20th Hussars.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83058721 |title=THE ENLISTED. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XVII, |issue=7,627 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1899 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1900s=== ====1900==== ====1901==== ====1902==== ====1903==== ====1904==== ====1905==== <blockquote>'''MARRIAGES.''' MUSGROVE-MATTHEWS.— On September 27, at St. Paul's, South Fremantle, by the Rev. A. L. Marshall, '''Mandeville''', son of John Musgrove Musgrove, of Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, to Marjory, daughter of the late William Matthews, of Adelaide, S.A. S.A. papers please copy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article25525433 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXI, |issue=6,103 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1905 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1906==== ====1907==== ====1908==== ====1909==== <blockquote>'''CHARITY CONCERT.''' A decided novelty was billed for Victoria Park last night, when the auxetophone, a mamoth gramophone, was at work, the accompaniments to the songs being played on the Themodist pianola. The effect was marred by the heavy wind blowing, but sufficient was shown to display the merit of the powerful song reproducer and with the accompaniments was most lifelike. '''Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove''' played the accompaniments. At intervals the band gave some choice selections, and the concert apart from weather conditions was most enjoyable, and should result in a fine addition to the funds of the league.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article202928531 |title=CHARITY CONCERT. |newspaper=[[The Evening Star]] |volume=12, |issue=3390 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1909 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1910s=== ====1910==== ====1911==== ====1912==== ====1913==== <blockquote>'''ENTERTAINMENTS. . . PIANOLA RECITAL.''' Nicholson's held one of their popular invitation recitals in their well-appointed and artistic piano salon on Saturday night, in the presence of a large and markedly appreciative audience. The programme consisted of selections on the pianola — the piano was a Bechstein Boudoir Grand — and vocal items by Mr. Harold Devenish and Miss Madge Scott. '''Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove''', the firm's manager, presided at the pianola and also played the accompaniments on the same instrument. Many of the audience afterwards took the opportunity to personally thank Mr. Musgrove, as representing the firm, for the enjoyable evening which had been provided. The management are arranging for a gramophone recital on July 5, and another pianolo recital on July 19. The programme on Saturday night was as follows:— Prologue Pagliacci (Leoncavallo), the pianola; Callirhoe Air de Ballet, No. 4 (Charminade), the pianola; songs (a), "Molly's Eyes" (Hawley), (b) "To Anthea" (Hatton), Mr. Harold Devenish; variations on a German Air (Chopin), the pianola; ballad, "Thine Eyes so Blue and Tender" (Lassen), Miss Madge Scott; Sonata, op. 27, No. 2 (Moonlight) (Beethoven), the pianola; song, "Sands o' Dee" (Clay), Mr. Devenish; Liebeswalzer, op. 57, No. 5 (Moszkowski), the pianola; song, "Gleaner's Slumber Song" (Walthew), Miss Scott; Rhapsodie Hongroise No. 12 (Liszt), the pianola.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26877741 |title=ENTERTAINMENTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXIX, |issue=3,492 |location=Western Australia |date=23 June 1913 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1914==== ====1915==== ====1916==== <blockquote>'''POSTAL AND MILITARY APPOINTMENTS.''' MELBOURNE, Saturday. The following notices appear in the "Commonwealth Gazette":— . . . Reserve Forces: Members of rifle clubs to be lieutenants temporarily (for duration of war), Sinclair James McGibbon, Harry George Jeffreson, Hugh Oldham, Walter Richardson, '''Mandeville Doyly Musgrove'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58020274 |title=POSTAL AND MILITARY APPOINTMENTS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=987 |location=Western Australia |date=3 December 1916 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1917==== ====1918==== ====1919==== ===1920s=== ====1920==== ====1921==== ====1922==== ====1923==== =====1923 01===== =====1923 02===== =====1923 03===== =====1923 04===== =====1923 05===== =====1923 06===== =====1923 07===== =====1923 08===== =====1923 09===== =====1923 10===== =====1923 11===== <blockquote>'''NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED.''' The following new companies were registered at the Supreme Court during the past week:— The Metropolitan Agency, Limited; registered office, Harper's Buildings, Howard-street, Perth; capital, £1000 in £1 shares. '''Musgrove's, Limited'''; registered office, 92 William-street, Perth; capital, £25,000, in £1 shares. Ventura Motors, Limited; registered office, 873a Hay-street, Perth; capital, £30,000 in £1 shares. Commonwealth Company: Australian National Products, Limited (incorporated in N.S.W.); registered office, Perpetual Trustee Buildings, St. George's-terrace, Perth; John Morrison, attorney.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58076690 |title=NEW COMPANIES REGISTERED |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1349 |location=Western Australia |date=18 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=14 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Changes in Musical Circles.—''' At the invitation of the directors, the shareholders and members of the staff of Nicholson's, Ltd., met at the firm's warehouse in Barrack-street, Thursday afternoon, to say goodbye to Messrs. '''M. D. Musgrove''', A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, who are leaving the company's service in order to start business on their own account. Mr. Stodart in presenting to the gentlemen mentioned cheques and other mementos on behalf of the firm, in appreciation of its goodwill and kindly feel-ings towards them, expressed regret at having lost their services, but commended their enterprise in having decided to embark on a business of their own. He felt sure that the training which they had received in the house of Nicholson's would stand them in good stead, and that they would carry with them the traditions of the firm, to serve as a guiding star in their new venture. Mr. Stodart assured them that he would do all in his power to assist them, and he welcomed the friendly rivalry which would result from the establishment of the new enterprise. Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Scott, and Kingston suitably responded, and were subsequently the recipients of handsome presents from the members of the staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78321844 |title=The Daily News. PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 34, 1923. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,163 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''GENERAL NEWS. . . .''' There was a large gathering of shareholders and employees at Nicholson's music warehouse on Thursday afternoon, the occasion being a valedictory to Messrs. '''M. D. Musgrove''', A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, who are retiring from the firm's employment to commence a business of their own. Mr. Stodart, on behalf of the directors, presented the retiring employees with cheques and suitable mementos, which, he said, were intended to be a slight expression of the firm's appreciation of their long and faithful services and an earnest of the directors' goodwill and kindly feelings towards them. He hoped that they would carry the traditions of the house with them to their new enterprise and prophesied that the friendly rivalry which would hereafter exist be-tween them — and which he welcomed — would stimulate all to put forward their best efforts to advance, and improve their respective businesses. Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Scott and Kingston expressed their thanks and were subsequently presented with handsome souvenirs by the members of the staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31201378 |title=GENERAL NEWS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=6,709 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1923 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1923 12===== <blockquote>'''MIRRORGRAMS. Sparks, Snaps and Silhouettes. (BY OUR OWN RADIOLOGIST.)''' . . . Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, who used to entertain summer strollers in Claremont with the latest "hits" per medium of front lawn broadcasting concerts, is striking out on his own in the musical world under the dubbing of Musgrove's Ltd. Many associate the new concern with Nicholson's but there is definitely no connection between the old and the new, each being a separate and independent enterprise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77759898 |title=MIRROR GRAMS. |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |issue=122 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. THE HOUSE FOR PIANOS.''' "There is no truer truth obtainable By man than comes of music." Thus the poet's words — thus all poets in varying harmonies of phrase. What music is to the home and social circle the individual person feels within the range of his or her experience; but what it is to the community, perhaps, is fully grasped only by those whose part it is to satisfy the urgent need of the people to be moved by concord of sweet sounds. How great this want is none is better able to appreciate than the members of the firm of Musgrove's Ltd. For more than twenty years they have been associated in studying this need, in assessing the high quality of the musical taste of the public, and in combining their experience and professional qualifications to the satisfaction of it. The names of the members of the firm, consisting of Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, managing director, Mr. A. T. Gray, Mr. F. C. Kingston, and Mr. R. D. Scott, are household words in musical circles. In order to give their experience wider scope and to introduce to the Western public a greater range of instruments of the highest class, they have combined to launch the firm of Musgrove's Ltd., which they are determined shall, from its inception, be recognised as the House of Quality in the local musical world. Under Mr. Musgrove, as managing director, the various departments are co-ordinated, but each is in charge of an expert. Mr. Gray is responsible for pianos and player pianos, and he has signalised the birth of the firm by securing the exclusive agency for instruments of such quality as the Cable, Schiedmayer, Orpheus, and Allison pianos, each of them possessing individual features that will make varying appeals to different people, but all uniting in the possession of the qualities of strength and beauty of construction and exceptional tone values, qualities whose appeal is universal. Besides these pianos, for which the firm has the exclusive agency, other well-known makes will be stocked. The phonograph and the musical instruments departments are under the direction of Messrs. F. C. Kingston and Mr. R. D. Scott, respectively, which fact guarantees the high standard that will be maintained in each. The firm, after very careful consideration of many makes of talking machines, decided to accept the exclusive agency for the Brunswick phonograph and records. This instrument is well described as "all phonographs in one," possessing, as it does, the best characteristics of other makes, whilst being distinguished by three features entirely its own, namely, the Brunswick Altona reproducer, which plays all records at their best — a turn of the hand adapts it to any make of record. The Brunswick all-wood oval tone amplifier, a valuable aid to perfect tone reproduction; the Brunswick record-filing system with convenient arrangement of drawers for filing records. These exclusive attributes of the Brunswick lift it into a class by itself. To music lovers all instruments under the skilled and sympathetic touch of the artist give delight. But there is one which, if the product of first class constructors, makes an irresistible appeal to the senses. This is the violin. It is, therefore, not matter for surprise that Mr. R. D. Scott is resolved that whilst only various instruments of the highest grade shall be stocked in his department, special attention will be devoted to violins to secure that the demands for quality of the music loving public, and the insistence upon perfection in these instruments by convents, schools and the profession, shall be satisfied to the full. The extreme care which the firm has given to the selection of the instruments that are stocked is manifest also in the design and decoration of the House for Pianos at 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall. To the perfect enjoyment of music every sense must be in harmony. Recognising this, the decoration of the show rooms was entrusted to the artistic supervision of Mr. W. A. Ramage, with results that Musgrove's Ltd. confidently leave to the discriminating judgment of the wide circle of friends that the members of the firm have made among the public of the Stale over many years. The ground floor is devoted to pianos, and every facility is provided among artistic surroundings to test and appreciate the superior stocks of these instruments. On the first floor are housed the phonograph and musical instruments departments, and here, too, a meticulous artistry and careful attention to the comfort and convenience of customers are evident, whilst audition rooms of the most modem design ensure that the Brunswick records of songs and instrumental and dance music by artistes in the highest ranks of the profession shall be heard under the most perfect conditions. The reputation of the firm's personnel is so long and firmly established among music lovers in the State that the names of Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Kingston, and Scott have only to be mentioned to guarantee that the claim of Musgrove's Ltd. that theirs is and will continue to be the House of Quality in all that pertains to music in the musical world of the State will be fulfilled in every respect. The best musical instruments in their particular classes may be purchased for cash or on terms at prices which are an assurance that the public will get the advantage of the wide experience of members of the firm in selection and purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82562419 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLII, |issue=15,182 |location=Western Australia |date=17 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"Music Hath Charms!" Musgrove's Ltd. Sets Out to Prove It.''' Right down through the centuries, through all the records of history and tradition, music has held its place in the lives and hearts of men. Its soothing influence, its inspiration, its power of bringing out the very best that is in man, has long been recognised, till it seems a world without music would be a very dull place indeed. The pages of mythology chronicle the story of Orpheus, whose lute "drew stocks and stones and trees," and though nowadays the said late Mr. Orpheus would cut about as much ice as the irrepressible snake charmer, music still reigns undisputed Queen of our feelings and emotions. '''UNACCUSTOMED SOUNDS.''' The members of "The Call" staff are not at any time impressionable people, but for the last few days we've been loth to click out a noisy typewriter and thus drown the unaccustomed sounds of music floating through our windows. The source was not difficult to discover, for Musgrove's Ltd., have just opened their new premises in William-street. Human nature craves for the soothing touch of music, and from twenty years experience of this need Messrs. Musgrove, Gray, Kingston and Scott, who are fostering the new firm, are well fitted to sate that thirst. All of the quartette, well known from their association with the Western musical world, have combined in their new premises to provide for music-lovers not only instruments of the highest class, but also to give clients the benefit of their experience and musical taste. Mr. A. T. Gray, who has individual charge of the pianoforte section, has secured the exclusive agencies of the Cable, Allison, Orpheus, and Schiedmayer pianos, instruments that reach the apex of beauty and tonal excellence in their class. Other well known makes are, of course, also stocked. The Brunswick phonograph is to be the arc light of Mr. F. C. Kingston's department. This magnificent instrument possesses three distinctive features — the Altona reproducer, an all-wood tone amplifier and a record-filing system. Added to its other superb qualities this trio of innovations proves the judgment of the firm in securing the exclusive agency of such a high class make. '''GLORIES OF HARMONY.''' While the piano thrills as a master breathes life into the keys, and a phonograph makes possible the universal "broadcasting" of the world's orchestras and vocalists, they are both surpassed in pure beauty of tone and glorious melody by the throbbing responsive notes of a violin as a skilled performer portrays his very soul through the artistry of the bow and strings. The violin department has been entrusted to Mr. R. D. Scott, whose pride in his section bans all inferior makes. He is determined that schools, music teachers and professional performers will be well attended to at Musgrove's. As an appropriate setting to their fine range of musical ware Musgrove's Ltd., have had their premises artistically decorated, attention being given to the acoustic properties of the audition rooms and the securing of the right musical atmosphere. Musgrove's claim that theirs is the House of Quality, and with four such names to back it up their claim does not seem the least exaggerated. Perthites are keen music-lovers, and they will find that their wants will be always attended to at Musgrove's, Ltd., 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210900665 |title="Music Hath Charms!" |newspaper=[[Call]] |issue=495 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE CHARM OF MUSIC. The Place for Pianos.''' "He that hath no music in himself, nor is not moved by the concord of sweet sounds, is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils . . . let not such men be trusted." So said wise old Shakespeare, with a truth that will always live. Probably it is music, and not love, that makes the world go round "the music of the spheres," as Shakespeare said elsewhere. It is quite certain that music influences people very greatly, and a musical instrument in the house will mean many happy evenings. For that musical instrument be sure to try Musgroves Ltd., of 92 William-street, opposite Queen's Hall, which is controlled by men so well known in musical circles as Messrs. M. D'O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, F. C. Kingston, and R. D. Scott. This firm has a fine show of pianos and Player pianos, and besides many well-known makes, have the exclusive agency for such excellent instruments as the Cable, Schiedmayer, Orpheus, and Allison pianos. Most interesting in the well-fitted phonograph and musical instrument department is the Brunswick phonograph, for which Musgroves are sole agents. This instrument has the Altone reproducer, which gives perfect tone reproduction and an excellent record filing system. Violins of the highest quality are also stacked. Audition rooms, artistically and comfortably furnished, which allow customers to listen to any record or musical instrument with the greatest possible pleasure, are installed. The firm's building is well worthy of a visit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58070575 |title=THE CHARM OF MUSIC |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1354 |location=Western Australia |date=23 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=14 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A NEW STAR. In the Firmament of Music and Melody. The Advent of Musgrove's Ltd.''' Perth bids fair to become well-known as the city of music. Taking it by and large, its music houses are by a long way the most attractively set out of its great variety of supply stores. That it has so many of them in a prosperous condition is a compliment to the intellectual status of its citizens. There is always some saving grace about the music lover, even if he be a lover of ragtime stuff. So into this firmament of harmoniously arranged semi-quavers, quavers, and crotchets, has lately swum a new star. It has taken up its position at 92 William-street, and the name over doorway is "Musgroves, Ltd. The House for Pianos." The members of this new musical firm, Mr. D'O. Musgrove, managing director, Mr. A. T. Gray, Mr. F. C. Kingston, and Mr. R. D. Scott, have been known to the various musical public of Perth for a number of years. For there are various musical publics. The piano public will have none of the gramaphone public, and the classical ivory tickler looks with scorn upon the one who works the pedals of the mechanical player-piano. And there are others. Each has its own love, and Musgrove is out to cater for all sections. Quality and efficiency is to be the motto of the new firm, and the large range of high-class pianos and players is under the direct supervision of the expert, Mr. Gray, long recognised as one of the foremost piano men in the State. The exclusive agency for such favored instruments as Allison Schiedmayer, Cable, and Orpheus instruments should direct the public eye to a large extent in the direction of the new establishment. Mr. F. C. Kingston has charge of the phonograph section, which includes the exclusive agency for Brunswick machines, a talking instrument which is making an excellent impression among those who like their music in cabinet form. It is said to be "all phonographs in one," containing as it does all the best features of other machines as well as some exclusive features of its own. The musical instruments department as distinct from ivory keys, and mica diaphrams is directed by Mr. R. D. Scott, and the violin is to be given high place in the new emporium. Mr. R. D. Scott knows a good violin, and he knows a good violin is liked by all music lovers. Therefore none but instruments of the highest quality in the various grades will be found within the doors of Musgroves, Ltd. A great deal of trouble has been gone to to make the interior decorations of the premises acceptable to the aesthetic minds of music buyers, and it must be said that Mr. W. A. Ramage in this respect has been most successful. The comfort of customers has been well catered for, and with all the advantages the new musical palace is is bringing to bear, its name as the "House of Quality" should soon be on every tongue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210487350 |title=A NEW STAR |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1061 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1923 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1924==== =====1924 01===== <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week. Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-in Lyrics. Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge. RADIOGRAMS. By LONG WAVE.''' . . . Some months ago it was rumored that '''Messrs. Nicholson's, Ltd.''', were going to broadcast, but from information to hand it was thought that, owing to the large iron tank on the top of the warehouse of D. and W. Murray, Ltd., absorbing most of the radiation, the project would have to be abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58071416 |title=Wireless Week by Week Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics[?] Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge RADIOGRAMS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1358 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1924 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 02===== =====1924 03===== =====1924 04===== =====1924 05===== =====1924 06===== <blockquote>'''Port Paragraphs CAUSTIC COMMENTS — ON AFFAIRS AT FREMANTLE.''' . . . The Fremantle Bowling Club tendered a complimentary social to Mr. J. A. Gustafson (singes champion of Australia), and the club rooms were well filled with an enthusiastic gathering of members and visitors. A meritorious musical programme, arranged by Mr. Digby Beard, was thoroughly enjoyed, and Mr. M. D. O'Musgrove at the piano added greatly to the excellence of the numbers rendered. Felicitous speeches, admirable in their brevity and wit, combined with a dainty repast, completed a festival which will long be remembered.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58053646 |title=Port Paragraphs |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1379 |location=Western Australia |date=15 June 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''CITY IMPROVEMENTS.''' The majority of the people engaged in occupation in one portion of the city know very little in regard to what is taking place in other parts and have no idea of the extent of money that is being expended in building and improvements in Perth at the present time. During the week I had a chat with the Town Clerk (Mr. Bold), and the Acting City Building Surveyor (Mr. A. E. Horner), and on reference to the records found that the following buildings and works have just been completed, are nearing completion, or are in course of construction:— W.A. Trustee and Agency Co., £39,000; Winterbottom's Ltd., £36,000; Swan Brewery, £29,000; Aliance Insurance Co., £20,000; Y.A.L., £17,000; Queen's Hall, £18,000; Hyem, Hester (Hay and George streets), £18,000; W.A. T.C., £16,000; Diocesan Flats (Mount-street), £15,000; Shaftesbury Theatre, £10,000; H. V. McKay, £9,600; Falk and Co., £7,000; Druids' Hall. £6.700; Broadhurst and Co., £6,500; Malcolm-street flats, £5,850; Michelides (Roe-street), £5,700; Michelides (Beaufort-street), £4,700; City of Perth Electric Light Department, £5,200; Beaufort Arms Hotel, £5,000; Y.M.C.A., £3,000; '''Musgroves, Ltd.''', £3,000; Karrakatta Tea Rooms, £3,000; and Mr. M. B. Thomas's Hay-street shops, £4,500. This gives a total of £287,350, but to this must be added at least £50,000 for other city im-provements apart from dwellings, and these also add considerably to this amount. The figures given are also merely, the bare estimates submitted to the corporation officials with the plans for building, and it is well known how these expenditures are exceeded as the work progresses. Take again the £29,000 stated as the expenditure of the Swan Brewing Company, it is well known that when the whole of this work is completed, and the new plant has been installed, the company will have to pay something between £150,000 and £160,000. Then the West Australian Trotting Association is spending approximately £70,000 on their new grounds within the city boundaries, and £60,000 has been voted by the City Council for making the roads of the terraces. With these additions it will therefore be seen that the works in progress, and the few just completed, involve an expenditure of approximately £550,000. Nearly the whole of this work is being undertaken by private enterprise, and it indicates very forcibly the great faith that the commercial section of the community has in the future prosperity of the State. At the same time it provides a useful object lesson of the productive wealth of the country, when a population of' approximately 350,000 can produce the means to expend over half a million sterling in city improvement. It is interesting also to note that during the past five years the value of buildings erected has been as follows:— 1919, £210,635; 1920, £399.519; 1921, £334,309; 1922, £514,061; 1923, £659,265. As there is six months of the year to run it would appear that a record will be established this year, but with the works in progress, and what has been accomplished in the previous five years, it represents a total of £2,668,789; a wonderful achievement for such a small community.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31238063 |title=CITY IMPROVEMENTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=6,887 |location=Western Australia |date=23 June 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 07===== =====1924 08===== =====1924 09===== =====1924 10===== <blockquote>'''LYRIC HOUSE. Music's Local Shrine — Enterprise of Musgrove's Limited.''' It was Ruskin who, with his profound sense of symmetry in the Arts, said: "A well-disposed group of notes in music will make you sometimes weep and sometimes laugh. You can express the depth of all affections by those dispositions of sound; you can give courage to the soldier, language to the lover, consolation to the mourner, more joy to the joyful, more humility to the devout." It was appropriate that his reference should have been inspired by his main topic, which was the Influence of Imagination in Architecture. The two arts are complementary. Music, to find its (Photo Caption) This Magnificent Building of four-stories is now in the course of reconstruction and will be opened at an early date as a Modern Music Warehouse by Musgrove's Limited. (End Photo Caption) highest expression, not only must have the essentials of the composer's works; the craftsman's skill in a wide range of instruments; a delicate sense of moods, and a deft capacity to express their thousand variations, which are the attributes of the artist; it must have a setting in which harmony of line and color make a fitting environment for the art. It was with a full realisation of this fundamental truth that Musgrove's Ltd., when the amazing expansion of their business in a short period of months forced them to seek more extensive premises than those occupied at 92 William-street, sought a new and permanent home. Years of experience in the musical world fully advised the members of the firm of what was needed. A central position was requisite — one which would be convenient to music lovers of city and of the country. A building large enough to supply even the extraordinary demands for space made by the wonderful growth that attended the firm's enterprise was an essential. It must, too, be easily adaptable to the peculiar needs upon which Musgroves Ltd.— establishing from the first the highest standards as suitable only to the art and profession to which they ministered — insisted. It must, in short, be capable of transformation into a home of music, a "Lyric House" in which the muse that moves most vibrantly the emotions should be installed in surroundings meet to her dignity, and illimitable power. In the building, previously occupied by Messrs. P. Falk and Co., in Murray-street, overlooking Forrest-place, and adjacent to the G.P.O. and the railway station, Musgrove's Ltd. found a suitable location. In the skill of architects and decorators, enthusiastically responsive to the ideals animating the firm, they secured the ready assistance which is transforming the original structure into "Lyric House," a magnificent home of music on whose four floors will be gathered the best that the world has to offer in musical instruments and works; where local musical art will have a rendezvous; and the profession an academy which will be an inspiration to and a source of culture. Several considerations moved Musgrove's Ltd. to their new enterprise. The first and most pressing was a purely utilitarian one. The extraordinary growth of business demanded more commodious premises than those in which as a distinctive musical firm the principals commenced operations so short a time since as December last year. Eighteen hundred square feet of floor space housed the initial undertaking — twenty-three thousand square feet will be included on the four floors of "Lyric House." It is unnecessary to point the moral of the expanded figures; they speak for themselves. They are an expression of public confidence in Musgrove's Ltd., and of faith in the professional skill and business methods of the principals, a faith built up on more than 20 years' association with the music-loving people of Western Australia. They are more — they are a testimony to the confidence of Musgrove's Ltd. in the art to which they minister and in the local public's appreciation of that art. For though "Lyric House" will be a music emporium in which musical compositions, including every kind from the classical to the popular, will be available, and instruments of every description on show and on sale, it will also be, as said, an Academy of Music in which visiting artists and local devotees may entertain and be entertained, may instruct and be instructed, amid conditions most favorable to the cultivation of the spirit of music. The ground floor, as it was in the original building, has been lowered six feet to the plane of the street. Two magnificent windows disclose a parquetry inlaid flooring on which the finest products of the musical instrument makers of the world will be presented to the public gaze. Entering from the street, the ground floor space will be devoted, amid a chaste color scheme of black and white, to the smaller instruments. Towards the centre depth — the frontage is 36 feet and depth 160 feet — steps lead to a raised section which will hold the music department. Along one side a gallery in black and glass overhangs the department, and contains the respective sections of educational, band, orchestral, popular and jazz music; at the other side five sound-proof rooms give ample accommodation for "trying over" the pieces that attract the attention of patrons. These sound-proof rooms — they are found on several floors — are a special feature of the remodelled building. They are unique in Perth. Especially on the top floor are they remarkable. Jumping for a moment the intermediate floor that these rooms may be described, the visitor will meet on the top floor a design for the accommodation of music teachers and the profession generally without a peer in the State, and unexcelled in any part of Australia. The front portion of the floor, overlooking the street, occupying nearly 40 by 40 feet, will be a reception room in which visiting artists may be entertained or professional conversaziones be held. Fifteen sound-proof rooms will occupy the long rear portion of the floor, a passage way leading between, as they are distributed on each side. The walls of these rooms are of plastered coke brieze; a composition wholly impervious to sound. The doors are double-lined and baize-covered. Windows to each afford pleasant natural lighting in the daytime. Of various sizes, to meet the different needs, every room is commodious. They will be available to the teaching profession — its vocal, instrumental and elocutionary exponents — on hourly, daily, weekly or leasing terms, and undoubtedly will constitute a centre in which the sublimest of arts may be cultivated free from any distraction that would hinder its development. To return to the "top" section of the first floor and the music department. Here will be contained, too, the section for player rolls, and one of the "try-over" rooms on this level will be specially set aside for trying rolls — not instruments. The larger instruments — pianos and players — will be housed in four showrooms on the ample front portions of the first floor. The different makes, of which Musgrove's Ltd have a large variety, will have their special section — Australian, British, Continental and American. The finest products of British manufacture — Mar- (Photo Caption Start) M. GEORGES BADER, French Trade Commissioner in Australia, who has returned to Sydney after a visit to France with the object of fostering trade relations between the two countries. (Photo Caption End) shall and Rose, London, makers to the late King Edward VII.; John Brinsmead and Sons, piano makers since 1837; Allison Limited, whose instrument is fittingly described as the "Great English Piano" — will be numbered among them. Among American pianos and players it is only necessary to mention the product of Cable Company, whose pianos and Solo-Inner players have established an unique reputation, and the pianos and players of R. S. Howard Co. Such names is Schiedmayer, Neumeyer, and Scheel guarantee the extraordinary quality of the Continental pianos handled by Musgrove's Ltd. On this first floor, too, is another novel addition to the aid of musical art which the firm resolved from the beginning sedulously to cultivate. It is a concert room, large enough to seat comfortably some 300 persons well-lighted and artistically decorated. A platform at the rear right wall will accommodate instrumentalists and vocalists in the many recitals which will be a feature of "Lyric House." The basement — only technically may it be so termed, as it is but three feet below the street level — will be the home of phonographs and records. No other instrument will find habitation there. The "Brunswick," which attained immediate popularity on its introduction to the local public by Musgrove's a few months since; "His Master's Voice" and the "Rexonola" will be featured on this floor in a variety of design, but uniformity of their respective qualities, suitable to the needs of every circumstance. Four audition rooms, sound-proof, on this floor will enable records and instruments to be conveniently and in comfort tried over by patrons. Much more could be said; but space forbids. Music is to have an artistic home in Perth. Comfort and taste are the distinguishing features of "Lyric House." The eye will be attracted by soft, and delicate furnishings and decorations; the ear will be enthralled by the most magnificent instrumental productions of the world's foremost manufacturers. The staff is expert in every department. The music department will be under the direction of one of Perth's most prominent teachers in the person of Mrs. Sutherland Groom, L.A.B.T.C., Mus. Aust., who will be assisted by a fully-qualified staff. Variously situated at the rear of the building are the workshops where repairs of every kind will be effected by skilled craftsmen; and despatch rooms to supply country order demands and city requirements. The convenience and comfort of the public and staff have been in every way considered. For the latter a luncheon room, tastefully decorated, has been provided. The whole establishment, whose stupendous growth within a few months to the premier position in our musical world, is a testimony to the critical recognition of the public, will be supervised from offices overlooking the ground floor window display, by the gentlemen — Messrs. M. D. O. Musgrove, R. D. Scott, A. T. Gray and F. C. Kingston — whose inauguration of the firm created anticipations among music-lovers which have not been disappointed. In "Lyric House," which will be opened about the middle of the month, music has a shrine in the State.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58060302 |title=LYRIC HOUSE |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1395 |location=Western Australia |date=5 October 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SOCIAL.''' . . . A pleasurable couple of hours were spent at the Repertory Club last Friday afternoon. The cosy reception room was fragrant with the scent of sweet peas and roses, which were well arranged in every available nook. The occasion was an "at home" in honour of Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Zelman, the well-known Melbourne violinist and soprano; who gave two concerts in Perth during the past week. There is a delightful Bohemian air about these Repertory Club gatherings. Probably much of the success of such functions is due to the energetic secretary, for not only is she a most efficient officer, but a personality brimming over with enthusiasm and activity. Mrs. Dunckley possesses that invaluable asset, the gift of being able to create an atmosphere — and a very attractive atmosphere at that. A short musical programme added to the pleasure of the afternoon, Mrs. Thompson, Mr. Newman and Mr. Morgan contributing vocal items. Mrs. Eugene Levinson played in her usual finished style a pianoforte solo and Mrs. McCrostie recited. Mr. and Mrs. Moran were much appreciated in a charming duet, in which their voices harmonised perfectly. Miss Ottawa accompanied some of the singers. The same evening Mr. and Mrs. Alberto Zelman were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. '''Musgrove''' in the new and charmingly appointed rooms recently opened by Musgrove's, Ltd., in Murray-street, Perth. Mr. and Mrs. Musgrove received their many guests at the entrance. They then proceeded upstairs to the attractively arranged salon, the long, quaintly narrow room being cosily arranged with lounges, easy chairs and settees. Brief speeches of welcome were voiced by Mr. Musgrove, and Mr. H. B. Jackson, to which Mr. Zelman replied in a happy way. Some local musical talent of very high standard lent an additional note of pleasure and interest. Each item contributed was by a member of Musgrove's firm. Miss Hillhouse delighted everyone with her two piano solos rendered most charmingly on a beautiful instrument. Mr. Iffla and Mr. Samuels were heard in pleasure-giving songs. Light refreshments were handed round before the guests dispersed, having enjoyed a couple of interesting and enjoyable hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37638322 |title=SOCIAL. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XXXIX, |issue=2,022 |location=Western Australia |date=30 October 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=36 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 11===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES LIMITED. PERTH'S NEW MUSIC WAREHOUSE. UP-TO-DATE APPOINTMENTS.''' Dignity, splendor, without ostentation, and, above all, easeful comfort, are the dominant notes in the interior furnishing of the four-storied building secured as a warehouse for Musgrove's Ltd. This edifice was recently the warehouse of P. Falk and Co., and upon being taken over, carpenters and decorators were set to work to convert it into a music warehouse, on lines which have proved successful in other parts of Australia, America, and the Continent. The growth of Musgrove's Ltd. has been little short of wonderful. The company was formed twelve months ago by four men whose aggregate experience in the music trade of Australia exceeds 80 years. A start was made with a small shop in William-street, where player-pianos, musical instruments and phonographs were sold. After a few months it was found that the volume of business done necessitated much larger and more commodious premises. A search rewarded them, for they were able to secure one of the best sites in the city, adjacent to the railway station and new G.P.O., on which a four-storied building, with a depth of 168 feet and a frontage of 36 feet on each floor, stands. Two plate-glass windows of moderate dimensions make an imposing facade to the building, the parquetry floors of which are brilliantly lighted from above. At the entrance to the shop is a large hall, arranged for the Musical Instrument Department, and lined with glass show cases containing instruments of many kinds. A sound proof demonstration room for the convenience of intending purchasers is tucked away in a corner and away from distractions. The stairs, balustrades and woodwork are of massive type and black in color, a contrast being secured with white panelled walls and pillars. Stairs leading from the hall to the front of the building point the way to the managerial and general offices. A few steps down from the main hall is the Phonograph Department, where is to be found a magnificent collection of period, upright, and table model phonographs from the well-known Brunswick factory. Brunswick models are prominently displayed, together with large stocks of 'His Master's Voice' and Rexonola. Four sound-proof try-over rooms run along one wall, being partitioned with diamond lead-lighting, the result being very effective. Facing these rooms, the stocks of records are kept on shelves, the pressure of a button releasing the protecting panelling. At the end of this department are the spacious showrooms, set apart for the display of the wide range of ma-chines. From the hallway, again, stairs lead to The Music Floor. This is a new department inaugurated with the opening of the building, and is under the direction of one of Perth's prominent music teachers, assisted by a staff of assistants with musical qualifications. Comprehensive stocks of music — educational, classical, standard, popular and jazz — are here for the selection of the public. Above the music counter runs a gallery the entire length of the department, with a return at the end, where bulk stocks of music are kept and country mail orders are dealt with. Upon entering The Piano Department a fine display of grand pianos meets the eye in a long vista, upright pianos and organs being arranged around the wall. British manufacturers are represented by Marshall and Rose, Brinsmead, and Allison, American by Cable and Co. and R. S. Howard and Co., and Continental by Schiedmeyer, Scheel, and Neumeyer. In this showroom luxuriously upholstered and cushioned chairs are provided for the comfort of patrons. Six special showrooms are arranged around this department, each appealingly furnished. The lighting is by the semi-direct principle, with an ornate dome of leadlights. The first floor reached with the aid of the lift discloses a further piano showroom and Concert Hall, under construction, and which it is hoped will be completed at an early date. The top floor has been converted into a home for music teachers of Perth. Fifteen sound-proof Teaching Studios are provided with walls of coke-brieze be-low the plaster. Double baize doors are fitted. Already a long line of brass plates on the doors shows they are in occupation. Facing the street on this floor is a reception room of 40 square feet, for the use of teachers as well as visiting artists. The staff has not been forgotten in the wealth of arrangements, for luncheon and rest rooms are provided. At the back of the premises are to be found the workshop, polishing, tuning and repairing rooms. Without doubt, this magnificent warehouse brings Perth into line with the many splendid music houses of the Eastern States and is a tribute to the ability and foresight of Messrs. M. D'O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott and F. C. Kingston, who form the backbone of the company.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84308432 |title=MUSGROVES LIMITED. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIII, |issue=15,456 |location=Western Australia |date=4 November 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=7 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''REAL ESTATE. ALTERATIONS IN MURRAY STREET.''' Still another of the buildings in central Murray-street, which was originally used as a warehouse, has been reconstructed internally. For many years, and until quite recently, the premises at 233 Murray-street were occupied by Messrs. Falk and Co., but a reconstruction has turned the place into one of the latest of improvements in music salons for Musgroves, Ltd. Originally the ground floor was about 6 ft. above the street level, but, in order to make the building suitable for a shop, portion of the main front, consisting of part of the basement and ground floor was removed, and the remainder carried on steel joists. Again, portion of the ground floor extending back 44ft. had to be lowered, in order to bring it in line with the street level, and now the approaching stairs to the basement and the elevated portion of the ground floor has given the opportunity of displaying goods in the double showroom which can be viewed from the entrance. The second floor is divided into rooms of sound-proof construction, which are to be used by music teachers. This, together with the first floor, which is to be used for additional showrooms and recital hall, are approached by either a lift or stairway, and entrance can be gained through the shop or by a separate entrance from the main frontage in Murray-street. The main structural alterations to the buildings, and certain of the internal fittings, were carried out by A. James and Co., whilst the remaining rooms, etc., were executed by Messrs. Thomas and Harrison. The whole of the work was done under the direction of the architect, Mr. E. Le R. Henderson, and were to the order of the new tenants, Messrs. Musgroves, Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31266815 |title=REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=7,024 |location=Western Australia |date=29 November 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1924 12===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's Ltd. First Anniversary in New Home Phenomenal Success of Local Company.''' There probably never has been in Perth a quicker rise to popularity and a more meteoric progression than that of the House of Musgrove, called Lyric House, in Murray-street, Perth. It is a tribute to the earnestness of Perth's music loving public and its capacity for musical description that this is so, for it is the continually increasing stream of public support which has enabled Musgrove's to make the strides it has. Musgrove's is an entirely Westralian concern, and it really began many years ago inside the four walls of that well known and respected musical firm Nicholson's. For all the members of Musgrove's learned their business and gained their wide experience in those precincts, and adding to that wealth of knowledge a full measure of modern thought initiative and enterprise, they came out to give to the public the combined benefit of the mixture. The firm was formed by four of the best known men in the music trade in W.A., namely, Messrs. D. O. Musgrove, A. T. Gray, R. D. Scott, and F. C. Kingston, and they commenced the business of selling pianos, gramophones, musical instruments and music on a floor space of about 1,800 square feet in William-street, just 12 months ago. The new music shop soon became well known, and business expansion speedily demanded more space. The warehouse of P. Falk and Co. in Murray-street, was acquired on long lease, and so altered and improved is its interior that Musgrove's may be said to occupy a palatial home to-day. The company occupies all four floors of the building, totalling 23,000 square feet. The magnitude of the business they are now handling may be judged from the number of big agencies they hold, numbering among them in the British piano section, Sir Herbert Marshall and Sons, John Brinsmead and Sons, Allison Pianos Ltd., and other firms whose agencies they hold and whose products have made British pianos famous throughout the civilised world. American agencies are represented by The Cable Co., makers of the famous Solo Inner-Player-Piano, and R. S. Howard Co. Musgrove's Continental agencies include Schiedmayer and Sohne, Carl Scheel and Neumeyer pianos. Sole representation of Brunswick phonographs and records, the company is in a position to offer the public the world's greatest phonograph value. The educational advantages of these instruments have already been amply and capably demonstrated by Mrs. Rose Atkinson, who will always be prepared to act in an advisory capacity to schools, colleges, etc. The same high standard of quality distinguishes all small musical instruments, with the result that "Lyric House" can proudly rank as the foremost music warehouse in Western Australia. The warehouse itself is fitted out on the most modern lines, a handsome entrance hall being the first section the customer enters. From this hall, in which small musical instruments may be purchased, the basement which has been raised to the level of almost a ground floor, can be completely overlooked, and the whole showroom of gramophones and other instruments are in view. This floor is but four steps below the floor of the entrance hall, and on it are four record "try-over" rooms, and two handsome audition rooms for the trying of the famous Brunswick instruments. All the rooms are sound proof, but the enterprising spirit of Musgrove's has gone further in the installation of four of the latest record trying machines, by means of which customers may sit in the open and hear their records without interfering with the other machines right alongside them. This ingenious contrivance is called the 'Audak,' and is well worth a trip to Musgrove's to inspect and study. Above this floor is the general music and piano floor replete with system, comfort and convenience. It is only a temporary home for the pianos, however, for as soon as arrangements can be completed the floor above will take care of the big instruments. There are five sound-proof rooms for the trying of pianos, and every assistance is re-dered intending purchasers in their choice. On the top floor are the teachers' rooms, each sound proof and well lighted, and Musgrove's hold that they are more than probably the finest suite of teaching rooms in the Commonwealth. On this floor there is also a hall which may be used for lectures or recitals. The interior of the building is done in black and white throughout, and the effect given is one of "quality" and soundness. Musgrove's have made a phenomenal step forward in twelve short months, and as it is true that youth will be served, this company is an ex-ample of the service of youth, in putting before the public an up to date, modern and efficiently equipped building where it should always be a pleasure and a delight to shop.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208123871 |title=Musgrove’s Ltd. |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1111 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BIRTHDAY RECITAL.''' To celebrate the first anniversary of the establishment of the firm, Musgrove's, Ltd. gave a birthday recital at their music rooms, Murray-street, yesterday afternoon. An interesting programme of vocal and instrumental items was rendered, and was received with appreciation by the audience. Mrs. Rose Atkinson sang "Twickenham Ferry" brightly, and Mr. Bryn Samuel gave a vigorous rendering of Aylward's "Song of the Bow," the accompaniment being played on the Cable solo inner player, which was skilfully manipulated, and proved to be a fairly satisfactory substitute for the human accompanist. The sweet tone of the Brunswick phonograph was revealed in a reproduction of Schubert's "Ave Maria" as a violin solo by Jascha Heifetz. The cabaret orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Irwin Lawrence, gave a number of crisp selections. Raffs "Tarantella" was given as a piano duet by Misses D. Woods and J. Musgrove, and Miss Anetta Hillhouse played on the piano Rachmaninoff's "Prelude in C Sharp Minor." The Hawaiian Melody Makers gave selections on the steel guitar and ukulele, and a "Concert Waltz" by Frime revealed the effective use to which the Cable solo inner player can be put in rendering piano solos.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31270171 |title=BIRTHDAY RECITAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XL, |issue=7,040 |location=Western Australia |date=18 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' Musgrove's Limited ("Lyric House") are out to see that the citizens are supplied with the musical instruments that will afford them the maximum amount of enjoyment at the minimum of cost. From its inception this enterprising firm has met with a gratifying response from music lovers, and it now comes along with a special Christmas offer. The reduced prices hold good only to the end of the year, so buyers are advised to get in early. Their pianos are presently offering at from 85 guineas, and their players from 160 guineas. Every instrument is fully guaranteed for 25 years. Musgrove's are now showing a new shipment of mandolines of the best Italian make. Prices range from thirty shillings, with complete outfits from £2 10s. Ideal Christmas gifts are the small size mandolines for children. These are priced at twenty-five shillings, and are easy to learn and easy to play. These lines are also supplied to the trade. This Christmas offer is so exceptional that an immediate inspection is earnestly advised. Those who are on the lookout for a splendid instrument for themselves or as Christmas gifts for their friends should note that this offer will be withdrawn at the end of the year. It looks as if "Lyric House" will experience a busy time during the next fortnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58259508 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1406 |location=Western Australia |date=21 December 1924 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1925==== =====1925 01===== =====1925 02===== =====1925 03===== <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING DEMONSTRATION.''' Much interest is being taken in the broadcasting demonstration concert to be given in Queen's Hall this evening. The stage is being fitted up as a replica of the studio at 6WF, and the concert will be conducted exactly in the manner of a studio concert. This will give wireless enthusiasts an opportunity of seeing the working of a studio. A programme of outstanding interest has been arranged by the musical director, Mr. A. J. Leckie, Mus. Bac. It includes numbers by the popular Wendowie Quartette, songs by Miss Veronica Mans-field and Mr. Rhys Francis, instrumental items by Mr. Hugh McMahon, and the Two Dunstalls, a talk by Dr. J. S. Battye, and the first performance of a short one-act play, "Lucifer and an Angel," by Miss Doris Gilham and Mr. Herbert Millard. Seats may be reserved at '''Musgrove's'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84259273 |title=BROADCASTING DEMONSTRATION. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,581 |location=Western Australia |date=31 March 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=3 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 04===== =====1925 05===== <blockquote>'''BROADCAST PROGRAMMES.''' The following wireless programmes will be broadcast from 6WF (the Westralian Farmers, Ltd.). during the week ending Friday, May 22. Programmes are subject to any alteration owing to unforeseen circumstances:— . . . WEDNESDAY, MAY 20. 3.30-4.30: Afternoon to be announced. Popular Night.— 8.0: Musical items from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Concert Hall''', as follows: — Piano. French Suite, No. 16. (Bach), Miss Veronica Kenniwell: song. "Bluebells from the Clearings" (Walker); recitation, selected. Miss Bessie Durlacher; piano, "Arabesque in E." (Debussy). Miss Veronica Kenniwell; song, 'A Widow Bird Sat Mourning' (Lidgey), Miss Essie Pickering; musical items from the studio. 9.0: By the kind permission of Mr. William Russell we broadcast the second act of 'Peg of My Heart.' at His Majesty's Theatre. Leading part played by Miss Nellie Bramley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31858186 |title=BROADCAST PROGRAMMES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLI, |issue=7,165 |location=Western Australia |date=16 May 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 06===== <blockquote>'''STUDIO JOTTINGS. (By Harold B. Wells.)''' The broadcasting station 6WF commences its second year of programmes this week. Those who have watched the development of the station must feel an inward joy that during each month of last year the programmes were bettered either by variety or quality. . . . "Everybody's Night" is on Friday, when items from the Luxor Theatre will be given and followed by a talk by Mr. A. E. Stevens (Technical Adviser to the W.A. Division of the Wireless Institute) on matters concerning wireless. On Saturday night next a concert organised by '''Messrs. Musgrove, Ltd.''', will be relayed from their concert hall, and at 8 p.m. the "Dance Night" will commence, when 6WF's jazz orchestra will play the latest numbers from London.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84053142 |title=STUDIO JOTTINGS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,638 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''STUDIO JOTTINGS. (By W. R. WELLS.)''' There will be some new faces — and to listeners-in new voices — at 6WF this week. . . . On Wednesday afternoon the transmission will be for listeners who miss the Saturday night jazz. In the evening '''Mr. D'O. Musgrove''' will hold a recital of the solo inner player and phonograph. This is the outcome of many requests for "more player, please." Thursday evening is devoted to "music, melody and song." Miss Zoe Lenegan will sing items by Coleridge-Taylor, Mendelssohn, and Brahms, while Mr. Theo. Meugens, who recently scored a most gratifying compliment from the adjudicator at the recent Eisteddfod, will contribute some tenor numbers. Bonheur, Wallace and Wagner will be drawn upon later by Mr. Basham, who is to give some 'cello solos. "Recital Night" is on Friday. The session, however, will begin with a radio talk by the energetic president of the Subiaco Radio Society, Mr. W. R. Phipps, who as an amateur transmitter is frequently heard on the air with his call sign 6WP. When Mr. Phipps has finished speaking of aerials and other things, a switch over will be made to '''Musgrove's concert hall''', where the recital arranged by Mrs. E. C. Campbell is being given. Mrs. Campbell is being assisted by Miss Ruby Davis (contralto), Mr. Charles Iffla (baritone), and Miss Veronica Kenniwell (pianiste). It is interesting to note that these recitals are to be given for six weeks, and listeners-in generally, as well as students of music, will find much in them of value and entertainment. Upon the conclusion of the recital Mr. Sheard will give some items from the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84055500 |title=STUDIO JOTTINGS. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,644 |location=Western Australia |date=15 June 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MERELY ATOMS.''' . . . Rumor has it that consideration is at present being given to a proposal for the establishment within the State of a "B" class broadcasting station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84058657 |title=MERELY ATOMS. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=15,650 |location=Western Australia |date=22 June 1925 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (THIRD EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 07===== =====1925 08===== =====1925 09===== =====1925 10===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . The relayed transmissions from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Lyric Hall''' point the way to better programmes. They certainly are very enjoyable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58228464 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1449 |location=Western Australia |date=18 October 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1925 11===== =====1925 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . We have heard rumors of a B Class station locally. Whilst W.A. is only allowed one A Class station, a small-powered newcomer would be welcome. If the proposed station eventuates it will bring W.A. in line with the other States, all of whom have one or more B Class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58231862 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK Our Budget of Broadcasting and Listening-In Lyrics— Of the Greatest Value to the Seeker after Knowledge |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1457 |location=Western Australia |date=13 December 1925 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1926==== =====1926 01===== =====1926 02===== =====1926 03===== =====1926 04===== =====1926 05===== =====1926 06===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . On Wednesday last a delightful lunch-hour concert was broadcast from Messrs. '''Musgrove's Lyric House'''. Vocal items by Miss Lyle Hocking and Mr. S. Morrell were particularly enjoyable. The Lyric House orchestra also helped to complete one of the most pleasant programmes we have heard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58243740 |title=WIRELESS WEEK by WEEK |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1484 |location=Western Australia |date=20 June 1926 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1926 07===== =====1926 08===== =====1926 09===== =====1926 10===== =====1926 11===== =====1926 12===== ====1927==== =====1927 01===== =====1927 02===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''MORE BROADCASTING. Applied for In W.A. WILL START IN 6 WEEKS. If Approval Granted.''' If an application, which was lodged yesterday, is granted by the Commonwealth authorities, a second broadcasting station should be established in Perth within the next month to six weeks. This was the information given today by Mr. W. Faraday, of the Westate Engineering Company, who stated that a request had been submitted that his company be permitted to operate a '''"B" class station'''. For those who are unaware of the difference between an "A" and "B" class station it may be mentioned that 6WF, which is allowed to use 5 kilowatt of power, and have its programmes controlled to a certain extent by the authorities, derives the major portion of its revenue from the licence fees of listeners, for of the 27s 6d paid to the Commonwealth approximately 22s 6d of it is paid over to the broadcasting station. With The "B" Class Station, however, the power is usually limited and the revenue is derived solely from advertising in its many forms. Mr. Faraday stated this morning that it was recognised that advertising would have to provide the bulk of the revenue of the station. Many promises had been given and if approval for the erection of the station were obtained, he was hopeful of being able to run a programme from 7.30 a.m. until 11 p.m., with intervals, of course, during the day. So far as the standard of the programmes were concerned, he hoped to make them popular with plenty of modern music, but would not dwell unduly on the educational side of the subject. While '''Politically He Had No Bias''', the station would no doubt receive revenue from this source, in the form of advertising. While a definite wave-length had been applied for he was not in a position to divulge what it was, for the question of wave-lengths primarily came under the Geneva Convention. He was hopeful, however, that if approval for the erection of the station were granted that the use of a temporary wave-length would be consented to. It was suggested that Mr. Faraday was taking '''An Unexpected Action''' in view of the fact that a Royal Commission is shortly to investigate the whole question of wireless, including broadcasting stations and revenue, but the director of the Westate Engineering Co. said that if they were to wait until the Commission had looked into things, nothing would be done, he thought, until late next year. He was, therefore, prepared to take a risk.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83068707 |title=MORE BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=16,166 |location=Western Australia |date=18 February 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=5 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' Local wireless circles are freely commenting upon the advent of a '''"B" class station for Perth'''. This, it is understood, will be commencing broadcasting within the next few weeks. The wave length used will be in the 200-300 metre band, but particulars as to the power, etc, to be employed, are not yet available.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58324352 |title=RADIOGRAMS BY AFRIAL |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1520 |location=Western Australia |date=27 February 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1927 03===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . No further details are yet available as to the proposed '''"B" class station for Perth''', but we understand a power of 2½ kilowatts will be used at the inception of the station, with a wave-length of 275 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58325063 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1522 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1927 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1927 04===== =====1927 05===== =====1927 06===== =====1927 07===== =====1927 08===== =====1927 09===== =====1927 10===== =====1927 11===== =====1927 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''Wireless Week by Week. . . RADIOGRAMS. By AERIAL.''' . . . '''Amateur Activities.''' It has hardly been possible to chronicle anything of amateur interest for some months now, as activities in this direction have only been marked by a few spasmodic transmissions. With the coming of summer a greater tranquility was anticipated, but this has not been so, and at present quite a number of local amateurs have passed through the flux stage of rebuilding and are now actively engaged in interstate and international communication. Foremost of these is 6AG (the acknowledged sponsor of broadcasting in W.A.), his present-day short-wave phone, unostentatiously carried out, being a revelation, and to listen to him conversing in everyday generalities to a fellow amateur in New Zealand and a minute later pass the time of the day with another professional worker in Java surely stresses the milestones that have been passed with shortwave telephony within a few years. The ease that he converses in speech with stations thousands of miles away puts to shame all other forms of rapid communication. In Morse work quite a number of local amateurs are creating interest, and 6MU of Cottesloe has a nightly wongi with a brace or so of Yanks, and one occasion, with the aid of the Q list (international abbreviations), enabled him to have a connected yarn with a German amateur. 6WP is interested in phone, and distant reports stress his success in this sphere; 6SR, with a 4000 volt transformer and electrolytic rectifier, pines for an equal voltaged D.C. generator, when the snap of a switch gives unfailing voltage and rectifiers boil no more; 6VP will shortly be under the new call sign of 6PK; a 201A wilts under 500 volts; Raytheon rectified A.C. reports will be appreciated. An old timer in 6BO recently wiped the dust off his 1200-volt generator and rescued the 120-watter from the juniors who were playing with "daddy's valve"; he promises phone (semi-broadcasting) on 200 metres, expressing the opinion that the 40-metre band has lost its lure. While not in the amateur category, we learn that a '''proposed B class station''' will be commencing at an early date, it being located at Mt. Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60303106 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=15[?]9 |location=Western Australia |date=11 December 1927 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=34 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1928==== =====1928 01===== =====1928 02===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''Proposed B Class Stations.''' If rumor is fact, W.A. is soon to have a surplus of B class stations within the near future, as we have heard from interested parties that plans are almost finished, whilst in others everything is ready. Nevertheless, we notice with some misgiving that there is a notable absence of erection of the greatest necessity, the aerial system, or at least a number of them, to correspond with the proposals vouchsafed for by jade rumor. We learn authoritatively, that at least one private concern is nearing finality with their proposal. Progress up to the present has been retarded owing to the Wireless Commission's recommendations being considered, and we are informed this B class service will be in operation some time during June. A wave length of 270 metres is proposed, and the initial power will be 1½ to 2 kilowatts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58346814 |title=Wireless Week by Week |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1569 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=33 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 03===== Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''PEN PORTRAITS. Music, Fishing, Shooting.''' A somewhat varied and adventurous career has been the life of Mr. Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, the managing director of Musgroves, Ltd., Perth. He was born in the northern county of Cumberland, England, in 1872, and went to schools in London, Glasgow, France, Germany and Holland. The study of analytical chemistry at St. Thomas' Hospital, London, occupied (Start Photo Caption) MR. MANDEVILLE D'OYLEY MUSGROVE (End Photo Caption) the first years of his life on leaving college, and later this was succeeded by a turn in the British cavalry as bandsman with the 20th Hussars. In 1893 Mr. Musgrove, at the age of 21, set sail for Australia and landed in Victoria a few weeks later. For some time he was teaching music at Horsham, but in 1895 was attracted to the gold fields of Western Australia like so many other people. Here he only spent a few months before leaving on a return visit to England and Norway. Twelve months later he was again in this State and joined the Railway Department. His connection with this branch of State service was severed twelve months later when he went to the Boer War with the 2nd Western Australian contingent (1900.) After the cessation of hostilities he came back to Perth, but it was not long before he left for Melbourne in connection with the opening of the Commonwealth Parliament. Following his trip East he returned to his position in the W.A.G.R. Department and took part in the construction of the Kalgoorlie water scheme. At the beginning of 1902 he joined the firm of Nicholson's, Ltd., with which he remained for 21 years and nine months. In December, 1923, in conjunction with others, he founded the business of Musgrove's, Ltd. Apart from his interest in the musical education of the rising generation, Mr. Musgrove is a keen worker for local charities, which he and his firm are continually assisting. His hobbies are music, fishing and shooting, and he continued to take an interest in military affairs for many years after the African campaign. During the Great War he took an active part in the Cottesloe-Claremont Rifle Club, obtaining the rank of lieutenant in the reserve forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79220109 |title=PEN PORTRAITS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,495 |location=Western Australia |date=12 March 1928 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''CONTROL OF WIRELESS. Federal Attitude. MINISTER QUESTIONED.''' CANBERRA, Friday. A good deal of suspicion on both sides of the House of Representatives was shown at question time yesterday over the reported intention of the big broadcasting stations of the Commonwealth to enter a merger, but the Postmaster-General (Mr. Gibson) assured members that the Government had no intention of allowing a powerful monopoly to take control of broadcasting. The first question came from Mr. Thompson (C.P., N.S.W.), who asked if there was likely to be a monopoly. To him Mr. Gibson said that the Government intended to retain control of broadcasting. It had already refused to hand over moneys due to one company, which had failed to supply the type of programme demanded by the department, and was prepared to do so again. He told Mr. Mann (Independent, W.A.), that the P.M.G.'s. Department was holding up the '''granting of "B" class station licences in Western Australia''' until the return of the Director of Postal Services (Mr. H. P. Brown) from Europe, after which there would be a reallocation of wave lengths. He followed this by informing Mr. Fenton (Labor, Vic.) that the Government approved of the coming co-ordination and desired it. He denied having heard that pressure had been brought on the South Australian stations to force them to allow themselves to be swallowed up by 3LO.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79491155 |title=CONTROL OF WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,540 |location=Western Australia |date=4 May 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=5 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RIGHTS OF W.A. Relayed Programme Question.''' What is in the wireless "wind"? Just at the moment matters in connection with broadcasting in Australia appear to be in the melting pot. Stations are effecting amalgamations; there are rumors of sales and monopolies, of relay stations, '''of "B" class stations''', and what not? Meanwhile Mr. H. P. Brown, Australia's representative at the Washington Conference, is still in London preparatory to returning to Australia, when no doubt many of his recommendations, as a result of his worldwide study, will be put into effect. Recently, however, there has occurred at irregular intervals, but with regular persistence, reference to the possibility of using shortwaves for the purpose of supplying an all-Australia programme. At first those concerned with radio in the Commonwealth regarded it as one of those suggestions which one knew to be nice in theory but impracticable of being carried out, but it has been pushed up before public notice on so many occasions recently that one is constrained to believe that there is "a nigger in the woodpile" somewhere.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79490896 |title=RIGHTS OF W.A. |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,559 |location=Western Australia |date=28 May 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 06===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''"B" STATION LICENCE. Another Applied For.''' People interested in wireless have heard a lot about the new stations, which are going to relieve the tedium in this State of listening to one station's programme, night after night, but nothing seems to have come of it. Application for a "B" class station was made some months ago by Mr. Faraday, of North Perth, but nothing further has been heard of this, although it has been reported that much of the material required is lying in bond in the Customs shed. If the delay is with the department in granting a formal licence then it is about time that that department — it is controlled from Melbourne — woke up and did something. If on the other hand Mr. Faraday has decided to go no further with the project the public would be interested to know. Hopes were raised that something would be done for wireless in this State when it was reported that 3LO had secured the control of the local "A" class station, but even this negotiation appears to have fallen through. It is learned that an application for a second "B" class station has recently been lodged for operation in this State, and it will be interesting to see what fate it meets with; whether the ardour of the promoters will wane should they be kept waiting in suspense concerning their licence, or whether the scheme comes to fruition. It is understood that principal interest in the proposal comes from South Australia and it will be interesting, to know whether Mr. A. L. Brown, late manager of 5CL, Adelaide, who arrived by the transcontinental train today, has any interest in the concern.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79493004 |title="B" STATION LICENCE |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,565 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=3 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''RADIO PLEASURES. "B" Station for W.A. BROADCASTING PICTURES.''' Within a few minutes of the finish of the Melbourne Cup it should be possible, within a few months, for owners of wireless sets in Australia, and especially South Australia, to receive by radio a picture of the horses as they pass the post. Mr. A. L. Brown, late manager of Broadcasting Station 5CL Adelaide, and now in Perth as representative of the Australian Television Company and the National Musical Federation, explained today that the companies he represented had progressed a long way towards the making available for public benefit and pleasure radio photographs. He wished to make it clear at the outset that there was a distinct difference between radio photographs and television. BROADCASTING PICTURES In the case of television, experiments aimed at broadcasting a moving picture, so that the actions of the players in a theatrical production or a horse race could be portrayed for the benefit of "lookers-in," but with radio photographs a "still" photograph was broadcast. In the case of moving pictures, it is a well-known fact that the passing of 16 pictures a second is required to give the optical illusion of movement, and some difficulty has been experienced in making a televisor which can transmit and re-ceive photographs at such a pace. With the ordinary photograph, it is claimed to be much more easy, and produces much better results. Mr. Brown said that workshops had been erected in Adelaide, and it was expected to have the manufacture of the apparatus in hand before very long. The contrivance was quite a simple affair, being fitted into a small cabinet, about the size of the ordinary crystal set. APPARATUS TO COST £5 It would cost in the vicinity of £5. and would be worked in conjunction with any good receiving set of four valves or over. The satisfactory range of the apparatus should be up to about 500 miles from the transmitter. The ability to transmit a fixed picture would give a great fillip to photography, for items of pictorial interest during the day could be broadcast from time to time. Asked in which State the innovation would first be introduced. Mr. Brown said that arrangements had been made to start in South Australia, although he anticipated it would spread to the other States as soon as it had been thoroughly proved to the people in that State. The Television Company had been formed in October last, and development work was proceeding satisfactorily. '''NEW BROADCASTING STATION.''' Mr. Brown said that his visit to Western Australia was primarily to establish a "B" class station for the broadcasting of entertainment. Because the revenue derived from listeners' licences went in the main to the "A" class stations, it was necessary to secure support from local business people in the nature of advertising matter to be broadcast. Quite a number of firms, Mr. Brown said, had expressed their willingness to support the venture in this way, and upon his return to Melbourne in a few days' time definite arrangements would be made to proceed with the building of the station. He did not desire to indicate exactly where the. station would be erected, but said it would be in the metropolitan area, and certainly this side of the Darling Ranges. The wave length of the station was a matter for determination by the Commonwealth authorities, but it was proposed to have a power of 1000 watts. Invited to say when Western Australian listeners would first hear the station "on the air," Mr. Brown said that a lot depended on the Commonwealth Government, but if there were no difficulties in the way the first programme would be transmitted before the winter: had passed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79487950 |title=RADIO PLEASURES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=16,569 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1928 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 07===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. THIS STATE'S POSITION. Deputation to Mr. Bruce.''' Introduced by Mr. E. A. Mann, M.H.R., a deputation from the Wireless Development Association of Western Australia waited on the Prime Minister (Mr. Bruce) at the Esplanade Hotel yesterday afternoon. It was complained that broadcasting in this State at present was stagnant, and in a "frightful condition." Messrs. H. A. F. Bader, H. Truman, and R. Wilkes were the spokesmen. The deputation's case was put forcibly by Mr. R. Wilkes. He said that the Postmaster General's Department appeared to be absolutely unable to realise the actual position regarding wireless in Western Australia. From the deputation's point of view the position today was "absolutely frightful." More broadcasting licences had been cancelled than were in existence at present, and the very small market in the State was flooded with secondhand sets, or parts from sets pulled to pieces for resale. At one time there were 117 dealers in the State — now there were only 14. Small companies had lost everything they had possessed. Scarcely anyone in the Eastern States appeared to realise the desperate nature of the position locally. If the position in Victoria were one-quarter as bad as it was in Western Australia there would be such an outcry there that the Government would be compelled to move faster than it had up to the present. The Government made a huge blunder when it created a monopoly in broadcasting in Western Australia. Two or three favoured companies in the East had made big profits, while the local company had shouldered a huge loss. The local proprietors went into the matter as a commercial proposition, and had they made any profits they would have pocketed them and made no complaint. As it was their gain in other directions had been so great that their loss was a book loss only. Apart from the lack of talent for programmes, the local officials had shown a singular lack of enterprise and foresight. The Postmaster General (Mr. Gibson) appeared to have displayed a total disregard of the interest of traders and listeners, who were paying the piper. The Prime Minister: I am afraid we cannot get on with this deputation if you are going to put it that way. '''"Prepared to carry the Baby."''' Mr. Wilkes expressed his regret. He continued that it was singular that the applications for new "A" class licences for Western Australia had all been from Eastern States' companies, who had shown their willingness to "carry the West Australian baby" and offset their losses in West Australian revenue out of their profits in the Eastern States. Mr. Gibson's refusal had prevented the rich Eastern States companies from carrying the burden, and Western Australia from getting the benefit of additional stations. The Government now had before it applications from a company to start "A" class stations in every State of the Commonwealth. This it was desired, should be granted, subject to the condition that the first station be erected locally. That was necessary because every other State was already well catered for. The requests were:— (1) That additional "A" class licences be granted and that it be a condition that additional stations be erected in Western Australia before elsewhere. (2) Relay stations be provided in country districts at the earliest possible moment. (3) That '''"B" class licences at present held up be granted immediately.''' (4) That qualified amateurs be encouraged for the time being, to broadcast alternative programmes. '''Prime Minister's Reply.''' The Prime Minister replied that in regard to the granting of further "A" class stations in Western Australia, according to the revenue at present received locally it was perfectly obvious that it was not sufficient to provide decent programmes. That had been the whole trouble in Western Australia. To grant further licences would mean that the revenue would have to be apportioned between two three or four stations, which could only have the effect of making the position very much worse. The alternative suggestion that if an Eastern State's application was granted it would have to build in this State first was amazing. The only way to deal with the question was the provision of better programmes to encourage the people to buy listening-in sets. The best possible entertainers were required and they should be given an income that would enable them to provide the best programme. With regard to rebroadcasting one speaker had taken a very gloomy view of the possibilities by saying it could only be attained by sending over telephone wires. If that theory was accepted it must be realised that the post office would have to provide additional wires, as the trunk lines were already overloaded. In view of the present position and progress of wireless he was not going to let the Commonwealth in for the provision of special wires for rebroadcasting, costing many thousands of pounds, more especially in view of improvements possibly being brought about in the meantime, making the work all for nothing. Concerning "B" class licences it might be necessary to alter the whole of the operations of these stations and it was not proposed at present to grant any further licences. In New South Wales there were all sorts of wave lengths causing confusion. The whole question of wireless was being considered by the Government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32123653 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=8,129 |location=Western Australia |date=6 July 1928 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' Returned the other day from a trip abroad Mr. M. D'Oyly Musgrove, the head of the big Murray-street musical firm, whose name is blazoned at the top end of Forrest Place. A brilliant pianist himself Mr. Musgrove has for years taken an enthusiastic interest in musical affairs and in those with talent. And though he would not admit it for the world his ability as an artistic critic would rarely be questioned. Though his vocation is a musical one Mr. Musgrove is a great man for the out-of-doors. Healthy, outdoor sport has in him a great supporter, and particularly is this so in the case of swimming. At a number of our carnivals he has held the watch and his quiet, likeable personality has spurred on more talkative but less efficient sporting enthusiasts to do some thing really worth while. Motoring is another of Mr. Musgrove's fresh air relaxations and he drives his fine car well.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76416303 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=7, |issue=362 |location=Western Australia |date=8 September 1928 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 10===== <blockquote>'''(Royal Show 1928). MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' Broadcasting music with the strength of a full band, a Brunswick panatrope in front of the stall of Musgrove's, Ltd., more than spoke for itself. Using a new method of reproducing music from ordinary phonograph records, the panatrope is described as "the ultimate in musical reproduction." The principle employed is the audio-amplification used in wireless, and the panatrope does, in fact, amplify wireless, when used in place of, or in addition to, the usual audio stages. With a moving coil cone speaker, the instrument operated entirely from a light socket, and both records and wireless broadcasting are clearly audible at a distance of several hundred yards. For in-door use the panatrope can be modified in volume. Some attractive portable phonographs, including the Decca and the Vocalion makes, were on view in the stall, and also a Eufonola player piano. Since its introduction to Perth the latter has become one of the most popular models of its type. It is stated that more and more people are turning to the player piano, for it has become recognised as an instrument of great musical possibilities. The Eufonola is of the "modest price" class, but this classification is in no way a reflection upon its intrinsic merit, but rather an illustration of the advantages of high production. Popular airs and classic studies were played yesterday, and the ease of operation and high standard of execution of the instrument made a favourable impression on all listeners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32229421 |title=MUSGROVER'S, LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=8,212 |location=Western Australia |date=11 October 1928 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== <blockquote>'''CARS. Registrations.''' . . . 23325, Mandeville D'O. Musgrove, 11 Chester-road, Claremont, Falcon Knight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32289109 |title=CARS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,424 |location=Western Australia |date=20 June 1929 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. OBSERVER. . . . (Subiaco Radio Society Radio Exhibition). . . MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' The Stromberg Carlson set shown by this firm, and moderately priced, is a complete electric set with a distinctly aristocratic appearance. The efficiency of the set is of a very high order, and it is specially made to suit the local voltage and frequency. This set has already been in great demand locally, and inquiries showed they are selling like the proverbial hot cakes. It is a set ideally suited for the broadcast listener. The Brunswick electric panatrope exemplified the beauty of modern gramophone reproduction with magnetic pick ups and valve amplifiers. An attractive exhibit was the combined radio (Stromberg Carlson) and electric gramophone, either unit being available at the turn of a switch. This unit was one of the most admired at the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58418653 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comments BROADCAST BREVITIES |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1648 |location=Western Australia |date=25 August 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 09===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS EXHIBITION. New Era in Broadcasting. THE OFFICIAL OPENING.''' The prospects of the Australian Broadcasting Company opening a '''"B" class broadcasting station''' in this State at an early date were envisaged in the speech of Sir Benjamin Fuller last night, when the broadcasting station 6WF was officially opened under the new arrangement. Actually the Australian Broadcasting Company, of which Sir Benjamin is director, took over the entertainment side of the station as from Sunday, but last night a gala night was presented, and the speeches and a number of operatic items were given from the Wireless Institute's annual exhibition, held at Temple Court Cabaret. The exhibition was opened by Mr. S. H. Witt, chief radio engineer for the Commonwealth Government, at the invitation of the president of the Wireless Institute, and he described in brief the wonderful advances which have been made in the science since the early research of Maxwell and Hertz, and also alluded to the wonderful growth of the Wireless Institute as revealed by the annual exhibitions, which had originally been held in a room, but now demanded Perth's largest floor space. Sir Benjamin Fuller, in inviting the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts) to proclaim the new station 6WF open, said the Australian Broadcasting Co. realised its responstbilities, and was fully aware of the demands of the public for a very improved service in every department. It was the company's intentions to use only the very best artists that are obtainable locally, in conjunction with those imported from overseas. With only one station this variety of entertainment was somewhat limited, but it was to hoped that in a short period an announcement of great importance would be made which would make it possible for them to follow on similar lines to those adopted in the other capitals. Mr. S. R. Roberts proclaimed the new era in broadcasting. He said the change in the wave length of 6WF should have the most beneficial effects, not the least of which would be that listeners would now be able to purchase a variety of receiving sets, which in the average should be more efficient and less costly than sets hitherto procurable for use under the old conditions. The traders have a heavy responsibility to the listeners from the standpoint of ensuring that sets offered for sale are possessed of characteristics needed to provide satisfactory reception at the lowest possible cost. Following the speeches, the Celebrity Quartette, comprising Lilian Gibson, Rene Maxwell, Alfred Cunningham, and Charles Nieis, contributed concerted and individual items, which were loudly applauded by the attendance of approximately 200 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79214244 |title=WIRELESS EXHIBITION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,953 |location=Western Australia |date=3 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. By OBSERVER. . . (exhibition) . . . MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' A comprehensive display that attracted considerable attention was made by Musgrove's, the Stromberg Carlson "Treasure Chests" receiving due praise as befitted this quality receiver. The three-valve electric, with single dial control, pick up facilities and extreme selectivity coupled with its moderate price has made it a popular line. A six valve Treasure Chest was always the centre of a group of admirers. This set is capable of enormous amplification and will pick up the East with an indoor aerial, likewise perfect local reception is obtainable, minus any aerial. The Strombergs are finished in old gold metal cases, and employ full wave rectification with R.C.A. valves. Illuminated dial controls add to the appearance of a handsomely finished escutcheon plate. Two and three valve battery models of the Airzone metal-screened sets showed them to be quality receivers at a moderate price and within reach of the slenderest purse. A new type of Magnavox is available, equipped with the luxide diaphragm, also a D.C. excited range which takes only 24 milliamperes field current. The Airzone portable was featured and gave excellent results in operation. Amongst the new lines to Lyric House is the induction type disc motor for gramophones, also a full range of Raytheon A.C. valves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58384924 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1650 |location=Western Australia |date=8 September 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=32 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. WIRELESS WRINKLES. (By VK6FG.)''' The whole of the transmitting plant at broadcasting station 6WF from the microphone to the aerial has been over-hauled by the engineers working under the direction of Mr. S. H. Witt, chief radio engineer of the Commonwealth Government, and Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick, superintending engineer. . . . '''NEED FOR A SECOND STATION.''' One need which the writer has consistently advocated is that of a second station in Western Australia. With the reduction of the wave lengths of 6WF this need becomes all the more imperative. For those living in the country the position is not quite so bad, for being out of the immediate "shock area" of the local station, they are able to tune in the Eastern States without difficulty. Locally, however, only those sets which are truly selective will be able to tune in 5CL, 3LO, 2FC, and 2BL while 6WF is running on full power. This means, in effect, then, that a proportion of the sets at present in use in the metropolitan area will be tied down to listening to the local station. No matter how good one station's programme may be, there is always a need for diversification, and that is the reason for the need of a second station. A "B" class station is wanted, and wanted badly, so that the listener who does not want to listen to, say, an account of a boxing contest may tune in to some bright music or other attraction. There are many interests willing and anxious in this State to conduct a station of this kind, and it is up to the department to hurry up the matter of allocations. If reports be true, there are several hundred applications for stations awaiting decision.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79216190 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,958 |location=Western Australia |date=9 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=8 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. AMATEUR NOTES. (By VK6FG)''' There are persistent '''rumors that a "B" class station is to be erected''' in Perth at an early date. In this case the company named is a new entrant into the field of those previously discussed by those who claim to have some knowledge of what is taking place below the surface of things. Private advices inform me that between 250 and 300 applications have been made throughout Australia for "B" class stations, but that the matter was being held up temporarily, while "A" class station matters were straightened out. It is hardly to be regarded as feasible that the authorities would grant all licences applied for, so some difficulty may be experienced in sorting out those who will not. Doubtless of this 300 odd, several applications have been made from Western Australia. In other States "B" class stations are controlled by companies interested in musical instruments, newspapers, and religion, and it is not expecting too much to anticipate that applications from similar organisations in this State will be made. From the point of view of diversified programmes, a "B" class station would be a great acquisition to the State, for there are many people who would prefer to listen to a lecture or good music while a boxing contest is in progress, and vice versa. It is only to be hoped that the authorities will see to it that the successful applicant agrees to maintain a high standard of programme entertainment. How far an early decision may be affected by the political crisis in Federal affairs will remain to be seen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79214066 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,964 |location=Western Australia |date=16 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. What's Wrong with Radio. DISAPPOINTMENT OF 6WF. (By VK6FG.)''' Most people in Western Australia were prepared to give the local broadcasting station a chance to change over from 1250 to 435 metres in wavelengths and to make due allowance for the sudden transfer of interests generally. Different people had different ideas of just how long such a change over should take, and how long it would be before the station was running normally. Everyone wished the station well and were prepared to accord it goodwill. Those who thought the changeover would take a few days and those who thought the business might take a couple of weeks have both been disappointed. It is just three weeks since 6WF was reduced in wavelength, after some preliminary tests. The position today is anything but satisfactory. Listeners have got tired of heaving excuse after excuse for the failure of the station to put out a decent transmission. On the mechanical side of the business this is what listeners complain of: (1) Lack of volume (between 257 and 250 miles from the station). (2) Background of hum. (3) Distortion of music and muffled speech. (4) Bad fading. There does not appear to be very much left to say, which may be good about the station and letters from listeners both in town and country indicate that they are quickly getting "fed-up" with affairs as they are. A number are threatening to cancel their licences and the fact that traders in the city have disposed of at least £1500 worth of new material since the end of August rather indicates that if the present regrettable position continues, there will be many more complaints. Those listeners living well out in the wheatbelt confess that the local station is not worth listening to and now turn to the Eastern States stations for their entertainment. Some have raised the question of whether 6WF is merely running to give the Eastern States listeners a chance of listening in for two hours after their local stations close down. No matter how good a programme may be put on, poor or bad transmission can spoil it entirely. QUALITY OF PROGRAMMES And that brings us to the question of programmes. Analysing the position impartially, what is the difference between the programmes now and those of the old era. There is one big improvement and that is in the presentation of the programmes. This fact is acknowledged gladly. There certainly is more sparkle and zip in the manner in which the programme is run, but what of the items? We have had members of an operatice quartette on and off for the past three weeks, a lecturer who has now exhausted his repertoire of broadcasting stories and generally, the old and familiar artists we knew from the open-ing of the station almost. Where are the wonderful programmes we have been promised? The highly paid artists, the frequent changes and that variation which is the spice of broadcasting? Instead, Mr. Stuart Doyle, managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Company, told the Federal Arbitration Court the other day that at the present time the company is losing between £10,000 and £15,000 a year and even went so far as to submit confidential statements regarding the company's financial position to the Court. Of course, the company is still to take over some of the other broadcasting stations, and payable ones at that, so that the financial position of the company should be bettered, a little later on but in this State the company would doubt-less make an excuse which reasonable folk would be likely to admit. What is the use of presenting a high-class programme to have it mangled out of recognition by poor transmission? All the same, the fact remains that stripped of its better presentation, the programmes are not very materially different from those of the old era, and gramophone music figures just as much if not more so, than before. The extra sessions accommodate some sections of the community, particularly the traders, but it is the quality of the even-ing programmes which count among listeners in this State. '''NEW STATION WANTED.''' Obviously the first thing necessary is to have a transmission worth while. Everybody is heartily sick of the present bungling and monotonously regular apology. Even at this late stage it would perhaps be better to scrap the present gear and establish a new transmitting plant altogether and in doing so consideration would need to be given to a new location. There are several places which recommend themselves, but somewhere along the top of the Darling Ranges, where the city electricity supply is avail-able, commends itself best. Such a station would serve both city and country, although some measure of fading may still be experienced. It would leave the way clear for a "B" class station or two in the city and would not interfere with relay stations along the eastern goldfields railway line and along the Great Southern. Unless many new listeners in the city, and particularly in the country are to become hopelessly disgusted with broadcasting, and many old licences cancelled. It will be necessary for the authorities to act with hitherto unprecedented celerity, Will they do it? Time will tell.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79215347 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=16,970 |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 10===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NEWS. BROADCASTING. Notes from Station 6WF. (By "Radio.")''' The staff of the local station has been very busy of late, as they have put over the air descriptions of the main Centenary celebrations, giving frequent reports of the East-West air race, dealt with the Royal Show, and many other important items, as well as handled many complaints regarding the transmissions. These have improved as far as the metropolitan area is concerned, but country listeners, to put it mildly, are far from being satisfied. The strangest feature of the transmissions is that they are highly regarded in the Eastern States, where 6WF is undoubtedly the "star" station and is listened to by hundreds between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. each night. Locally the '''need for one or two "B" class stations''' is urgently felt, as there is no alternative station available, now the Eastern State stations are beyond the reach of most of us, when an item is on the air which does not appeal. Music is the most sought after thing, and if there was a "B" class station or so broadcasting records and player piano items to listen to when wrestling descriptions, talks, church services, etc., which appeal to only sections of the community were being broadcast by 6WF, a longfelt want would be filled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32320498 |title=WIRELESS NEWS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,519 |location=Western Australia |date=9 October 1929 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. "B" CLASS STATIONS. (By VK6FG.)''' So many rumors have from time to time during the last year been prevalent concerning "B" class stations in this State, that one is almost loth to mention the subject. A fresh rumor has developed in wireless circles, with what appears to be some foundation of fact, and if this prove correct Perth should have its first "B" class station at no far distant date. It is not possible at the moment to divulge who will be the controllers of the proposed station, but it should occasion no surprise when it is announced. All who have taken an interest in broadcasting in this State have realised the necessity of alternative programmes and the writer has on more than one occasion dwelt upon the necessity for this station. The present "A" class station could be the best in the world and still not suit everybody. Western Australia might well have two or three "B" class stations and still not be over-supplied from the listeners' point of view, although, of course, three stations would prove a problem in respect of finance. It is to be sincerely hoped that the present proposal will prove that the Commonwealth Government has at last devoted attention to the poor man's amusement and taken definite action in the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83123050 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,030 |location=Western Australia |date=2 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Musgroves' Dividend.''' Musgroves Ltd., one of Perth's largest music warehouses, has declared a dividend of 6d. per share for the quarter ended December 5. The payment of quarterly dividends is something that is greatly appreciated by shareholders. Most people like to see some return for their money at less intervals than six or 12 months, and when they know, as in this case, that they have to wait only for three months they can make their dispositions accordingly and with greater convenience to themselves. On the present price of the shares this rate of dividend is equal to approximately ten per cent. The directors are not tied down to this amount, for if business brightened sufficiently they would as lief make the dividend 9d. as 6d. It was rumored a few weeks ago that no dividend would be paid this quarter, but those who know something of the business of the company, and the excellent manner in which it is being conducted, placed no credence in, the suggestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210493068 |title=COMMONWEALTH USURY |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1369 |location=Western Australia |date=8 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> B Class Proposals <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Granted to Musgroves Ltd. WILL OPERATE IN MARCH.''' Advice was received today that permission has been given Musgroves Ltd., the well-known musical dealers, to erect and operate a "B" class broadcasting station from their premises in Murray-street. Mr. F. C. Kingston stated this afternoon that the firm would endeavor to put on a really good programme at all times. Having a musical warehouse they had every facility for doing so, and on their staff were many fine vocal and instrumental artists, so that there should be no shortage of entertaining items. Quotations and specifications are being received for an up-to-date plant, which will be crystal controlled. The power has not yet been decided, but will be between 250 and 500 watts. The station will be located in their present premises, using the existing recital room as a studio. This has been used for broadcasting for the last two years and gave excellent results. The instruments will be placed in an adjoining room which has been used by a music teacher for some time. The new station does not expect to get on the air until about March. The hours of service have not yet been decided, but the new station will be on the air at times when 6WF is off thus providing an almost continuous programme throughout the day. The new station will co-operate with 6WF in the matter of programmes, so that when lectures are on at one station musical items, etc., may be given from the other. Mr. F. C. Kingston, a director of Mus-groves Ltd., will control the station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83126077 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,038 |location=Western Australia |date=11 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Musgrove's "B" Class Licence.''' Mr. F.C. Kingston, a director of Musgroves Ltd., announced yesterday that the company's application for a licence to operate a "B" class wireless station had been granted and that the new station would be on the air about March next. The wave length would be in the vicinity of 300 metres, the power was expected to be 500 watts and the studio would be located on the top floor of Musgrove's Building, Murray-street. The programmes would be arranged so that listeners would be catered for when 6WF was off the air during the day and would provide an alternate station to tune in to each night. "In view of the uncertainty of the position," said Mr. Kingston yesterday, "we had not committed ourselves as to plant but we will immediately arrange for the erection of our plant which is to be on the most modern lines. The transmission will be crystal-controlled. This new station is just what is needed to increase the growing interest in radio in this State, where the licences are approaching the 5,000 mark for the first time, and while it will mean a great deal of work for us it should be a great benefit to listeners and the trade. One of the chief advantages of the new station will be the provision of alternate broadcasts and will give listeners for the first time a variety of stations in their own State. We hope to serve all listeners from, Geraldton to Albany and Perth to Kalgoorlie." As the owners of the new station are music warehousemen they will have unlimited opportunities of broadcasting all the latest gramophone records and player-piano rolls, which are used so successfully by Melbourne amateur stations like 3EF and 3BY. In addition there are vocalists and instrumentalists on the staff of the company and their house orchestra, which was disbanded some time ago, will be brought together again. The station will be on the air when 6WF is off, probably between 11 and 12.30 in the morning, 2.30 and 3.30 in the early afternoon, 5 and 6 in the early evening and 7.45 and 10 each night. The station will be on the air on Sundays, and the evening session on that day will probably be from 7 to 9. Thus there will be no conflict with Mr. Howell's musicale which is, perhaps, the most popular session from 6WF and which begins at approximately 8.45 p.m. Mr. Kingston will be the manager of the new station which so far is unnamed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32337396 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,574 |location=Western Australia |date=12 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. "B" CLASS STATION.''' Radio circles were pleased when information was given in this paper at the beginning of last week that a "B" class station was to be erected in Perth at an early date. For some time it has been urged that an alternative programme to that put on the air by 6WF would make a great difference with listeners, and so it should. Those who don't like jazz or classical music may be enabled to listen in to some other entertainment when a second station is on the air. I had the pleasure of an interesting talk with Mr. Musgrove and Mr. Kingston a few days ago concerning the station which Musgroves Ltd. are to erect. Both representatives of the firm are anxious to make the station a good one, and one which would have wide public appeal. It is expected that tenders and full details will be received immediately after the resumption of business in the New Year, and with an early decision after the various schemes have been investigated, it is hoped to have the station on the air towards the end of March, and certainly before the Easter holidays in April. Those who propose going into the country, to Rottnest or any of the various holiday resorts therefore should not forget to provide for a wireless set. No callsign has yet been applied for but it has been suggested, and both Mr. Musgrove and Mr. Kingston approve, that '''6ML''' would be most fitting. It does not conflict with any amateur callsign here, represents the initial letters of the firm and the two consonants are sufficiently clear to avoid misunderstanding over the air. The engineer in charge is to be Mr. Harry Simmonds, who was better known to the amateur world a few years ago as 6KX. A competent young radio engineer he should prove a success in his present position. No decision has yet been made regarding an announcer, but as there is much preliminary work to be done before the station goes on the air this appointment may not be made for some time. A "B" class station as is well known does not derive its revenue from licences, but has to secure revenue from advertising over the air and other avenues. Therefore, some organisation in this direction will be necessary before the less important details are given attention. No announcement has yet been made respecting wavelength, but the chances are it will be in the region of 300 metres. Most of the custom built sets have a range of from 250 to 600 metres and naturally it will be desired to keep the station safely inside this range. A wavelength of some where about 300 metres would avoid, too, the nearest harmonic from 6WF. It is pleasing to learn that even at this early stage there is a spirit of co-operation between the existing station and the new "B" class organisation. By co-ordination between the two stations much may be done to give the programmes which will not clash and which will provide good alternative items. The new station has not definitely fixed on the hours which it will be on the air, but the tentative programme will be: 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.; 2.30 to 3.30 p.m.; 5 to 6.30 p.m.; 7.30 to 10.30 p.m., and Sundays from 7 to 9 p.m. With an unlimited choice of gramophone records and pianola rolls and with many talented musicians on their staff, Musgroves should be in an ideal position so far as musical programmes are concerned, but will need to organise some of the other features of the programme, which, however, should not be difficult. The new station will have the goodwill of the whole of the wireless community, which since the alteration of wavelength of 6WF has been finding difficulty in bringing in some of the Eastern States stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83121400 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=17,042 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Two Stations in March. (By "Radio.")''' The news that permission to operate a "B" class station has been granted by the Chief Wireless Inspector (Mr. J. D. Malone) to Musgrove's, Ltd., the well known Perth music company, has been hailed with enthusiasm by every wireless listener in the State, as when the new station comes on the air in March next, we shall have a choice of two local stations, which is something we have been waiting and hoping for for years. Financial difficulties consequent on the small revenue received from licences here, compared with other States will preclude Western Australia from being given relay stations until the more advanced wireless states are satisfied, so that our only hope for variety is from enterprising firms who are prepared to run B class stations. This is the first station of its kind here, and it is possible that another may follow. The new station will be situated in Musgrove's Buildings, Murray-street and will be under the management of Mr. F. C. Kingston, one of the directors of the company, who is already busily engaged in preparing for the erection of the station and the hundred and one details which are necessary. The company will have at its disposal all the latest music and methods of reproducing it, and we shall hear piano rolls for the first time. Listeners to the amateur stations 3BY and 3EF, Victoria, heard many fine programmes consisting of gramophone records and rolls broadcast alternately. The new station will have a crystal controlled transmission, and it will be in pleasing contrast to the transmission of 6WF, which, though better than it was, will never be perfect until new apparatus is provided and the transmitter re-erected in a suitable place out of the city. The future of radio is now very bright, and shortly there will be 5,000 licences in existence in this State. It is not too much to say that in the middle of next winter — the most popular time for wireless — that there will be at least a 50 per cent, increase in the above figures.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32338792 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLV, |issue=8,579 |location=Western Australia |date=18 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By OBSERVER. . . . W.A.'S FIRST "B" STATION.''' News hailed with delight by all Western Australian listeners, is the announcement of the granting of a B class license to Messr. Musgrove's, Ltd., the well-known music warehouse-men, of Murray-street, who, it is anticipated, will have the station ready for service early next March. In congratulating Messrs. Musgrove's on their signal honor of being allotted the first B license in W.A., we know that we voice the sentiments of all who are connected with wireless, that their public spirited action will achieve the full measure of success that it rightly deserves. May their wireless venture be a highly prosperous and successful one, which will add further dignity to broadcasting in this State. It is opportune to mention that Messrs. Musgrove's have for some years past been regular contributors to the programmes from 6WF, the Brunswick Panatrope hour and various other musicales being conducted by the firm. They have always shown the highest appreciation of the musical art and coupled with a choice of items, this could not help but please all tastes. These are indeed happy auguries for listeners. When '''6ML''' is at their service for a full programme transmission, the yearnings of other days, when many listeners often wished for a lengthy extension of the Panatrope sessions, and many other items which added zest to a jaded programme will be realised. In conformity with modern practice and we think, the first instance in Australia with broadcast stations, the new station will be crystal controlled, which, apart from its ability of maintaining a constant wave length, confers other technical and practical advantages. The wave length has not yet been decided upon, though the choice of a suitable one for local conditions would seem to lie in the neighborhood of 300 metres, so as to be reasonably clear of interference from 6WF's powerful transmitter. The significance of two local stations is quite obvious to listeners. Hitherto, Western Australia has been the only State where a solo station only existed, and this, apart from the lack of alternative transmission, made the task of the programme compilers an unenviable one. The spirit of tolerance is an excellent virtue, for which we Westerners are justly renowned, and the present record license position and continuity of increase shows that the advent of the A.B.C. in our midst has been more than appreciated. This success we feel sure, is due in no small way, to the excellent management and uncommon ability of Mr. Basil Kirke in handling 6WF's destiny. With '''6ML''', and 6WF in operation, we anticipate a threefold increase in the license position. After all, black and white figure statistics are the only true, measure of broadcasts success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58371185 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1666 |location=Western Australia |date=29 December 1929 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=27 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== <blockquote>'''AMATEUR BROADCASTING. NOTICE TO OPERATORS. WITHDRAWAL OF WAVE LENGTHS. Restrictions From March 1.''' According to a circular issued by the Postal department to operators of amateur wireless transmitting stations, broadcasting from these stations will shortly be placed beyond the reach of most listeners. At present the amateur stations providing broadcasting programmes operate in the wave length band from 200 to 250 metres. These wave lengths are the longest which amateurs are permitted to use, and they are the only amateur wave lengths to which ordinary types of broadcast receivers will tune. The Postal department has issued a notice that this band is to be withdrawn from amateurs so that two "B" class broadcasting stations, one in Newcastle and one in Perth, may use it. It was arranged that the change should be made from today, but as neither of the "B" class stations is yet ready to begin transmissions amateurs will be permitted to continue to use the wave lengths until March 1. Experimenters in Victoria complain that the withdrawal of the wave lengths is unfair. At present there are nearly a dozen amateur stations in Melbourne providing first-class programmes, which are received by thousands of listeners every Sunday night, and are welcomed as an addition to the services of the principal stations. Victorian listeners will receive little benefit from the '''new "B" class stations''', which will be too far away to provide satisfactory services for Victoria. In addition, Victorian listeners will lose the amateur programmes. Experimenters contend that even if it be desired to allot wave lengths within the present experimental band to "B" class broadcasting stations, amateur stations should be permitted to continue to use the band when the "B" class stations are not transmitting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4059942 |title=AMATEUR BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=26,017 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=1 January 1930 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''APPROPRIATE PROGRAMMES.''' Mr. Basil Kirke, station director of 6WF and his staff deserve the praise which was bestowed by listeners as a result of the pleasing programmes which were broadcast during the week. Also sharing in this in no small way, were the efforts of Bert Howell and his Ambassadorians, who on many occasions provided delightful orchestral items, which really proves the worthwhileness of a wireless set. It is pleasing to note the increasing use which is being made of portables, and is a factor which is yet too little appreciated by listeners, who do not fully recognise the charm and entertainment value which can accrue to open air outings and picnics when a portable is an inconspicuous, but, by no means inanimate object. On the score of programmes it was pleasant, to say the least, to listen to a choice selection of records. Especially was this noted on Christmas Day, when first class entertainment was provided. The A.B.C. enters the New Year with pleasing prospects for the future, especially in this State, where real interest in radio is being rekindled, as distinct from the attraction of broadcasting as only a novelty. Further addition will come to listeners by the inauguration of '''Messrs. Musgrove's B class station''' at the beginning of March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58371448 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1667 |location=Western Australia |date=5 January 1930 |accessdate=16 March 2019 |page=27 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Coxon launches a lengthy criticism of 6WF under PMGD control <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING FROM 6WF. Criticism of New System.''' Mr. W. E. Coxon writes:— "Sufficient time has elapsed since September last, when the Australian Broadcasting Company and the Postmaster-General's Department assumed the control of broadcasting in Western Australia, to arrive at some conclusion as to the advantage, or otherwise of some of the changes that have been made. From a broadcasting standpoint, Western Australia, of all States, is the most unfavourably situated. Its large area and small population — much of it lying in the tropics with consequent poor receiving conditions — and the long distances from the broadcasting stations in the Eastern States make conditions differ greatly from that of the other States. It is unfortunate that, when regulations governing wireless are made, Western Australia must accept them whether they are adaptable to this State or not, and, as far as wireless is concerned, very little, if any, consideration has been given this State in the past. It is certain that a much greater number of licences would now be in existence if the particular needs of Western Australia had been investigated during the first years of broadcasting. "It does not matter how excellent one single programme is, it will not create the interest that a variety of programmes will even if of lesser merit. For years the several applications for 'B' class licences from this State have received no encouragement from the Postmaster-General's Department, and, because of conditions that existed in the East, the holding up of all 'B' class licences had to apply to Western Australia, and yet this State was without a 'B' class station. This is evidence of ignorance of the wireless position in Western Australia. The approval of an application by '''Musgrove's, Limited''', will certainly stimulate interest in radio in Western Australia, but it seems more than a coincidence that, following a change of Government, the licence should be granted . A reply to an application by that firm a few months ago practically amounted to a refusal to grant any 'B' class licences. The enterprise of a company in entering the field of broadcasting in Western Australia is, indeed, to be commended, and its efforts deserve every success. Let us hope also that any future applications from Western Australia for 'B' class licences will receive encouragement rather than what has been in the past — discouragement. "The change of wavelength of 6WF as made by the Postmaster-General's Department has proved a lamentable failure. The State's geographical position is such that a longwave broadcasting station is a necessity. It makes no difference to that position even if the Timbuctoo Broadcasting Company provided the programmes, and this fact seems to have been lost sight of by those that inaugurated the 'new era.' The most reliable stations in Europe from a service point of view are those that are broadcasting on a long wavelength, and the conditions make it even more necessary here. Remedy with Department. "Where a service is maintained by a licence fee it should be the aim of the authorities to provide that service. In Western Australia at present it is not being done. The remedy lies within the power of the Postmaster-General's Department only. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31060181 |title=BROADCASTING FROM 6WF. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,603 |location=Western Australia |date=16 January 1930 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES. . . . New Broadcasting Station.''' Musgroves, Ltd., who intend to erect a new B. Class broadcasting station at their premises in Murray-street, have received a letter from the Director-General of Posts and Telegraphs advising that they have been allotted '''6ML''' as call sign and a wave length of 297 metres. Tenders for the erection and installation of the plant have already closed and it is expected that by next week the successful contractors will be known. The company hope to have the station in operation by the end of next March.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31060447 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,604 |location=Western Australia |date=17 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. WONDERS OF TODAY. (By VK6FG). . . . NEW "B" CLASS STATION.''' Tenders, which have been considered for some weeks, may be finalised within the next three or four days, as a result of which Perth's new "B" class station '''6ML''' will be erected. One of the first steps which Musgrove's Ltd. took in respect of the es-tablishment of a station was to acquire the property on which their business now stands. The erection of masts to carry the aerial is a complicated job, and certainly one which it is not desired to repeat. '''6ML''' has been granted permission to use up to 300 watts in the aerial, which although of small power compared with 6WF should be ample for a radius of 250 miles. While results may show that it has even better carrying power. The wavelength allocation of 297 metres (approximately 1000 kilocycles) should be suitable too, for it should avoid harmonics from 6WF and be sufficiently well separated to avoid trouble. "B" class stations do not receive any financial help from the Commonwealth, so the station will be thrown upon its own resources in this regard. Doubtless the 4000-odd listeners will be added to with the appearance of a new station, and with the present financial outlook the station cannot expect to show profits. They should, however, earn the goodwill of the listeners by providing an alternative programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83820936 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,071 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING STATION. Tenders for 6ML. SUCCESS OF ADELAIDE FIRM.''' The National Musical Federation Ltd., of Adelaide, the owners of Broadcasting Station 5KA of that city, are the successful tenderers for the construction of a "B" class station for Musgrove's Ltd. of Perth. In making the announcement this morning, Mr. M. Musgrove said that the tender provided for the new station to be handed over on or before March 19, and from advices which he had received the tenderers were making every effort to be ready before that date. The station, which will be known as '''6ML''', will operate on a wave length of 297 metres, with an output in the aerial of 300 watts. The transmitter will comprise a crystal oscillator, an intermediate amplifier, a power amplifier, a modulating unit, together with filament supply and high tension supply, with smoothing devices. The aerial masts, which will be of steel, are being erected by Musgrove's themselves, and will rise 60ft. above the roof of their building in Murray-street. This work will be put in hand almost immediately, and it is expected that by the middle of February the transmitting units will be shipped from Adelaide. '''STATION PERSONNEL.''' The engineer-operator of the station will be Mr. Harry Simmonds, well known among amateur radio operators here, and the announcer will be Mr. Archie Graham, who is at present associated with 6WF. Mr. Graham has appeared as an entertainer at 4QG (Brisbane), 2BL (Sydney), 3LO (Melbourne), and 5CL (Adelaide), in addition to the Perth station, and was for a time announcer for 5CL. The hours the new station will be on the air have been tentatively fixed, and are: Week-days, 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2.30 to 3.30 p.m., 5 to 6.30 p.m., 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.; Sundays. 7 to 9 p.m. Mr. Musgrove said today that the initial programmes would be drawn up after consultation by him with the programme director, but they were determined to secure the best artists offering. A system of sponsored programmes would be introduced on a similar plan to that adopted in America, where firms bought so much of a station's time on the air and submitted entertainment interspersed with advertising.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83821999 |title=BROADCASTING STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,073 |location=Western Australia |date=22 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. 6ML to Open in March.''' A new wireless broadcasting station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves, Ltd., of Murray street, Perth, will be opened before March 19. Mr. M. Musgrove announced yesterday that his company had accepted the tender of the National Musical Federation, Ltd., of Adelaide, the owners of station 5KA, for the construction of the company's "B" class station, which would be situated in Lyric House, Murray-street. The tender provided for the completion of the station by March 19, but it is understood that the successful tenderers intended to endeavour to have the station ready before that date. The new station will operate on a wave length of 297 metres and will be able to be received by all sets which cover the normal broadcasting band. The power will be only 300 watts, but as the transmitter will be of the latest type, the range of the station will probably extend beyond Albany, Kalgoorlie and Geraldton, which it is intended to serve. The aerial system will be on the roof of Musgrove's buildings and the masts will be 60 feet high. Arrangements for the construction and erection of these parts are now being made. Mr. C. F. Kingston, one of the directors of the company, will be in charge of the station and Mr. A. Graham will be the announcer. Mr. Graham is well known to local listeners, being the "Archie" of "Archie and Watty", radio entertainers. Mr. H. Simmonds, a local amateur radio operator, will be the engineer-operator of the station. The hours that the station will be on the air have been provisionally fixed as follow:— Weekdays, 11 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 2.30 to. 3.30 p.m., 5 to 6.30 p.m. and 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.; Sun-days, 7 to 9 p.m. The station will thus fill in the gaps between 6WF's day sessions and provide the long-awaited choice of programmes at night, when the majority of radio enthusiasts are listening. Mr. Musgrove said yesterday that the company would not spare, expense in placing programmes of the highest standard before the public. As in the Eastern States and other parts of the world, a system of sponsored sessions would be introduced under which advertisers would buy so much of a station's time on the air and supply entertainment interspersed with advertisements. While the latest music would be broadcast by means of gramophones and player-pianos, the company intended to include in its programmes the best artists available as well as concert parties and a special orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31061805 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,609 |location=Western Australia |date=23 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. BETTER BROADCASTS. (By VK6FG). . . . "B" CLASS STATION.''' Finality has at last been reached in the matter of the construction of '''6ML''', the State's first "B" class station. The contract went to the National Musical Federation Ltd., of Adelaide, better known to wireless folk as 5KA, for the federation maintains a "B" class station in our sister city. The company promised to have the station on the air in eight weeks, with an output of 300 watts and with a piezo-electric crystal maintaining the frequency. The two masts necessary are not included in the contract, and these will be erected by the owners of the station, Musgroves, Ltd., themselves. They will each be 60ft. tall and be built of steel. The type of aerial to be employed is being left very largely to the tenderers. Those with the modern broadcast receivers will be able to bring in the new station, which is on 297 metres, without any difficulty, as the majority of these sets cover a scale of from 200 to 600 metres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83817276 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,077 |location=Western Australia |date=27 January 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=2 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 02===== <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE.''' (Photo Caption) MR. F. C. KINGSTON. Manager to Messrs. Musgrove's broadcasting station, '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58374110 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1671 |location=Western Australia |date=2 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. LISTENERS' COMPLAINTS. Need for Government Action. (By "Radio.")''' Heralded by an intense publicity campaign, which attracted the attention of many persons hitherto unconcerned with wireless, what was termed the new era in radio was ushered into Western Australia on September 1 last when the Australian Broadcasting Company took over the presentation and provision of programmes from 6WF, Perth, and the Commonwealth Government through the Postmaster-General's Department assumed control of the actual transmissions which, from that date, were on a wave length of 435 metres instead of the dual transmissions on 1,250 metres and 104.5 metres. Much was expected from the change but the only gain, as far as listeners are concerned, has been an improvement in programmes at the expense of the disadvantages to be mentioned later. From a general point of view it is satisfactory to be able to record, as on December 31 last, the highest number of licences, 4,727, ever known in this State. Apart from those two factors, everything seems to be wrong and, after several months, the early murmurings of complaint have now swollen into a torrent of criticisms by dissatisfied listeners, both city and country, who have something unpleasant to say about everything but the programmes. The most disquieting feature of the present state of wireless in Western Australia is the unsatisfactory service being rendered to country listeners, to whom wireless is an incomparable boon. City dwellers could be deprived of wireless without grave consequences but to country listeners the inability to receive news, market and weather reports and other information of similar importance, to say nothing of entertainment items, is a serious matter. The broadcasting service is one maintained by a licence fee, and having paid his fee the country listener is entitled to receive the service. At present, in many districts, country enthusiasts are unable to hear the station at all on the new wave length and, when they can log the station, poor daylight reception, fading, distortion and the broadly tuned and poor quality transmission are in sharp contrast to their previous results on the old wave lengths when they did get a reliable service. This is reflected in the 350 odd cancellations during the four months from September 1 to December 31, and in the demand for a return to the old wave lengths. In the city, listeners join hands with their country confreres in condemning the poor quality of the transmissions which are not better by the obviously inefficient way in which the control apparatus is operated. To these complaints, metropolitan listeners have a grievance of their own — 6WF, being situated in the city and on a wave length in the middle of those used by the Eastern States stations they are prevented from logging those stations. Distance lends enchantment to the ear as well as the view and many listeners, who found insufficient variety in the programmes of one station, were kept satisfied by their ability to tune into programmes in other parts of Australia. Unless the station be moved out of Perth and its blanketing effect thus obviated, many city listeners would prefer to see the station return to its old wave lengths. Generally speaking, the trouble lies in the change of wave length and the poor transmissions, which are reproduced by apparatus that is obsolete and which should never have been used for the new wave length. '''Many Wireless Enthusiasts.''' There is a great deal of interest in wireless in this State and, if this is properly exploited, it is reasonable to assume that the licence figures could eventually be increased to the vicinity of 20,000. To, do this would, of course, mean a main station, within 50 miles of Perth and relay stations in important country centres as well as several "B" class stations. To expect this, within many years, is to be unduly optimistic, as there are the demands of other and more populous states to be satisfied and so far as wireless has been concerned there is an unfortunate tendency on the part of the Commonwealth Government to regard this State as "only Western Australia and anything will do." The increase in licences, from 3,888 in September to 4,727 in December indicates the interest in radio and justifies the demand that the Government take some action to alleviate the present state of affairs. The question of the wave length is an open one, many desiring a reversion to the dual transmissions, while, on the other hand, a large body of opinion favours the retention of the new wave length providing the station is rebuilt, moved out of the city, increased in power from five kilowatts to ten, and constructed in such a way that it will provide a reasonably sharply tuned single carrier and modulated according to the latest methods. An important advantage of the existing wavelength is that it enables the use of the latest receiving sets. A new station would be costly, and unless strong pressure is brought on the Government, Western Australia will probably be neglected as before. There is no doubt the listening public, who pay their fees, are entitled to service, and the Government, should not spare expense in providing this. Pending the consideration of rebuilding the station, the authorities might consider a proposal which would give immediate relief. The transmission should be continued on the 435 mefres wave length but on half a kilowatt power, as was used in August last, when the first tests were made on this wave length. Those tests were of excellent quality compared with the quality when the full power of five kilowatts was used, and were reported to have covered nearly as wide a range. With the smaller power the modulation was better and the multiplicity of waves avoided. At the same time to enable the country listeners to hear the programmes at least after dark, the authorities should again operate on the 104.5 wave length, as well as from 6 p.m. onwards. This wave length gave satisfactory reception to country districts, and something must be done for the country people, for whom the half loaf of night reception on 104.5 metres would be better than the state of no bread existing for too many today. As it is, the department can thank the short wave stations, which are received here very well, and the combination radio-gramophones, which provide relief from some of the worst: transmissions, for holding the interest to many other listeners who would add their quota to the daily letters of com-plaints. Next winter, when nearly every-body attempts to tune in to stations in the East, there will be many more complaints of interference from 6WF. '''Programmes Satisfactory.''' As far as the programmes are concerned, it is generally conceded that there has been an improvement. There is room for further improvement, but it is obvious that with the poor quality of the transmissions, and, in parts of the country, the inability of listeners to receive the broadcasts at all, it would be a waste of money for the company to put on any better programmes than they are because the management and the artists never know how their efforts will be transmitted to listeners. For instance, on Sunday, January 26, there was a glaring example of what occurs after the company has done its part of the contract. During Mr. Howell's broadcast from the Ambassadors Theatre, which was probably the most popular, and, certainly the most expensive item of the week, there were no fewer than 17 distinct interruptions to the transmission of the programme, and on four occasions the concert had to be stopped while items were given from the studio during repairs or adjustments to the transmitting apparatus. One can imagine the feelings of Mr. Howell, who gives much care to his programmes, on hearing from friends how the concert sounded from a loud speaker. The views of the Australian Broadcasting Company's manager can safely be imagined. Amid all the dissatisfaction with existing affairs, there looms one hope for the future. That is the early commencement of our '''first "B" class station''', '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves, Ltd. This station will provide variety for listeners, and being on modern lines its transmissions should be in such contrast to those of 6WF that the Government, in shame, will have to effect an improvement or be held open to the scorn of those who will point out that '''6ML''', run by private enterprise, and receiving no share of listeners' fees, can offer to the public better quality broadcasts than 6WF with the resources of a national Government behind it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064366 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,619 |location=Western Australia |date=4 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE.''' (Photo Caption) MR. H. T. SIMMONS. The well-known Perth experimenter, who has been appointed chief engineer to Messrs. Musgrove's new broadcasting station, '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58374404 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless Ne ws, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1672 |location=Western Australia |date=9 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles.''' (By VK6FG.) '''6WF'S TRANSMISSIONS''' What is the future of broadcasting in Western Australia? One almost fears to look ahead. '''6ML''' with its crystal controlled wave, will be on the air soon, and it will be interesting to hear what sort of a transmission it puts out. It should be good. But what if 6WF with its several harmonics interferes with '''6ML'''? Then it will be impossible to listen to either station. It may be looking at the hurdle before we come to it, but this is sometimes necessary. The transmissions from 6WF recently are sufficient to cause comment by their irregularity. At one session, or during part of a session, they are fair to good; not as good as many of the stations in the Eastern States, but providing little to growl about. Then almost in the twinkling of an eye everything seems to go wrong. What was loud-speaker strength had died away to the merest whisper in the city, speech is not understandable, and the listener switches off in disgust, it is not possible to say just where the trouble is, but it should not take a board of competent engineers devoting their attentions exclusively to the station more than a week to locate the bother, even if they had to monitor each section individually and collectively. It is no good, however, letting matters drift on as they have been doing since the writer first called attention to the state of the station some months ago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83815389 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,089 |location=Western Australia |date=10 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S BROADCASTING. Arrangement of Programmes.''' Mr. R. Brearley, formerly musical director of 3AR, Sydney (sic,Melbourne), has been appointed advertising manager and programme director for Musgrove's broadcasting station '''6ML''', which, it is hoped to open on March 24. Mr. Brearley said today that the station's broadcasting times would be:— 11 a.m. to noon, 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m., 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. As far as possible these times had been arranged to prevent both '''6ML''' and 6WF from being on the air at the same time. The station would feature dancing music one night a week and classical music an-other night. On other nights the programme would be general.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83816672 |title=MUSGROVE'S BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,090 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING.''' . . . (By "Radio.") In a little over a month listeners in Western Australia will have the choice of two local stations for the first time, and those located within five miles of the transmitter of 6WF are going to find trouble unless their sets are most selective. On Saturday night an official of the Wireless Institute, speaking over 6WF, warned those with unselective sets that they would be receiving both 6WF and '''6ML''' at the same time; and it is common knowledge that many of the existing sets used by city listeners can receive 6WF on any part of the condenser dials. There is always a shock area near, the transmitting plant of a powerful station, and it is unfortunate that a very large proportion of wireless enthusiasts in this State are so situated in regard to 6WF. This is another argument for the removal of the station out of Perth. Last weekend, using my own two-valve modified Reinartz set and an all-electric three of local design kindly lent for testing, I could receive the local station on any part of the condensers with my usual 40 foot aerial. On reducing the aerial to a few feet of wire I found the electric set most selective, and there would be no trouble in logging both the stations on that. The same applied to the two-valve set. Unfortunately, the reduction in the length of the aerial often makes interstate reception impossible, and it is very likely that in the coming winter only those with big sets and special selective circuits will have the pleasure of logging the other Australian stations. Reports will be welcomed, after '''6ML''' comes on the air, from city listeners who can receive both the local stations without trouble and from those who have no difficulty in logging the stations in the Eastern States as well. In each case full details of the set and aerial systems should be given, as well as times and dates the stations were logged, and the quality of reception. Correspondents should note that the two local stations would not be properly separated if there is the slightest background of '''6ML''' when listening to 6WF, or vice versa. . . . '''Programme Director for 6ML.''' Mr. Ronald Brearley, formerly musical director of 3AR, Melbourne, and a member of the Ambassadors orchestra, has been engaged as programme director for the "B" class station, '''6ML'''. During his engagement with 3AR, Mr. Brearley introduced a special hour of gramophone recordings and arranged his programmes in such a way that this hour became one of the most popular in Melbourne. It is the new programme director's intention to arrange his programmes here so that they will include a balanced selection of items which will cater as far as possible for the tastes of everybody. He and his 'cello will probably be heard in solo numbers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32397970 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,626 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station.''' Work has been commenced on the new broadcasting station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., Murray-street. Alterations are being made in the top floor of Musgrove's Buildings to house the transmitting plant which is on the Manunda (due at Fremantle to-day). The aerial masts are due to arrive at Fremantle by the following interstate steamer and are to be erected by March 8. It is expected that the first tests of the new station, which will operate on 297 metres, will be made about March 15. According to advice received by Musgrove's, Ltd., from the National Musical Federation, Ltd., Adelaide, who has the contract for the erection of the transmitter, that company's engineer (Mr. Ashwin) is due to arrive in Perth, today.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32398193 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,626 |location=Western Australia |date=12 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS EXPANSION. Perth's New Station. ENGINEER ARRIVES.''' With the arrival this morning of the engineer, Mr. Edward Ashwin, plans for the establishment of '''6ML''', the new broadcasting station to be operated by Musgroves Ltd. will be rapidly advanced. Mr. Ashwin, who hopes that all will be in readiness to commence operations about a fortnight hence, is engineer of 5KA Adelaide, and was previously associated with the station now known as 5CL Melbourne and 7ZL, Tasmania. 5KA is conducted by the National Musical Federation Ltd., which has the contract for the erection of the transmitting plant required for '''6ML'''. '''STATION DESCRIBED.''' Referring to the new local station, Mr. Ashwin said that it would have a transmitter power of approximately 500 watts and a wave length of 297 metres. It was built along the lines of the latest practice of modern wireless transmission. One of the features was that it would be crystal controlled, which meant that the station could not move its wave length without another crystal being installed, and that listeners-in would always find the crystal control station in exactly the same place on their tuning dials. This form of control had been widely used in different parts of the world for about two years past. Most of the American stations were operated on it, but the only other of which he had a knowledge in Australia, outside those operated by amateurs, was that of 3DB, Melbourne. The transmission of '''6ML''' would consist principally of two units, one being a complete 50 watt crystal control transmitter and the other unit a 50 watt linear amplifier. The latter fed the aerial and it was on this unit also that the power reading was taken. The whole of the plant required for the new station is aboard the Karoola, which is due at Fremantle this evening. (Photo Caption) Mr. E. Ashwin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83819469 |title=WIRELESS EXPANSION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,097 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Station 6ML.''' Satisfactory progress is being made with the building of the new wireless station, '''6ML'''. The alterations to the top floor of Musgrove's buildings, where the transmitter will be housed, have been completed and the ceilings and roof are being opened for the installing of the masts which, with the transmitting plant, will arrive by today's interstate steamer. The station will be on the air daily between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. and between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32395500 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,632 |location=Western Australia |date=19 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW PERTH STATION. Arrival of Engineer.''' In the opinion of the engineer, Mr. Edwin Ashwin, the new Perth broadcasting station '''6ML''' should be functioning in a fortnight. The cost of the plant and installation will total about £1,500. Mr. Ashwin arrived in Perth by the Great Western express yesterday morning from Adelaide. Mr. Ashwin has been associated with wireless for years. Originally he was at Station 5AB, which later became 5CL. Subsequently he worked on 7ZL, Hobart, (Photo Caption) MR. E. ASHWIN. and is now engineer for 5KA, Adelaide, which is run by the National Musical Federation. The plant which he will install in Perth reached Fremantle last night on the steamer Karoola. Discussing the plant yesterday, Mr. Ashwin said that the transmitter power was about 500 watts and the wave length 297 metres. The apparatus was built on the lines of the latest Melbourne transmitters. A feature was the crystal control. This meant that the station could not move its wavelength without installing another crystal. With such constancy in the broadcasting medium, listeners could rely on picking up the station at exactly the same place on their tuning dials. This system had been in general use in America for the last two years, but was not in vogue in Australia. Apart from amateurs, only station 3DB, Melbourne employed it, as far as he was aware. The transmitter consisted of two units, one being a complete 500-watt crystal-controlled transmitter; and the other a 500-watt linear amplifier which fed the aerial. It was from the last-named unit that the power rating was taken.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32387971 |title=NEW PERTH STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,633 |location=Western Australia |date=20 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' THE "STROMBERG-CARLSON." THE ROLLS ROYCE OF RADIO. Prepare NOW for the era of alternative programmes, soon for the first time, to be available to Perth. Get a SELECTIVE set, a set that will enable you to tune in either 6WF or '''6ML''', whichever you prefer, without interference from the other station. The "Stromberg-Carlson" is super-selective; is high-powered, and may be had in either "All-Electric" form, needing no batteries, or a Battery-operated set; and either form may be had as either 6-valve or 3-valve model. THE ALL-ELECTRIC "6" .. .. £47 THE BATTERY "6" .. .. .. £42/10/ THE ALL-ELECTRIC "3" .. £30 THE BATTERY "3" .. .. £15/10/ SPEAKERS (the only "extra") from 37/6 MAGNAVOX DYNAMIC SPEAKERS, IN CABINETS, from £8 (D.C.) and £11 (A.C.). Detailed Price Lists Free on Application. RING B1917 FOR A DEMONSTRATION AT HOME. NO OBLIGATION. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "The House of Distinction," LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32389470 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,637 |location=Western Australia |date=25 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Progress at 6ML.''' Rapid progress has been made by Mr. E. Ashwin, of the National Musical Federation of Adelaide, with the installation of the transmitting plant for Perth's new wireless station, '''6ML''', to be operated by Musgroves Ltd. on a wave length of 297 metres (10,010 bilocycles [sic]). The plant arrived by the Karoola on Wednesday last and was delivered at Musgrove's Buildings on Friday. In the intervening days Mr. Ashwin has made so much progress that he will be able to test the transmitter as soon as the aerial masts are erected, which will be some time during the week. The aerial system will be in the form of a three-wire flat topped L-shaped aerial and a six wire counterpoise. The aerial masts will be 65ft. high and including the buildings, will be about 130ft. above the ground. The 50-watt crystal controlled transmitter has been erected and the assembling of the 500-watt linear amplifier will be completed by tomorrow. Tests will be first made with a power of 50 watts and then with the full power of 500 watts. Asked to give an estimate of the distance over which '''6ML''' will be received, Mr. Ashwin said he was unable to give any specified distance as he was not yet sufficiently familiar with local conditions. A similar station in Adelaide, 5KA, which, however, used only 300 watts was regularly heard up to 300 miles but 3DB (Melbourne), which used 500 watts was heard over much greater distances. In fact 3DB was received better in Adelaide than the two Melbourne "A" class stations, 3LO and 3AR, which used ten times the power of 3DB. Occasional reception of a station took place at much longer distances and, at times, a Bruce Rock listener had reported that he was able to log 5KA (Adelaide). The new station should be regularly heard by anyone within 300 to 400 miles of Perth. The programme director (Mr. R. Brearley) is preparing a special programme for the opening night, the date for which has not yet been decided upon but which will be either March 19 or 26. The new station will be on the air each day from 11 a.m. till noon; from 12.30.p.m. to 2 p.m.; from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m.; from 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. and from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. On Sunday evenings a programme will be broadcast between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32389296 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,637 |location=Western Australia |date=25 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Notes and Comments. (By "Radio.")''' . . . The opening transmissions from '''6ML''' are to be made with due ceremony and a special night will be arranged to celebrate this welcome event in local radio. Particulars are not yet available but the management are determined to give the listening public something to make the date stand out in their memories.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32397944 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,638 |location=Western Australia |date=26 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Programme Arrangements at 6ML.''' The programme director of the new Perth wireless station '''6ML''' (Mr. R. Brearley) is busily engaged preparing items for his first week's broadcasting which will begin either on March 19 or 26. On the opening night a special programme will be arranged and will probably extend beyond the usual closing hour of 10 p.m. In arranging his programmes, Mr. Brearley is co-operating as far as possible with 6WF so that there will be no overlapping. Mr. Brearley said yesterday that every Wednesday night at the new station would be devoted to dance music and, instead of an indiscriminate choice of records, a series of numbers by one band would be broadcast interspersed with light vocal numbers. By using one band there would be no variations of tempo and rhythm and it would be difficult for listeners to distinguish whether a record or an actual performance was being broadcast. On Thursday nights the programme would consist of classical numbers and on other nights an attempt would be made to give a programme that would appeal to the average taste. There would be no talks or lectures from the station. "It is the intention of the management," said Mr. Brearley, "to keep the standard of the broadcasting as high as possible and with that aim in view no artist will be allowed to speak or sing from the station without first submitting to a voice test. All records to be used will be tried over before being broadcast and as far as possible each session will be arranged to form a complete concert or recital. For the first time in Perth player piano music will be broadcast and the player piano will also be used to accompany 'cello and vocal items. Arrangements have been made with West Australian Airways, Ltd., to broadcast incidents noted by pilots on their flights. The proprietors of the station, Musgrove's, Ltd., Murray-street, Perth, will be glad to receive reports from listeners as to the volume and quality of the transmission, listeners stating their distance from the station and the type of set used. Comments on the programmes will also be welcomed, and every endeavour will be made to comply with requests for particular items. The first tests from the station will probably be made on Monday next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32399019 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,640 |location=Western Australia |date=28 February 1930 |accessdate=18 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 03===== <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Test Transmissions From 6ML.''' The masts to carry the aerial system of the new Perth wireless station, '''6ML''', will be erected today, and as soon as the aerial and counterpoise are fitted everything will be ready for the final adjustments of the transmitting plant for the opening of the station on either March 19 or 26. Using 50 watts power on a makeshift aerial slung from the control room to a neighbouring building, tests were carried out by the engineers of the station yesterday, and there will be further tests with the same aerial between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. to-day. These trial transmissions are being made by the engineers purely for their own purposes, and are no indication of the quality or volume of the final transmissions from the station, as they will be on the full power of 500 watts on the permanent aerial system. The tests yesterday were clearly received in the metropolitan area as far as Fremantle, from where reproduction by loud speaker was reported.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32401036 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,643 |location=Western Australia |date=4 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Operating Wave-Traps.''' With station '''6ML''' coming on the air, selectivity of programmes — with the majority of home made sets — will only be obtainable with the aid of a wavetrap. To get satisfactory results from one of these, extreme caution must be exercised in order that there are no snags in its application to the set in use. Among the types of wavetraps which can be made and fitted at home, one of the most effective is the series autocoupled type, and provided it is well made and properly fitted should prove most reliable. It will practically always cut out a powerful local station easily, and does not reduce the strength of the other station being received. Moreover, it does not affect the general operation of the receiver to any noticeable degree, and it merely requires setting once and for all to eliminate the local station. A very convenient form of this wavetrap was described in detail in these columns about two months ago. In use the trap is connected in series in the aerial lead, as follows: Join the aerial lead to the A1 or A2 terminal, on the wave trap, and connect A to the aerial terminal on your set. The aerial lead should be tried on both the A1 and A2 terminals to see which gives the best results. A point which should be borne in mind by those amateurs who wish to fit the trap inside the cabinet is that of position. The trap must be kept well away from the tuning coils, otherwise it should be kept outside. For example, it can often be screwed to the outside of the cabinet, but see that it is not too near the coils inside. The minimum distance for real safety is about 8 inches in most cases. A good and safe scheme is to put the trap in series with the aerial lead at the point where the aerial enters the house, for example, on the window ledge. The important point, then, is just to keep the trap well away from any of the coils in the receiver, and with that made clear, let us see about the adjustment. This, also, is decidedly important. Before you connect the trap in circuit, switch on your set and tune in the desired station. Now detune until the volume of this station goes down to about half. Next, connect the trap in the manner already described, and start with the trap condenser somewhere about its minimum capacity, that is to say, with the little knob fully unscrewed. Now proceed to screw down the knob with the aid of a screwdriver, keeping your hand well away from the trap coil. After a little while you should find a point where the volume of the local station suddenly goes down almost to nothing and comes up again to full strength as you pass beyond this point. Try and locate this point as accurately as you can, and you will probably find that when you have found it exactly the local station will disappear. If it does, proceed to return the tuning of the set towards the exact setting for the local station until it begins to come in again. Then return to the trap and have another shot at the adjustment, seeking to find the exact point which makes the local station disappear as completely as possible, so that it is only heard when exactly tuned in and then only at much reduced strength. When the local station is required it is a simple matter to disconnect the trap from the set; or, if you find this troublesome, yon can easily fit a little shorting switch of the plain on-off type, with one side connected to the aerial terminal on your set, and the other side to the aerial lead. The switch can be placed on the wave-trap itself, which would simplify its connections. When you have the switch in the "on" position, you have the aerial brought straight through to your set with the wavetrap cut out. With the switch in the "off" position, the wavetrap is in operation. There is nothing very complicated about this wavetrap. It is just a matter of building it with good quality components and using it in the proper manner. Even under the worst conditions it should so cut down the volume of the unwanted station that you will only hear it when it is exactly tuned in.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31065022 |title=Operating Wave-Traps. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. BROADCASTING. Notes and Comments. (By "Radio.")''' That the recent severe criticisms of the quality of the transmissions from 6WF were not based on rumours only is shown by the fact that during January there were 134 new licences taken out and 102 cancellations, giving a net gain for the month of only 32. This is very disappointing but will possibly have the effect of stirring the authorities in Melbourne to action. There were at January 31 last 4,759 licensed listeners in the State, and the 5,000 mark has still to be reached. It is hoped that the opening of the new station, '''6ML''', will have the immediate effect of increasing the number of listeners. There will be no talks of any kind during the night programmes from '''6ML'''. This rule was laid down by the programme director (Mr. R. Brearley), who aims at making these sessions purely of an entertaining nature. Station 6WF continues to include talks in its programmes after 8 p.m., and many listeners think that the programme arranger should, as far as talks are concerned, follow the lead of '''6ML''' and rigorously exclude them from the night programmes. '''Co-ordination Between Stations.''' It is pleasing to note that as far as possible the managements of the two stations intend to arrange the respective programmes to avoid overlapping. Thus as Monday and Friday are popular nights at 6WF, it was decided that Wednesday night would be the popular night at '''6ML'''. Between 7 and 9 p.m. on Sunday there is a church service from 6WF, and '''6ML''' will provide during those hours a musical programme for those who do not listen to church services. The advantage of having two stations is obvious, as listeners can tune from one to the other and from both programmes select items to their liking. As well, the combined services will mean that there is something being broadcast daily from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m. from one station or the other. A disadvantage of the two stations will be that persons with inselective sets will, in the city area, receive both programmes at once. Owners of such sets should, if possible, make their sets selective now by shortening their aerials, altering their coils, or by other methods, instead of waiting until '''6ML''' is on the air. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064900 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PREPARING PERTH'S NEW WIRELESS STATION.''' (Photo Caption) Yesterday workmen on the top of Musgrove's, Ltd., were busily erecting scaffolding preparatory to raising '''6ML's''' wireless mast into position today.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31064987 |title=PREPARING PERTH'S NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,644 |location=Western Australia |date=5 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Broadcasting Stations.''' Many listeners have inquired as to the difference between "A" class and "B" class wireless broadcasting stations. An "A" class station, such as 6WF, is a public utility. It is permitted to employ any power allotted to it by the Commonwealth Government and must not sell its time on the air for advertising purposes. "B" class stations depend on the sale of advertising for their revenue and are limited to 500 watts power. They do not receive any proportion of listeners' licence fees while the "A" class, stations are kept going by their share of this revenue. There are eight "A" class stations in Australia — 3LO and 3AR (Victoria), 2FC and 2BL (New South Wales), 4QG (Queensland), 5CL (South Australia), 7ZL (Tasmania) and 6WF (Western Australia) — all of which use 5,000 watts, except 7ZL, which is operated on 3,000 watts. The "B" class stations are 13 in number, as follow:— 2GB, 2BE, 2UW, 2UE, 2KY, 2HD and 2MK (New South Wales); 3UZ and 3DB (Victoria); 4GR (Queensland); 5KA, 5DN (South Australia) and '''6ML''' (Western Aus-tralia).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31065471 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,645 |location=Western Australia |date=6 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. WIRELESS NEWS, TIPS AND COMMENTS. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE. EARLY OPENING OF 6ML. Perth's New "B" Station.''' So rapid has progress been made with the installation of the plant for Messrs. Musgroves "B" class station, located at their musical warehouse, Murray-street, that it is anticipated it will be in operation earlier than originally proposed. The installation engineer (Mr. E. Ashwin) in conversation with a representative of this paper, pointed out that '''6ML''' embodies the latest advances made in broadcast station design, incorporating crystal control, separator stage, and linear (Photo Caption) 500 watt linear amplifiers at '''6ML''' amplification on the amplifier stage. These technical terms imply that everything possible is done, in the interests of perfect transmission,and in a view of the plant confirms the opinion that Western Australia has, through the enterprise of Musgroves, acquired a fine broadcast station. The wavelength to be used is 297 meters, and initial tests have shown there will not be the slightest trace of interference from 6WF in the metropolitan area. As regards the range of the new station this can only be confirmed under operating conditions, but as a conservative estimate, a radius of 300 miles should be spanned. Another point in favor of good medium distance reception is the choice of the wavelength, a similar wave used in the Eastern States, showing a remarkable tendency for long distance work. A technical description of the plant will no doubt prove of interest. The actual operating room, comfortably houses three panels comprising the rectifiers, oscillator and modulator, and the amplifier. Each valve is supplied with a separate high-tension tapping, (Photo Caption) Crystal central oscillator, intermediate amplifier and modulated amplifier. rectified A.C. being used for the oscillator and modulator, and a D.C. generator for the amplifier. Each circuit is neutralised and screening of the oscillator stage and controls is a further refinement. The initial wavelength of 297 metres is generated and controlled by a quartz crystal, which definitely maintains this wavelength. The output from the oscillator is of the order of only 3 watts, which is passed on to the separator stage with a subsequent output of 7 watts. The modulators then come into play, and the output is increased to 60 watts. The wavelength is now a modulated wave in conformity with the impressed voice variations spoken into the microphone, and to obtain further power the modulated output is now amplified by the 500-watt amplifier, consisting of two 250 valves in parallel. From this point the circuit is coupled to the aerial, and the wave is radiated. It is a matter of some difficulty to imagine that this small piece of quartz crystal is directly controlling the whole output, and during its operation it is in a state of mechanical vibration at a rate of little over a million periods a second, though the movement cannot be seen so imperceptibly small is it. The studio control conforms to latest practices, and special attention has been given to all acoustic effects of the studio to eliminate echo and reverbration. The programme sessions have been arranged, so that they will dovetail with the existing sessions from 6WF, and listeners will have a transmission all day, and the choice of either programme during the evening. The hours are 11 a.m. to noon, 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m., 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Sunday evening session 7 to 9. In order that some idea of the effective day and night range of the station may be gauged, listeners are requested to forward reports to Messrs. Musgroves, Murray-street, Perth. For convenience in tuning, those listeners who receive 3DB, 255 metres will find '''6ML''' a little above this tuning point. 2KY, Sydney on 280 metres is also a guide point, though possibly only country listeners receive this latter station. '''6ML TESTS.''' Using an improvised aerial, suspended within the building, and an arrangement as inefficient as one could wish for, the 60-watt oscillator of '''6ML''' has been proving its efficiency in some initial tests conducted by the engineering staff, by having its transmissions heard at speaker strength as far as Fremantle, and local reports state excellent reproduction has been obtained. With the 500-watt amplifier and the proper outdoor aerial, in operation the tests presage excellent transmission from our new station. The opening night scheduled for Wednesday, 19th inst., is to be a gala performance, and a first-class programme under the directorship of Ronald Brearley has been arranged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58376994 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1676 |location=Western Australia |date=9 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. 6WF IN THE COUNTRY. (By VK6FG.)''' It was my fortune last week to take a trip into the East Murchison, approximately 70 miles from Perth, and at least 500 as the crow flies or the radio wave travels. Throughout the trip I made inquiries as to how transmissions were coming through, and upon the state of radio generally. Outside of the city there is a more genuine appreciation of wireless as a means of entertainment than there is within it. It is I suppose because of our many other interests, which conflict and frequently put wireless into the background. Not so in the country. There it is frequently, the only daily touch with the city and all that it means to out-backers. Generally speaking, within a range 200 miles of Perth there were frequent complaints about 6WF — they hadn't had a chance of hearing '''6ML'''. Fading was bad and with it frequently came distortion until many had despaired of receiving a worthwhile programme. The further away from the city, the better became the reports. One set owner who is situated about 100 miles north-east of Meekatharra and who uses a four-valve set said that he had no fault whatever to find with 6WF as it now is. The programme at night comes through much better than ever before, although day light reception is not good. His only complaint is that even at that distance from Perth he frequently is unable to separate 6WF from 2FC, Sydney. As it was midday, when we passed through, no opportunity presented itself for testing out his assertion. All the Eastern States are received here at good strength and much enjoyment is received from them. One thing which to a wireless enthusiast was immediately noticeable was the ineffective aerial systems which a majority of stations use. Only once or twice was a really good aerial encountered; the remainder were usually about 35 feet above the ground, with one insulator at each end and the lead-in flapping about in the breeze, and no doubt helping to cause a trouble which has been incorrectly set down as fading. These people were wholeheartedly wireless enthusiasts, and despite the fact that replacement of dry batteries was frequent, they were keen to maintain daily contact with the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83496569 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,113 |location=Western Australia |date=10 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. Official Opening on March 19.''' The manager of wireless station '''6ML''' (Mr. F. C. Kingston) announced yesterday that the station would be on the air as from Wednesday, March 19. The first transmissions would be those of the official opening ceremony beginning at 8 p.m. and the programme would be extended until 10.30 on that occasion instead of the usual closing hour of 10 p.m. The new station will operate on a wave length of 297 metres and will use a power of 500 watts. It should be clearly heard within 300 miles of Perth. A special programme of varied musical numbers has been arranged for the opening night and the artists to broadcast will include Contessa Philippini, Misses R. Hawse, G. Cuncliffe and G. Musgrove, Messrs. H. Dean, G. A. McDonald, F. L. Robertson and R. Brearley. The announcer, Mr. Archie Graham, who will in future be known as "Archie, of Musgrove's," will provide humorous items. There will be no reproduced music on this programme, but when gramophone records are being broadcast, a machine with a double turntable will be used and this will greatly limit the delay between items. On Wednesday night, March 26. the first dance session will be given and will be on lines entirely new to local listeners. The masts to carry the aerial have been erected and standing 65 feet above Musgrove's Buildings, in Murray-street, form a new city landmark. The L-shaped three-wire aerial was raised into position yesterday and the counterpoise will be fitted today. The engineer (Mr. E. Ashwin) said yesterday that tests on the permanent aerial with 50 watts power would be made on Thursday evening and reports from listeners would be welcomed. The final tests on the full power of 500 watts would be made at the end of the week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31066524 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,649. |location=Western Australia |date=11 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Over the Ether. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. BROADCAST BREVITIES. BY KILOCYCLE. WAVE TRAPS AND THEIR USES.''' From next week wireless conditions in the metropolitan area will be considerably altered with the advent of active operation by '''6ML'''. In this connection some anxiety is felt by many that their sets will be incapable of tuning out one transmission in favor of the other. With the average valve set that has any pretence of selectivity, even that given by the judicious use of reaction, little or no interference should result. Nevertheless, when a set suffers from flat tuning, due to high resistance coils and tuned circuits, coupled with the disadvantages of using a long aerial, it is possible jamming may result, and in order that the position may be satisfactorily understood, the theory of interference and the use of wave traps will be more or less fully discussed and also the more prominent methods of alleviating the trouble. Referring to Fig. 3, which is drawn to represent three phases of the incoming wavelength and known as the resonance curve, the base line represents wavelength, and the vertical the intensity of signal strength. Points marked '''6ML''' and 6WF have been so marked for purposes of the discussion, it being understood these points have been placed in an exaggerated form to fully stress the basis of the article. It is desired to tune in '''6ML''', and it is found 6WF is still audible. Reference to the continuous curve, which represents the resonance curve of the set, shows that whilst its maximum signal response is for '''6ML''', it is also wide enough (or technically called "flat") to embrace the wavelength position of 6WF at fair strength, consequently both transmissions are heard. This condition can be caused, and often is the case, by an overlong aerial, and as before mentioned by high resistance circuits which tend to flatten out the curve. The broken curve A shows an alteration, inasmuch that while a lower maximum strength is still obtained for '''6ML''', a position of inaudibility exists for 6WF. This corresponds to an all round reduction of signal strength, with a corresponding sharpness of tuning which is brought about by a reduction of aerial length. This is the simplest expedient of all, being done by the wise use of the pliers, and needing no further alterations to the set. It is recommended where distance reception is not the lure and purely local broad-casts are desired. In some cases the length of the aerial can he reduced to 30ft. with beneficial results to selectivity and little noticeable reduction of volume. The broken curve B represents another set of altered conditions, and shows the extreme selectivity and maximum sensitivity obtained by an extremely well made receiver where very low losses only exist in the tuned circuits. This is the most desirable circumstance of the lot, but conversely is the hardest to obtain, calling for at least one or more stages of sharply tuned high frequency coupling circuits and specially wound inductive coils. Therefore I leave this type in the care of the experimenter. This leaves us so far with the reduction of aerial length to gain our ends, and as is often the case, there is no wish to tamper with the aerial as the enchantment for DX reception is still uppermost. Reference is now made to the continuous curve again, and the point of 6WF specially noted, when it can be asked why should it not be possible to tune out this point of higher wavelength and obvious lower volume by a tuned circuit preceding the set itself? If so make up a circuit as Fig. 2 this becomes a tuned oscillatory circuit, and whatever position of wavelength it is tuned for, it offers to this wavelength an infinite resistance and makes the incoming oscillation flow around and around this circuit, which in effect means it does not allow it to pass through. Therefore if this circuit is tuned to 6WF's wave and connected between the aerial lead in and the set, Fig. 3, we constitute a series wave trap, and with all its apparent simplicity one of the most efficient, the components being a 35 turn coil and a .0005 variable condenser, the predominating capacity tending to improve the efficiency of the unit. Whilst it is manifestly advantageous to have a wave trap of this type, it is only natural to expect it to bring certain disadvantages, the main one of these being that the wipe out effect is by no means sharp, and in the case of receiving a distant station on a wavelength closely approximating to that of the interfering station, both stations will be cut out. But for local use only it will be found most efficient. Refinements in wave trap design have been made from time to time in order to gain the utmost efficiency, and for those who desire a rejector unit, which possesses all merits and no demerits, allowing for distant reception without local interference, attention is drawn to the Brookman's rejector which is the design of an English technical journal. In the main points this unit is a series wave trap as already discussed with the important exception that two small variable condensers are used and the aerial is connected to their mid point. The circuit is depicted at Fig. 4. The coil being a 40 turn and the variables forms densers of .001 mfd., a switch S is shown to short circuit the rejector if required. The theoretical application of this type is a little more involved than the simple series wave trap, but as a broad outline one condenser acts as a capacity coupling to the set, and the two condensers in series as the wave trap tuning control. Variation of C1 and C2 are interdependant, and actual operation will show the best position. A method similar in technical results to that of shortening the aerial, is to insert a .0003 variable in series with the lead-in and returning for each station, this type will often act as well as reducing the physical dimensions of the aerial, and moreover is a much easier operation, while this article treats the use of wave traps in general, there are a multitude of methods (acceptor circuits) that could only be discussed at length, and again no rejector or waveup can be efficient if an appreciable pick-up effect is obtained by the coils and stray couplings inside the set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377791 |title=Over the Ether Wireless News, Tips and Comments |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD.''' Musgrove's Ltd. have decided to suspend payment of the usual interim dividend of 6d. per share until the results of the year's trading have been ascertained and placed before shareholders at the next annual meeting. This decision has been reached, I learn, through the heavy commitments necessary to meet the liability of purchasing Lyric House, in Murray-street, and erecting a B class broadcasting station. While negotiations were proceeding for the purchase of Lyric House, the company, in order to make its position secure, purchased the freehold of Brown's Buildings, which has now been placed on the market. "Although present business conditions generally are not as promising as one would wish," states a circular issued to shareholders by the managing director, "they (the directors) look with every confidence to the future prosperity of the company."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377477 |title=MONEY- MINING- STOCKS- SHARES- REAL ESTATE |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (First Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Tone triumphant Stromberg-Carlson.''' Radio Station '''6ML''' Calling! — On Wednesday next, March 19, Musgrove's Broadcasting Service Station, '''6ML''', will be officially opened. From the many congratulatory messages received from listeners during the preliminary tests, we believe that the quality of both transmission and programme will leave little to be desired. And, for the first time in the history of Western Australia, listeners will have the choice of TWO local programmes from which to select the items they like best. But — it is necessary that the Radio Receiver should be of good quality and modem design. Above all, SELECTIVE. Such a receiver is the Stromberg-Carlson. If a receiver is not SELECTIVE, and the tuning is "broad," interference between the two programmes must result. Get a modem receiver. The cost is not great. The return, in many, many hours of pleasure during the years to come, will be out of all proportion to the expense entailed. And, not only does the Stromberg-Carlson enable you to select items from BOTH local programmes, but the TONE is natural and full; in striking contrast with that of less modern sets. Get the MOST from the programmes provided by '''6ML''' and 6WF — use a MODERN set — a Stromberg-Carlson. PRICES AS LOW AS £15/10/. Speakers (the only "extra") from 37/6. MUSGROVE'S Limited Lyric House — Murray-street.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377430 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Fourth Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MODERN MARRIAGES. Are They too Spectacular? By RENEE.''' Dance lovers and hostesses will welcome the news that the first dance night at the new broadcasting station, '''6ML''', will be held on March 26. These dance nights have proved very popular with the Eastern States hostesses, the problem of supplying dance music for their guests being solved by turning on the radio. Should these special nights prove popular in Perth they will become a regular part of '''6ML''' programmes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58377589 |title=MODERN MARRIAGES |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1677 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (Third Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Radio Wrinkles. OPENING OF 6ML. (By VK6FG.)''' Wednesday evening will see the official opening of Musgrove's new "B" class broadcasting station to be known as '''6ML'''. The station itself is established on the top floor of Lyric House in Murray-street above Musgrove's music emporium, and is well situated from the point of view of performing artists, although from other aspects, it is close to 6WF and is alongside of tramlines and power lines. However with a well-made studio there should be no need to fear interference from this cause. The station has been testing on and off for some time now, and the majority of reports indicate that the transmissions should be good. The creation of this station will soon ferret out the unselective sets, for with the broadly tuned apparatus, it may be difficult and well-nigh impossible to separate the two stations, particularly if the sets are within close range of the stations. This will mean that those with unselective sets will require to make them selective. To do this without reconstructing the whole set, may be accomplished with a wavetrap, a piece of apparatus inexpensive in itself although as an addition to the set it will not add beauty to the outfit. To the set owner who is inexperienced in wireless ways, I would say, keep your coupling coils as loosely coupled as possible consistent with results. This will help an unselective set as much as possible, but if it is then found that there is interference, consider whether it would be better to reconstruct the set, or to add a wavetrap. Some sets which are fairly up-to-date in design and performance will be satisfactory with a wavetrap, but there are others, so obsolete that the cost of a wavetrap might well be saved and put towards the cost of a new set. When '''6ML''' comes on the air on Wednesday evening, some time will be taken up with speeches when quite figuratively speaking, the bottle of wine will be smashed over the oscillator. Following this — about 8.30 p.m.— the musical programme will commence and continue for two hours. Among those to appear will be Contessa Filippini, Rita Hawse, Jean Musgrove, Musgrove's Piano trio. Horace Dean, G. A. M'Donald, Frank L. Robertson, Ronald Brearley and "Archie," with Miss Gladys Cunliffe at the piano. All wireless enthusiasts wish '''6ML''' the best of luck in their new venture, the engineer an absence of trouble, and the performers a host of radio friends.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83500197 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,119 |location=Western Australia |date=17 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' THE "NEW EUFONOLA" PLAYER PIANO. UNAPPROACHABLE VALUE AT 190 GUINEAS. No other player piano, sold at the price of this instrument, can equal it in value and in musical performance. In appearance it is more than equal to many players costing far more, whilst its ease of operation, and the facility with which perfect expression can be obtained establishes its claim to be called "the player with the human touch." We want you to call in and try this instrument for yourself. No obligation is incurred, but should you decide to buy, we will quote exceptionally generous terms, and, if you have a used piano, will make a fair and just allowance for it. COMPLETE PIANO CATALOGUE, FREE TO ANY ADDRESS. TOMORROW — LISTEN TO '''6ML'''. Our new Radio Station opens to-morrow — get your new set NOW, and enjoy the programme. Radio, Department, First Floor with all that's best in Radio, including Stromberg-Carlson, Brunswick and Philips Receivers, available on easy terms. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. "The House of Distinction." LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31067925 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,655 |location=Western Australia |date=18 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Services Begin To-morrow.''' Tomorrow evening at 8 o'clock the first transmissions from '''6ML''', Perth's new wireless station, owned and operated by Musgrove's Ltd. on a wave length of 297 will be made. There will be a brief opening ceremony at which Dr. J. S. Battye, who has been connected with wireless broadcasting in this State since its inception, will be the chief speaker. The next two hours will be devoted to a varied musical programme during which there will be no interruptions for talks or news services. There will be 36 items in that period of between three and four minutes' duration each and the programme will conclude at 10.30 p.m. with a special good night number. During the last few days the station has been on the air testing on full power and everything is in readiness for the opening night. Listeners over a wide area should have no difficulty in receiving the station as reports have already been received, regarding transmissions on half power only, from as far as Carnarvon, Meekatharra and Albany, while a listener at Moonee Ponds, Victoria, telegraphed that he had logged the station at good strength. The quality of the transmissions has been favourably commented on by all those who have written, to the owners and, owing to its crystal controlled transmitter, the station is always received at the same dial reading on the receiving apparatus. The advent of '''6ML''' should greatly increase the number of listeners, and when the figures for this month are re-leased it is almost certain that for the first time there will be 5,000 listeners in Western Australia. Contessa Philippini will sing on the opening night, "Estrellita," "The Little Damosel" and "The Kerry Dance," and Miss Rita Hawse will include in her items "Love's Old Sweet Song" and "Smilin' Thro'." Mr. Frank L. Robertson will feature the Prologue from "Pagliacci" and "King Charles" and Mr. Horace Dean (violinist) will play "Aubade" among his numbers. Cello solos by Mr. Ronald Brearley will include Handel's "Largo," "On Wings of Song" (Mendelssohn) and Kreisler's "Leiblesleid." Flute solos by Mr. G. A. McDonald and numbers by Musgrove's Piano Trio will complete the musical side of the programme, while the announcer (Mr. Archie Graham) will provide diversion in "What is not on the air to-morrow." The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon. 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m. and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternative Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31067884 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,655 |location=Western Australia |date=18 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML ON THE AIR. Official Opening Tonight.''' Perth's new wireless station '''6ML''', which is owned and will be operated by Musgrove's Ltd., will be on the air for the first time officially tonight, when the opening ceremony will be performed. A "B" class station, '''6ML''' will operate on a wave length of 297 metres. For the first time in history two broadcasting stations will be operating locally. Mr. F. C Kingston, a manager, at the company, will act as manager of '''6ML'''; Mr. R. Brearley will arrange programmes; Mr. H. Simmons is engineer, and Mr. A. Graham is announcer. Mr. Kingston will be in charge of ceremonies for the first half-hour tonight, and will call upon listeners to tune in. So that they may do so to the best advantage, a record will be played. Mr. D. O. (sic) Musgrove will announce the company's policy, and will introduce Dr. J. S. Battye, who will declare the station officially open. Mr. Kingston will address listeners on matters of interest associated with the new station, and will introduce the staff. The whole of these proceedings will not occupy more than half an hour, and at 8.30 a commencement will be made with a varied musical programme lasting two hours, and introducing talented artists yet to be heard on the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83497714 |title=6ML ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,121 |location=Western Australia |date=19 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Wireless News. NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Begins Services To-Night.''' Tonight, for the first time, wireless enthusiasts in Western Australia will be able to listen to either of two local stations. This welcome chance is brought about by the opening this evening of '''6ML''', a "B" class station owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., on a wave length of 297 metres. For six years wireless progress here has been retarded by the fact that there was only one local station, and a big increase in licences is expected to follow the opening of the new station. Mr. C. F. Kingston, a director of the company, will act as manager; Mr. R. Brearley is the programme arranger; Mr. H. Simmons, the engineer; and Mr. A. Graham, announcer. There will be a brief ceremony tonight at 8 o'clock, when Mr. D'O. Musgrove will introduce Dr. J. S. Battye, who will formally open the station. Then there will be an uninterrupted programme of two hours, to which many artists, new to radio but well-known on the concert platform, will contribute. The programme, for tonight will be:— 8. p.m.: Official opening ceremony. 8.30: Waltz, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 8.34: "Summer Night," Rita Hawse (mezzo-soprano), 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 8.38: Russian Folk Songs, Horace Dean (violin). 8.42: Prologue from the opera "Pagliacci," Frank L. Robert-son (baritone). 8.45: Largo, Ronald Brear-ley ('cello). 8.48: Elegia from Trio in D Minor, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 8.51: "Love's Old Sweet Song," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 8.54: Air from Concerto, Horace Dean. 8.57: "Uncle Rome" and "When Childher Plays," Frank L. Robertson. 9.0: "Lullaby," Ronald Brearley. 9.4: "Song Without Words," Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.8: "I'm a' Longin' fo' You," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 9.11: "Capriccio", G. A. McDonald (flute). 9.14: What's Not on the Air Tomorrow, Archie of Musgrove's. 9.19: "Aubade," Horace Dean. 9.22: "Can't Yo' Heah Me Calling Caroline?" Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.25: Offertoire Op. 12, G. A. Donald. 9.28: "Smilin' Through," Rita Hawse, 'cello obbligato by Ronald Brearley. 9.31: "Brahm's Waltz," Horace Dean. 9.34: "Estrellita," Con-tessa Filippini. 9.38: "On Wings of Song," Ronald Brearley. 9.41: "My Wild Irish Rose," Musgrove's Piano Trio. 9.45: "Il Colloquio Ma-zurka," G. A. McDonald. 9.48: "The Island Spell," Miss Gladys Cunliffe (piano). 9.51: "Leibesleid," Ronald Brearley. 9.54: What's Not on the Air Tomorrow, Archie of Musgrove's. 9.59: "The Little Damosel," Contessa Filippini. 10.1: Aria, G. A. McDonald. 10.5: "Simon the Cellarer," Frank L. Robertson. 10.9: Nocturne, Musgrove's Piano Trio. 10.30: "The Kerry Dance," Contessa Filippini. 10.17: Marche, Gladys Cun-liffe. 10.20: "Just a Cottage Small," Contessa Filippini. 10.24: Finale from Trio Op. 29, Mus-grove's Piano Trio. 10.27: "King Charles," Frank L. Robertson. The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternative Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m: to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068339 |title=Wireless News. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,656 |location=Western Australia |date=19 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Official Opening of 6ML.''' For the first time in the history of radio in Western Australia, listeners had the choice of two broadcasting stations last night when '''6ML''', owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., of Lyric House, Perth, came on the air. The station was formally opened by Dr. J. S. Battye and Messrs. Musgrove and F. C. Kingston, directors of the company, also spoke. After the opening speeches a programme of varied musical numbers was given and the announcements of the items were made in an intimate manner, new to local listeners. There was a large number of guests at the studio to witness the proceedings, including:— The Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts), the Superintending Engineer (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), the Radio Inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), Mr. C. J. Shannon, representing the directors of the Australian Broadcasting. Co., Ltd., the manager of station 6WF (Mr. Basil Kirke), Professor A. D. Ross and the president of the local division of the Wireless Institute of Australia (Mr. Frank H. Goldsmith). In introducing Dr. Battye, Mr. Musgrove said it was the aim of his company to present programmes of a high musical quality. He was very pleased to receive from Mr. Kirke, on behalf of his directors, a floral tribute in the form of a horseshoe with their best wishes for the opening night of the new station. "Broadcasting is playing a part in modern life in the dissemination of music and learning, said Dr. Battye, "equal to that played by the spread of printing in the 15th century." He added that radio was a big force in the life of the community and was especially welcome to those who lived in the backblocks. It gave them lectures on educational and general interest subjects, vocal and instrumental music by local artists and the reproduction of gramophone records of the best artists in the world. The value of the new station, which gave listeners alternative programmes, could not be overestimated and it should lead to a marked increase of interest in radio in this State. After the ceremony the guests were entertained at supper by the owners of the station and they listened to the programme which was reproduced on an all-electric receiver. A long toast list was honoured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068384 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,657 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=20 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. 6ML Service Opened.''' Last night, for the first time, wireless enthusiasts in Western Australia were able to listen to either of two local stations. This welcome change is brought about by the opening last evening of '''6ML''', a "B" class station owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., on a wave length of 297 metres. For six years wireless progress here has been retarded by the fact that there was only one local station, and a big increase in licences is expected to follow the opening of the new station. Mr. C. F. Kingston, a director of the company, will act as manager; Mr. R. Brearley is the programme arranger; Mr. H. Simmons, the engineer; and Mr. A. Graham, announcer. There was a brief ceremony last night at 8 o'clock, when Mr. D'O. Musgrove introduced Dr. J. S. Battye, who formally opened the station. The regular broadcasting hours of '''6ML''' will be between 11 a.m. and noon, 12.45 p.m. and 2 p.m., 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., 5.45 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., and 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. on week days and 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. on Sundays. On alternate Sunday afternoons from 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. a short address and choral singing will be broadcast by the International Bible Students' Association.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38510794 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLV, |issue=2,301 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=55 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS PROGRAMMES. . . . 6ML PERTH, 297 METRES.''' 11 a.m. to noon: Reproduced music (gramophone records and player piano rolls). 12.45 p.m. to 2.30: Reproduced music. 3 to 4: Reproduced music. 5.45 to 7.30: Reproduced music and at 7 p.m. a brief summary of news from the air prepared by the pilots of West Australian Airways Ltd. 8 p.m.: Overture, "The Merry Wives of Windsor", Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. 8.4: "Harlequin", Norman Trenaman (baritone). 8.7: "La Cinquantaine", Ronald Brearley ('cello). 8.11: "Tell Me Gypsy", Marjorie Payne (contralto). 8.14: "Dance Macabre", Cleveland Symphony Orchestra. 8.18: "Drake Goes West", Norman Trenaman. 8.22: "Herbertiana", A. and P. Gypsies Orchestra. 8.26: "Lullaby", Ronald Brearley. 8.29: "My Ships", Marjorie Payne. 8.33: "White Acacia", A. and P. Gypsies Orchestra. 8.37: "This Locket That I Wear", Gladys Moncrieff and Frank Titterton. 8.41: "I Used to Love her in the Moonlight," The Captivators. 8.45: "Dervish Vigil," Norman Trenaman. 8.48: "E.B. March", The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards. 8.52: "Traumeri", Ronald Brearley. 8.55: "East and West March", The Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards. 8.59: "Shine Bright Moon," Gladys Moncrieff. 9.4: "I'm Marching Home to You," The Captivators. 9.8: "The Blind Ploughman", Norman Trenaman. 9.12: "Lady of the Morning", Copley Plaza Orchestra. 9.16: "Ma Little Banjo", Marjorie Payne. 9.19: "I Never Guessed", Copley Plaza Orchestra. 9.23: "Pipes of Pan are Calling", Marjorie Payne. 9.27: "A Garden in the Rain", Rubinoff's Orchestra. 9.31: "Liebestraum", Ronald Brearley. 9.34: "Blue Hawaii Waltz", Rubin-off's Orchestra. 9.38: Vocal Duet from "The Blue Mazurka", Gladys Moncrieff and Frank Titterton. 9 42: "Why Can't You?" Bernie's Orchestra. 9.46: "I Am Alone", Gladys Moncrieff. 9.50: "Used to You", Bernies Orchestra. 9.54: "Cuckoo Waltz", Municipal Band. 9.57: "Radio Impressions", Johnson's Orchestra. 10.0: "The Goodnight Song."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068359 |title=6ML PERTH, 297 METRES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,657 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCAST STATION. Opening of 6ML.''' "In the olden days books consisted of manuscripts prepared and read by monks. Music was almost the prerogative of the churches, and the public had no place in reading or music. The advent of printing brought about a change, greater ever than Caxton and Gutenberg ever expected. Broadcasting is doing in this 20th century what the advent of the printed book did in the 15th century." So spoke Dr. J. S. Battye when officially declaring broadcasting station '''6ML''' open. This "B" class station was erected by Musgroves Ltd., of Lyric House, Perth, and operates with an output of half a kilowatt on 297 metres. The plant was installed under contract by National Musical Federation of Adelaide the owners of station 5KA the installing engineer being Mr. Edwin Ashwin. Introducing Dr. Battye, Mr. D'O. Musgrove traced the growth of the firm from 1923 and of its early interest in radio, and the long desire of the company to have a station of their own. "We have aimed at a high standard of music, and we shall endeavor to maintain it as long as we are on the air," he said. "We hope to contribute in no uncertain extent to the entertainment of the public who are fortunate possessors of wireless sets." He thanked Mr. Basil Kirke, of 6WF, on behalf of the Australian Broadcasting Company, for the floral horseshoe presented, and which was placed at the foot of the main microphone throughout the evening. Dr. Battye said that every endeavor to extend the use of wireless throughout this and the other States must have a definite benefit to the community at large. They had been taught at school that there were seven wonders of the ancient world, but during the last fifty or sixty years the development of the physical sciences, particularly electricity, had produced more wonders than the ancient world ever dreamed of. Such wonders had been absorbed into the life of the community and were now regarded as necessary. Of these, broadcasting stations had brought pleasure and education to the people, particularly to those people who by their situation were denied the advantages those living in the city enjoyed. At the conclusion of the official opening the guests of the evening were entertained to supper. Among those present were the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Colonel. S. R. Roberts), Dr. J. S. Battye, superintending engineer (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), Collector of Customs (Mr. H. St. G. Bird), radio inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), Mr. C. J. Shannon (representing directorate of the A.B.C.), Mr. Basil Kirke station manager 6WF), and Professor A. D. Ross. Many toasts were honored during the supper, the speakers generally stressing the point that, with two stations on the air the alternate programmes offered should prove an inducement to more people to become interested in radio. During the evening Mr. Musgrove, on behalf of the company, presented Mr. Ashwin with a gold tiepin as a memento of his visit, and also with a wallet of notes as an expression of satisfaction with the work of Mr. Ashwin and of felicity between the two parties.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83496469 |title=NEW BROADCAST STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,122 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=9 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''West Australians and Broadcasting.''' At the opening of the new broadcasting station '''6ML''' on Wednesday evening, Professor A. D. Ross, who is chairman of the University's Music Board, announced that of the three music scholars of the University of Western Australia who had completed their three years' course of training at the Conservatorium of Music of the University of Melbourne, two were the official pianists and accompanists of the National Broadcasting service in Victoria. Miss Mabel Nelson, the first scholar to complete the course, had been appointed last year to station 3AR in Melbourne, and this year Mrs. Mulvany (Miss Edith Parnell) had received the corresponding appointment at 3LO. That, said Professor Ross, was evidence that in Western Australia we had musical talent equal to any in the Commonwealth, and that in broadcasting as in other professions, the young people of our State were gaining positions of distinction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31068751 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,658 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Detailed Figures.''' For the first time since broadcasting came into vogue in Australia, the net increase in listeners' licences in Western Australia during February was greater than in any other State. The increase was 98. Queensland had a net gain of 34, and Tasmania 16, while the other States showed a substantial decrease, as follows:— Victoria, 1,969; New South Wales, 55; South Australia, 197. In September last, when the Australian Broadcasting Company took over control of station 6WF, Perth, there were 3,888 licences held in the State. It is believed that there will be about 5,000 by the end of this month. Considering also the advent of the new station '''6ML''', the future of broadcasting in this State is believed to be bright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31069025 |title=Detailed Figures. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,659 |location=Western Australia |date=22 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. MUSGROVE'S B STATION. Official Opening of 6ML.''' The march of wireless progress in W.A. was quickened on Wednesday evening last with the official opening of Western Australia's first B class station which is owned and operated by Musgrove's, Ltd., Lyric House, Murray-street. Through the initiative of this enterprising firm, a modern crystal controlled station, operating on 297 metres and using 500 watts, has been installed. The opening session proved that the transmission was all that could be desired. An ample and clear volume with a fine programme, which sparkled throughout provided a feast of entertainment for listeners. A galaxy of talented artists, including Rita Hawse, Contessa Fillppini, lean? Musgrove, Horace Dean, G. A. McDonald, Frank Robertson and Ronald Brearley compounded a programme which throughout was of artistic and musical merit, and a delightful evening's entertainment came to a close with reechoing expressions of pleasure and gratification for the sponsors of our alternative broadcast programme. The announcer's task was carried out by Mr Archie Graham in a manner that earned him every commendation. The usual brief intervals between items were thronged with quips of a humorous nature and a commentary which flagged not for a moment. The utility of broadcasting in the entertainment and educational spheres cannot be questioned, and though the initial programmes from '''6ML''' were of high standard, subsequent sessions set a new angle from which to view the pleasures that will accrue to listeners with our two stations. Previous to the opening a graceful tribute was paid to '''6ML''' by Mr. Basil Kirke and the directors of the A.B.C. by the presentation of a floral horseshoe, which it is hoped will follow its legendary tradition and be an augury for a very successful future for '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378588 |title=BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1678 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML Calling!''' OUR OWN BROADCASTING STATION, '''6ML''', Was Opened on March 19 by Dr. J. S. Battye, and will be on the air Daily from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. SUNDAY EVENINGS, 7 TO 9 o'CLOCK. ALTERNATE SUNDAY AFTERNOONS, 3 to 4 O'CLOCK. If you have a Radio Receiver, be sure to tune in '''6ML''' on 297 Metres. If you have no Receiver you are missing some Wonderful Musical Entertainments, and we advise you to write us immediately for particulars of Stromberg Carlson The World's Best Radio Receivers. Price from £18 upwards. Complete with Speaker. Easy Terms Arranged. Musgrove's Ltd. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378142 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1678 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=1 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' They said: "We Want REAL Music!" There are still any number of people who will not have wireless within their doors. This is not just a fad on their part; it is a conviction. At some time or another they have heard something that did not sound like good music. It has come to them from a dark corner in the house of a friend. They have been told "this is a concert relayed from the Theatre Such-and-Such." "So THIS is Wireless," THEY HAVE SAID — NOT REALISING THAT IT WAS A CASE OF BAD, RECEPTION. And because of this, they would have none of it. And they will not be content with reception that is less than realism. We, at Station '''6ML''' are presenting programmes and marketing receivers to satisfy the ear of these critical listeners. Call in — let us convince you. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH. NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31069613 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,661 |location=Western Australia |date=25 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENTS.''' "INVENTION'S SUPREME CONTRIBUTION TO MUSIC." THE DUO-ART REPRODUCING PIANO. The superb instrument which is not only a magnificent pianoforte and a player-piano without equal — but is also a REPRODUCING Piano — rendering an exact facsimile of the pianist who recorded the roll — and practically EVERY great pianist records EXCLUSIVELY for the Duo-Art. Let us post you a brochure, fully describing this unique instrument. Prices range from 275 guineas and liberal terms can be arranged. HEAR IT OVER '''6ML'''. One of the features of the transmissions over '''6ML''' is the broadcasting of the actual playing of Paderewski and other of the most famous pianists — through the medium of the DUO-ART. Listen in for it. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "THE HOUSE OF DISTINCTION," LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH; NEW ARCADE, FREMANTLE.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31070379 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,664 |location=Western Australia |date=28 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''COUNTRY RECEPTION OF 6ML.''' A South-Western reader in communicating details of his results with the above station, states that reception on a four-valve set gives audible reproduction at 100 yards away from the loud speaker. Quality and reproduction are excellent, with only a little fading. I shall be pleased to receive from readers further reports on the reception of '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58378742 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1679 |location=Western Australia |date=30 March 1930 |accessdate=21 March 2019 |page=32 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 04===== <blockquote>'''AMAZING VALUE IN AN UPRIGHT CABINET RADIO.''' THE APEX 7-VALVE ALL ELECTRIC — £47/10/ COMPLETE WITH BUILT-IN MOVING COIL SPEAKER. Housed in an attractive upright cabinet of polished mahogany, it is a genuine Neutrodyne employing 7 valves and one rectifier, specially constructed for local voltage. You simply plug into the ordinary electric light socket, turn a control, and there you are — EASTERN STATES AND LOCAL STATIONS are brought in with perfect clarity and in tones that have depth and are perfectly natural. High notes, low notes — all come in clearly in their proper relation. There are no extras to buy. It is complete with valves and speaker. RING B6131 AND WE WILL DELIVER A SET ON TRIAL WITHOUT OBLIGATION. LISTEN IN TO '''NICHOLSONS RADIO HOUR FROM 6WF''' (1 TO 2 P.M., MON-DAY TO FRIDAY.) NICHOLSONS LIMITED, THE — BEST — IN — RADIO. '''PIANOFORTE SOLOS BY GREAT ARTISTS OVER THE AIR FROM 6ML.''' One of the most popular features of the transmissions from Musgrove's Broadcasting Station, '''6ML''', are the pianoforte solos by the greatest pianists of the world — Paderewski, Hofmann, Bauer, Cortot, Friedman, Grainger, and many others, reproduced by that unique instrument, the "Duo-Art" Reproducing Piano. No other piano can do what the "Duo-Art" does. For no other kind of piano do the great artists of the Concert Stage record. This wonderful piano reproduces every shade of expression, exactly as the recording artist played. And not only this, for in addition, the "Duo-Art" is unequalled as a "self-expression" Player, and is a particularly fine pianoforte — a "Steck" — for hand playing. Listen in to '''6ML''' — or call at Lyric House. You can obtain a "Duo-Art" for your own home, on attractive terms. Call in — to-day. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, "The House of Distinction." LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-ST., PERTH; FREMANTLE AND BUNBURY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071265 |title=No title |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SPECIAL TESTS FROM 6ML.''' Perth's new wireless station, '''6ML''', is again broadcasting on full power, repairs having been effected to a part of the transmitter, which had developed faults. A series of special tests will be carried out on Saturday night, after the conclusion of the usual programme, at 10 o'clock, to enable listeners to compare the relative quality and volume when the transmitter is to be operated on 50, 150, 250 or 500 watts. The management will be pleased to receive reports from listeners on these tests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071286 |title=SPECIAL TESTS FROM 6ML. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Receiving the Local Stations.''' Since station '''6ML''' came on the air, officially, numerous letters have been received seeking information regarding the size coils to use for this station, the majority of which refer to their use with crystal sets. As the questions appear to be from novices I am more or less in the dark as to the replies which should be given. When an amateur submits a question in the following terms, "I have a crystal set, what size coils do I require for '''6ML''', he apparently credits me with supernatural powers. There are many types of crystal sets, some of which employ a variable condenser; others have two of these handy units; while others are operated without any tuning condensers at all. Then there are those sets which give reception with the aid of one honeycomb coil, others have two coils, and there are many of the ubiquitous slider and former type of sets still doing service. Generally speaking, with crystal sets, the operator cannot hope to obtain both sele-tivity and volume — one or the other must be sacrificed, and it is generally the former. Only a very selective crystal set will enable the operator to "tune up and down the dial," so those amateurs who are working ordinary types of crystal sets cannot hope to achieve any real success until such time as they become possessed of either a very selective crystal set or a valve set. Reception of either of the local broadcasting stations is possible on a crystal set by the simple process of changing the coils — usually a coil with 25 turns lower than required for 6WF will give you '''6ML''' — but good quality tuning condensers, together with a respectable aerial system, are essential to achieve this. If crystal set operators, when submitting queries, give full details of the components and their values as used in their sets, it will enable me to answer their questions properly. Valve set owners, being, no doubt, more advanced in the science, are as a rule particularly careful to supply all details of their sets when submitting questions, so, in order to avoid any unnecessary delay. I must again remind my cat-whisker friends to assist me in this direction, so that I may then be better able to assist them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31071224 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,668 |location=Western Australia |date=2 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BANJO SOLOS over the air from STATION 6ML.''' Listen to the music over the air from Musgrove's Broadcasting Station, '''6ML'''. Instrumental solo's, by experts — and not the least popular are the banjo selections. A sweet sounding instrument, the banjo. And remarkably easy to learn. We can positively guarantee to put you on the high road to success with this instrument in a space of a few weeks — just depending on how much time you can spare for practice. If you live out of town, our correspondence courses and instruction books will enable you to learn at home quickly, easily and WELL. New patent Banjos and Banjolins are priced from £7/10/. "Supremus" models of the Whirle Dance Banjos are priced at from £6/10/. Fully descriptive lists of these and other models, free. Terms arranged on any model. The New Windsor Patent Banjos and Banjolins Double the Volume of Tone. Beautiful instruments, these, in the richest of rosewood, or the finest figured walnut, pearl inlaid or polished ebony finger boards. All fittings heavily pleated, rich volume producing resonators permanently built on, 5-string and 4-string, G. Banjos, and Tenor Banjos, Banjolins that make of this a REAL musical instrument. No finer, more complete range of models available anywhere. Why not drop us a line, or call in for full particulars of these instruments, and our easy system of payments, together with our details of instruction courses for making you a proficient player? No obligation is incurred. A postcard will do. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. LYRIC HOUSE, MURRAY-STREET, PERTH; and at FREMANTLE and BUNBURY<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58379706 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1680 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''UNLICENCED WIRELESS SET.''' A heavy penalty was asked in the Perth Police Court yesterday, when Norman Cohen pleaded guilty to a charge of having maintained an unlicensed wireless set in Menzies Flats. It was stated that a six valve wireless and gramophone, with an indoor aerial and tuned in to '''6ML''', was found in his rooms on March 31. Defendant explained to the inspector who found the instrument that he had only had the set a few days. The inspector, however, understood that defendant had maintained a set continuously for about six weeks. Cohen said that he had only been in Menzies Flats about three weeks, and during that time had had several sets left with him for trial for periods of 24 hours. When he bought the set referred to he took out a licence as soon as possible. He was fined £5, with. £2/3/6 costs. Mr. A. B. Kidson, Acting P.M., occupied the Bench.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31073299 |title=UNLICENCED WIRELESS SET. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,675 |location=Western Australia |date=10 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO ROUND THE WORLD.''' PERTH has a "B" class station, which began broadcasting on March 19 on a wavelength of 297 metres, with a trans­mitting power of about 500 watts, and an estimated range of 350 miles. Capital is sup­plied by Musgrove's Limited - hence 6ML -­ a Perth music house; Ronald Brearley, formerly of 3AR, Melbourne, is director of programmes and publicity; and Archie Gra­ham - not our old friend Harry Graham of 6WF - is the station's first announcer. The National Musical Federation of Adelaide erected the transmitting plant, which is said to embody many of the latest features of transmitter design, including crystal control. <ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =Radio Round The World | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-668969114 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =11 April 1930 | nopp =no | volume =15 | issue =16 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Broadcasting Talkie Films.''' Station '''6ML''' has completed an exclusive contract with the management of the Capitol Theatre for the broadcasting of any talkie films which may be screened at this theatre in the future. The first talkie to be broadcast will be "Rio Rita," which is now being screened. Reports regarding the strength and clarity of reception of these features would be greatly appreciated by the manager of station '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31074276 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,679 |location=Western Australia |date=15 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Interfering Stations.''' Two complaints, which are identical with regard to the questions raised, have been received during the week in connection with the reception of the programmes from station '''6ML''' being "cut out" by interfering stations. It appears that a foreign station working on 293 metres manages to "chop in" during the hours of transmission of the local station, and, until about 8 p.m., reception of the programmes from '''6ML''' are unobtainable. The mushiness and background noises from the foreigner who apparently closes down at 8 p.m., Perth time, spoils the listening-in period of one of my correspondents so much that he has been prompted to suggest that one or the other is encroaching on a wavelength which is not alloted to him. It will, no doubt, be of interest to my correspondents as well as to many other readers, to know that in the allocation of wave-lengths for the various stations, such stations are permitted to broadcast on a wave-band of five degrees on either side, that is, five degrees below and five degrees above the known wave-length of the station. For instance, station '''6ML''', working on 297 metres, is permitted to broadcast on from 292 to 302 metres, and the same method applies to all other broadcasting stations. This does not imply that the wave-length for transmissions can fluctuate, between the 10 deg. throughout the transmission. The variation is allowed owing to the fact that it is almost an impossibility to retain an exact wave-length to the millimetre day in and day out. Several factors have been taken into consideration in allocating the wave-lengths, among them being that of the intended power employed for the aerial output, and climatic conditions. As far as possible there are no two stations operating on the same power and wave-length. The climatic conditions also are an important factor. These conditions, which vary daily, are, for all practical purposes, beyond the engineer, with the result that he is permitted to work on a margin of five degrees each side of his allotted wavelength to rectify any possible errors. The fact that two stations working on wave-lengths (official) separated by only six degrees do happen to overlap occasionally does not infer that one of the two is not working on his correct wave-length more particularly when they are separated by thousands of miles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31074763 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,680 |location=Western Australia |date=16 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO ROUND THE WORLD.''' PERTH'S new "B" station, 6ML, opened at 8 o'clock on March 19 with the introduction of the managing director, Mr. D'O. Musgrove, who then read a kind message from the directors of the A.B.C., to which was attached a "beautiful floral horseshoe for luck." Dr. J. S. Battye, B.A., LL.B., declared the station officially open. Among those (text missing from original) <ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =RADIO ROUND THE WORLD | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-671646437 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =18 April 1930 | nopp =no | volume =15 | issue =17 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML.''' Sunday, April 20. 3.0 to 4.0: Choral items by "The Watch Tower Choral Singers"; address by Mr. A. McGillivray of New York. 7.0 to 9.0: Selection of Brunswick, Columbia and H.M.V. records. Monday, April 21. 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 5.45 p.m. to 7 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 7 p.m.: Share market news by Messrs. Saw and Grimwood, St. George's-terrace, Perth. 7.3 p.m.: Re-produced music and Steck Duo Art. 8.0: An evening of the latest records released by Messrs. Musgrove's Ltd., Perth. Tuesday, April 22. Sessions, 11 a.m. to 12. 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. 5.45 p.m. to 7.30 p.m.: Reproduced music and Steck Duo Art. 8 p.m.: This night is to be devoted to testing the ability of listeners to tell '''6ML''' which is reproduced music and which is the actual artist or artists performing. Each item will be announced by number only. This contest should create interest, and '''6ML''' will be pleased if listeners will forward answers addressed to the programme director. The all-talking and singing picture "Rio Rita" broadcast from The Capitol Theatre by permission of the Capitol Theatre managing director, Stanley N. Wright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58380597 |title=6ML. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1682 |location=Western Australia |date=20 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Reserve Power for "6ML."''' In order to ensure that an efficient supply of power will always be available for broadcasting the programmes, station '''6ML''' has completed the installation of a rectifying unit to supply the last panel of their plant with power. This will be an alternate source of supply to the generator, and will ensure at all times an efficient standby in case any unforeseen trouble develops in the other unit. Amateurs' reports still pour in regarding the strength of reception from '''6ML''', last week's mail containing letters from satisfied operators from such points as Roebourne, Rawlinna and Peak Hill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31075965 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,685 |location=Western Australia |date=23 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A NOVEL BROADCAST.''' '''6ML''' is to be congratulated on its success in broadcasting to listeners a particularly fine relay of the talking picture "Rio Rita" now starring at the Capitol Theatre. While this alliance of talkies and broadcasting is by no means new, its utility being recognised as soon as the phonofilm became a practical proposition, it is the first occasion in which we believe a new system of tapping the talkies was used, and which completely did away with theatre noise and other incidentals of the audiences, acclamation thus enabling the broadcast to be invested with a clarity that was really astounding, and convince listeners of the excellence of this picture. It is usual, or has been the case in past occasions, to pick up the talkie programme through a microphone placed adjacent to the sound reproducing apparatus, but the staff at '''6ML''' adopted the novel idea of intercepting the programme at the monitor control of the theatre, thereby obviating all extraneous noise. The ease with which the dialogue could be followed, likewise the excellent sound portrayal of the song numbers only whetted one's keenness to view the picture as a complete production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58381237 |title=Over the Ether |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1683 |location=Western Australia |date=27 April 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=30 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 05===== <blockquote>'''STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO. THE ALL-ELECTRIC SCREEN GRID FOUR.''' The All-Electric Screen Grid Four is specially designed to give perfect reception and particularly good selectivity in local broadcast stations, with the most satisfactory long-distance receptions. It utilises: 1 type 224 Screen Grid — 2 type 227 — 1 type 245 Power, and 1 type 280 Rectifier Valves. INTERSTATE RECEPTION GUARANTEED. PRICE, £37/10/. LIBERAL TERMS ARRANGED. STROMBERG-CARLSON — RADIO'S FINEST EXPRESSION. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF STATION '''6ML'''. MURRAY-STREET PERTH, and at FREMANTLE and BUNBURY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31080768 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,703 |location=Western Australia |date=15 May 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS BROADCASTING. . . . 6ML TONIGHT.''' 8. "Around the World by Radio," a novelty night from '''6ML''', arranged by 6KK (sic, 6KX); we leave Western Australia, proceeding across the Indian Ocean listening to station '''6ML'''; 10. close down.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83510185 |title=WIRELESS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,182 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=10 (FINAL SPORTING EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 06===== <blockquote>'''"6ML Here."''' Mr. F. C. Kingston, manager of Musgroves "B" Class Broadcasting Station. It is the introduction of this second station on the air in the West that has helped to popularise radio locally.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210496854 |title=OF CIVILISATION RUNNING OUT? |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1392 |location=Western Australia |date=1 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. ADDITIONAL B CLASS STATIONS.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Postmaster-General (Mr. Lyons) today announced that B class wireless broadcasting licences had recently been granted to the following: 2AY, Albury; 2MO, Gunnedah; 2XN, Lismore; 3KZ, Melbourne; 3TR, Trafalgar; 3BA, Ballarat; 4BC, Brisbane; 4MK, Mackay; 5AD, Adelaide; '''6ML''', Perth; 7HO, Hobart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16669395 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=28,848 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''EXCEPTIONALLY FINE SERVICE.''' The staffs of both 6WF and '''6ML'''are deserving of every eulogy for the manner in which the stations were kept on the air beyond the usual sessions, for the purpose of broadcasting results of the first test match. Listeners are apt at times to be non-committal on any special efforts to give them an improved service, but the many eulogistic remarks that have been expressed by listeners in appreciation of the special services from both 6WF and '''6ML''', shows that at least these were highly appreciated, especially so in the country districts, where the broadcast information was the first source of gaining details of the latest scores.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58392860 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1691 |location=Western Australia |date=22 June 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=7 (THE MOTORING SECTION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 07===== <blockquote>'''New Broadcasting Station For S.A. This Week. 5AD, WITH 1,000 WATTS, ON 229 METRES TO OPEN ON SATURDAY.''' The Register To Supply One Hour's Programme Weekly. In the absence of the Premier (Mr. Hill) in Canberra, the Attorney-General (Mr. Denny) will represent him and declare the station open. Other speakers on Saturday night will be, Senator Daly, the Postmaster-General (Mr. Lyons), the Lord Mayor (Mr. Bonython), and the leaders of the Liberal and Labour parties in South Australia. The official opening is set down for 8 p.m., afterwards a musical programme will be given by a number of leading artists. At 10 p.m. dance music will be broadcast, and the station will close down at midnight. '''DAILY SCHEDULE.''' Station 5AD will broadcast from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. during week days. On Saturday and Sunday the hours will be from 6 p.m. until 11 p.m. and 6 to 10 p.m. respectively. The transmitting set was designed by Mr. Harry Kauper, one of the best of Australia's radio men, who left recently for England. Mr. Kauper was chief engineer at 5CL for many years. The set was constructed by Mr. E. M. Ashwin, and Mr. W. Maddocks, prominent Adelaide radio engineers with the assistance of local electrical firms. Experts who have heard the set in operation say it is one of the most efficient of its type in Australia. Excellent reports have been received of the experimental transmission last week, when only 140 watts were used. When full power is employed it should be heard all over Australasia. '''THE TRANSMITTER.''' The transmitter is crystal controlled, with low power modulation, and has four main units, the crystal oscillator and modulator, the linear amplifier, the rectifier and the power amplifier. To avoid hum, no generators will be used in transmission, the power for the big valves coming from the alternating current mains through a step-up transformer and mercury vapour rectifier. The studio is 70 feet by 20 feet, being nearly as large as those of 3LO Melbourne and 2FC Sydney. It has been lined with sound absorbing material, and its acoustic properties have been described by Professor Kerr Grant, Professor of Physics at the University, as excellent. '''SPONSORED PROGRAMMES.''' The Register News Pictorial will supply the programme from 5AD, every Tuesday from 9 to 10 p.m. The Advertiser will give a programme from 8.30 p.m. till 9.30 p.m. every Thursday. The News will contribute an hour next Wednesday. The latest news from The Register and The Advertiser will be broadcast as it is received. Mr. Ashwin will be assisted by Mr. Maddocks in the control of the technical side of the station. Mr. Ashwin was connected with 5CL when that station was housed in the Grosvenor many years ago, and also when the transmitter was moved to Brooklyn Park. Two years ago, Mr. Ashwin remodelled the transmitter at 7ZL Hobart, and installed the transmitting gear at '''6ML''', Perth. Mr. Maddocks was for four and a half years connected with 5CL. (PHOTO) Mr. H. Kauper. Mr. E. M. Ashwin, who is in control of the technical side of station 5AD, working on the transmitting gear, which he assembled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article53798233 |title=New Broadcasting Station For S.A. This Week |newspaper=[[The Register News-pictorial]] |volume=XCV, |issue=27,756 |location=South Australia |date=31 July 1930 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |page=17 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 08===== <blockquote>'''FEDERAL NETWORK. NEW CHAIN OF STATIONS. 5AD Adelaide, Linked.''' A nation-wide chain of broadcasting stations has been formed and will be known as the Federal network. The stations associated in this chain are '''6ML''', Perth; 5AD, Adelaide; 3DB, Melbourne; 3BA, Ballarat; 2GB and 2UW, Sydney; and 4BC, Brisbane. Relays of musical programmes will be carried out from time to time, and the stations concerned will co-operate in other ways. The first relay was made last week, when the opening programme of Station 5AD was carried to Melbourne, Ballarat and Sydney. Until line facilities are made available it will not be possible to relay to Perth or Brisbane.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30500643 |title=FEDERAL NETWORK |newspaper=[[The Advertiser]] |location=South Australia |date=9 August 1930 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''RADIO IN OTHER PLACES.''' STUNT plays and relays are sometimes taken seriously by listeners who tune in after the introduction is concluded. Thou­sands of people were preparing to rush into their wartime cellars when a clergyman’s idea of an air raid on London was broadcast some time ago; and when a Czech play, "Fire at the Opera," was broadcast recently. many listeners in Prague ran to the opera house to retrieve their roasted relatives. On July 19, the Perth "B" class station, 6ML, put over a description of an air raid. They were helped substantially by a publicity air raid, arranged by picture show people to advertise a flying picture. Hundreds of people lined the streets to see the action; while hundreds more list­ened-in, hearing the rattle of defending Lewis guns, and the roar of attacking 'planes, and above them all the announcer's voice, describing direct hits on the advertising theatre, several prominent city buildings, and on the broadcasting station itself.<ref>{{cite magazine | author = | title =RADIO IN OTHER PLACES | url =http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-698614248 | magazine =[[w:Wireless Weekly|Wireless Weekly (Australia)]] | location =Sydney | publisher = | date =15 August 1930 | nopp =no | volume =16 | issue =8 | pages =4 | access-date=12 May 2019 | separator =, }}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE FIFTH TEST. BROADCAST FROM 6ML.''' Realising the tremendous enthusiasm prevailing over the forthcoming Fifth and Final Test Match, '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Limited) will Broadcast to listeners scores and details of play throughout the entire game, which will be played to a finish. LISTEN IN! LISTEN IN! LISTEN IN! Be in the fashion and secure a STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO. Listen in! and enjoy this historic game to decide the destiny of the Ashes, in the comfort of your own home. STROMBERG-CARLSON — RADIO'S FINEST EXPRESSION. ALL ELECTRIC SETS. PRICE FROM £15/10/. MUSGROVE'S LIMITED, Perth, Fremantle, Bunbury.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33349122 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,782 |location=Western Australia |date=15 August 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Meeting of the League.''' . . . A request by Musgrove's, Ltd., the owners of '''6ML''', to be able to broadcast league matches was acceded to.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33353565 |title=Meeting of the League. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,794 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 09===== <blockquote>(Start Photo Caption) '''The Studio of Station 6ML, Perth.''' (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350388 |title=BRIGHT OUTLOOK FOR FUTURE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML, PERTH. Successful "B" Class Station.''' Station '''6ML''', Perth, was opened with due ceremony on March 19 last, and has been on the air ever since, averaging 47 hours a week. This is a "B" class station, and is owned and operated by Musgroves, Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth, and has played an important part in the progress of wireless in this State. Its transmissions are of good quality, and its programmes more than favourably compare with many "B" class stations in other parts of Australia. Daily sessions of general musical items are given, and there is a regular children's hour between 7.30 and 8 p.m. Each Monday evening a selection of the latest gramophone numbers is broadcast; Wednesday is a special dance night; on Thursday the items are mainly of a classical nature; and on Sunday evening a special concert programme is given. The other evening programmes are of general appeal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350384 |title=6ML, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PROGRESS OF WIRELESS. DEVELOPMENTS IN W.A. THE PAST YEAR REVIEWED. Marked Increase in Licences. (By "Radio.")''' The improvement of the transmission from 6WF was followed by the erection of our first "B" class station — '''6ML''', owned and operated by Musgroves Ltd. The effect of this new station on the development of interest in radio during the past year cannot be overestimated. Then came the test cricket broadcasts in which both stations were prominent. The interest in the present series of tests was greater than in any previous series, and the fact that progress scores could be obtained over the air, led to a marked increase in the sales of sets and of licences, no fewer than 1,235 licences being taken out in July — a record for the State. Persons who had not taken much interest in radio "listened" in for the first time and, apart from the cricket scores, were quick to realise the advantages of radio as an entertainment. In the city large crowds gathered round every loudspeaker, while in the country the interest was intense. It is not too much to say that the prejudice against radio has now disappeared and in its place has come a wireless sense. . . . The new carrier wave telephone system between Perth and the Eastern States should be in operation next year and this will enable outstanding events to be relayed from stations in the East direct to 6WF and '''6ML'''. Thus we may now prepare to listen to a full description of the Melbourne Cup of 1931. Like test matches this will bring broadcasting further before the general public and will sharpen the wireless consciousness. We can look to the future of broadcasting in Western Australia with optimism and there will be much disappointment if, within 12 months of the erection of the new station, the licences have not passed the five-figure mark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33350382 |title=PROGRESS OF WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,796 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6WF'S BIRTHDAY. Happy Gala Night.''' "There are close upon 7500 wireless licences in force at the present time, just about double the number in operation when 6WF, as operated by Westralian Farmers Ltd., was handed over to the Commonwealth and the Australian Broadcasting Co., said Dr. J. S. Battye at the first anniversary birthday party held at the 6WF studios last night. About 100 guests of the A.B.C. were present in the large studio during the early part of the evening, from where a special gala-night programme was given. An attractive supper was provided in the reception room, after which dancing was carried on till the early hours of the morning. The manager of the station (Mr. Basil Kirke), with his wife, received the guests, read to the gathering and to listeners a telegram of welcome and congratulation from .the chairman of directors (Mr. Stuart Doyle). Dr. J. S. Battye, during an interlude in the programme, traced the progress of wireless in this State from the inception of broadcast station 6WF. He said that while the Westralian Farmers commenced the service with a laudable object, they were faced not only with a lack of interest in broadcasting, but a strong prejudice against it. Once the difficulties of the change m wavelength were overcome by the new company and with the co-operation of the public, the Press, the university, the Wireless Institute, and other organisations, the position began to improve until now it was in a most hopeful position. One factor which assisted greatly in the increase of licences was the establishment of '''6ML''', which provided an alternative programme and allowed for a diversity of interests to be catered for. When the new relay station was established in the vicinity of Katanning there should be a further increase in licences. Speaking generally, Dr. Battye said that wireless was helping to break down national and geographical barriers, and its consequent destruction of the intol-erances which ignorance breeds among peoples living within narrow circles had yet to be fully estimated. It was an effect which was inevitable, because broadcasters could not be other than an educational influence. It was clear that when the possibilities of broadcasting as a formal and deliberate means of education were considered there could be no doubt that an instrument of incalculable value would be shaped for the service of mankind.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79472903 |title=6WF'S BIRTHDAY |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,262 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''AN INVESTOR'S DIARY. . . MUSGROVES LIMITED. (Through Messrs. Saw and Grimwood).''' MUSGROVES LTD. The well-known Western Australian firm of music dealers, Musgroves Ltd., have published their figures for the year ended June 30, 1930, and net earnings of £994 resulted. This profit does not compare very favorably with £7124 for 1929, £15,624 for 1928, and £15,531 for 1927, but the unhappy time being experienced by similar institutions throughout the Commonwealth must be remembered. Musgroves' chief source of revenue was hitherto derived from sales of player-pianos, but in these days of radio de luxe the once popular player has been relegated to the background, and the wireless set has taken its place. The directors, anticipating this state of affairs, were not slow in opening a radio department on a large scale, and this has, during the past year, been considerably augmented, and advertised by the broadcasting station, which is owned and operated by Musgroves Ltd. under the name of "'''6ML'''." This venture, although just arriving at the self-supporting stage, has proved a very valuable asset in the popularising of the firm's goods, especially radio sets, gramophone records, pianos and player pianos. The chairman in his report describes this new wireless station as a "milestone in the progress of Musgroves Limited." This is undoubtedly so, but what may be regarded a a "millstone around the company's neck" was the purchase at peak prices of two buildings in Murray-street.— Lyric House and Brown's Buildings. Concerning this the chairman stated: "In the report of the previous year's business your directors reported having purchased Brown's Buildings. At that time there appeared to be no reasonable prospect of ever acquiring Lyric House, which, on account of its position and fittings, was pre-eminently suitable for our business. When, therefore, the opportunity to purchase Lyric House arose, the directors immediately took advantage of the chance to make it a permanent home." He goes on to say that the earliest opportunity will be taken to dispose of Brown's Buildings. This is undoubtedly a very wise resolution, but when a sale does eventually take place it would appear that nothing short of a miracle can possibly save the company a loss of many thousands of pounds. From the published figures it would appear that a loss of £693 was experienced over the retention of Brown's Buildings for the year, and if no greater loss than this is sustained for the next few years it will probably pay Musgroves to hold on to the property until conditions and prices for city property improve. The purchase of Brown's Buildings cost Musgroves £46,298 10s, and the deposit on Lyric House was £5000, but the purchase price is not disclosed and the company's contingent liability for the balance is not shown on the balance sheet. The total freehold property is therefore £51.298. Other assets are: Broadcasting plant, £1679; furniture and fittings, £5678; stocks, £32,649; debtors under hire-purchase agreements, less unaccrued interest, £63,430 (these accounts are secured by lien over goods); sundry debtors, £4530. Against the hire purchase accounts, £1000 has been reserved for bad debts and £200 has been set aside to cover sundry debtors in this connection. Other assets total £3510. On the liabilities side appear: Paid capital, £70,000; premium on shares, £971; bills payable, £2113; sundry creditors, £3238; taxation, reserve, £200; bank overdrafts, £68,403. The general reserve stands at £15,750. Analysing the above figures, one comes to the conclusion that the financial position is sound enough. Sundry debtors at £67,315 practically offset bank overdraft of £68,403; the only other liabilities amount to £5515. against which there are assets of £94,815, which gives a surplus of £24,815 after allowing for paid capital of £70,000. This surplus of £24,815 could not, of course, be sold at that figure, but supposing it to be worth £10,000, at least, it would appear that Musgroves could afford to lose this amount on the properties purchased before the shares would have a paper value of less than 20s for every £1 share. Musgrove's house appears to be fairly well in order from a musical trade point of view, but its ventures into the realms of real estate have been, to say the least, unfortunate. The fully paid £1 shares are quoted 10s seller on the Stock Exchange, and, at that figure, should have good speculative possibilities. Shareholders received 10 per cent. until about last December, but recent dividends have been passed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79473074 |title=AN INVESTOR'S DIARY |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=17,270 |location=Western Australia |date=11 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME FINAL EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6WB <blockquote>'''KATANNING ROAD BOARD. MONTHLY MEETING.''' The meeting of the Board held last Saturday was of more than ordinary interest, a number of matters apart from the usual "roads and bridges" work being dealt with. These included a decision with respect to the establishment of a branch factory of the Hume Pipe Co. at Katanning, the question of equipping the Town Hall with a "Talkie" outfit, the attitude of the Board regarding declaration of the York-Cranbrook road through the Board's territory, and the establishment of kerbstone markets. Another subject of interest was that of bookkeeping methods, following an investigation by the Assistant-Secretary into the finances of the Town Hall. The only member absent from the meeting was Mr. A. V. McDougall, the Chairman (Mr. A. Prosser) presiding over an otherwise full meeting of members. . . . '''Wireless Station.''' It was reported that; although no definite information had been received regarding the installation of a wireless station on the Great Southern, it was believed that it was to be erected close to Katanning. The fact that the station had been named 6KA was regarded as significant.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147676373 |title=KATANNING ROAD BOARD |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXVIII, |issue=3,008 |location=Western Australia |date=20 September 1930 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"ARCHIE" ON THE AIR. NOW WANTS TO PUT OTHERS ON.''' ARCHIE GRAHAM, known by young and old over the air as "Archie" made a lot of friends as announcer for '''6ML''', in Perth, and is now seeking to make more by putting more wireless into more homes. Mr. Graham has had as extensive an experience in radio work as most men of his age, both as an entertainer and on the technical side. He started with 3LO in London, and then went for a time on the Tivoli Circuit through South Africa, and so to Australia. As soon as his contract was through he was snapped up by the Radio stations and became a popular feature of the programmes of 4QG, Brisbane, 2FC and 2BL, Sydney, 3LO and 3AR, Melbourne, 5CL, Adelaide and 6WF, Perth. Archie seems to have the wanderlust. Anyhow, as soon as '''6ML''' started he wandered over there. Now ill-health makes it necessary for him to take an open-air job and he has moved ground again to take up the handling of A.W.A. Radiola Receiving Sets for Phonographs Ltd. But with all his wandering, he doesn't get far away from the entertainment stuff. (Start Photo Caption) Archie Graham. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208140441 |title="ARCHIE" ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1407 |location=Western Australia |date=21 September 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=9 (SUNDAY EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 10===== <blockquote>'''THE ADVERTISING ARTS BALL. THE COSTUMES REPRESENTING "THE WIRELESS NEWS AND MUSICAL WORLD." "The Wireless News Two."''' "The Wireless News Two" was awarded the prize for the most original costume at the Advertising Arts Ball held at Temple Court on Thursday evening last. The head decorations were made from large silvered Philips valves, and the set, with its tuning dials, rheostat, etc., is shown as standing on a table. 6WF and '''6ML''' are represented with their call signs on large silver valves on the front of the tablecloth, looking into the set are all of this well-known make. The valves and components shown in this and the back view, under the familiar covers of "The Western Australian Wireless News and Musical World." Looking into the back of the receiver, where can be seen the Philips A415, B405, Philips eliminator, transformers, coils, etc. Thanks is due to Messrs. Unbehaun and Johnstone, Philips distributors in W.A., for supplying the attractive silver valves and many attractive posters, giant components, etc., that were the main features of the make-up. The table draping at the back was a splash of colour with attractive posters of many well-known radio lines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250699970 |title=THE ADVERTISING ARTS BALL. |newspaper=[[Manjimup Mail And Jardee-pemberton-northcliffe Press]] |volume=IV, |issue=167 |location=Western Australia |date=3 October 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''SOMETHING NEW. General Motors on the Air With Excellent Programme.''' Despite the unfavorable weather conditions prevailing last night thousands of Perth listeners picked up the General Motors Broadcast through '''6ML'''. The broadcast provided a new development in radio entertainment in Australia, and the programme was popular with local listeners who are eagerly awaiting the next effort from the big motor firm. The entertainment was '''RELAYED FROM SYDNEY''' to the short wave station 3ME Melbourne, and then rebroadcast here by '''6ML'''. The General Motors Concert Orchestra was heard in a series of numbers under the baton of Mr. Howard Carr. Songs by Miss Muriel O'Malley, the General Motors Quartette, and a talk on motors by Mr. Norman ("Wizard") Smith, the holder of the world's ten mile record, and Mr. Lawrence, of General Motors, completed the programme. These broadcasts, which will be continued at intervals, will be known as the General Motors Family Party Hours. Listeners-in are looking forward to the next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75485583 |title=SOMETHING NEW |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=9, |issue=469 |location=Western Australia |date=4 October 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 11===== <blockquote>'''"Station 6ML" Here.''' MANAGING Director D'Oyley Musgrove, of Musgroves Ltd., has seen one of Perth's biggest musical warehouses grow from the smallest acorn, but just when everything seemed to be 100 per cent. the introduction of wireless gave Musgroves and other musical businesses the big K.O. D'Oyley Musgrove visioned the possible dwindling of the gramophone and the player piano with the growing popularity of wireless, and he made provisions for it, and not only did his firm start in the radio business on a big scale, but they installed the first "B" class radio station in the West and daily and nightly '''6ML''' are on the air. Although the upkeep of the station has been a costly affair, Mr. Musgrove knows that his firm and his station are on the right lines, and happy and bright times are ahead of this progressive firm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208141861 |title=GOSSIP |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1415 |location=Western Australia |date=16 November 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A Sport King.''' LISTENERS-IN to the '''6ML''' broadcasting station often wonder who the man is behind the personality voice that discourses so fluently on the sporting topics of the day. It is obviously the voice of a man who knows what he is is talking about. And when it comes to sport S. B. Gravenall — or "Gravy" — certainly does know his onions. In his heyday he was one of the best all-round athletes in the land. At Wesley College (Melb.), where he was later a master, he excelled in football, rowing, cricket, running, tennis and shooting. There was a time too when he was the best footballer in Australia — but added to his own ability in these games he is a first class coach of others, and his close study of a every branch of field sport makes him an authoritative critic besides.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208142070 |title=GOSSIP |newspaper=[[Truth]] |volume= , |issue=1416 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== <blockquote>'''STROMBERG-CARLSON RADIO CONSOLE.''' Radio Receivers make fine Christmas presents and the new Stromberg-Carlson Two-valve Radio Console makes a particularly fine family gift. One of the many good reasons for choosing a Stromberg-Carlson Radio as the family present, is that, it will be a permanent possession in the home and with it there is a wealth of music, classical, popular, an abundance of dance music and entertainment, as provided by the Broadcast Stations. It will brighten the home generally and is equally enjoyable by every member of the family, young and old alike. SEE AND HEAR THIS NEW TWO-VALVE RADIO CONSOLE — IT'S MARVELLOUS! "The Finest Radio Receiver at the Lowest Price Ever Produced in Australia." Cash Price £19/10/; Special Xmas Terms £3 Deposit and 7/6 Weekly. '''MUSGROVE'S LIMITED.''' OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF STATION '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33006047 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=8,890 |location=Western Australia |date=19 December 1930 |accessdate=24 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== <blockquote>'''STATION 6ML. Birthday Celebration.''' The first anniversary of the foundation of the '''6ML''' broadcasting station was celebrated in the studio, Lyric House, Perth, on Thursdav night, when a gala programme was presented. The large attendance included the Deputy Director, of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. S. R. Roberts). In a short speech, in which he remarked upon the educational value of broadcasting, Dr. J. S. Battye said that thousands of listeners were grateful to those who were responsible for '''6ML''', and for the results that had been obtained. The station had been a valuable complement to 6WF, for no one station could cater adequately for the variety of interests among listeners. That the two stations were coping with these interests was shown by the fact that the number of wireless licences in this State had increased by leaps and bounds, and was now double what it was at Christmas, 1929. '''6ML''' had specialised on the musical side of broadcasting work, and by presenting first-class music, both vocal and instrumental, it had done much to improve musical education in the State. Mr. M. D'Oyley Musgrove, in reply, thanked Dr. Battye for the sympathetic interest he had taken in the station. The founders of the station had hoped by presenting a better class of musical programme to improve the musical standard in Western Australia. The popularity of the station was due in no small measure to the co-operation its founders had received from the Deputy Postmaster-General, and officials of the Australian Broadcasting Company, operating 6WF. The station manager (Mr. F. C. Kingston), in a review of the station's work since its inception, said that its efficiency had recently been increased by 22½ per cent. In January last the power of the station was increased by 50 per cent., and the present power in the aerial was 3½ times greater than it was 12 months ago. This increase in power had given the station a wider range, and had resulted in shoals of letters from grateful listeners in all parts of the State. The programmes were now being received over a radius of 300 miles, and it was hoped soon to complete arrangements for the transmission of programmes from stations in the Eastern States. An enjoyable programme of vocal and instrumental items by local artists was given, and at its conclusion those present were the guests of the management at supper and a dance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32506369 |title=STATION 6ML. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=8,968 |location=Western Australia |date=21 March 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. 6ML'S FIRST BIRTHDAY.''' . . . (By VK6FG) . . . Congratulations to '''6ML''' on satisfactorily completing one year of service to the listening community. A birthday party was held in the studio on Thursday last, when a number of those interested in radio accepted the invitation of the management to be present. Dr. J. S. Battye spoke in appreciation of the service rendered by the station. The presence of a second station had materially contributed to the increase in listeners' licences during the year, and with an alternative programme to which to tune, it had gone a long way in filling the wishes of the general body of listeners. Mr. D'Oyley Musgrove and Mr. F. C. Kingston spoke on behalf of Musgrove's and the station. For the first 12 months of its service '''6ML''' has a high record. It has been on the air regularly, and the quality of the transmissions have been of a superior quality. The recent increase in power has been all to the advantage of the more distant listener, while the programmes generally have been well selected and compare favorably with similar stations in other States. The station, which draws its revenue from advertising, has naturally felt the effects of the depression, as have other businesses, but it has shown a courageous front and listeners will wish it successful second year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85412842 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,434 |location=Western Australia |date=23 March 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== <blockquote>'''GOLDFIELDS BROADCASTING. "B" Class Station Granted THREE-YEARS LICENCE. (By VK6FG)''' Goldfields Broadcasters Ltd., a recently formed company, has been granted a licence by the Commonwealth authorities to erect and operate for three years a "B" class broadcasting station at Kalgoorlie. According to the company's prospectus, approximately half the shares are available for purchase in this State, the remainder being available to investors in South Australia. Those prominently connected with the proposed station are Mr. E. Ashwin, who was the constructional engineer for broadcasting station '''6ML''', Mr. Don. Gooding, and Mr. W. H. Tucker, all of Adelaide. It is learned that the station will have a power of 1000 watts into the final amplifier and will use the latest screen-grid transmitting valves throughout. The wavelength will not be decided upon by the authorities until the location is definitely settled, but it is expected it will be between 200 and 300 metres. The design of the station will be such as to comply with the very latest in overseas practice. Because of the efficiency of the apparatus it is expected that the station will be clearly heard in Perth by owners of sets using two valves and over, and it is hoped that the station will be operating within a few weeks. No callsign has yet been designated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83923369 |title=GOLDFIELDS BROADCASTING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,467 |location=Western Australia |date=1 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. Music for the Winter.''' With the coming of winter thoughts naturally turn to the means of providing entertainment in the home and there is no better entertainment than music. The well-known house of Musgrove's, Ltd., Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, has an experience of the musical requirements of West Australians extending over more than 30 years and its policy since the inception has been one of service and value. Among the many special lines displayed in the commodious showrooms at Lyric House are Bechstein, Marshall and Rose, Squire and Longson and Lyric pianofortes. A player piano solves many problems of home entertainment and the Lyric player piano, specially designed for Australian conditions, which is sold at a price within the reach of every home is one of the most popular players on the market. The purchase of one of these instruments is made easy by a system of gradual payments and old pianos are accepted as part payment with a liberal allowance. The advance of radio has progressed to a stage of remarkable attainment, together with a simplicity of operation, in the last two years that earlier difficulties of aerials, batteries and tuning are now eliminated by all electric sets which operate by a switch as easy as turning on a light. The Stromberg-Carlson range of radio receivers is within the reach of everyone and Musgrove's, Ltd. have a complete stock of all Stromberg-Carlson sets from the Lucan two-valve receiver at £19/10/ to the phonoradio combinations which are a masterpiece of entertainment, combining as they do all the advantages of a wireless set and a gramophone. The quality of the reproduction of records through these phonoradio combinations is said to be in advance of anything obtained by mechanical means. Musgrove's Ltd. are the owners and operators of broadcasting station '''6ML''' which is very popular with many listeners both in the metropolitan area and in country districts. A wide variety of Brunswick and Rexonola phonographs and Brunswick records is displayed at Lyric House, and the new Panachord record offers surprisingly good value in popular music for 2/6. In this music warehouse are facilities for the inspection, comparison and selection of all kinds of music and musical instruments and a staff of experts are always at hand to give demonstrations and to supply every need.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32516857 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,005 |location=Western Australia |date=6 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WONDERS AT THE LOCAL EXHIBITION. Success at Perth Town Hall.''' The annual wireless exhibition, held in the Perth Town Hall on Thursday and Friday last, was a record one. The magnificent display of wireless apparatus, outlining the progress made by radio in the past twelve months was a revelation to many of those who attended. The local wireless firms were well represented, displaying wireless and gramoradio receivers as well as components and speakers, of very fine workmanship and neat designs. Several rather novel ideas were in evidence, amongst which was a device for boiling water without fire or any visible heating apparatus. A crystal set, capable of receiving 6WF was fitted into an ordinary wireless valve. The "electric eye" was also demonstrated, this device being a ray of light focussed on a cell which in turn is connected to an electric bell. When a shadow is thrown on the cell, the bell commences to ring, and stops immediately the shadow is removed. Another idea, on the dictaphone principle, would record a voice and immediately afterwards reproduce the words through a loudspeaker. Quite a number of local amateur transmitters were there, with their sets installed showing neat construction and design. Just after 8 p.m. on Friday, the voice of Mr. E. T. Fisk, of Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., came over the land line from Sydney and was relayed by 6WF and reproduced in the hall by several loudspeakers. During the evening the artists of 6WF made their appearance on the platform in musical numbers, this being the first time that many listeners have had the opportunity of seeing them. The relaying of the various musical items and speeches was carried out by '''6ML''' on Thursday night and 6WF on Friday night. The exhibition was under the auspices of the wireless institute. The proceeds of a function which is to be held in the Buckland Hill Town Hall on Friday next will be devoted to the relief of the unemployed in the district. There will be dancing, community singing and orchestral items, and card players will be catered for. Fifty good prizes have been donated and supper will be provided.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58647804 |title=WIRELESS WONDERS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1738 |location=Western Australia |date=17 May 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML'S WAVE LENGTH. Proposed Alterations. PRELIMINARY TESTS.''' The radio inspector's department announces that, due to the increasing number of broadcasting stations in Australia, the department has found it necessary to alter the frequency of Station '''6ML''', operated by Musgrove's Ltd. It is intended that this station shall operate on 80 kilacycldes (341 metres), and in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of such a change, observations are being carried out by experienced observers. Test transmissions of one hour's duration, commencing at 10 p.m. — after the station closes down its usual programme — will operate from tonight, and the observers are being asked to comment on the relative strength of signals, quality of transmission fading and distortion and interference from other stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83899100 |title=6ML'S WAVE LENGTH |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,523 |location=Western Australia |date=7 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. New Wave Length Tests.''' In connection with the change of wave length which is to be made shortly, tests were conducted from broadcasting station, '''6ML''' Perth between 10 and 11 o'clock last night on 341 metres. Owing to the increasing number of radio stations in Australia, the Postmaster General's Department has found it necessary to alter the wave length of '''6ML''' from 297 metres, which is being used at present, to either 341 metres or 255.5 metres. The tests last night were made with a power of 50 watts, which is about one-tenth of the power normally used. The owners and operators of the station, Musgroves. Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth, announced that they would appreciate reports on the test transmission from listeners, particularly in regard to interference if any, from station 6WF. The dial reading for the wavelength of 341 metres is about 15 degrees higher than for 297 metres. The radio inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott) has, in order to ascertain the relative efficiency of the transmissions on 341 and 297 metres, arranged for observation to be carried out by competent listeners. Mr. Scott will be pleased to receive comments on the relative strength, of the signals, the quality of transmissions and the amount of interference from other stations. Observers are also asked to give a comparison of fading and distortion on both wavelengths. Further tests on 341 metres will be carried out from station '''6ML''' tonight and tomorrow night between 10 and 11 o'clock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32359593 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,059 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Local Transmission Tests. . . . (By VK6FG).''' During the past week station '''6ML''' has been conducting experimental tests on wavelengths other than that for which it was originally licensed. It is understood that the purpose of these is to determine a wavelength which will provide a better broadcast service to the country districts for the dissipation of the same amount of energy — 500 watts. It is difficult from the point of view of the city listener to make a comment on the transmissions which will be of value to '''6ML''', and of necessity reports from the country areas must be awaited to determine whether the experimental transmissions have been reaching the rural dweller better than the fixed ones. When '''6ML''' was on reduced power during the experiments volume naturally fell off considerably, and there was a slight background of mushiness, but when the higher power was tried on the altered wavelength it would be difficult to discriminate between the quality of the transmission on any of the frequencies tried. '''6ML''' at all times was sharp in tuning, with good depth of modulation. The tests showed that so far as the station itself is concerned it is capable of fitting in the band at almost any place. '''TROUBLE WITH 6WF.''' On the highest wavelength tried, trouble, however, was experienced, not with '''6ML''', but with interference from 6WF. Even with the most selective sets 6WF comes in over so many degrees of the tuning condenser that were three or four more stations to start up in Western Australia they would have to be fitted in the waveband on either side of 6WF and would be blotted out because of 6WF's broad tuning. That this is due to the high power used is to an extent correct, but that the difficulty is inherent in the station is shown by the fact that in other States there are a number of stations operating, yet cause no trouble by broadness of wave. Take Melbourne, for instance. 3LO and 3AR are two stations with high power, while there are half a dozen 'B' class stations — all erected within an area of a few miles, yet when I was holidaying there some time ago a set stationed almost in the middle of them was able to tune in one after the other without any interference. If it is not possible to sharpen up the tuning of 6WF it would not appear wise to bring '''6ML's''' wavelength any closer to 6WF's, and a hasty judgment on this point would not be wise, for opportunities for a thorough test are necessary. Should it be definitely proved that little variation to the existing conditions can be made, what are the alternatives? One would be to shift 6WF out of the city altogether, so that the ground wave to metropolitan listeners would not be so strong, or else reduce the power of 6WF to about that of '''6ML'''. Curiously enough it will be remembered by experimenters that when 6WF came down from 1250 metres to 435 metres preliminary tests were made on low power, and while the volume was sufficient for local sets, encouraging reports were received from the country. It will be interesting to observe what the department does in the matter, for without a relay station for supplying a service to the country the position is full of complexities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83895630 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,528 |location=Western Australia |date=13 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML'S NEW WAVE LENGTH.''' Owing to the requirements of the Postmaster-General's Department the wave length of 297 metres, which has been used by station '''6ML''' since its inception, will be abolished for Western Australia some time in August. The owners and operators of the station (Musgrove's Ltd., of Murray-street, Perth) were given the choice of two new wave lengths, 264 metres or 341 metres. Tests were conducted on both wave lengths last week, and listeners were asked to report on these transmissions. The Manager of station '''6ML''' (Mr. F. C. Kingston) said last night that 85 per cent. of the replies indicated a preference for the 264 metres wave-length. The company had decided to allow the choice of the new wave length to be governed entirely by the views of listeners, and he had therefore notified the department that it had chosen the lower wave length. The change from 297 metres to 264 metres would be made on a date to be fixed by the department.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32347947 |title=6ML'S NEW WAVE LENGTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,065 |location=Western Australia |date=15 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Shortwave Simulcast; 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''264 METRES FOR 6ML.''' Mr. H. Kingston, manager of Musgrove's Ltd., which control station '''6ML''', stated today that approval had been given by the Commonwealth authorities for a wave length of 264 metres instead of 297 metres, which the station is now using. The alteration to the wave-length will become operative from Wednesday next. Possibly, during the two succeeding days the full power of 300 watts in the aerial will not be utilised. However, after the initial adjustments have been made, transmission on full power will be restored. It is contended that the transmission on this new wave-length will be just as good as on the existing one, and that listeners will experience no difficulty whatever in tuning in the station. '''6ML''' will be off the air during the day sessions on Wednesday next, but will recommence at 5.45 p.m. on reduced power. During the day alterations to the set and aerial will be made, and tests carried out. Mr. Kingston also stated that the firm was considering the installation of a short-wave transmitter which would simultaneously broadcast the programmes from '''6ML'''. A wave-length of somewhere betwen 60 and 100 metres was contemplated, and a reply from the authorities, to whom the matter had been referred, was now awaited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83896605 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,536 |location=Western Australia |date=22 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''6ML's New Wave-Length.''' Beginning at the 5.45 p.m. session on Wednesday next, broadcasting station '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Ltd.), will operate on a wave length of 264 metres instead of 297 metres. The new wave length will be found about 10 degrees below the existing wave length on the tuning condensers of receiving sets. There will be no morning, midday or early afternoon sessions on that day. Next Monday, Mr. Eric Donald, formerly of station 3UZ, Melbourne, will begin his duties as announcer at '''6ML'''. On Sunday next, beginning at 6.15 p.m., '''6ML''' will take part in the biggest combined broadcast in the history of broadcasting in Australia when 13 "B" class stations from Brisbane to Perth, linked, together to 5KA, Adelaide by land lines, will broadcast a recorded lecture by Judge Rutherford, of America. The broadcast has been arranged to coincide with an important convention of the International Bible Students' Association at Ohio, United States of America.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32349704 |title=6ML's New Wave-Length. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,072 |location=Western Australia |date=23 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PUBLIC WEDDING. Bride is Excited. AN UNIQUE EVENT.''' When Hoyts Theatres Ltd. announced their intention of arranging for a public open-air wedding as a medium to bring the cause of the Golden Apple Appeal prominently before the public they entertained no doubt of their ability to secure a couple contemplating matrimony who would be willing to take the role of principals in this novel ceremony. Their optimism proved to be well founded. A dozen couples applied in answer to the advertisement in "The Daily News." One couple got into touch with the company's representative, Mr. Bert Snelling, at 1 a.m. today, while another couple was waiting at his office before 9 a.m. The selection has fallen on MISS MAY WHITEMAN and MR. STEVE STYLES. Preparations are necessarily hurried, but arrangements were well in hand for the ceremony, which is fixed for tomorrow at 1 p.m. A photograph of the bride and bridegroom-to-be appears in these columns. '''DECOROUS CEREMONY.''' Hoyts promise that the procession and concert which they staged to assist the appeal last Friday will be completely surpassed by the novelty and color of tomorrow's ceremony and accompanying celebration. The point is stressed that the marriage is a genuine ceremony and will be performed in that atmosphere of dignity and decorum the occasion demands. It is anticipated that a tremendous crowd will congregate at the railway station reserve at 1 o'clock. Hoyts are erecting a special dais, which will be elaborately dressed. An orchestra and organ will also be in-stalled and Mr. Keith Watts, popular Perth tenor, will provide vocal accompaniment. The entire service will be broadcast by Station '''6ML''', Musgroves, who will also instal loud-speakers so that those unable to get near the dais may follow the service. Preceding the service a concert will be presented by several of Perth's leading artists, the arrangements for which are now in the hands of Messrs. Keith Watts and Snelling. The bride and bridegroom will leave for the ceremony from Hoyts Capitol Theatre, the groom arriving at 1 p.m. and bride with her retinue shortly after, and, at the conclusion of the ceremony, will return to the Capitol where the wedding photographs will be taken, and thereafter to Temple Court Cabaret for the wedding breakfast, which the management of Temple Court Cabaret are kindly providing. The public may witness this breakfast from the galleries and loges, and attention is directed to a notice elsewhere. '''GIFTS FOR COUPLE.''' Following gifts have been kindly promised to the bride and bridegroom:— Hoyts Theatres Ltd., 25 guineas, and a year's pass to Hoyts Theatres, WA.; John D. Dobson, jeweller, Murray-street, Perth, wedding ring; Epstein Bros., Piccidally Cafe, wedding cake; Temple Court Cabaret, wedding breakfast (for 30 guests); Corot and Co., Barrack-street, wedding dress; Roselea Nursery, Forrest-place, bride's and bridesmaids' bouquets; Mr. Harry Rex, Hostel Rott-nest Island, week's honeymoon accom-modation; W.A. Airways Ltd., honey-moon aeroplane trip; F. Siegrist, hair-dressers, Hay-street, hair waving and manicure; Mallabones Ltd., William-street, travelling case; George Nelson, Hay-street, bridal shoes; Alex Kelly, Hay-street, bridegroom's shoes; Cox Bros., William-street, complete suit and outfit for bridegroom; Hummerston and Bate, Hay-street, gift for groom; Caris Bros., table set; Mr. Hicks, of New Ideas, window dressers and showcard writers, Temple Court wedding breakfast decorations; Illustrations Ltd., photographers, photo of bridal group. Bon Marche will present a cheque to the funds to mark the ceremony. Motor cars taking part in the ceremony are being kindly donated by: Messrs William Attwood Ltd.; Yellow Cabs, Packard sedan; Messrs. Adams Motors Ltd.; Messrs. Sydney Atkinson Ltd., and Consolidated Motors Ltd., and the Tourist Bureau are undertaking the honeymoon arrangements. '''PRE-MARRIAGE SHOPPING.''' Today, the bride and bridegroom have had a strenuous but delightful time visiting various stores, obtaining the special licence and finalising details, the bride in particular being happily engaged in matters dear to every woman's heart. On Saturday morning the bride and groom will pay a visit to each of the stores to personally thank the donors for their gifts. Details and times of the visits will be published tomorrow. On Saturday afternoon, Hoyts Theatres gifts will be presented on the stage at the Capitol Theatre. Among the artists participating in the concert preceding the ceremony and at the breakfast are Mr. Eddie Callow, James Miller, Keith Watts, George Simmonds, Ron Brearley and Miss Mignon Jago.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83893464 |title=PUBLIC WEDDING |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,537 |location=Western Australia |date=23 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' Mr. Eric Donald arrived in Perth this morning to take up the appointment of chief announcer at '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Ltd.). He commences his duties on Monday next.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83896328 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,538 |location=Western Australia |date=24 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=1 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. New Wave Length of Station 6ML.''' Readers are reminded that, commencing with the 5.45 p.m. session today, station '''6ML''' will broadcast on its new wave-length of 264 metres (1,136 kilocycles). This wave length was decided on after numerous tests, and will replace the old one of 297 metres. It will be found that the transmissions will come in with the tuning condenser dial lowered between 8deg. and 12deg.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32352421 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,077 |location=Western Australia |date=29 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1931 - Frequency Change <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING.''' To the Editor, "The West Australian." Sir,— I would like to bring before the public another injustice offered our State by the Commonwealth Government. For over a year station '''6ML''' has been broadcasting on a wave length that radio enthusiasts have become used to, and as it is, in my opinion, the only station that supplies a sufficiently interesting programme to induce one to take out a licence it is most unfair that they should be requested by the P.M.G. Department to change their wave length so that the same may be given to another station, possibly an Eastern States station. It seems hard to understand that, although a "B" class station such as '''6ML''' is largely accountable for the increased number of licences, it receives no assistance whatever from the revenue received from licences, and, then meets an obstacle such as asking it to change its wave length in favour of a new station. Perhaps the P.M.G. would be kind enough to explain the position to the satisfaction of radio enthusiasts.— Yours, etc., PUZZLED.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32352519 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,077 |location=Western Australia |date=29 July 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 08===== <blockquote>'''CALLED BY WIRELESS. Constable's 500-Mile Dash. HURRY TO FUNERAL.''' An announcement made from 6WF and '''6ML''' last Sunday evening had a sequel which served as yet another instance of the service of wireless to the back country of Western Australia. Constable Tom Penn, of Meekatharra, was away in the bush on Sunday, and when he returned he heard from Constable T. Fawcett, who had been listening-in to Perth on his four-valve receiving set, that his brother, David Angus (Gus) Penn (24), had died in St. John of God Hospital that day. If Constable Penn himself had heard the announcements he would have had less than two hours to catch the train for Perth, so as to arrive in Perth in time for the funeral on Tuesday. But when he returned to the Meekatharra station the train had gone. Mr. Frank Davis, of Meekatharra, provided the solution. He offered his car. With his wife and his brother, Mr. E. S. Penn and his wife, Constable Penn left Meekatharra at 1 a.m. on Monday morning. Hard driving down the Wongan line brought the party to Northam on Tuesday morning, and to the Karrakatta Cemetery gates at 10 a.m., just in time for the funeral service. Travel-worn and tired, the Meekatharra party was able to pay a last tribute to the brother. Gus Penn, son of Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Penn, of Seventh-avenue, Maylands, had been in the employ of the Midland Railway Company at Mingenew.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83884881 |title=CALLED BY WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,545 |location=Western Australia |date=1 August 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=10 (HOME (SEMI-FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LTD. The Pioneer "B" Class Station.''' It is now 18 months since station '''6ML''' opened, and during that period Western Australia has advanced very considerably in the matter of radio and broadcast entertainment, says a statement issued by Musgrove's, Ltd. Up to the time of '''6ML''' going on the air, there was only one programme available, and listeners' licences totalled under 4,000. Now licensed listeners number nearly 10,000, which is a clear indication of the value of alternate programmes. It is not contended that '''6ML''' has been solely responsible for this big increase, but it is certainly owing to the fact that a second programme has been available, thereby enabling listeners to make their choice, that many have become interested in broadcast entertainment. The conducting of a broadcasting station, and the presentation of regular and varied programmes of an acceptable standard, is not the easy matter one would imagine. Station '''6ML''' is on the air 8¼ hours a day, and to provide different programmes every day for this spread of hours is in itself a very difficult matter, and when the diversified tastes of the listening public are taken into account, the problem becomes even more difficult. Our efforts in this direction, however, have been quite successful, judging by the thousands of appreciative letters which we have received from listeners, regarding both our transmission and our programmes. We are, however, never satisfied, and are constantly searching for new ideas and improvements, and we can assure listeners that it will be our constant aim to give nothing but the best at any time, and wherever an opportunity presents itself to better the transmission, the plant, the programmes, the staff or the service, listeners can be sure that it will be taken. Many changes have already been made. The plant has been so added to and improved that it is doubtful if the suppliers would recognise it now. Studio equipment has been improved and added to, so that no matter what the occasion or how large an assembly of artists is required at any one time, they can be properly handled, and annoying waits and pauses eliminated. Relay equipment has also received very especial attention, and the station engineer has designed and constructed highly efficient portable remote control units for outside relay work, which is month by month increasing in popularity. In pursuance of this policy, we have ordered from overseas the very latest type of speech or first stage amplifier. This unit is at present in transit, and should arrive in Perth and be ready for installation at the end of the month. This amplifier incorporates the very newest improvements, and represents the last word in broadcasting plant. It is rated to give ten times greater amplification and efficiency in the first stage than the amplifier in use at present. Up to the present time the station has not been a financial success, but it is very gratifying to note the considerably increased interest being taken in this form of publicity. We are particularly pleased with the way listeners have reported on our transmission, and this has been of very material assistance in enabling us to make improvements and adjustments. These reports have been received from every part of the State, as far distant as Wyndham. We have also received very large numbers of reports from every other State in the Commonwealth, and we regularly have reports on our transmission from New Zealand. A few days ago we received a letter from a listener in Merced, California, reporting on our transmission and programmes, and advising that the programme fully justified sitting up until the early hours of the morning. In looking back over the past 18 months, we do so with a great amount of satisfaction in what has actually been accomplished, and difficulties overcome, and with this very valuable experience behind us and a well established service and station in operation, we are able to look to the future with extreme optimism, for we might almost say that broadcasting and radio are as yet in their infancy, and that there are big things ahead, big things to plan and big things to achieve.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32358723 |title=MUSGROVE'S LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,106 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''A SUCCESSFUL YEAR. TWO NEW STATIONS. A.B.C.'s Second Anniversary.''' Today is the second anniversary of the new regime at station 6WF, Perth, which consisted of the taking over of the programmes by the Australian Broadcasting Company and of the transmissions by the Commonwealth Government. Radio has made decided progress in this State and, to increase the popularity of broadcasting, the Radio Traders' Association will, today, begin the first "Radio Week" in the history of Western Australia. The erection in Perth of the first "B" class station, '''6ML''', played a large part in the development of radio, and the announcement that two new "B" class stations will be on the air shortly should help to swell the ever-growing number of licensed listeners. Despite many unfavourable factors, steady progress in wireless, as indicated by the reliable guide of the number of listeners' licences, has been made in radio in this State since September 1, 1929, which marked the beginning of what was called the new era in wireless. The outlook for the future has never been brighter and before the year is ended the number of licences in force should exceed the five-figure mark. The most important of the facts which assure of greater development in radio in the coming year is the decision of the Commonwealth Government to transfer the transmitter of station 6WF from its present unsuitable site in Wellington-street, to a position outside the city proper, and at the same time to bring the plant up-to-date by incorporating the latest technical improvements; to increase its power considerably and generally to give a service that will satisfy the majority of listeners. It is hoped that by this means the bugbear of the distant listener, distortion, will be obviated, and this should lead to an awakening of interest in radio in the country and to the renewal of many cancelled licences. The introduction of station '''6ML''' gave listeners the choice of two programmes and helped to add to the number of licences. The new Kalgoorlie station is expected to be on the air by the middle of this month, and the second city "B" class station, to be operated by Nicholsons, Ltd. should commence broadcasting in October. With four stations from which to select their entertainment West Australian listeners will be well catered for. During the year the radio trade has flourished and the demand for all-electric sets, from those of two valves to phonoradio combinations, has been great. The high standard of efficiency of these sets combined with their simplicity of operation, has played its share in popularising broadcasting, which is one of the cheapest forms of entertainment. The closing of city picture shows on Sundays should increase the radio audience considerably on that night, and the special programmes broadcast from 6WF and '''6ML''' on Sundays, should cause many amusement seekers to listen-in at their own sets or at those of friends. Tonight to mark the second anniversary of the taking over of the programmes of 6WF by the Australian Broadcasting Company, a special programme will be broadcast between 8 o'clock and 11 o'clock, to which leading radio artists will contribiite. Many guests, including the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green, M.H.R.) have been invited to the studio to watch proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32358742 |title=PROGRESS OF WIRELESS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,106 |location=Western Australia |date=1 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''6ML''' News Service. Commencing on Monday, a special news service will be broadcast from '''6ML'''. Arrangements have been made for a summary of the news to be put on the air direct from the offices of: "The West Australian" and "The Western Mail" twice a day, at noon and at 7.15 p.m. The transmission is being made in cooperation with Musgrove's, Limited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32354618 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,110 |location=Western Australia |date=5 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. SERVICE FOR GOLDFIELDS. Official Opening Tomorrow.''' KALGOORLIE, Sept. 13.— During the past week Messrs. E. Ashwin and D. Gooding, radio engineers, of Adelaide, who built the plants for '''6ML''' (Musgrove's, Ltd., Perth), 5CL and 5AD (Adelaide), as well as for stations in Tasmania and Queensland, completed the installation of the plant for the Goldfields "B" class broadcasting station, whose call sign is 6KG. Test transmissions commenced yesterday, and will be repeated daily throughout this week. The station has a wave length of 246 metres and the management has applied for permission to use considerably more power than that originally granted, owing to the large inland area over which the service will operate. The application has been favourably received by the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green), who will perform the ceremony of opening the station, either in person or by telephone on Tuesday. The opening concert, however, will not be given, until the following week. The plant, which is similar to all modern transmitting apparatus, is crystal controlled ;with a high percentage of modulation, and consists of two units, one being a complete 50-watt transmitter and the other a linear amplifier, which has a capacity of 500 watts. The apparatus is mounted in metal frames, totally enclosed in aluminium panels to prevent accidental contact with the live parts. The control apparatus completes the plant, power for which is obtained from a generator and a rotary converter. The aerial is 80 feet high, with a span of 200 feet, and consists of two steel masts guyed in three places. The station is situated on the outskirts of Kalgoorlie and on practically the highest section of country on the goldfields, 1,200 feet above sea level. Mr. R. Saunders, well known through his association with "Rex and Don" of 5CL (Adelaide) has been appointed manager by the company, which is essentially a goldfields enterprise. Mr. C. Gordon will be the assistant announcer and Mr. E. Ashwin, engineer. Misses G. Williams and J. Harvey will be the "aunties," who will conduct the children's hour and the housewives' session. As far as possible local talent has been recruited for positions at the station. The children's hour will be from 6 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. daily, and the housewives' session from 11 a.m. to 12 noon. From 12.30 p.m. to 2 p.m. the latest news, weather reports, and lunch hour music will be broadcast, and a similar session will be given again between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. The evenings will be devoted to musical programmes and news items. The opening concert will probably be given at the Kalgoorlie Town Hall on September 21 next. The tests that have been carried out during the past two days have proved highly successful, but the station's ordinary programmes will not be commenced until next week. For the next few days only the low-powered unit at the station will be utilised for broadcasting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32348959 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,117 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''PURCHASERS' STORIES. Land and Homes Inquiry. FURTHER EVIDENCE.''' Among the witnesses heard today by the Royal Commissioner (Mr. Justice Dwyer) who is inquiring into the operations of Land and Homes (W.A.) Ltd., was one who said he was a Pole and could not read the contract he signed, another who said she left her glasses at home and also could not read the contract, and got the wrong block, and a third who said he signed in a hurry under the belief that it was a hire-purchase agreement from which he could withdraw simply by forfeiting payments he had made. Mr. Ross McDonald (instructed by Robinson, Cox and Wheatley, is presenting the case for the purchasers, and Mr. F. W. Leake (instructed by Northmore, Hale, Davy and Leake) is watching the interests of the company. . . . '''HIS SCOUTMASTER.''' Henry Trethowan Simmons, in charge of the transmitting plant at '''6ML''', and living in Mt. Lawley, said that in March, 1930, he was taken to Westminster Garden City with men named Bennett and Roach. Bennett was formerly a Scoutmaster of witness, and came to see witness at Musgrove's. He spoke of a block that another Scout had had and could not pay for, and he wanted witness to take it over. Eventually, thinking that he could drop the purchase merely by forfeiting his deposit, he signed what Lilburne and Bennett told him was a hire-purchase agreement. When he was pressed to sign it was seven minutes to 11 o'clock, and as witness had to start the transmitter at 11 he was in a hurry to get away. When he found he could not keep up the payments he sought to drop the purchase, but proceedings were taken and judgment obtained against him. . .<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83884751 |title=PURCHASERS' STORIES |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,582 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''"B" CLASS BROADCASTING.''' To the Editor, "The West Australian." Sir,— May I be permitted to correct one or two wrong impressions which have been formed owing to the wording of statements in "The West Australian" of September 14 in reference to the opening of the Kalgoorlie "B" class broadcasting station. The Perth "B" class station, '''6ML''', was built and installed by the National Musical Federation, Ltd., of 83 Flinders-street, Adelaide, of which I have the honour to be a director and also general secretary. Mr. Ashwin was at that time a radio engineer in our service, as also when my company built and installed station 5KA, Adelaide (1,000 watts), and is a radio engineer of high attainments. 5CL, Adelaide, was built by Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), Ltd., under contract to Central Broadcasters Ltd., of which company I was an original founder, also director and general secretary from its inception in 1924 until 1927. Mr. Ashwin and Mr. Goodwin were associated with our chief engineer, Mr. E. J. Gunner, in the installation of the very efficient temporary low-power transmitter with which 5CL first went on the air while the 5,000-watt transmitter was under construction. I mention these facts because they are matters of history in the Australian broadcasting world and to accord honour where honour is due. I should like to congratulate West Australian listeners upon the installation of the Kalgoorlie station and also upon the large increase in the number of licensed listeners in the State which is a distinct tribute to the popularity of 6WF and '''6ML'''. During my visit to your beautiful capital city, I am anticipating with pleasure the prospect of hearing some high-class programmes from these stations. Radio has long since become a public utility and, with further improvements looming in the immediate future, all of which will make for public convenience and benefit, broadcasting is, I am sure, destined to fill an even higher place in public esteem than at present.— Yours, etc., A. RAWLINGS CAMPBELL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32363112 |title="B" CLASS BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,121 |location=Western Australia |date=18 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=21 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Elimating Unwanted Stations. BCL LICENCES. (By VK6FG.)''' With the Kalgoorlie station 6KG now on the air, just below '''6ML''', and with the promise of 6PR on the air on 341 metres during October, a number of inquiries have been made for an efficient wavetrap which will trap out one station. During the past week 6KG has been testing on low power, and comes in just below '''6ML'''. In the city it is practically impossible on an ordinary set to cut out the local station. Superhets, and sets with high selectivity may be successful, but the ordinary run of sets will prove disappointing to many listeners. Indeed, on many of them a relatively few degrees on the condenser dials brings in either of the two local stations, due principally to the great power and broadness of tuning of 6WF. It is to be hoped, therefore, that 6WF will be rebuilt on more up-to-date lines, or removed well away from the city, when 6PR comes on the air, otherwise a wavetrap may be necessary, and the following information may be of assistance to those who contemplate building one, if only for the purpose of tuning-in the Eastern States broadcasting stations. Wavetrap circuits may be divided into three classes, viz., rejector, acceptor, and bypass filter circuits. The rejector circuit opposes the interfering signal, the acceptor circuit extracts energy from the interfering signal and prevents it getting to the receiver, while the bypass circuit offers it a path of low impedance to earth. The rejector circuit may be either in shunt or series, as the illustration shows. The shunt rejector prevents signals both above and below the wave length to which it is tuned from being received. It is properly constructed with a large capacity and low loss inductance, the capacity predominating. The series rejector rejects the signals to which it is tuned from being received. The series rejector circuit is employed to advantage to eliminate signals from a local broadcasting station which might otherwise prevent reception of other signals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84209438 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,588 |location=Western Australia |date=21 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Scrambled Radio. CAREFUL HANDLING NEEDED. (By VK6FG)''' It is far from my desire to be an alarmist, but it is my considered opinion that unless certain matters in connection with radio in this State are taken in hand promptly and firmly by the authorities, there will be such an inglorious ether tangle that it will take several years for radio here to recover from the shock. Let's set out the points in something like order, though not necessarily of importance. 1. New Kalgoorlie station is right beneath '''6ML''''s wave. 2. 6WF's tuning remains unnecessarily broad. 3. When 6PR comes on the air, possibility of blotting out by "A" class station. 4. Possible interference with commercial reception by 6PR. Considering the first point, it is doubtful whether more than a dozen or so amateurs and probably half that number of broadcast listeners in the metropolitan area, have heard 6KG. The writer heard the station weakly a few nights ago, and then through a background of '''6ML'''. It was not '''6ML's''' fault, for they have had their wave-length allocated for some time. The allotting of 6KG to a wavelength so close to '''6ML''' means that city folk cannot hear 6KG, even with high-power sets, while goldfields centres cannot hear '''6ML'''. At the moment, and without considering the arrival in the broadcasting field of Nicholson's Limited, it means that the State only has two stations for the benefit of metropolitan listeners, for it is the metropolitan area which supplies the major part of the licence fees. Outside of the city the position is even worse. Within a range of from 200 to about 500 miles from Perth the success of reception from 6WF is variable, while because of the lower power permitted, '''6ML''' fails to travel over long distances. '''WILL 6WF BE SHIFTED?''' The fact of 6WF's wave being so broad, as indicated in the second point, means that without particularly selective sets or the use of wavetraps, the choice of Eastern States broadcast stations is limited. On some of the cheaper two and three-valve all-electric sets it is impossible to entirely tune out 6WF from '''6ML''' within a range of a mile or two of the station. Furthermore, it is reported by listeners from many parts of the city and suburbs that 6WF has "harmonics" up and down the band, which cause annoyance and interference. It was proposed to shift 6WF to a more suitable location, but nothing further has been heard of the project. The Radio Traders held a meeting of protest, but were more or less disarmed by the P.M.G.'s promise of early consideration. If the report be correct that investigation showed that such a large sum of money would be involved in the transfer and redesigning of the station, as to put the whole scheme out of court during the present state of the country's finances, then it will be a sorry lookout for local listeners. With many sets unable to completely tune out 6WF when on 297 metres, what will be the position when 6PR come on the air on approximately 341 metres? It would appear certain that 6WF on 435 metres, and under present conditions, will do much to blot out the transmissions. To compare the relative positions of the stations in the spectrum by wavelengths does not give a true understanding of the position; the correct method is to make all comparisons in frequency by kilocycles. Converting wavelength to frequency, it is disclosed that '''6ML''', on approximately 1010 k.c, has about 320 k.c. separation from 6WF (690 k.c. approx.), while Nicholson's on 880 k.c. is only 130 k.c. away. Thus while Musgrove's is separated from Nicholson's by 130 k.c., Nicholson's is separated from the "A" class station by 190 k.c. Normally such a separation would be more than adequate (American practice considers that 10 k.c. among well-tuned modern stations is sufficient), but in view of the fact that 6WF can be heard on many sets when tuned to '''6ML''', as the wavelength goes up (frequency goes down), the volume of the station causing interference can be expected to become louder. '''DIFFICULTIES OF RECEIVING.''' The final point of consideration does not bother the broadcast listener, but is nevertheless of interest in the radio world. Under arrangements made with Amalgamated Wireless of Australasia, the transmitting apparatus of 6PR will be at Applecross radio centre, from whence emanates the signals to shipping, the police shortwave set, and the emergency service to Rottnest Island. All the necessary aerials radiate from the 400ft. mast, and good engineers though they may be, one can foresee trouble ahead for VIP when 200 watts of modulated output is in the aerial of 6PR. If it be found that 6PR interferes with the reception of shipping signals, what will be done — shift 6PR or move the receiving station? Time alone can tell. However, without prompt action it would appear that radio in. Western Australia is fast drifting towards dangerous shoals, and it is to be hoped that those in authority consider the position which is set out above, in a spirit of perfect friendliness to all concerned. '''"B" CLASS STATION NOTES.''' Carpenters are still busy at Nicholson's Ltd. converting the concert hall into a studio. Professional staff has been engaged for the running of the studio, while the technical side is being attended to by A.W.A. The station 6PR hopes to go on the air during Show Week. The special Sunday night concerts promise to be particularly attractive. During October Mrs. L. Rossiter, soprano, will be among the new artists to be heard from '''6ML'''. Others will include Miss Pat Jones and Mrs. I. Edwards (sopranos) and Mr. A. W. Cooper (tenor). On October 13 Miss J. Saunders will give a musical talk taking for her subject some of Beethoven's compositions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84209885 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,594 |location=Western Australia |date=28 September 1931 |accessdate=25 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 10===== <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. 6WF's TRANSMITTER. Postal Department's Inactivity. ("By Radio.")''' Radio enthusiasts and the very large number of potential listeners, both in the city and the country, have been waiting for some time for a public announcement by the Postmaster-General's Department as to the date on which the promised removal of the transmitting plant of station 6WF from its entirely unsuitable location on the roof of Westralian Farmers' building to a site outside the city proper, together with the modernisation of the plant, will take place. On July 22 last, the Postmaster-General (Mr. A. E. Green), in making public the news of the proposed transfer, stated that this would be done in "the shortest possible time"; since then nothing has been done — as far as can be ascertained even the site has not been secured — and the feeling is growing in radio circles that the proposed removal of the transmitter of station 6WF will become one of the unfulfilled promises that have so disheartened West Australian radio enthusiasts. Inquiries at the Postmaster-General's Department, Perth, are answered by the statement that "nothing has been received from Melbourne for publication." Complaints regarding the transmissions from station 6WF, which are the responsibility of the Postmaster-General's Department, have been made so often by listeners, traders and the Press as to become almost a commonplace, and they have also been the subject of strong trade campaigns. These have resulted in some improvement in quality without removing the two vital causes of dissatisfaction. Briefly these are: (1) The tuning of the transmitter of 6WF is so broad that, in the metropolitan area, it is impossible, without a highly selective and consequently expensive receiver, to receive the stations in the Eastern States without interference from 6WF, and often it is impossible to hear them at all, while on many sets '''6ML''', the "B" class station, cannot be received without, to a greater or lesser degree, receiving 6WF at the same time. (2) In the country, owing to fading and distortion, it is impossible over a very large area of the State to hear station 6WF at all; or, if it can be heard, sufficiently well to hear for any length of time any programme item. In fact, experts state that the effective range of 6WF is only 35 miles, although in certain outlying areas at times it is received quite well. The result is that, whereas in 1929 there were three country listeners to one in the city, now, there are three in the city to one in the country. '''Commercially Sound Proposition.''' There is a wide field for expansion in this State, which has now become radio minded. The removal of the transmitter of station 6WF to a site outside the city and the consequent modernising of the plant would (1) result in the sharpening of the tuning so that station 6WF would not cause the interference with other stations that it does at present, and (2) give country listeners 50 to 100 per cent. better service. Those able to analyse the position feel that, if this is done, the number of licences will increase from about 9,500 to 20,000. Thus it would be a commercially sound proposition for the department to put into effect at once its promise to remove the transmitter, and it would be an action well merited by Western Australia, which was the only State in August to show a gain in the number of licences, all the other States, which receive infinitely better service, than Western Australia, showing declines in licences. A little of the past history of station 6WF and its transmitter will not be amiss at this stage. The plant was originally built to operate on a wave length of 1,250 metres and, on that wave length, gave reasonably efficient service. In 1929 it was altered to operate on a wave length of 435 metres, a wave length to which the plant was entirely, unsuited, and since then there has been a never-ceasing stream of complaints as to its lack of efficiency. About 18 months ago Western Australia was promised a relay station in the Great Southern district, which would have been a most welcome addition and which would have undoubtedly doubled the licences then in force. This was to be one of a series of five relay stations to be built in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Then came the financial stress and the relay station for Western Australia — the radio Cinderella of the Commonwealth — was cancelled while the other four, for States already amply served, were not effected and have been erected or are in the course of erection. These stations will be situated at Newcastle (N.S.W.), Rockhampton (Q.), Corowa (V.), and Crystal Brook (S.A.), and the political significance of their localities has not been overlooked by disappointed enthusiasts here. It was, therefore, at a time when all hope of improvement had been given up and a mass meeting of protest had been announced by the Radio Traders' Association, that the announcement in "The West Australian" of July 22 that the transmitter of 6WF would be removed and improved was received with great satisfaction by radio enthusiasts. In this announcement the Postmaster-General said:— I have been disappointed that up to the present it has not been possible to proceed with an expansion of the national broadcasting services of Australia, the sole reason for the delay being the extremely difficult financial position of the Commonwealth Government. It is generally known that plans were prepared to deal with the requirements of Western Australia, and that steps were actually taken to obtain additional equipment, but at the last moment the Government found it imperative to cancel the contract. Since this decision was reached, however, I have given further anxious thought to the subject, and definite steps have now been taken for the removal of station 6WF to another site and for the plant to be reconstructed in a manner ensuring the highest quality of transmission obtainable. Designs for the station equipment are now being prepared, and efforts are being put forward with a view to having the changes effected in the shortest possible time. It is recognised that the present station lacks something in quality and that, owing to its situation, the effective radiated energy is much less than the needs of the district require. The plans now being developed will remove those liabilities and will provide for effective radiation, giving much greater field intensity than has hitherto been practicable. It is realised that these measures are not adequate to the needs of Western Australia, but they will form a very important contribution to the greater expansion in the service which it is hoped to make as soon as the financial position im-proves. Mr. Green's announcement received the warmest endorsement of the leaders of the radio trade and of listeners. Professor A. D. Ross summed up the general feeling when he wrote:— There is now every hope for a great advance in wireless in Western Australia. With an efficient transmitter installed by the department, the Australian Broadcasting Company would be able to supply varied and interesting programmes with the knowledge that the programmes would reach the listeners in a manner which would make them have true entertainment and educational value. Broadcasting has great possibilities in Western Australia, particularly at such a time as the present. There is no cheaper form of entertainment than wireless, and during a period of depression the people of the State, whether in the towns or in the country, could derive knowledge, encouragement and recreation through the medium of this national service. Immediate Statement Demanded. Mr. Green arrived in Perth on August 23, amplified his earlier statement and promised a station of greater power than any existing station in any capital city of Australia. Later, in replying to a deputation from the Radio Traders' Association, the Minister said: "I will use my best efforts to push forward the matter as quickly as possible." Hopes of radio enthusiasts ran high as they visualised, a new and efficient 6WF by Christmas — for experts were unanimous that the work could easily be carried out in four months at the outside. A strange silence then followed and now it is the strong belief of those in close touch with radio that the matter is at a standstill. It is felt that the plans for the removal have been shelved and it is feared that the whole proposal has been added to the graveyard which contains the ashes of so many hopes for modern and efficient transmission from 6WF. There appears to be some force at work against the improving of 6WF's transmissions and it would not be impertinent on the part of local listeners to say that the time is ripe for a full, frank and immediate pronouncement as to the fate of this latest proposal by the Minister (Mr. Green) or the permanent head of the department (Mr. H. P. Brown). At the deputation to the Minister, Mr. H. R. Howard, president of the Radio Traders' Association, said that the traders were up against a solid feeling on the part of the public which considered that owing to the disappointments that had been experienced, Western Australia had received poor consideration from the department in the matter of transmissions from 6WF. The feeling referred to by Mr. Howard is unabated and, unless some action is taken by the department, West Australian licence figures must follow those of other States and show a decline. The traders' association is considering two lines of action as a protest against the present position and these will be launched in the very near future. '''Effect on New Station.''' In discussing this subject an important aspect which is likely to put an end to any restraint on the part of listeners must not be overlooked. This is the opening of the new "B" class station, 6PR, next week. It is very pertinent to ask at this juncture, what will be the position of the new station if its transmissions cannot be received without 6WF's transmissions being heard at the same time? The new station 6PR is entitled to have a clear field on its own specified wave length. It has been pointed out that many listeners now cannot receive '''6ML''' without a greater or lesser degree of interference from 6WF. Now 6WF operates on a wave-length of 435 metres and its frequency is 690 kilocycles; 6PR will operate on 341 metres and 880 kilocycles; and '''6ML''' is on 264 metres and 1,135 kilocycles. If '''6ML''' which is separated from 6WF by 445 kilocycles, is subject to interference by 6WF, it is rather a poor lookout for set-owners, as 6PR is only separated from 6WF by 190 kilocycles, especially in view of the fact that interference becomes greater as the frequencies become closer. In modern practice 10 kilocycles is said to be ample separation between sharply tuned efficient stations to enable reception without interference; and therefore, the separation of 190 kilocycles between 6PR and 6WF should be more than sufficient separation of frequencies to enable 6PR to be received without even a trace of background from 6WF. Following the opening of 6PR the complaints about 6WF's transmissions are likely to be greater than ever before and it is to be hoped that they will be such as to galvanise the department into long-awaited action.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32353602 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVII, |issue=9,132 |location=Western Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Station Notes. (By VK6FG)''' Last week, in the course of my notes upon "scrambled radio," I quoted the frequency of '''6ML''' as 1010 k.c. The station has since pointed out that that was the frequency on 297 metres, but since they have come down to 264 metres, the frequency has advanced to 1135 k.c., which is correct, but does not alter the substance of my argument. In reply to another point they quote the fact that reports upon the station's transmissions have been received from a number of listeners in New Zealand and Victoria, while State listeners are spread from Bunbury and Bridgetown in the south to Carnarvon and Sandstone in the north and to Trayning to the east, a condition of affairs which must be regarded as highly satisfactory to the station. With the major issues involved in the discussion, the station director agrees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84208964 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,600 |location=Western Australia |date=5 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=4 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''FOX-HOYTS RADIO CLUB.''' On Thursday evening next, at 6.30, the inaugural Fox-Hoyts Radio Club broad-cast takes place from '''6ML''' (Musgrove's Limited). The broadcast will comprise the first of a series of talkietones, embodying musical items by many of the Fox Corporation artists, and speeches by world-famed celebrities. The talkietone will be relayed per medium of a Fox movietone sound film, and by kind permission of Western Electric through the medium of their talking picture equipment at Hoyts Capitol Theatre, and then through the transmitter of '''6ML'''. An innovation in connection with the nightly announcements from '''6ML''' will the broadcasting of certain registration numbers of members, who will be entitled to free reserved seats at Hoyts Capitol, Regent and Majestic Theatres. Furthermore, a membership drive is to be conducted for one month from October 8 until November 8, and to the member securing the greatest number of fresh membership registrations an alternate prize of £2 2s cash, or one month's pass to Hoyts Theatres, will be awarded. Application forms for the local Fox-Hoyts organisation may be obtained from '''6ML''' or any of Hoyts theatres, or at Fox Movietone, Perth, the enrolment fee being 1s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84205345 |title=FOX-HOYTS RADIO CLUB |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,601 |location=Western Australia |date=6 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''DISPLAY BY MUSGROVE'S, LTD.''' (Start Photo Caption) Left : A general view of the pavilion. Top right : Section of piano and player piano display. Bottom right : Section of the radio showroom. Musgrove's, Ltd., are owners of broadcasting station '''6ML'''. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38526292 |title=DISPLAY BY MUSGROVE'S, LTD. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=2,383 |location=Western Australia |date=15 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=31 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''MUSGROVE'S LIMITED.''' Musgrove's Limited, the well-known music people of Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, also owners and operators of broadcast station, '''6ML''', had as usual a prominent and fine display of their exclusive world-wide agencies. Such pianofortes as the renowned Bechstein, Marshall and Rose, Steck Duo-Art, and Steck pianola pianos, and Squire and Longson were exhibited. More moderately priced, ant of such a grade that they are worthy to rank and were placed side by side with the other fine instruments, were the Lyric piano and player piano. These instruments are entirely of Australian production, specially constructed and designed for Musgrove's Limited, and prepared to meet the exacting requirements of Australian climatic conditions. They compare favourably with the world's best, and are said to be highly regarded by music lovers and teachers who know the importance of having in their homes an instrument that is above reproach in quality of tone and every other virtue. Convenient terms are available to suit everybody's income, and every instrument is fully guaranteed in writing for 25 years. Radio is booming and now forms an important part in home entertainment; in fact no home is complete without one. Songs, music, entertainment of all kinds, helpful talks, descriptions of thrilling events, and the news of the day, all come to you in the comfort of your own home by simply pressing a button. Wonderful progress in construction has been made during the past 12 months, and now Mus-groves have beautifully designed console models of Stromberg-Carlson sets, housing two, three, four, five and six valve receivers combined with a loud speaker, which operate entirely from the electric light supply in the home. They are practically foolproof and immune from service troubles. An important feature was the new Stromberg-Carlson convertible console, a new type of musical instrument which is a radio receiver now, and can be converted, at any time, to a phonoradio combination model, with very little cost to the owner. They are so constructed that a phonograph panel assembly for the reproducing of phonograph records may be installed beneath the lift-up lid, in a special recess provided. The convert-ible console has a uniform selectivity throughout the whole broadcast band, which is obtained by the use of band-pass filter circuit, electrolytic self-healing condensers, screen grid valve and Magnavox dynamic speaker of a type which has been matched to the penthode power valve, thus resulting in tone quality that far exceeds anything previously attained. Those receivers also make possible real interstate reception. Other new models incorporating the latest improvements in radio construction in the two and three valve receiving sets, are also available at considerably reduced prices. These include the Merlin, Lyric, and Dante sets, beautiful cabinet artistry, and tonal purity are of the many outstanding features. New and special models for battery operation have been designed with the receiver, batteries and speaker all housed in one handsome console cabinet, thus, making a complete unit. These are specially for country people. A complete range of Stromberg-Curlson models offer a varied and wide selection, all of which were exhibited in Musgrove's pavilion on the grounds. In radio equipment Musgrove's particularly call attention to the Magnavox dynamic speaker which assures freedom from rattles and distortion at any volume. These are obtainable for A.C. or D.C. mains, and battery operation. Raytheon valves have special four-pillar construction, cross anchored top and bottom, which gives them greater support at eight points instead of two as in ordinary valves. Brunswick and Rexonola phonographs and also the Lyric portable phonograph represented the exhibit of record reproducing instruments. There is a fine range of models which in beauty of design and clarity of tone will appeal to all.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38526454 |title=MUSGROVE'S LIMITED. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVI, |issue=2,383 |location=Western Australia |date=15 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=57 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Growth of "B" Stations. DIFFICULTIES OF BROADCASTERS. (By VK6FG)''' Spearwood, in the vicinity of the Peel Estate, is to be the site of the proposed new "B" class station, if all goes well. The matter has been under consideration by the authorities in Melbourne for some time, and if certain variations sought by the concern behind the new proposal are agreed to, the station should be on the air in a couple of months. A large city concern, with a number of branches, is said to be the moving spirit behind the scheme, but until such time as a direct announcement is made nothing further may be said. The project has been under consideration for some time, and finality would now appear to be approaching. Originally it was intended to establish the station at Bunbury, it is learned, but certain difficulties, mostly technical, were in the way. It was then considered that a station outside Fremantle would fill the bill, providing Fremantle with a station close at hand, while at the same time meeting requirements so far as the desire to provide a service to the entire south-west of the State is concerned. If the amount of power sought is conceded by the authorities, the station should provide practically the same volume as the new station, 6PR, of Nicholsons Limited, while in other directions it will be up to date. At the present time the three local stations — 6WF, 6PR, and '''6ML''' — occupy much the same time periods on the air, 6WF, of course, exceeding the other two because of the early morning and late evening session. It would not be surprising, therefore, if it was learned that the new station — if it comes to pass — will fill in many of the blanks of the daily programmes, and so provide listeners with the opportunity of a practically continuous programme from 7.30 a.m. to midnight on all nights except Sunday. While it is expected that recorded music will be largely drawn upon, inducement might be offered the musical folk of Fremantle, particularly, to provide artists, and as all "B" class stations derive revenue from indirect advertising, the idea of the "sponsored programme" doubtless will be closely considered. The almost sudden interest in "B" class stations is of interest as showing the revival of life in radio in the State, and as the only source of revenue is from radio advertising, it is assumed that those concerned have considered their outlook from the financial side. Use of Phonograph Records. Broadcasting stations are facing a somewhat cloudy outlook at the moment, what with the ultimatum of the phonograph record people, and the knowledge that the existing arrangement with the copyright people shortly expires. With limited incomes, it is only natural that "B" class stations should turn to recorded music, either in the form of piano rolls or phonograph records, for providing the musical entertainment from the studio. If this source of supply is cut off, it would for some little time at least inconvenience the stations. The phonograph companies are a sheltered industry as a result of the tariff on imported records; but as the Commonwealth — if it took over the provision of the national broadcast service — would be similarly affected by the ultimatum, there is a possibility that there might be a reduction in the incidence of the tariff, or else the complete removal of the present measure of protection. At present the two "B" class stations in Perth are controlled by companies interested in the sale of records. It is well known that the sale of records has fallen off considerably since the depression first made itself apparent, and If they were debarred from using the records for which they are agents — and for which they have to pay when they are used — one would assume as a natural matter of business that, were other agencies available from sources outside or inside Australia which gave the right to broadcast, they would consider the position in a somewhat different light. In the Eastern States, too, quite a number of the "B" class stations have got direct and indirect links with musical organisations, and so the whole position becomes gloriously involved. Practically all the "B" class stations are linked up under the Australian Federation of Broadcasting Stations for self-protection, and it is not to be assumed that they would give up the "ghost" without a spirited fight. What is to prevent such a closely-knit organisation — if it is really as closely knit as they would have us believe — uniting to provide its own programmes in the form of electrical transcriptions on talkie film, talkie tape, or other forms of sound reproduction? One can foresee the time when the broadcast stations would be supplied with daily programmes in just the same way as the picture houses are provided with programmes. Science never stands still, and the possibility is that if the phonograph people continue with their stand-and-deliver attitude, science may find a way out of the difficulty as unexpected as it would be unprecedented.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article84204183 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=L, |issue=17,618 |location=Western Australia |date=26 October 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR.''' . . . '''6ML''' PARS. Next Friday evening the Salvation Army Band, under the baton of Mr. J. C. Palmer, will give another recital from '''6ML'''. Included in the programme will be some old-time melodies, which will be rendered, so that listeners may join in with community singing. Following the recent successful radio dance in aid of charity, the Shell Company has arranged another popular entertainment, to take place on Thursday, November 12. It will take the form of a "party evening," and listeners are invited to organise parties in their homes for this occasion, as it will be marked with many novelty items. The entertainment will be broadcast by '''6ML'''. The '''6ML''' Fox-Hoyts Radio Club is growing rapidly, as many as a hundred new members being enrolled weekly. The first gathering of the club was held last Sunday evening, when over 350 members and friends responded to the invitation of Hoyts Theatres, Ltd., to witness a special screening of "The Yankee in King Arthur's Court." Other meetings will be arranged in the near future. Every Thursday, at 6.30 p.m., '''6ML''' broadcasts a programme of Fox "talkies." On Saturday, November 17, '''6ML''' will broadcast a special concert by the Western Australian Banjo, Mandolin, and Guitar Club, under the direction of Mr. G. H. Webster. In response to numerous requests, '''6ML's''' classical programme, to be broadcast on Tuesday evening, will consist mainly of items by English composers. Mails from New Zealand include reports from listeners who have picked up '''6ML'''. That the signals are received with good strength is made evident by the fact that full details of advertisements, and not merely titles of easily recognised musical items, are given. Other letters have been sent to '''6ML''' by listeners in all States of the Commonwealth, and also from countries as far away as California. Station '''6ML''' will broadcast the scores in the billiard match between Lindrum and Newman, which will be played this week in Musgrove's Hall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58650775 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1762 |location=Western Australia |date=1 November 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . A NEW AMPLIFIER.''' Last week Musgrove's, Ltd., announced that they were installing a new speech amplifier which would appreciably improve the quality of transmission. The apparatus possessed various mixing channels for microphone and pickup work, and would enable background music of practically any kind to be provided for programmes of every description, while avoiding distortion which spoilt tonal balance. Part of the apparatus, which was being installed by stages, was in operation last week, with satisfactory results.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58651668 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1764 |location=Western Australia |date=15 November 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 12===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . INCREASED STAFF AT 6ML.''' Mr. M. S. Urquhart (VK6MU) has joined the engineering staff of '''6ML''', and is engaged on the work of improving the station equipment with the station engineer. Since the new speech amplifier has been in operation the quality of transmissions has shown a marked improvement. It is the management's aim to make '''6ML''' second to no B class station in Australia.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58653298 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1767 |location=Western Australia |date=6 December 1931 |accessdate=26 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1932==== =====1932 01===== <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Selectivity in Receivers. BETTER SETS WANTED. (By VK6FG)''' The time has arrived when people buying broadcast sets for their home are determined to ensure that receivers are amply selective. This will mean that many manufacturers of cheap electric models will have to revise their constructional ideas, or else go out of business. It is safe to say that a large number of the electric sets advertised in the "for sale — second hand" columns are there because of their inselectivity. Just as when radio first began to boom in this State, some manufacturers (not necessarily exclusively in this State) put out sets which in point of price attracted the unwary. Today they are not worth anything in a junk sale, and their efficiency when constructed was so low as to not be worthy of recommendation by the competent radio engineer. Much the same is the position today. The all-electric set has been produced in a multiplicity of models, all priced down to catch the person who wants a radio, but doesn't want to pay too much to get one. Salesmen are not backward in pointing out the good features of the set, but knowingly or unknowingly they do not mention, the weaknesses of the radio. First of all, Perth is one oi the few places in Australia which has '''40 cycle current'''; most of the Eastern States towns have either 50 or 60 cycle sup-ply. When a 50 or 60 cycle transform-fer is used with 40 current, it invariably leads to heating of the transformer. This piece of apparatus becomes much hotter than it should, while the action of the rectifying valve is such as to promote a short life. If the voltages to the various valves in the receiving part of the set, are as a result, found to be higher than the manufacturers of the valves specify should be applied, it will not be long before the overloaded valves give out and replacements are necessary long before they really should be needed. While that feature is bad enough, per-haps an even worse one is the inselectivity of sets. How many electric sets in and around Perth can tune from station to station without having another local station playing in the background. 6WF is somewhat broad in transmis-sion, and the presence of a high power station right in the city creates difficulties which are hard to obviate, but it should be quite easy in well constructed sets, to tune in 6WF without hearing either 6PR or '''6ML''', while when tuning in '''6ML''' no sound of 6PR or 6WF should be heard. Need for Selectivity. What is the cause of this inselectivity? Generally it is instructional weakness due to the adoption of a system known as direct-coupling of the aerial. In order to save knobs and also reduce expense, manufacturers of cheap sets have swung to direct-coupling of the aerial and as a aerial compensator have introduced band-pass tuning in subsequent stages in the set. Band-pass tuning is quite modern practice, when used with Variable-Mu and pentode valves tends to prevent what is technically known as "crosstalk," but the absence of loosely coupled aerial tuning has rendered nugatory to a large extent, the benefits of band-pass tuning. Those broadcast listeners who from time to time hear amateurs both on continuous wave and 'phone transmission, do so in about six cases out of ten, because of inherent weaknesses in their own sets. Amateurs work mostly on 20, 40 and 80 metres — well away from the broadcast band — and the majority adopt the usual protections against interference, such as the use of the supressors, earthing of high tension, sharp tuning of transmitter by employment and use of crystal control or M.O.P.A., etc. Cases which have come under notice recently indicate that the direct coupling of the aerial to the grid circuit has been the cause for not only interference from amateurs on one side and commercial stations on the other, but of inselectivity among the broadcast stations. Most of the commercial electric sets are provided with two aerial terminals and one earth terminal. They are usually referred to as the broad-tuning aerial and the sharp tuning aerial. Those listeners who are troubled with inselectivity will do well to shift their aerial on to the sharp-tuning terminal. This will alter the dial reading slightly, and may reduce the volume a little, but it should make for greater purity and less interference from other stations. If the inselectivity continues, secure about a seven-plate midget condenser and fix this in a position handy to the set. Sometimes it can be screwed into . the woodwork at the back of the set out of the way. If not, it may be accomo-dated on a small panel where the aerial comes into the room. Connect the aerial to one of the terminals on the condenser, and another piece of wire from the second terminal on the condenser to the aerial terminal on the set. By the adjusting of this midget condenser most of the inselectivity is overcome. If, however, the set continues to be in-selective it indicates that it is very poorly constructed, or else something is out of adjustment. Recently the set examined by an expert showed that the aerial coil was wound over the grid coil for almost its complete length; any won-der, that the set wasn't selective. The construction of a wavetrap at a cost of about 25s may then prove efficacious. It is preferable, however, to ensure when buying a set that it has the necessary degree of selectivity, and absence of hum. Indications are that be-fore long, manufacturers will abandon the direct coupled aerial and even if it costs more, resort to more selective methods and better technique.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article82521352 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LI, |issue=17,677 |location=Western Australia |date=4 January 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=2 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' THE old fashioned idea of a musician was a man who sat at his piano or his violin most of the day and well into the night. The modern idea, as represented by Mr. D'Oyly Musgrove, of the big music firm that bears his name, is vastly different. Mr. Musgrove is a musician and a man whose interest in music extends far beyond his business. But that doesn't prevent him from having a great love of the outdoors. Swimming is his first favorite. His home in Claremont is close handy to the Baths and he spends a lot of his spare time in the water. When there is a carnival or a big event on it's usual to find him holding the watch, his services as time-keeper having been availed of for many years. Though not in the class of "Snow" Howson, "Yook" Stevens, Noel Unbehaun, "Pro" McKenzie and some of the others of Claremont's young brigade, Mr. Musgrove has some pace in the water and he is usually regarded as a prospective backmarker when there's a veterans' event coming off. In winter his favorite recreations are music and motoring.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75763210 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=10, |issue=536 |location=Western Australia |date=9 January 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 02===== 1932 - Aerial Alteration <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. Altering Aerial of 6ML.''' Two workmen were engaged on the roof of Musgrove's, Ltd., on Friday altering the aerial of the company's B class broadcasting station, '''6ML'''. The director of the station (Mr. F. C. Kingston), when asked the reason for the change, said that the chief engineer of the station (Mr. H. Simmonds) had been visiting the Eastern States recently and had inspected all of the stations in Melbourne and Adelaide in search of new ideas. Mr. Simmonds had accumulated some useful suggestions for improvement of plant, and these would be tested. He had also seen developments which justified a change in the aerial which had been contemplated by the company for some considerable time, and which was now being put into effect. The aerial was being changed from an inverted L type to a T type. This was expected to give better radiation and to ensure that the maximum power was radiated and none lost in the aerial system. It was hoped to have the alteration completed in time for tomorrow night's broadcast. Mr. Kingston added that the T type aerial would have been installed when the station was built had sufficient width of span between the masts been available. The reduction of wave length from 297 to 264 metres a few months ago had made the change possible.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32657311 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,260 |location=Western Australia |date=29 February 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comment. BY DETECTOR.''' (Start Photo Caption) '''HEARD BUT NEVER SEEN.''' Mr. Bryn Samuel, station manager, who is responsible for the ringside boxing descriptions broadcast by '''6ML''' every Friday night. (End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58660912 |title=OVER THE ETHER Wireless News, Tips and Comment |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1785 |location=Western Australia |date=10 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING. The Radio Exhibition.''' On Tuesday evening next at 8 o'clock, the efforts of the organisers of the Radio and Electrical Exhibition will have been consummated when the official opening will take place in the Temple Court Garage. For many weeks past the members of both organisations have worked strenuously to make the exhibition a notable event, and with the numerous and very latest electrical and wireless devices at their command they can with every confidence assure patrons of an interesting afternoon or evening. This will be the first occasion on which the electrical and radio traders have joined forces, and many of the large assortment of electrical time-saving devices which may be used in any household served with the electricity, will be displayed for the first time in this State. One interesting feature which will commend itself to every householder will be the very neat electrical clock. Absolutely silent, and made entirely in Australia this clock will be obtainable in designs suitable for any class of room or office. It is less cumbersome and far cheaper than the average 8 or 400 day timepiece, and the current it consumes is estimated at approximately one unit per month. '''Receiving Sets.''' As in the past the wireless section will comprise receiving sets of all types, from the humble crystal to the latent model superheterodyne. A special feature of this portion of the exhibition will be a complete absence of the unnecessary demonstrations regarding the tonal qualities of loud speakers. In the past it seemed to have been the one ambition of the exhibitor to illustrate the "loudness" of some component by means of the electrical pick-up and gramophone record. This, happily, will be entirely absent. Patrons will be able to inspect all ex-hibits and obtain information from the attendants without straining either their vocal chords or hearing. An added incentive to the patrons of the exhibition will be the chance of winning a handsome five-valve (including rectifier) all-electric console, valued at £37/10/. The announcement of the winner of this free gift will take place on Saturday evening, and patrons are reminded to be sure and retain the special portion of their admission ticket for this purpose. In conjunction with the allied associations well-known artists from stations 6WF, '''6ML''' and 6PR will render concerts for the benefit of patrons, while the Saturday afternoon session has been set aside for children when each child attending will receive a gift of a bag of sweets. We live in an electrical age, and everything electrical will be on view at Temple Court garage next week; therefore to keep abreast of the times every citizen of the metropolitan area and elsewhere should, endeavour to attend at least one of the sessions, during the currency of the exhibition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32665616 |title=BROADCASTING. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,297 |location=Western Australia |date=13 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''6ML, PERTH. The Pioneer "B" Class Station.''' Owned and operated by Musgrove's, Limited, '''6ML''' is the pioneer class "B" broadcasting station of the State. Officially opened on March 19, 1930, '''6ML''' has provided regular programmes for more than two years and has played an important part in the radio development of Western Australia. Daily sessions of eight and a quarter hours are maintained, and programmes of every type are presented to listeners. A special feature of '''6ML''' activities is the number of outside relays which are arranged, and particularly sporting events. The ringside descriptions of the boxing contests, which are broadcast each Friday evening, are extremely popular, and command a wide audience throughout the State. The plant was recently improved and brought up-to-date by the installation of a new speech amplifier, imported from overseas, and reputed to be the most up-to-date in the Commonwealth. Station '''6ML''' was the first "B" class station in the Commonwealth to employ a crystal controlled oscillator, and also carried out the first relay from Western Australia to the Eastern States. This relay was put over a '''Federal network''', of which '''6ML''' is the West Australian station. This network is formed from the following "B" class stations:— 2UW, Sydney; 3DB, Melbourne; 4BC, Brisbane; 5AD, Adelaide, and '''6ML''', Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32662635 |title=6ML, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=9,302 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''THE BROADCASTER. Australia's Broadcasting Problems. WHY NOT CALL IN CAPT. ECKERSLEY? (By VK6FG)''' It is becoming patent to those who have made a study of radio, and particularly of broadcasting, that the position in Australia is becoming tangled, to say the least of it. There is a general dissatisfaction with the programmes of the national stations, there is complaint from country listeners in many States that satisfactory reception cannot be obtained, and the department would appear loth to grant further broadcasting licences for the cities of the Commonwealth. The whole broadcasting business would appear to be due for thorough overhaul both from the technical and programme sides. During the week the cables told that Capt. P. P. Eckersley, one time technical director of the British Broadcasting Company and now managing director of the High Frequency Engineering Co. is sailing on the Otranto on April 30 for Australia. Capt. Eckersley is convalescent from an operation for appendicitis and he proposes during the trip to investigate broadcasting in Australia. No announcement has been made by the Federal authorities to suggest that the investigation is other than a personal one, but the opportunity should not be lost of securing to the Commonwealth the advice and assistance of such an expert as Capt. Eckersley, who is recognised as one of the outstanding radio engineers in the British Empire. '''Unique Difficulties.''' The fact that technical difficulties encountered in Great Britain are different from those met with here, should not deter the appointment, for Capt. Eckersley's experience both on the Continent and in America ensure that he has sufficiently wide mental vision to appreciate the differences in our problems from those of any other country. In Europe at the present time broadcasting is something of a modern Babel and it is only recently that efforts have been made to get order out of chaos. There have been two schools of thought. One is that each nation has the right to run its own broadcasting as it thinks fit, without interference from or reference to other nearby nations. The other is that broadcasting being international in character, it is necessary so to co-ordinate matters that harmony between all is the ideal, however difficult of realisation. The listener in Great Britain for instance may suffer in his reception of the local station by the "whistles" of European stations which are heterodyning on the local station's wave. This can only be obviated by an international arrangement and reallocation of wave-lengths. '''Position of "B" Class Stations.''' The "B" class stations because of their dependence upon advertising revenue to sustain them must perforce operate from the large centres of population. The national stations draw their revenue from the listeners and if the country can be induced to subscribe in its degree to the general pool it must be assured of a satisfactory service. The erection recently of stations at Corowa and Crystal Brook are evidences of a changing policy. At present there are two "B" class stations in Perth which have a separation of approximately 268 kilocycles, 6PR being on 882 k.c. (341 metres) and '''6ML''' on 1150 k.c. (264 metres). '''Applications.''' have been lodged with the authorities for further "B" class stations but the reply has been that there is not room in the ether for further stations in Perth. The national station 6WF is on 695 k.c. (435 metres) so that the nearest "B" class station (6PR) is separated by 187 k.c. Such a statement would appear to afford little testimony for the selectivity of our broadcasting sets, for in America it is the policy that no station shall be within 10 k.c. of another. Here in Perth we are separated by hundreds of miles from the nearest "B" class station — Kalgoorlie — and thousands of miles from the nearest "A" class station and yet we are told the ether is congested. Unless the Commonwealth has a scheme which it has not yet unfolded, I still fail to see the wisdom of erecting the new 6WF at Wanneroo. It would be much better further inland, where with the greater power and immeasurably more radiation promised, it would still be audible at great volume in the city and yet supply the country. Furthermore it would ease the claim of the Commonwealth that there are enough "B" class stations here. '''Problems of Australia.''' Australia is differently placed. Because of the insularity of the continent there is no interference from stations which do not come under the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth. The problems therefore are all within our own borders. One has only to look at the radio map to see that with the exception of Corowa and Crystal Brook the powerful broadcasting stations are established at the capital cities, and a further glance at the map shows that they are all practically on the seaboard. This policy was dictated in the early days, and ensured the serving of the greater number of population, but broadcasting is essential a community service. If there were any loss on it, the country resident doubtless would be called upon to contribute to the deficit in similar proportion to the town dweller. To the city listener, the radio is an alternative to the theatre as a means of entertainment; to the country man it is frequently his only entertainment and his only link with what we like to call our "civilisation." Therefore it is contended the countryman — and woman — is worthy of more than passing thought when the broadcasting policy is in the melting pot.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83883629 |title=THE BROADCASTER |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LI, |issue=17,772 |location=Western Australia |date=25 April 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (HOME (FINAL) EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== <blockquote>'''OVER THE ETHER. Wireless News, Tips and Comments. By DETECTOR. . . . 6ML PARS.''' It will be noticed that '''6ML''' has made an alteration to the time of the afternoon session, which will be extended by an hour, so that the station will be continually on the air from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Hitherto 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. has been a "dead" period on the air. Next Saturday evening's programme will be devoted to humorous items. A great deal of interest is being shown by listeners in the '''6ML''' women's session. Fashion notes, beauty hints, recipes, and other useful items make the session interesting and helpful to women. It is conducted by Lady Edna, a member of '''6ML's''' staff. "W.W." (Subiaco), writing, says:— "Our set is very rarely turned from the 264 mark on the dial, for taking it all round I think Musgrove's is a most interesting broadcast station."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58665317 |title=OVER THE ETHER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1795 |location=Western Australia |date=19 June 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 07===== <blockquote>'''6ML PARS.''' '''6ML''' relays the "Cheerio" Club Dance Orchestra each alternate Wednesday night from 8.0 to 10.30. This makes a pleasing addition to '''6ML's''' usual Wednesday night dance programme. Station '''6ML''' receives many letters of appreciation from listeners. One says: "Congratulations on the excellency of your transmission and the quality of your programme. I like your idea of reserving different evenings for different styles of music. It is most disconcerting, after listening to a beautiful trio or quartet to be suddenly informed that "My canary has circles under his eyes." The membership of the "Cheerio" Club exceeds 1200. Approximately 200 persons attended the hike at Darlington last Sunday and had a most enjoyable time. Country listeners are invited to join the club. Special sessions of band music are broadcast each Friday evening. These have been very interesting and entertaining and have filled in the interval of studio music when the regular boxing relay from the Unity Stadium takes place. The regular Sunday evening Panatrope recital from Station '''6ML''' is a very popular feature. One listener, "F.C.C.," Darlington, writes:— "I feel I must congratulate you on your programme last Sunday evening. As a listener-in since nearly the beginning of broadcasting in Western Australia, I have never enjoyed a session so much. The judiciously selected variety and excellence of the items made up a musical programme delightful to hear."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58667294 |title=FROM PLANE TO TRAIN. |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1799 |location=Western Australia |date=17 July 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== <blockquote>'''On the Air Conducted BY "MIKE"''' . . . '''6ML's Improved Transmitter.''' The transmitting plant at Station '''6ML''' has been constantly added to and kept up to date, and considerable alterations and additions, which practically amount to a reconstruction of the plant, are now being carried out. The result will be a more powerful signal, with a corresponding increase of coverage. The purity of the tone which has marked '''6ML''' previously will also be maintained. . . . '''Salvation Army Band.''' The programme from '''6ML''' on Christmas Eve will take the form of a carnival programme from 8 till 10.30, and from then to midnight the Salvation Army Band will provide a programme of Christmas carols with vocal interludes. Consequently Station '''6ML''' will give listeners two late nights, both Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve. The Salvation Army Band is recognised as one of the foremost bands in Perth, and a fine programme can be expected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37693338 |title=On the Air Conducted BY "MIKE" |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=2,445 |location=Western Australia |date=22 December 1932 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1933==== =====1933 01===== <blockquote>'''BROADCAST BOUQUETS. And Other Offerings.''' '''6ML's''' evening sessions are always musically bright. Last night '''6ML''' ushered in the New Year with a special session of comedy and carnival music. At the special request of many listeners, '''6ML''' will repeat the complete version of the music for the ballet "Petroushka" next Saturday, from 10 p.m. . . . '''6ML's''' tone and power have improved very perceptibly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58694186 |title=BROADCAST BOUQUETS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1823 |location=Western Australia |date=1 January 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BROADCAST BOUQUETS. And Other Offerings.''' Station '''6ML''' shows a decided improvement, both in transmission and programmes. . . . Western Australia listeners are still looking forward to a hook-up with the Eastern States chain. After the success of the Empire relay, the old excuse that the land line does not favor musical relays will not do.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58672604 |title=BROADCAST BOUQUETS |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=1826 |location=Western Australia |date=22 January 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=12 (Second Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 02===== <blockquote>'''TECHNICAL INFORMATION. Answers to Inquiries. (By "Electron.")''' A.E.A. (Ardath) would like to know in what direction the transmitting aerials used by the three local stations are situated. Answer: In the general sense, the transmitting aerial used at Wanneroo by station 6WF runs east and west (the old Westralian Farmers aerial ran north and south), 6PR runs from one mast direct to the transmitting station from south to north, whilst '''6ML''' has its aerial erected north and south. Both 6WF and '''6ML''' use aerials of the T type.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32466489 |title=TECHNICAL INFORMATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,565 |location=Western Australia |date=22 February 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== <blockquote>'''NEW BROADCASTING COMPANY.''' To take over the existing wireless station '''6ML''' and to establish a new one with the call sign of 6IX, a company has been formed in Perth to be known as W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. The stations are both of the B class. As at present, '''6ML''' will be operated from Lyric House, the headquarters of Musgrove's, Ltd., and 6IX at a later date will broadcast from Newspaper House. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., will be jointly controlled by West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37698559 |title=NEW BROADCASTING COMPANY. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=XLVIII, |issue=2,457 |location=Western Australia |date=16 March 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 04===== <blockquote>'''6IX, Perth.''' The most recent development in local radio circles was the formation of a new company, W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., in which West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd., are partners, to operate the popular existing "B" class station, '''6ML''', and to put on the air a new "B" class station, 6IX. Station 6IX is expected to commence operations in June or July next, and it will be distinct in policy and programme from '''6ML'''. The wavelength of 6IX will be 204 degrees (sic) and it will come in at the bottom of the tuning dial on receiving sets. It will be as powerful as existing "B" class stations. The transmitter of '''6ML''' will remain at Lyric House and that of 6IX will be at Newspaper House. The management of station 6IX will attempt to do what has been urged by enthusiasts for so long — it will as far as possible transmit programmes during the hours (particularly on Sunday) that are now "silent." The aim of the management of 6IX will be to provide the best possible entertainment all the time. Side by side with the announcement of the opening of 6IX is the news that the Postmaster-General's Department is actively engaged in making additions to the '''East-West telephone line''' to enable the transmission of musical programmes from stations in the Eastern States to 6WF, Perth, for broadcasting to local listeners. The existing equipment is quite satisfactory for speech transmissions and the additions will enable musical programmes to be faithfully transmitted to Perth. When this is done, one of the greatest causes for complaint locally will have been removed as we will then be able to share in Australian-wide relays of notable singers and musicians, as well as hearing once or twice a week complete programmes from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane or Adelaide stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32480339 |title=COMBINED TRADE SHOW. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,600 |location=Western Australia |date=4 April 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== <blockquote>'''SATURDAY BROADCASTS. Trial Programme from 6ML.''' In connection with Saturday broadcasts, Mr. F. C. Kingston, of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., made the following statement yesterday:— "The listeners' letters which have appeared in 'The West Australian' during the past few days, requesting a musical programme on Saturday afternoons for the benefit of those listeners who do not take an interest in the various sporting fixtures, has been followed closely, and, as the management of '''6ML''' is at all times keen to meet the wishes of listeners it has decided to transmit a musical programme tomorrow (Saturday) afternoon from 3 o'clock to 5 o'clock. This programme will be largely in the nature of an experiment and we would like all listeners who are interested to write and let us know if it meets with their approval, and if they would like it made a regular feature, as the continuance or otherwise will depend entirely on listeners' response."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33331775 |title=SATURDAY BROADCASTS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,764 |location=Western Australia |date=14 October 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW WIRELESS STATION. EQUIPMENT FOR 6IX. Largely of Local Manufacture.''' Considerable interest was aroused yesterday by the display in one of the windows of Lyric House, Murray-street, Perth, of portion of the transmitter for the new "B" class wireless broadcasting station, 6IX which is expected to be on the air during November. The transmitter and the aerial system will be at Newspaper House, and the main studios will be at Lyric House. There will also be a news studio at Newspaper House to enable the prompt transmission of important news. The window display, includes the microphone, into which all announcements are made, the speech amplifier, which picks up and amplifies the minute currents from the microphone and the record pickup, and the drive panel, which next receives the current. This panel generates the carrier wave, which will be 204 metres, or 1,470 kilocycles. In it is the very latest type of temperature control oven, by which the crystal operating is kept always at the same temperature. The panel also modulates the signal received from the speech amplifier, and passes it on to the main amplifier in the form of modulated radio frequency. The signal passes through, a final amplifier, before it enters the aerial and is sent over the air to listeners. Other units in the window include a big rectifier, which supplies direct current to all units of the transmitter and which supplies a maximum voltage of 5,000 volts, and a tuning panel, which tunes the final amplifier. There is also a variable transmitting condenser with a capacity of 0.0001 microfarads. This was designed by Mr. H. T. Simmons, chief engineer of '''6ML''' (W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd.), and was manufactured by Mr. F. A. Lee. of Perth. The station director of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. F. C. Kingston) said yesterday that, with the exception of this condenser, the microphone and the speech amplifier, the whole plant had been designed and built by the chief engineer and the engineering staff of the company. Mr. Kingston said that the plant contained the very latest ideas, including a special modulating transformer, which was now being adopted by the leading stations of the world, and is superseding the choke system of modulation. A feature new to Australia was the filament rectifier, which supplied current to all filaments instead of a filament generator, which was usual. A system of electromagnetic control had been installed in place of the older manual control. This meant that the plant would be started up and operated by the pressing of buttons instead of manual switches. It had been so arranged that if any part of the transmitter failed, the whole plant would be automatically switched off. The appearance of the apparatus and the method of assembly compared very favourably with that of any station in Australia, said Mr. Kingston, emphasising that the plant was almost entirely of local manufacture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33311280 |title=NEW WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,769 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 11===== <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. 6IX NEXT WEEK. NEW RADIO STATION. Description of Transmitter.''' Radio enthusiasts will be pleased to learn that the new broadcasting station, 6IX, Perth, will be on the air next week, probably on Monday night. This new station, which will operate on 204 metres (about 17 degrees lower than '''6ML''' on the tuning dial), is controlled by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., and will greatly add to the radio entertainment activities in this State, providing another welcome change of station. The equipment of the new station throughout is of the latest and best designs procurable and to the technically minded there are many devices of great interest in the new transmitter. The studios of 6IX, with the exception of the 'news' studio, are at Lyric House, Murray-street, and consist of a main studio and second studio, with a control room having vision of both studios, said the chief engineer of the company (Mr. H. T. Simmons) yesterday. The main studio has positions for three microphones of the condenser type, together with two record turntables and pickups, while the second studio is equipped with a condenser microphone and two record turntables. The main studio is used for the appearance of artists, and the second studio for recorded numbers. The only apparatus at Lyric House be-sides microphone and pickups is the control panel and speech amplifier, which are housed in a special "control room" completely screened by copper mesh. This is necessary to eliminate interference from '''6ML''', the transmitter of which is only 50ft. distant. The copper screening is earthed, and the radio frequency prevented from entering the various circuits in the control room. By means of the control panel, the various microphones, pickups and relays are brought into operation and the small currents therefrom are passed on to the speech amplifier and amplified to the desired strength before being passed over the direct transmission lines to Newspaper House. The speech amplifier is a very modern piece of apparatus, and operates entirely from the 250 volt mains, rectifying both low and high tension voltages for its own use. Indirectly heated D.C. valves are used in the first and second stages, while the third stage is a pair of 5 watt valves in push pull, giving a high audio output. A vacuum tube volume indicator is installed, so that the operator may keep the amplification at the same level for different artists or records, without having to rely entirely on the ear, which is not nearly as quick as the eye in perceiving changes in volume or strength. '''Five Units.''' From Lyric House, the amplified currents from the microphones and pickups travel over the special transmission lines to Newspaper House where the actual transmitter is located. The transmitter at 6IX consists of five panels or units, and is capable of supplying 750 watts of 100 per cent, modulated radio frequency current to the aerial system. Each unit has a specific function to perform. The control unit by means of automatic switches operated by current from the mains, switches on each of the circuits in the correct order, switching off automatically if any of the circuits are out of adjustment. This means that if a valve burns out, the automatic switchgear would immediately switch off the high tension current, preventing the remaining valves suffering from the effects of overloading. The engineer on duty would then replace the valve with a new one, push a switch and the automatic switchgear would be thrown into operation, switching on each circuit correctly. The rectifier unit contains apparatus new to Western Australia, in the form of a three phase full wave rectifier, capable of supplying 20 volts, 75 amperes, to light all the filaments of the valves. Usually a motor generator is used for this purpose, but at 6IX this moving machinery is replaced by stationary apparatus which proves to be more reliable and at the same time more economical to operate. The other apparatus in the rectifier provides 5,000 volts at 1 ampere, and 2,000 volts at 500 milliamps for supplying anode current to all valves. Both high and low tension rectifiers are fitted with inductor regulators to keep the output voltage constant and correct, so that if the power from the mains rises or falls below normal the inductor regulators compensate for the difference. The drive panel performs the important function of generating the oscillation, the frequency of which is 1,470,000 times per second, corresponding to a wavelength of 204.8 metres. This frequency is kept constant by a quartz crystal and to obtain a still greater degree of accuracy, and less chance of frequency variation, the crystal is enclosed in an airproof chamber and kept at a temperature of 130 degrees Fah-renheit, ensuring that the temperature about the crystal will remain the same both summer and winter. The temperature is maintained automatically by a thermostat which switches the heating units off when the temperature rises above 130 degrees Fahrenheit, and on when it falls below. The oscillator valve is a 10 watt valve, which passes on the current it generates to a 75 watt screen grid valve of the latest type. This amplifies the cur-rent and passes it on to a 250 watt amplifier valve. '''The Modulating Transformer.''' The current sent from the control room at the studio is fed into a submodulator, which is a 50 watt valve, and this in turn passes it to the 500 watt modulating valve. By means of a special modulating transformer the low frequency or speech currents from the modulating valve are passed into the anode circuit of the 250 watt valve carrying the high frequency currents. This transformer has two windings, each matched to the impedence of the valve circuit in which they are included. The transformer method of modulation gives a much higher percentage of efficiency than the choke system, which is usually employed, and is an innovation in Western Australia. The fourth panel contains the high power amplifier which is capable of supplying from 1,500 to 1,800 watts of power to the tuning panel. It also houses the bias rectifier system which supplies bias volt-age to all valves in the plant. The bias rectifier is fitted with a special cutout, so that if the bias fails for any reason, it causes the automatic switchgear to function and switches off all units. Pilot lamps on the control panel indicate the portion of apparatus which caused failure. The fifth panel is the tuning panel, which tunes the main amplifier to the correct frequency and passes the current on to the feeder lines which carry the current to the roof where the aerial system is erected. Here two lattice steel masts 130ft. in height support the aerial, a single stranded copper conductor containing seven wires of 16 gauge twisted together. The masts are 200 feet apart, and the lead-in from the aerial comes directly from the centre of the aerial vertically to the tuning house, midway between the masts. The tuning house contains inductances and condensers which tune the aerial to the correct wave length, and match the feeder lines to the tuning apparatus in the transmitting room. The feeder lines conduct the current to the aerial without radiating any power, thereby conserving power to be radiated by the actual aerial system and making for increased efficiency.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787086 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,797 |location=Western Australia |date=22 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES. . . Station 6IX Tests.''' The new "B" class radio station, 6IX (Perth), which will commence regular transmissions next week, will be on the air each night for the remainder of this week, for testing purposes, from 7 to 10 o'clock (not from 6 to 7 o'clock as stated yesterday). It will also send out intermittent test programmes during the day. The operators of the station (W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., '''Lyric House''', Murray-street) are anxious to receive reports on the strength and quality of the tests from listeners in all parts of the State and will appreciate advices from enthusiasts. Station 6IX operates on 204 metres which is between 15 and 20 degrees lower than '''6ML''' on the tuning dial. On one set that logs '''6ML''' at 35, 6IX comes in at 17.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787154 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,797 |location=Western Australia |date=22 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. 6IX BEGINS NEXT MONDAY. Programme Policy Outlined. (By "Radio.")''' West Australian radio enthusiasts — and their number has increased from 3,800 to 23,500 in four years — will welcome the announcement that the new local station, 6IX (Perth), will officially commence broadcasting next Monday night, when a special opening programme will be put on the air from 7 o'clock until 11 o'clock. Station 6IX will be operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (which focuses the radio interests of West Australian Newspapers Ltd. and Musgrove's, Ltd.), which also controls the pioneer "B" class station '''6ML''', and the programmes of the two stations will be arranged to provide entertainment to suit all tastes and, at the same time, to prevent any overlapping of subjects. The combination of a large modern newspaper organisation and a music house with years of broadcasting experience and the specialised ability to understand entertainment needs, will result in a big improvement in radio entertainment in this State. At present the radio public's greatest needs are a better Sunday service, and the avoidance of overlapping programmes, such as the sporting talks on Friday nights and the results of different events on Saturday evening. It is not an exaggeration to say that, except to obtain the correct time, a majority of radio receivers are not used on Sundays before the evening musical programmes. Station 6IX will end this state of affairs by providing musical programmes from 9.30 a.m. on Sundays, except when the national station 6WF is on the air. On Friday and Saturday evenings, when other stations are handling sporting subjects, 6IX will provide musical items which are beyond argument the most popular radio programmes the world over. '''6IX and 6ML'''. Between them, stations 6IX and '''6ML''' will from Monday to Friday provide continuous programmes between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. To do this, a capable staff, first class equipment and careful organisation, are needed, and the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., is confident of entire success in its new policy. On Saturdays, between 7 a.m. and 12 midnight, one or other of these stations will be continuously on the air, except between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m., and 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sundays 6IX will enter a field that is now unoccupied. From 9.30 a.m. until noon a musical programme will be given and the station will then go off the air from noon until 1.30 p.m., when 6WF provides entertainment. From 1.30 p.m. until 3 p.m. (when 6WF broadcasts again) 6IX will operate, and from 4.30 p.m. (when 6WF closes down) until 6 p.m. 6IX will again fill the now-vacant ether. The detailed schedules of stations 6IX and '''6ML''' are as follows:— MONDAY-FRIDAY. 6IX. '''6ML'''. 8.30 a.m.-11 a.m. 7 a.m.-8.30 a.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. 11 a.m.-3 p.m. 6 p.m.-11 p.m. 5 p.m.-10.30 p.m. SATURDAY. 6IX. '''6ML''' 8.30 a.m.-12 noon. 7 a.m.-8.30 a.m. 6 p.m.-12 midnight. 11 a.m.-2 p.m. 3 p.m.-5 p.m. 6 p.m.-11.30 p.m. SUNDAY. 6IX. '''6ML'''. 9.30 a.m.-12 noon. 7 p.m.-10 p.m. 1.30 p.m.-3 p.m. 4.30 p.m.-6 p.m. 7 p.m.-10.30 p.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32781663 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,798 |location=Western Australia |date=23 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''STATION 6IX, PERTH. MANY NEW FEATURES. Details of First Programme. (By "Radio.")''' All arrangements for the official opening of Western Australia's new "B" class radio station 6IX, Perth, next Monday night have been completed and listeners are promised an excellent programme to mark this important advance in local broadcasting. The opening ceremony will be performed at 8 o'clock by the President of the Legislative Council (Sir John Kirwan). In addition to the special features of the programme policy of the new station, as outlined yesterday, it has been decided to broadcast a church service each Sunday night at 7.30 o'clock. The service will, of course, be of a different denomination to that being broadcast by the national station, 6WF, Perth, and while 6IX is giving the church service '''6ML''' will provide a musical programme. The care devoted by the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., which operates both stations, to the avoiding of any overlapping between the stations is shown by an analysis of the Sunday night items. Both stations come on the air at 7 o'clock, '''6ML''' broadcasting religious matter until 7.20 o'clock and 6IX giving music until 7.30 o'clock. From 7.20 o'clock onwards '''6ML''' will send out musical numbers while the church service relay is on the air from 6IX.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32787493 |title=STATION 6IX, PERTH. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,799 |location=Western Australia |date=24 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=20 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''NEW "B" CLASS STATION. MANY SPECIAL FEATURES PLANNED. INAUGURAL BROADCAST TONIGHT A FIRST-CLASS PROGRAMME.''' The State's new "B" class broadcasting station, 6IX (Perth), operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., on a wave length of 204.8 metres, will officially commence transmissions tonight. The range of organised radio entertainment available to the rapidly-growing radio public in Western Australia will be increased by the arrangement by which 6IX will provide alternate programmes from morning to night to the State's pioneer "B" class station, '''6ML''', ensuring a complete dual service throughout the week from these stations. The new station incorporates the latest in broadcasting methods and design. The masts of the transmitter, towering 135 feet above Newspaper House, have already become a striking feature of the city's skyline, being, from street level, higher than any other broadcasting aerial in the State. Tonight the opening ceremony will be performed at 8 o'clock by the President of the Legislative Council (Sir John Kirwan), and will be followed by a special programme lasting until 11 o'clock. The need for a powerful new "B" class station is shown by the vast growth in the number of broadcast listeners' licences in the State, from 4,122 in 1929 to 24,000 in 1933, the latter figure indicating the number of households that habitually listen in. Approximately, therefore, there are already quite 100,000 people in Western Australia who regularly depend for amusement on radio programmes, and to these 6IX should prove a boon. The station is operated by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., which focuses the radio interests of West Australian Newspapers, Ltd., and Musgrove's, Ltd., and which also operates the pioneer "B" class station '''6ML''', and the value of this alliance lies in the fact that it permits of the programmes of the two stations being arranged so as to provide entertainment to suit all tastes and, at the same time, to prevent overlapping of subject. A big improvement in radio entertainment should therefore result from the combination of a large modern newspaper organisation and a music house with years of broadcasting experience and the specialised ability to understand entertainment needs. '''News Services.''' One innovation at 6IX will be the establishment of three special new 10-minute evening news broadcast services, at 7.50, 8.50 and 9.50 o'clock, which will be prepared and supplied by the staff of "The West Australian." It is anticipated that this news service will be something entirely new in Australian broadcasting as it will keep people posted in the very latest news as it arrives. The "news" studio is situated at Newspaper House. Another want that 6IX should fill is the provision of a better Sunday service, and the avoidance of overlapping programmes such as sporting talks on Friday nights and the results of different events on Saturday evenings. On Sundays 6IX will henceforward provide musical programmes from 9.30 a.m., and a church service at 7.30 p.m. from a church of one of the leading denominations, after which the session continues with music until 10.30. On Friday and Saturday evenings, when other stations are handling sporting subjects, 6IX will provide musical items, for which hundreds of listeners have already expressed a desire. Between them, stations 6IX and '''6ML''' will from Monday to Friday provide continuous programmes between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. To do this, a capable staff, first class equipment and careful organisation, are needed, and the management of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., is confident of entire success in its new policy. On Saturdays, between 7 a.m. and 12 midnight, one or other of these stations will be continuously on the air, except between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m., and 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sun-days 6IX will enter a field that is now unoccupied. '''Personalities.''' The leading personalities associated with stations 6IX and '''6ML''' are Messrs. F. C. Kingston, station director; B. Samuel, station manager; Paul Daly, chief announcer at 6IX and producer to the management; Eric Donald, chief announcer at '''6ML'''; Ned Taylor, the "early bird" at '''6ML'''; and H. T. Simmons, chief engineer. (Start Photo Caption) A corner of the interior of 6IX studio at Lyric House; Part of the interior of the transmitting room at 6IX, Newspaper House.(End Photo Caption)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32784967 |title=OFFICIAL OPENING |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=XLIX, |issue=9,801 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1933 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== The Broadcaster radio personalities <blockquote>'''RADIO PERSONALITIES: No. 4. Mr. Eric Donald of STATION 6ML.''' On this page you see a few of the members of the Cheerio Club trying to cheer up long-faced Eric Donald, the 6ML announcer, who runs the club. (Source: The Broadcaster, Vol. 1 No. 4, April 1934.)</blockquote> =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== Bryn Samuel <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs''' . . . THOUSANDS of people have heard the voice of the young man whose photo accompanies this para-graph, for it belongs to Mr. '''Bryn Samuel''' L.A.B. popular manager of broadcasting stations '''6ML''' and 6IX. Born in Wales he came out to Australia about 12 years ago and tried his hand at farming. He soon found out, however, that it was not his long suit, so he came to the city where he worked for a time on the advertising staff of the "West." Being musically inclined — he is the possessor of a pleasant baritone — he jumped at the chance of a job at Musgroves where he was put in charge of the record department. Later on he linked up with station '''6ML''' and quickly rose to the position of manager. In his time he has broadcast over 500 boxing and wrestling bouts, one of the features of '''6ML's''' programmes, being his bright comments from the Luxor every Friday night. Now that he has two stations to attend to he has not much time for sport, but is still particularly interested in soccer and rugby, both of which he played at school. Now and again, however, he finds time for a game of tennis and is well-known as a singer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75990778 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=13, |issue=643 |location=Western Australia |date=25 August 1934 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== 1935 - Restack <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve". CURRENT NOTES. New Wave Lengths and Many Programme Features.''' CONCRETE evidence of the advancement of broadcasting in Australia is afforded by the recent decision of the Postmaster-General's Department to reallocate the wave lengths of all broadcasting stations in Australia. The rearrangement, which will come into effect as from September 1, will make provision for eight new regional stations in the national network, two of which will be situated in Western Australia. Incidentally, tenders for the new national broadcasting station at Kalgoorlie closed yesterday. They were invited for the complete station and provided for fulfilment as soon as possible after acceptance. Selection of the site is now under consideration within a five-mile radius of the Kalgoorlie Post Office, and the station will possibly be on the Coolgardie side of the goldfields capital. Tenders have already been received for the second projected national station near Wagin, and a survey of a block of land to be utilised for the station has been completed at Minding, 15 miles west of Wagin. '''Relay Stations Named.''' THE New South-west regional station, which will be known as 6WA, will have a wave length of 536 metres. The proposed national station at Kalgoorlie — 6GF — has been allocated a wave length of 417 metres. Of the local stations at present operating, the wave lengths of 6WF (435 metres), 6PR (341 metres), and 6BY (306 metres) will remain unaltered, while the wave length of 6AM will be changed from 275 to 280 metres, '''6ML''' from 264 to 265 metres, 6KG from 246 to 248 metres, and 6IX from 204 to 214 metres. When the reallocation comes into full effect, 88 stations will be operating throughout the Commonwealth. Probably the station which will benefit most from the change in this State will be 6IX, as persons using certain old-type sets cannot at present tune in this station with any degree of quality or strength. On the new wave length, no listener should have difficulty in bringing in 6IX at a clarity equal to that of any other station. Increased Power for '''6ML''' and 6IX. ANOTHER projected improvement of importance to listeners in this State will be the increase in the power of '''6ML''' and 6IX from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power. The change will take place in two stages, the power advancing first from 300 to 400 watts and then, a month later, to 500 watts. Certain alterations and additions to the plants of both stations will be necessary before the power can be used with the maximum efficiency, and this work will be put in hand immediately. The strength of 6IX will probably be increased first, as the station was designed to accommodate a greater power than it has been using. The management of '''6ML''', which by next March will have been on the air for five years, has been endeavouring to secure permission for the increase for the last four years. While the change will not make any appreciable difference to reception in the metropolitan area, which is of ample volume, it should be a boon to listeners in the outlying districts. Many of these listeners are at present troubled by a considerable amount of static when they tune in to the "B" class stations, and the increase in signal strength should enable them to overcome this disturbance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32834642 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,184 |location=Western Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve"''' '''6ML and 6IX to increase Power Soon.''' VARIOUS adjustments are being made to the plant of '''6ML''' and 6IX preparatory to the increase of the power of the stations from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power. It is expected that the power of both stations will be advanced to 400 watts within the next few days, with a second increase of 100 watts a month later. When the change takes place, the management of the stations will be anxious to hear from listeners, particularly those with smaller receivers and country residents, as to the difference in reception.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32856824 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,196 |location=Western Australia |date=6 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''The "B" Class Stations.''' . . . '''Power Increased at 6ML and 6IX.''' THE first stage to the increase of power of '''6ML''' and 6IX from 300 to 500 watts unmodulated aerial power took place on Monday night, when the strength of both stations reached 400 watts. A new intermediate "B" class amplifier is now working at '''6ML''', and it is planned to install another water-cooled valve at 6IX, thus ensuring an ample reserve of power. The management of the stations is anxious to receive reports, particularly from country districts, as to the quality and strength of signals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32831897 |title=The "B" Clan Stations. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,202 |location=Western Australia |date=13 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. WEEKLY NOTES. By "Valve".''' . . . '''Improved Reception from 6ML.''' SINCE the recent increase of power, reports of improved reception from '''6ML''' have been received from various parts of the State. In some cases, it was reported, the strength had been doubled. The management announces that letters intimating that the reception from '''6ML''' is superior to any other metropolitan "B" class station have come to hand from the following centres:— Yanmah, Wagin, Busselton, Boyup Brook, Jarrahwood, Salmon Gums, Tambellup, Mullalyup, Mornington Mills, Wilga, Whittaker's Mill, Northam, Merredin and Kalgoorlie. Residents of Kalgoorlie, Merredin, Northam, and Salmon Gums have also stated that the reception from '''6ML''' is now at least equal to that from 6WF.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32838329 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,214 |location=Western Australia |date=27 March 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== =====1935 05===== <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS By "Valve"''' COMMENCING next Monday '''6ML's''' morning session will be extended from 8.30 to 9 o'clock. As a result 6IX's morning session will begin at 9 instead of 8.30 o'clock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32868605 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,254 |location=Western Australia |date=15 May 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== 1935 - Power Increase <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. WEEKLY NOTES.''' . . . '''Higher Power for Station 6ML.''' RECENTLY approval was granted by the Radio Inspector's Department, for an increase of aerial power for '''6ML''', and since then '''6ML's''' engineers have been busy constructing new apparatus to carry the higher power. This work is now complete and '''6ML''' is operating with 500 watts of power in the aerial, instead of the original 300 watts. Listeners in the metropolitan area and country districts should benefit in increased volume in their receivers, due to the greater energy radiated. The plant at '''6ML''' has been modified, and an extra stage of amplification inserted between the modulated amplifier and the final amplifier. The valve in this new stage is one of the latest Philips 250-watt valves with the coated type filament, giving greater emission for lower filament wattage. The extra power developed in this stage is used to drive the final stage to an input of 1,500 watts, instead of the original 900 watts. An extra 600-watt valve has been included in the final stage, where there are now three 600-watt valves, instead of two, so increasing the normal power of the final amplifier to 1,800 watts. This gives a little reserve, as 1,500 watts is the maximum input allowed under licence. The modulation system has also received attention recently, and transformer modulation is now being used, replacing the old choke system, and resulting in a greater depth of modulation and better frequency range. The speech amplifier apparatus, microphones and crystal pickups have also been thoroughly overhauled and tested, and impedance matched to ensure level frequency response over a reasonable range. Listeners will notice an improved quality in '''6ML's''' reproduction in their receivers, especially when new recordings are being played, as naturally the ability of the transmitter to reproduce natural sounding music from records depends upon whether the full musical vibrations of the various instruments have been faithfully engraved on the records. The latest process of recording has resulted in a great improvement in reproduction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32879035 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,284 |location=Western Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=27 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== =====1935 08===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. LOCATION NEAR MINDING. W.A. Broadcasters' Project.''' W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., controllers of stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, has taken up the licence for a "B" class country relay station offered to the company by the Postmaster-General's Department. The actual location of the new regional station has not yet been determined, but it will be within 30 or 40 miles of the national relay station which is now being erected at Minding. The wave length allotted to the new station is 280 metres, and the power will be 2,000 watts in the aerial. This will make the station the most powerful commercial station in Western Australia, and equal to the most powerful commercial stations in Australia. At present the South Australian station 5PI is the only other commercial plant in the Commonwealth with an aerial power of 2,000 watts The call sign for the new station has not yet been determined. It will be used principally for relaying the programmes fron 6IX, having the effect of carrying that station about 150 miles into the most thickly populated country areas. The programmes will be carried by land line from Perth. In all probability, the country station will radiate independent programmes at certain periods, for the benefit of farmers and country people generally. It is expected that about 90 per cent of the country listeners in the State will be able to receive the programmes with a good standard of clarity. Tenders have been called for the erection of the station and plant, and tests are to be made in the area to determine the most favourable location.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32894585 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,328 |location=Western Australia |date=9 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''Changing a Wavelength.''' QUITE a large amount of work has fallen upon the engineers of stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, who have been working upon the plants of those stations for the past few weeks in preparation for the alteration of wavelengths which comes into operation on September 1. Station '''6ML''' will change from 264 to 265 metres, and 6IX will move from 204 to 242 metres. For the alteration in wavelength the frequency of the vibrations given out by the crystal which controls the transmission has to be changed, and a series of tests has lately been carried out with the '''6ML''' transmitter in the early hours of the mornings, so that the correct wavelength can be arrived at. This station is reducing its frequency from 1,135 kilocycles to 1,130 kilocycles, and as the margin of error countenanced by the Postmaster General's Department is only 50 cycles, plant requires very fine adjustment. Station 6IX, which is reducing its frequency from 1,470 kilocycles to 1,240 kilocycles, has been compelled to make more complicated alterations to the plant, and the length of the aerial will be increased by 60ft., while the feeder lines will also be adjusted. The station is installing a water-cooled tube which gives it a considerable reserve of power, and though the output allowed under the present licence is confined to 500 watts in the aerial, it will be able to move up to an aerial output of 1,500 watts, if necessary, without adjustment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32892013 |title=Changing a Wavelength. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,338 |location=Western Australia |date=21 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING CHANGES. Improved Reception Expected.''' In a statement published in "The West Australian" recently, the Postmaster-General's Department pointed out that the changes to be made in the wavelengths of several of the broadcasting stations in this State on September 1 would have nothing but a beneficial effect, and that listeners need not fear that their sets will need alteration. The concluding sentence of that statement was: "All receivers in use and for sale will be as effective under the new conditions as under the existing arrangement." To reassure listeners who do not understand the significance of the changes, that statement may be enlarged upon; for, in fact, the spacing of the stations along the dial of the receiver will be improved. Station 6IX, for instance, which is changing from 204 metres (at which some old sets cannot tune it in at all) to 242 metres, will occupy a better position in the broadcast band after September 1, and the reception of that station, which is also increasing its power substantially, will be greatly improved. There will be little noticeable alteration in the position at which '''6ML''' is received, for the change in this case is only one metre — from 264 metres to 265 metres. Perth National station and station 6PR will remain on the same wavelength, and station 6AM will move from 275 metres to an improved position at 306 metres. A complete explanation of the position appears in this week's issue of "The Broadcaster."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32910841 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,340 |location=Western Australia |date=23 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=22 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Transcriptions & Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''"B" CLASS STATION CHANGES. Gala Days for 6ML and 6IX.''' THE coming week-end will be an auspicious one for stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, for the first broadcasts of the American radio programme transcriptions, for which W.A. Broadcasters recently secured the Western Australian rights, will coincide with changes in the wavelengths of both stations, and an increase in the output power of 6IX. About 100 of these programmes, recorded just as they were presented to listeners in America, have been shipped to Perth. Each of the two stations will give one recording a week, so that the transcriptions in hand should provide a weekly feature for the next year or so. These programmes are the best — and incidentally the costliest — entertainment put on the air in America, and local listeners will have an opportunity of comparing our own standards of entertainment with those of the other side of the world. Phil. Baker, Lanny Ross, Rudy Vallee, Ruth Etting, John Boles, Bing Crosby and Al. Pearce and his "Gang" are among the artists who will be heard. Except for the final tests, the arrangements at both stations are ready for the changeover next Sunday. New crystals have been installed and are being adjusted to the new wavelengths, and the plant at 6IX has been prepared for the increase in power from 300 watts in the aerial to 500 watts. The wavelength of '''6ML''' will be changed from 264 metres to 265 metres, and that of 6IX from 204 metres to 242 metres. Together with the increase in power, the change from 204 to 242 metres by 6IX will improve the reception of this station considerably, especially by old receivers which do not give the best results at the lower end of the broadcast band.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32889216 |title="B" CLASS STATION CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,344 |location=Western Australia |date=28 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''STATION CHANGES.''' As from September 1 all Australian national stations are dropping their old call signs and using new designations. Thus from that date the present 6WF, Perth, and 5CK, Crystal Brook, will be known as Perth National and North Regional, S.A., respectively. This new scheme is similar to that at present used by the B.B.C. Many changes in wavelengths will also take place on that date. Station 6IX will operate on a wavelength of 242 metres instead of 204 metres; 6AM, Northam, 306 (275); '''6ML''', 264 (265); 6KG, 246 (248) and the present 5CK, 469 (472). 6WF and 6PR will be unchanged. 6AM has also been authorised to increase its power to 1,000 watts.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38940194 |title=STATION CHANGES. |newspaper=[[Western Mail]] |volume=50, |issue=2,584 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=41 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Transcriptions & Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCAST FEATURES. New Material for 6ML and 6IX.''' One of the last feature programmes to be broadcast by station '''6ML''' under the present wavelength of 264 metres will be given tonight at 9.15, when a complete transcription of a nationwide American broadcast will be presented. This programme, which bears the happy title: "Everything is Lit Up — Including Phil Baker," is the first of a series of American recordings for which the West Australian rights were recently secured by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. It is a gala performance in which the star, Phil Baker, celebrated his second anniversary with the National Broadcasting Company of America, and the feature will be presented by '''6ML''' just as the American listeners heard it. On Sunday '''6ML's''' wavelength will be altered to 265 metres. The second of these recordings, one which might prove more popular with local listeners, will be broadcast by station 6IX on Sunday night at 9 o'clock, when that station will celebrate its change of wavelength from 204 metres to 242 metres and an increase in its aerial power from 300 to 500 watts. Those who saw Grace Moore in the film, "One Night of Love," when it was screened recently will be particularly interested, for this feature is the radio adaptation of the film, specially produced by a theatrical company for an American advertiser. The programme lasts for one hour and covers the whole story of the film, and the parts that were created for the screen by Grace Moore, Tullio Carminati and Mona Barrie are capably played, while the singing reaches a very high standard. Although the programme was produced purely as a medium for advertising, it includes not one word of aggressive "sales talk." The potential buyers of the product advertised are reached by means of an amazing competition (which, it must be understood, has no application whatever in this country). The requirements of the competition are very simple, and the prizes awarded are on a breathtaking scale. The records on which this programme reaches Australia are themselves interesting. They are about 15 inches in diameter, and about three or four times the thickness of ordinary gramophone records. Each of the four records making up the "One Night of Love" programme plays for 15 minutes, the thread running from the inside of the record to the out-side — the opposite way to ordinary records — and the turntable revolves at only 33 revolutions a minute instead of the usual 78. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., has received about 100 of these transcriptions, and stations '''6ML''' and 6IX will each broadcast one programme weekly for about 12 months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32910355 |title=BROADCAST FEATURES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,346 |location=Western Australia |date=30 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=25 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''BROADCASTING CHANGES.''' From midnight tonight, a number of changes will be observed by broadcasting stations in Australia, the radio branch of the Postmaster General's Department having reallotted wavelengths to provide for improved radio reception throughout the Commonwealth. In this State four of the stations at present in operation will change their wavelengths, which means simply that they will be found at different positions on the dials of receiving sets. Station '''6ML''' will move only one metre — from 264 to 265 metres, and the change at 6IX from 204 to 242 metres will coincide with an increase in aerial power to 500 watts. The other changes will be in stations 6KG, which will move from 246 to 248 metres, and in 6AM, which will move from 275 to 306 metres, at the same time increasing its power from 500 to 1,000 watts. Perth National station (435 metres) and 6PR (341 metres) will remain on the same frequencies. Another innovation will be the alteration from call signs to longer titles, to be observed only by national stations. Under this rule 6WF will become Perth National and the new station in the course of construction near Minding will be known as South-West Regional. The proposed national station at Kalgoorlie will take the title of Goldfields Regional.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32918591 |title=BROADCASTING CHANGES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,347 |location=Western Australia |date=31 August 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''A RADIO WEEK-END. THE NEW WAVELENGTHS. 6IX and 6AM Greatly Improved.''' There was much to interest and occupy radio enthusiasts over the week-end when a considerable number of wavelength alterations were made by Australian broadcasting stations. In Western Australia there were two main changes — 6IX, Perth, moving from 204 to 242 metres with an increase in power from 300 to 500 watts, and 6AM, Northam, moving from 275 to 306 metres, with an increase in power from 500 to 900 watts. The wavelengths of Perth National (6WF) and of 6PR, Perth, were not altered and that of '''6ML''', Perth, was changed from 264 to 265 metres, a change perceptible to skilled listeners with carefully calibrated sets. The alterations in wavelength and power of stations 6IX and 6AM will have a most beneficial effect on radio in this State, particularly within 100 miles of Perth. The new wavelength of 6IX will enable the station to be received on some sets which previously did not enable it to be heard, and the added power has brought the station into line with the other Perth stations, all of which were received yesterday at equal strength on a late 1935 model at Claremont. The higher wavelength and increased power of 6AM can be said to have given every listener in the metropolitan area a new station. Formerly the average city receiver gave excellent results with 6WF, '''6ML''', 6PR and 6IX, while 6AM was received with some difficulty and with a considerable amount of background noise and static. Now it will, judging by yesterday's reception, be heard on all Perth receiving sets without any trouble at approximately the former strength of 6IX. The addition of 6AM to the list of stations available for listeners in the metropolitan area to select their radio entertainment is particularly welcome on Sun-days. '''Good Quality Transmissions.''' The changeover of wavelengths at these two stations, following many hours of tests, was effected most efficiently. At 9.45 a.m. yesterday 6AM broadcast several records at its former power (500 watts) and then, at 10 a.m., increased this to 900 watts; the change was most noticeable and the tone of the new transmissions excellent. The management of the station is permitted to use up to 1,000 watts but, finding the quality of the transmissions at 900 watts satisfactory decided to use that amount of power. The change over at 6IX was equally without untoward incident and the new power will bring this station into many homes where it has not been heard before. The quality of yesterday's transmissions was, after some manipulation of the volume and tone controls, perfect on the writer's set at Claremont. Both stations 6IX and 6AM will be glad to hear from country listeners regarding reception of the new wavelengths and powers. In addition to wavelength alterations, the technical staff of the Postmaster General's Department is at present engaged in checking carefully with the latest apparatus the wavelength of every transmitter in Australia. This is being done to ensure that each station keeps exactly on its allotted wavelength, a necessary step in view of the closeness of the different channels allotted to present and intended Australian stations, between most of which there are only 10 kilo-cycles on each side of its allotted position.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32917313 |title=A RADIO WEEK-END. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,348 |location=Western Australia |date=2 September 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Restack 1935 <blockquote>'''COMMERCIAL STATIONS REACH MORE LISTENERS.''' LETTERS of congratulation are still being received by station 6IX, '''6ML''' and 6AM, all of which have secured considerably better results since the changes in wavelengths took effect on September 1. In addition to the frequency changes, two of those stations — 6IX and 6AM — have increased their output power, which has enabled them to reach a wider circle of listeners, and a large measure of their success is due to the skill of the station engineers, upon whom fell the responsibility for the necessary alterations. All three stations are operating on Philips valves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32900945 |title=COMMERCIAL STATIONS REACH MORE LISTENERS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,362 |location=Western Australia |date=18 September 1935 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''FIELD TESTS FOR SITE OF NEW STATION.''' ENGINEERS of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., have been conducting field tests to determine the most suitable site for the company's new station near Katanning. Several sites are now under consideration. The wave length allotted to the new station is 280 meters, and the power will be 2,000 watts in the aerial. This will make the new station the most powerful commercial broadcaster in Western Australia, and equal to the most powerful commercial station in Australia. At present the South Australian station 5PI is the only other commercial plant in the Commonwealth with an aerial power of 2,000 watts. The new station will be used principally for relaying the programmes from 6IX, having the effect of carrying that station into the most thickly populated country areas. The programmes will be carried by land line from Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32911273 |title=FIELD TESTS FOR SITE OF NEW STATION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=51, |issue=15,380 |location=Western Australia |date=9 October 1935 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== =====1935 12===== ====1936==== =====1936 01===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences & 6KX <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATION. PLANS FOR NEW "B" CLASS STATION. 6ML-IX ENGINEER LEAVES FOR THE EAST.''' Western Australian listeners can now look forward with certainty to a new "B" class country transmitter. Preliminary work in connection with the erection by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., of a relay station near Katanning has been so speeded up in the past few weeks that now practically all that remains to be done is the selection and purchase of the equipment and its installation. The new station will have the call sign 6WB and, with a power in the aerial of 2,000 watts, will operate on a wave length of 280.3 metres. It will be connected by land line with the Perth studios of W.A. Broadcasters, and its main work will be the relaying of programmes from 6IX, although it is possible that some '''6ML''' broadcasts will also be taken. In addition, essential news and market services for the special benefit of people on the land may be given independently. The site that has been selected and approved is a five-acre plot, 4½ miles north-west of Katanning, at an altitude of about 1,100 feet above sea level. This is one of the highest spots in the Katanning district, and at present is the fallowed field of a farming property. The area to be served by 6WB has a greater density of licenses than any other country area in the State, it being estimated from figures supplied by the Postmaster-General's Department that within a radius of about 100 miles from the transmitter approximately 9,427 of the State's country listening public of 10,700 are centred. These figures do not, of course, include listeners in the metropolitan area, who should have no difficulty in tuning in the new station. It is expected that more distant areas such as those around Merredin and even Kalgoorlie will also be served. Station 6WB will be essentially a country relay station, catering especially for the interests of the rural listening public. The hours of transmission have not yet been fully determined, but it is believed that they will largely coincide with those of 6IX, although there is the possibility of separate breakfast and dinner sessions originating at the Katanning transmitter itself. Detailed points of the programme makeup are still being considered, and here, too, nothing definite has been decided. Nothing much can be done in fact until the return from the Eastern States of the chief engineer of 6IX (H. T. Simmons), who left Perth recently by the Great Western express to investigate the matter of the most suitable technical equipment and to place orders accordingly. His work will take him as far afield as Brisbane, where he will pay special attention to the new type of quarter-wave aerial system recently put into operation by 4AK. On his recommendation the type of aerial system to be used by 6WB will depend, although it is considered likely that a single mast will be erected. No effort will be spared to secure the most modern equipment and to assemble and operate it according to the latest trends of radio transmission. Apart from the transmission room and other construction necessitated by the water-cooling system that will be used, there will be a further building to act as the engineers' quarters. There will probably be one engineer residing at the station and another living privately — possibly in Katanning — when off duty, and both may be called on to act as announcers for either emergency or independent transmissions. Alterations in the Perth studios have also been hinted, and it is quite possible that the increased work will bring about another studio in the present building in Murray Street, Perth. Things will be more or less left in abeyance here until the return of Mr Simmons in a few weeks' time. The matter of a landline to Katanning will receive attention, and then, with the purchase and arrival of the plant, work will commence on the actual erection of the station. When this begins it should not be many months before the new station is on the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147348364 |title=NEW RADIO STATION. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,542 |location=Western Australia |date=4 January 1936 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1937 - Newspaper Control; 1941 - 6MD Commences <blockquote>'''Local and General.''' . . . W.A. Broadcasting Stations.— Replying to a question by Mr. J. Curtin in the House of Representatives recently, Mr. Parkhill, Minister representing the Postmaster-General, gave the following information regarding "B" class stations in this State. He said that four stations — '''6ML''' Perth, 6KA Katanning, 6MD Merredin and 6IX Perth — were licensed by West Australian Broadcasters Ltd., the first three mentioned each having a registered capital of £12,000 in £1 shares of which 5,999 were held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. 6IX Perth, although licenced in the name of West Australian Newspapers Ltd., is believed to be owned by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. 6PR Perth is registered in the name of Amalgamated Wireless (A/sia) Ltd. and licenced in name of Nicholson's Ltd., the latter firm receiving £50 a week for operating the station plus 20 per cent. of value of advertising secured by Amalgamated Wireless as agents. The sixth "B" class station in the State was 6AM Perth and Northam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70249108 |title=Local and General. |newspaper=[[The Albany Advertiser]] |volume=9, |issue=957 |location=Western Australia |date=13 January 1936 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1937 - Newspaper Control <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. . . . (BY N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) . . . B CLASS CONTROL.''' In the course of the recent debate in the Federal Parliament the Minister for Defence (Mr Archdale Parkhill) submitted a list of the B class (commercial) stations classified according to ownership or control. According to the particulars given Amalgamated Wireless (A'sia) Ltd., owns, or has some interest in the following:— 2AY (Albury), 3BO (Bendigo), 4PM (Port Moresby), 4TO (Townsville), 4CA (Cairns), 2GF (Grafton), 2GN (Goulburn), 2SM (Sydney), 3HA (Hamilton), 7LA (Launceston), 6PR (Perth) and 4WK (Warwick). The Melbourne Herald and associated publications are alleged to control wholly or partly the following stations: 3DB (Melbourne), 4BK (Brisbane), 4AK (Oakey), 4GY (Gympie), 5AD (Adelaide), 5MU (Murray Bridge), 5PI (Port Pirie), 6IX and 6ML (Perth), 6KA (Katanning) and 6MD (Merredin). J. B. Chandler and Co (Brisbane) control 4BC and 4BH (Brisbane), 4GR (Toowoomba), 4MB (Maryborough) and 4RO (Rockhampton). These are the largest groups but there are ten smaller combinations included in which are groups comprising 2HD and 5KA, 2GB and 5DN, 2GZ and 2NZ, and 2AD and 2LV.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17235572 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,581 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 January 1936 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''KATANNING STATION. 6WB Construction.''' That the engineers of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. were returning from Sydney, where they had purchased equipment for the new radio station, 6WB Katanning, was stated by the manager of '''6ML''' (Mr. B. Samuels) today. "Land has been acquired and we are pushing ahead with the erection of the station as quickly as possible," Mr. Samuels said. "Although the station will be essentially a regional one, particular attention will be paid to items like market prices for the man on the land." An analysis of the licence figures, Mr. Samuels pointed out, disclosed that 90 per cent. of the country listeners were located within a radius of 150 miles from Katanning. "At the moment," he said, "nothing is being done with the Merredin scheme, which will be considered later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83650683 |title=KATANNING STATION |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LV, |issue=19,000 |location=Western Australia |date=11 February 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=2 (LATE CITY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''MINDING or 6WB KATANNING? WHICH WILL BE OPERATING FIRST?''' The announcement of W.A. Broadcasters Limited that building operations on their new station, 6WB, about 4½ miles out of Katanning, will commence almost immediately, comes as a challenge to the Director-General of Postal Services (Mr. H. P. Brown) and the station 6WA. Minding, or 6WA, was promised some years ago, and when, many months after it was definitely announced that the station would be constructed, work started early last year, people in this district had fond hopes of listening to their own station by June; but, alas! February is here and Minding is still "under construction." And now comes the announcement by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., that Mr. H. T. Simmons, their chief engineer, had just returned from the Eastern States, where he had purchased the equipment for the new "B" class station. 6WB is promised completion by June. Will the same fate befall it? Both 6WA (National Station) and the new "B" station will be connected to Perth by land lines and will relay, in the first instance, the programme of 6WF, and in the latter case the programmes of 6IX and '''6ML'''. In both stations there will be emergency studios in case of accident to the land lines. As far as the "race" is concerned, Minding has a good start, as only the mast remains to be erected and the equipment installed, but despite the fact that £50,000 has been put aside for the construction of the national station, 6WB stands every chance of being on the air first. Mr. D. J. Abercrombie, engineer of Standard Telephones and Cables (A/asia) Ltd. has just arrived at Minding from the Eastern States to supervise the installation of the technical equipment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147425493 |title=MINDING or 6WB KATANNING? |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,556 |location=Western Australia |date=22 February 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 03===== <blockquote>'''Pertinent Paragraphs.''' WHEN the big he-men are tearing each other to pieces and the crowd are roaring themselves hoarse, there's one man who always keeps cool. And that's Bryn Samuel, manager of broadcasting stations '''6ML''' and 6IX, who is heard over the air every Friday night describing the wrestling bouts from the Unity Stadium. A Welshman by birth, he came out to Australia about 14 years ago, and after trying his hand at farming and later at advertising work, he linked up with Musgrove's. In time he worked his way up and soon became manager of '''6ML''', and when 6IX was opened he also took over the managership of that station. In this regard he is best known as wrestling commentator, and during his association with broadcasting he has described close on 600 boxing and wrestling bouts. In private hours there's nothing he likes better than a game of tennis, while he still follows enthusiastically soccer and rugby which he used to play in his young days in Wales. Being musically inclined — he carries the letters L.A.B. after his name — he is also a singer who has been heard over the air in the past.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75493142 |title=Pertinent Paragraphs. |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=14, |issue=725 |location=Western Australia |date=28 March 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''KATANNING "B" CLASS STATION. WORK ON 6WB SHOOTING AHEAD.''' The race is on! According to latest reports work has started on the new "B" class broadcasting station to be erected just outside Katanning for W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. Already the best part of the equipment to be used is being tested in Perth, and just as soon as the powerhouse is completed the 40 h.p. power plant will be installed and the transmitting gear will not be long behind. 6WB will take its place amongst the most powerful "B" stations in Australia, having a power of 2,000 watts and broadcasting on a wavelength somewhere in the region of 280 metres, between '''6ML''' and 6AM. It will come as a surprise to many that two 130ft. wooden masts are to be used instead of the conventional metal ones. It won't be long now before crystal sets make a determined appearance in Katanning and small sons and yards and yards of wire, coils, sliding contacts, crystal detectors and other such like things will be getting tangled up in mother's feet and wished somewhere a long way away from the middle of the passage, or somewhere else where everyone can trip over them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147426262 |title=KATANNING "B" CLASS STATION |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,574 |location=Western Australia |date=25 April 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== =====1936 07===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''RADIO NEWS. By Valve. ITEMS OF INTEREST. The Progress of Station 6WB.''' GOOD progress has been made with the new B class station being erected at Katanning for W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., and it is hoped that it will be able to make a start with the testing in about five weeks' time. The two wooden masts, each of 130 feet, are now in position, and the 40-horsepower Diesel engine, which will generate the power, is now being installed. Two engineers are at present at work on the wiring and about half of the transmitter has been delivered to the site. The remainder of the transmitter is expected to reach Katanning in the next two or three weeks. The new station, which will be known as 6WB. will have a wavelength of 280 metres, and a frequency of 107 [sic] kC. The object of the station will be to provide a programme suitable for country listeners at a time most convenient to them. In the main the station will relay programmes from station 6IX, but a separate studio is being provided in Perth to enable 6WB to broadcast its own programme when this is in the best interests of country listeners. The new station will also possibly relay important features from station '''6ML'''. Station 6WB will be one of the most powerful commercial stations in Australia, with a power of 2,000 watts, compared with the 500 watts of the present commercial stations in Perth. It has been estimated that from 85 to 90 per cent of country listeners in this State are situated within 150 miles of the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40731754 |title=RADIO NEWS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,611 |location=Western Australia |date=8 July 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WHISPERS.''' And now for some really good news about W.A. Broadcasters new country relay station, 6WB, Katanning. For same time past many wild guesses have been made concerning the time when it will be on the air. One gloomy pessimist was heard to say the other day: "Maybe they will give it to us for a Christmas present." Now the manager, Bryn Samuel, states that they have fixed a tentative opening date for 19th September. That's good to hear but we must realise that the date is given purely on the assumption that everything goes ahead without a hitch. Anyway don't be surprised if you hear the new voice testing during the next week. The gale, that hit so disastrously the new South-West Regional station at Minding, did not leave 6WB untouched. The high winds completely carried away the newly erected aerial wires between the two 130ft masts. A halyard at the top of one of the masts was also damaged and one of the engineers had to shin up to the top of the mast to fix it. However, all the damage has now been repaired. The Chairman and Secretary of the Katanning Road Board have been invited to attend the official opening of 6WB, which will take place in Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147427976 |title=WIRELESS WHISPERS |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,612 |location=Western Australia |date=5 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WHISPERS.''' . . . Everything is set for 6WB to make its debut next Saturday. The programme for the first week has already been well planned and everybody connected with the station is working as hard as they possibly can. . . . There were 70 applicants for the job of early morning announcer for 6WB, Katanning, and if the final selection is made in time, the successful appli-cant will make his debut with the opening of the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147428183 |title=WIRELESS WHISPERS. |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIII, |issue=3,616 |location=Western Australia |date=19 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' . . . MUSGROVE.— On September 18, 1936, at Subiaco, Marjory Jane, dearly beloved wife of M. D'O. Musgrove, and loving mother of Jean (Mrs. N. Ames, Wembley) and Marjory (Mrs. G. John, Perenjori); aged 62 years. '''FUNERAL NOTICES.''' . . . MUSGROVE.— The Friends of Mr. M. D'O. Musgrove, of 11 Chester-road, Claremont, and Managing Director of Musgrove's, Ltd., Perth, are respectfully informed that the remains of his late dearly beloved wife, Marjory Jane, will be privately interred in the Church of England portion of the Karrakatta Cemetery at 11.20 o'clock THIS (Saturday) MORNING. DONALD J. CHIPPER & SON, Funeral Directors, 1023-1027 Hay-street, Perth. Tel. B3232 and B3772; and at Mt. Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40960438 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,674 |location=Western Australia |date=19 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''RADIO SERVICE. NEW "B" CLASS STATION. First Programme Tomorrow.''' The new country "B" class broadcasting station, 6WB Katanning, which has been erected for W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., will be officially opened tomorrow night. The station, which has a power of 2,000 watts, the greatest power allowed for "B" class stations in the Commonwealth, will broadcast on a wavelength of 1,070 kilocycles (280.4 metres). The initial programme from 6WB will commence at 6 o'clock tomorrow night and will continue until midnight. The official opening ceremony will be performed at 7.45 by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson), and the chairman of the Katanning Road Board (Mr. A. Prosser). The ceremony will last about half an hour. The primary use of 6WB will be as a regional station of 6IX, and it will broadcast a large amount of this station's programmes and all outstanding features. At times, however, 6WB will be broadcasting its own programmes. The transmission times for the new station will be as follows:— SUNDAYS. 11 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. WEEKDAYS. 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. 12 noon to 2 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. SATURDAYS. 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. 12 noon to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. 6 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. Discussing the programme policy of the station yesterday, the manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. Bryn Samuel) said that the programmes would mostly be derived from 6IX, but some would come independently from the Perth studio of 6WB, and to a lesser extent from '''6ML'''. A studio had been erected at the station at Katanning, but this would only be used in the case of a landline breakdown or other emergency. On Sundays, continued Mr. Samuel, 6WB would come on the air at 11 a.m. and would broadcast an independent programme from its Perth studio until it closed at 1.30 p.m. From 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. it would take a relay of "The Broadcaster" session from 6IX. There would then be a break of an hour, and in the evening both stations would come on the air together. Although the whole of the programme from 6IX might not go to 6WB — this would depend on the sponsors' requirements — such items as the church service and "The West Australian" news bulletin would form simultaneous broadcasts. Every day during the week, he proceeded, 6WB would have an independent programme from its Perth studio from 6.30 a.m. to 8.30 a.m. It would also have an independent session from noon to 2 p.m., and both these sessions would include items of special interest to country listeners, such as weather and market re-ports. In the evenings, except for special or sponsored programmes, 6WB would relay from 6IX from 6 o'clock to 6.30. It would then have an independent session until 7.15, followed by another relay from 6IX until 7.50 and a further independent session from then until 8.30. After that the programme would depend upon what was offering. However, it would relay all the news bulletins from 6IX in addition to other regular features. The programmes on Saturdays would be arranged in the same fashion as those for week days, with an extra two hours in the afternoon, when it would relay "The Western Mail" programme from 6IX. "In erecting the new station," added Mr. Samuel, "we were actuated by the desire to create a stronger radio link between the city and the country, and it is our hope that 6WB will fill the bill. An isolated independent station did not appear to us to be the most effective and efficient way of serving the country listeners, and it was therefore decided that 6WB should be used primarily as a regionial station of 6IX. By splitting the programmes it will be possible for us to maintain the city listener's interest and at the same time give the country listener all the information he requires for the marketing of his products. In districts it should be possible for receivers to give perfectly satisfactory results, and I hope that 6WB will play a big part in increasing rapidly the number of licences held in the country."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40962234 |title=RADIO SERVICE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,679 |location=Western Australia |date=25 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=29 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. Construction Details.''' Station 6WB is situated on the main Wagin-Katanning-road, and the two 130 foot wooden masts standing back from the road form a good landmark for the station. The station buildings consist of a residence, the transmitter building, and the power house. In the power house there is a 40-horse power oil engine which provides the power for turning the 26 kilowatt alternator. This machine supplies alternating current at 415 volts, with provision for electric lighting at 240 volts. From this alternator, mains run to the switchboard where the circuits are split up and diverted to the various sub-sections, comprising magnetic switches, fuses and manual switches for controlling the distribution of the power. The transmitter is housed in a large room measuring 28 feet by 20 feet, and is built in one large unit measuring 18 feet long by 17 feet wide by 6 feet high, and contains all the apparatus necessary to put a broadcast programme on the air, from the crystal oscillator to the water-cooled tubes and the associate rectifying system. The current used in the generation of the carrier wave is necessarily direct current if a hum-free transmission is desired, and to achieve this four rectifiers are in use at 6WB. The crystal oscillator is a small receiving valve and it generates the high frequency current which alternates, or changes it potential, 1,070,000 times a second. This current, although very small at first, is amplified by a succession of valves and made larger and larger until it is finally delivered from the water-cooled valve as 2,000 watts of radio frequency power and passed along the feeder lines to the aerial system. At a selected position in the amplifying procedure, the audio-frequency currents which have been generated by the microphones and pickups and amplified by speech amplifiers and power amplifiers, are superimposed on the radio frequency power, which is then said to be modulated. The audio currents, which are generated at the Perth studios are sent to Katanning on a pair of telephone wires made available by the Postmaster-General's Department. As considerable power is absorbed by loss in the wires, it must be further strengthened on its arrival at Katanning. The telephone wires end in a studio which has been built to provide facilities for putting a programme over in the event of a fault developing in the programme line from Perth. The studio contains a microphone and magnetic pickup and an electric turntable motor, with sufficient records to keep a programme going for many hours. Two engineers will be stationed at Katanning. The engineer in charge will live at the station in the residence erected by the company, and the second engineer will live at Katanning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40962895 |title=TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,681 |location=Western Australia |date=28 September 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=16 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove <blockquote>'''BEREAVEMENT NOTICES.''' . . . MRS. FRANCES E. TEMPLE, desires to acknowledge with GRATITUDE the kindly messages of sympathy extended to her on the death of her sister, Mrs. M. D'O. Musgrove.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40963240 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=52, |issue=15,682 |location=Western Australia |date=29 September 1936 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 10===== 1936 - 6WB Katanning Commences <blockquote>'''W.A. BROADCASTERS' NEW RELAY STATION AT KATANNING.''' After months of feverish preparation and endless trying-out of new equipment, W.A. Broadcasters' new relay station, 6WB Katanning, came on the air for the first time, officially, last Saturday night. During the previous week 6WB, while testing, was heard by many in the district, and this heightened the already intense interest shown in the construction of an essentially country listeners' station. The station will be used primarily as a relay station for 6IX and the whole of Saturday night's programme, which lasted from 6 o'clock until midnight, was broadcast by both stations. The official opening ceremony was performed by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson), and he was supported by the chairman of the Katanning Road Board (Mr. A. Prosser) and Mr. A. F. Watts, M.L.A. The new station broadcasts on a wavelength of 1,070 kilocycles (280.3 metres) and has a power of 2,000 watts. In addressing listeners, Mr. Jackson said that the position of 6WB had been chosen and its power had been installed for the purpose mainly of benefiting the country listeners in Western Australia who, owing to geographical and other disabilities, were not always able to obtain the best results from metropolitan stations. The new station would be used primarily as a relay station for 6IX. It would not, however, be slavishly confined to the programmes of that station, but would include, as far as possible, matters of special interest to country residents, and would give its own programmes on desirable occasions. '''Country Radio Reception.''' "It gives me a great deal of pleasure to be able to support Mr. Jackson in declaring this station open," said Mr. Prosser. "As chairman of the Katanning Road Board, in whose territory 6WB has been established, I feel it a great honour to be able to speak on behalf of Katanning and the surrounding districts. W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., deserves a lot of praise for the enterprising manner in which it has endeavoured to overcome the disadvantages that are suffered by listeners east of the Darling Ranges. It has erected one of the finest B class stations in the Commonwealth within the Katanning district. Up to the present time radio reception from metropolitan stations has been very poor, but now, with the erection of 6WB, radio reception is going to improve, not only in our district, but in all parts of the State east of the Darling Ranges." ???? 415 volts, with provision for electric lighting at 240 volts. From this alternator, mains run to the switchboard, where the circuits are split up and diverted to the various sub-sections, comprising magnetic switches, fuses and manual switches for controlling the distribution of the power. The transmitter is housed in a large room measuring 28 feet by 20 feet, and (Start Photo Caption) North mast seen from half-way up south mast. (End Photo Caption) is built in one large unit measuring 18 feet long by 17 feet wide by 6 feet high, and contains all the apparatus necessary to put a broadcast programme on the air, from the crystal oscillator to the water-cooled tubes and the associate rectifying system. The current used in the generation of the carrier (Start Photo Caption) Katanning studio and line amplifier. The rectifier portion of the transmitter can be seen through the glass panel.(End Photo Caption) <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article147428382 |title=6WB Opens |newspaper=[[Great Southern Herald]] |volume=XXXIV, |issue=3,619 |location=Western Australia |date=3 October 1936 |accessdate=4 April 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== 1937 - Newspaper Control; 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NIGGER IN WOODPILE. MIXED MOTIVES BEHIND WIRELESS LICENCE-FEE CAMPAIGN. Sir Keith Murdoch as Champion With a Shining Axe.''' FOR some weeks past, the chain-gang press of Sir Keith Murdoch and the Melbourne "Herald" has been waging a fierce campaign in favor of a reduction of 3/6 in the wireless listener's licence-fee. This crusade, directed by anybody else, might seem a commendable effort to protect the listener's interests. Melbourne "Herald" crusades, however, are, by this time, taken with some suspicion. When the Melbourne "Herald" protects any interests, they are generally found to be the interests of the Melbourne "Herald." Facts revealed in this article show that Sir Keith Murdoch, thanks to his web of wireless-station and newspaper interests, is trying to wield more power than a Prime Minister. His campaign against the Broadcasting Commission is not one of such simple philanthropy as might appear. '''"SMITH'S WEEKLY"''' is not concerned here with any case for or against a reduction in listeners' licence-fees. Its concern, at present, is with the manner in which one partisan side of that dispute is being argued. The position resolves itself briefly into the question whether one man, or one monopoly, should be allowed to dominate the internal affairs of Australia. The man is Sir Keith Murdoch, pocket-Northcliffe of the Melbourne "Herald," and the monopoly is the "Herald's" ability to shout its propaganda through the Commonwealth, while, at the same time, spokesmen of the other side are denied a voice. Since "Smith's Weekly" is one of the few Australian newspapers that own no liaison with any broadcasting station, it is able to give some plain facts about the A.B.C.'s position, which other journals, particularly those in the Murdoch chain-gang, have hitherto suppressed. Genuine zeal in the protection of listeners' interests is natural, legitimate, and pardonable. But listeners may be excused if they regard with some suspicion the peculiarly intense agitation in favor of reduced licence-fees, and against the A.B.C. generally, which has been spread across the pages of the Murdoch Press. '''The Champion.''' As a champion of the licence-paying listener, Sir Keith Murdoch, in short, comes not with a shining sword to brandish, but with a shining axe to grind. This apparently noble-hearted and philanthropic crusade on the listeners' behalf has to be examined in the light of the fact that Murdoch and the Melbourne "Herald" control no fewer than seven daily papers in Australia, and (according to Sir Archdale Parkhill), 8 B class broadcasting stations. To find any parallel to this monopoly of propaganda-engines, one has to turn to William Randolph Hearst, of the United States, or the Press-barons of England. Through his seven daily newspapers and his eight broadcasting stations, Murdoch exercises more bullying influence, and more indirect persuasion, over the minds of the Australian nation than the Cabinet itself. Ministers, indeed, before this, have been at the beck and call of the heavy-jowled Melbourne journalist, with his tremendous bludgeons of publicity and propaganda. For the past few weeks, every Murdoch paper and microphone has been pumping forth a flood of argument and demand in favor of a reduction of 3/6 or more in the annual wireless listener's licence-fee. From any other source, the campaign might have been taken at its face-value, as an honest effort to assist the listener. But with Murdoch-worked campaigns, the public has got into the habit of asking Why? His Motives There are two exceedingly strong motives of self-interest which do much to rob this latest campaign of its guile-less altruism. Consider, for a start, the extraordinary network or B class wireless stations which have been built up round the Melbourne "Herald," with Daddy Murdoch nestling in the centre of the web. You need go no further than Federal Hansard, of December, 1936, to see how the Minister for Defence (Sir Archdale Parkhill) tabulated the Melbourne "Herald's" broadcasting station affiliations and interests:— MELBOURNE "HERALD" AND ASSOCIATED NEWSPAPER INTERESTS IN BROADCASTING STATIONS * STATION; LICENSEE; INTEREST. * 3DB, Melbourne; 3DB Broadcasting Station Pty. Ltd.; Nominal capital, £20,000 — The "Herald" or its nominee holds all issued shares (£5300). * 4BK, Brisbane; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Nominal capital, £5000 (£1 shares) Queensland Newspapers Ltd. ("Courier-Mail") or its nominees hold 1802 of 2103 issued shares. Directors: N. White, Managing Director, Queensland Newspapers Ltd., R. T. Foster, Editor, and E. H. Macartney, solicitor. Actual "Herald" interest in Queensland Newspapers Ltd. not known. * 4AK, Oakey; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Control - As above. * 4GY, Gympie; Brisbane Broadcasting Pty. Ltd.; Note : Licence approved for Gympie but not granted. Control - As above. * 5AD, Adelaide; Advertisers Newspapers Ltd.; "Herald" has 113,200 preference and 130,000 ordinary shares in "Advertiser" Newspapers Ltd. L. Dumas is Managing Director. * 5MU, Murray Bridge; Murray Bridge Broadcasting Co. Ltd.; Nominal capital — £5000 (£1 shares). All issued shares (400) are held by nominees of "Advertiser" Newspapers, Ltd. * 5PI, Port Pirie; Midlands Broadcasting Co. Ltd. Nominal capital — £2000 (£1 shares). All issued shares (820) held by "Advertiser" Newspapers, Ltd., or nominees. * 6ML, Perth; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital. £12,000, in £1 shares, of which 5999 - held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. * 6KA, Katannlng; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital, £12,000 in £1 shares, of which 5999 held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. — Licence not yet issued. * 6MD, Merredin; West Australian Broadcasters Ltd.; Capital, £12,000 in £1 shares, of which 5999 held by West Australian Newspapers Ltd. — Licence not yet issued. * 6IX, Perth; West Australian Newspapers Ltd.; Although licence is held by West Australian Newspapers, it is understood the station is owned by West Australian Broadcasters Ltd. Since the publication of this list in Hansard, the Murdoch interests have also constructed a relay-station at Lubeck (Vic.), which is reported as being the most powerful B Station in the Commonwealth. It operates by regulation on a power of 2000 watts, although the plant is capable of 5000 watts, and has a direct landline connection with the central Murdoch Station, 3DB, situated in the Melbourne "Herald" Office. The Minister for Defence, Sir Archdale Parkhill who represents the Postmaster-General in the House of Representatives, has informed "Smith's Weekly" that, since he quoted these figures to Federal Parliament, he has received a letter from W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., which states that the Melbourne "Herald" and "Associated Publications" have no connection with 6ML, 6LX [sic, 6IX], 6MD, and 6KA. Thus, assuming that Sir Archdale Parkhill's statements are correct, the Murdoch-controlled stations now number 8. It will be seen how widely and deeply the Melbourne "Herald" interests extend. And the nigger in this imposing woodpile is to be found in the fact that nearly all B-class stations today are finding it increasingly difficult to get in advertising. A few years ago, they had less competition to meet, and entertainment programmes were comparatively cheap — so much so that, during those golden days, many B-class proprietaries made small fortunes. Today, all that has changed. Entertainment needs to be increasingly outstanding to hold listeners' interest, and programme-costs, performing-fees and royalties have all gone up. In addition, the A-class stations have been offering vigorous competition. As an example of this, it is safe to say that, during Sir Harry Lauder's recent hour over 2FC, 3LO and the other national stations, hardly a listener in Australia heard a word of the advertisements that were being put into the air at the same time by the B-class stations. Every time, therefore, when an A-class station offers an attraction like this, B-class station advertisers complain, with some justification, that their sponsored advertising-programmes are being wasted. Sir Keith Murdoch, it is obvious, realises the menace which A-class station enterprise of this kind offers to his chain-gang of B-class stations. The remedy, in his view, is to curtail the amount of money at the A.B.C.'s disposal for such dangerous counter-attractions. By urging a reduction in the licence-fee, therefore, with a corresponding reduction in the Commission's revenue, the Murdoch propaganda-machines are not only outwardly befriending the listener, in a noble and philanthropic way, but they are also protecting their own web of B-class stations, in a manner not quite so altruistic. This motive becomes fairly obvious after a perusal of Sir Archdale Parkhill's little list of Murdoch wireless-interests. The second motive is not so transparent. but it is just as strong. The Melbourne "Herald" group, together with other newspaper-proprietaries, has been given a bad attack of the jitters by the Broadcasting Commission's hint that it may find it necessary to organise its own service of cable-news for listeners. Ever since this dreadful possibility was mentioned, the proprietors of the monopolistic press-cable services have been having nightmares. Negotiations, indeed, were in train for some considerable time between the A.B.C. and the newspaper-proprietaries, for the supply of cable-news. But no finality was reached, and the arrangement is still hanging fire. In any case, whatever the outcome of this bargaining, it is well known that the A.B.C. would be exceedingly distrustful of the sort of colored "cable-news" which is being fed to readers of Australian daily newspapers today. The Commission obviously would want its cable-news to be fair, accurate and unbiased — qualities signally lacking in the sort of "cable-news" to which Australian newspaper-monopolies restrict Australian readers at present. "Smith's Weekly" for a long time past has deplored the one-sided and subtly-colored news which comes to Australia through these channels, and has attempted to show Australians what they are missing by giving its own representatives' accounts of events such as the Spanish Civil War, Edward's abdication, and British and American politics, all of which have been grossly distorted by the one-eyed cable-messages of the regular services. Hence the A.B.C.'s hint that it might be necessary to establish an independent cable-service of its own. This prospect, though still a mere hypothesis, has thrown Australian proprietors in general, and Murdoch in particular, into a nervous dither. Once again, it will be seen that by urging a substantial cut in the licence-fee, under the guise of sympathy for the listener, the Murdoch propaganda-machines are protecting their own precious interests. A cut of 3/6 would mean a reduction of about £120,000 a year in the A.B.C.'s revenue, and this would put an effective stop to any audacious ideas about a separate cable-service. See now just how disinterested the Melbourne "Herald's" campaign for lower wireless-licences begins to look! '''The Moneybags.''' Much use has been made by the Murdoch papers of the claim that, of the present 21/- licence-fee, 9/- goes into the Government's consolidated revenue. The Melbourne "Herald" and its pups loudly complain that this 9/- is not used for wireless-purposes at all. But what the Murdoch chain-gang overlooks is the fact that the revenue into which the 9/- is paid has to cover the cost of constructing and maintaining landlines, and telephone and telegraph-services, used extensively in broadcast-relays even by B Class stations. In addition, this money also goes toward the expense of constructing new studios, buildings and plants for new country broadcasting-centres. Apart from this, the A.B.C.'s own present plant and equipment are urgently in need of modernisation and extension, according to comparisons made with broadcasting-stations in other countries. This would, of course, be practically impossible if the A.B.C.'s revenue is cut by £120,000 a year. But these considerations are beside the point, since "Smith's" does not intend to enter into the pros and cons of licence-fee reduction here. What does become glaringly apparent is the self-interest which lurks behind the Murdoch campaign, conducted ostensibly in the sacred cause of the listener, but waged with even keener zeal in the infinitely more sacred cause of the Murdoch money-bags! (Start Photo Caption) LITTLE CAESAR KEITH MURDOCH.— He wields more power than a Prime Minister (End Photo Caption).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article235893045 |title=NIGGER IN WOODPILE |newspaper=[[Smith's Weekly]] |volume=XVIII, |issue=50 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=13 February 1937 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== <blockquote>'''PUBLIC NOTICES. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROBATE JURISDICTION.''' IN THE MATTER of the Will of MARY GUNNER late of 8 Moorgate-street, Victoria Park, in the State of Western Australia. Married Woman, deceased. TAKE NOTICE that all Creditors and other persons having Claims or Demands against the Estate of the abovenamed deceased are hereby required to send particulars in writing of such claims and demands to Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, c/o Messrs. Unmack & Unmack, Solicitors, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth, the Executor of the Will of the said deceased, on or before the 9th day of May, 1938, after which date the Executor will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims and demands of which he shall then have received notice. DATED this 30th day of March, 1938. UNMACK & UNMACK, Solicitors for the Executor, Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41674421 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54, |issue=16,152 |location=Western Australia |date=5 April 1938 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''IN THE SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. PROBATE JURISDICTION.''' IN THE MATTER of the Will of MARY GUNNER, late of 8 Moorgate-street, Victoria Park, in the State of Western Australia. Married Woman, deceased. TAKE NOTICE that all Creditors and other persons having Claims or Demands against the Estate of the abovenamed deceased are hereby required to send particulars in writing of such claims and demands to Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, c/o Messrs. Unmack & Unmack, Solicitors, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth, the Executor of the Will of the said deceased, on or before the 9th day of May, 1938, after which date the Executor will proceed to distribute the assets of the said deceased among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims and demands of which he shall then have received notice. DATED this 30th day of March, 1938. UNMACK & UNMACK, Solicitors for the Executor, Mandeville D'Oyly Musgrove, Withnell Chambers, Howard-street, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41678071 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=54, |issue=16,163 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1938 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== =====1939 06===== =====1939 07===== =====1939 08===== =====1939 09===== =====1939 10===== 1939 - New Transmitter <blockquote>'''BROADCAST PROGRAMMES.''' (Further details of programmes are to be found in "The Broadcaster.") . . . '''6ML'''. 7 a.m.: Music. 9.0: Close. 10.30: For women, etc. 12.30: Close. 5.30: Children's session. 6.0: Music, sponsored sessions, etc. '''Opening of new transmitter'''. 9.0: Dance music. 10.30: Close.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46431407 |title=BROADCAST PROGRAMMES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=55, |issue=16,626 |location=Western Australia |date=16 October 1939 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1939 - New Transmitter <blockquote>'''NEW 6ML TRANSMITTER. Last Night's Official Opening.''' A novel ceremony took place last night when the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jack-son) officially declared open the new high fidelity transmitter which has been installed at station '''6ML'''. The station will in future broadcast with the new transmitter, the old transmitter being reserved as an emergency unit. The old transmitter was in use when Mr. Jackson commenced speaking at the official opening last night. Following his opening remarks, a few bars of Lizst's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 were played. This was followed by a short pause, during which the new transmitter was switched on, and the same record was played again. By this means listeners were enabled to make a comparison of the quality of the broadcast from the old and new transmitters. "Those of you who were interested in radio from its beginning," said Mr. Jackson, "will remember that '''6ML''' was the pioneer of commercial broadcasting in this State. It broadcast its first concert on March 19, 1930 — scarcely ten years ago. Eight other commercial stations have been established since then, but we hope we still lead." After referring to the progress which had been made in all branches of radio, Mr. Jackson said that while the quality of the old transmitter was very good, that of the newly-installed one was better. Improvements had been made all along the line, but the special qualities of the new transmitter would be more apparent to the owners of modern receiving sets. Nevertheless he thought owners of old sets would be able easily to appreciate the difference. The new transmitter at '''6ML''' is claimed to be capable of transmitting speech or music indistinguishable from the original, as the full range of musical tones is transmitted equally without discrimination. The tones are transmitted without introducing overtones or harmonics, and the low inherent noise level allows the transmission of a wide dynamic or volume range. Following the official opening last night, a special programme was presented by '''6ML'''. The local artists who took part in the programme included Austin Ray and his Lyricals, Glen Matson's Harmony Hawaiians and Merv Rowston and his orchestra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46431587 |title=NEW 6ML TRANSMITTER. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=55, |issue=16,627 |location=Western Australia |date=17 October 1939 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1939 11===== =====1939 12===== ===1940s=== ====1940==== =====1940 01===== =====1940 02===== =====1940 03===== 1940 - 10th Anniversary <blockquote>'''6ML Cocktail Party.''' IN celebration of the 10th anniversary of station '''6ML''' — one of three stations controlled by W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. a cocktail party was held yesterday afternoon at the Palace Hotel. The guests were received by the manager of the company (Mr. B. Samuel). The chairman of directors (Mr. H. B. Jackson), who is in Sydney, sent a telegram regretting his absence. Other directors present were Messrs. H. J. Lambert (acting-chairman), M. D'O. Musgrove, F. C. Kingston, H. Greig and C. P. Smith. In the course of replies to the congratulations of guests, Mr. Samuel stated that '''6ML''' was the first commercial station to be founded in this State, and was one of the first in the Commonwealth. At the time it was established there were only 5,000 listeners' licences in Western Australia; now there were over 85,000. A novel table decoration was a feature of the party. It took the form of model wireless towers, one at each end of the table. The towers were about six feet high. Suspended from wires stretched between them were two artistic streamers, one above the other. On the top streamer was the announcement, "10 Years Old," and on the other, the name of the station, '''"6ML."''' Invited guests included the following: The Acting-Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. G. Kilpatrick), the Senior Radio Inspector (Mr. G. A. Scott), the Assistant Radio Inspector (Mr. A. Grey), and Messrs. J. E. Macartney, C. C. Wren, R. Simonsen, R. W. Edwards, M. Zeffert, S. W. Davies, A. Colebrook, C. Wood, G. McDonald, E. Harvey, Grodeck, J. Coulter, A. A. Wheatly, R. Smith, A. Saggers, Moore, C. A. Gannaway, E. A. Toogood, R. Buckeridge, T. Smith, W. Smith, W. B. Garner, W. Watson, Birch, Norman, Bywaters, V. A. Taylor, Grey, R. Pearce, C. Evans, W. H. Williams, Nash, A. S. Dening, Moncur, D. Lord, Forsyth, L. Schutt, A. J. Williams, S. C. Cohen, K. T. Hamblett, N. C. S. Mount, A. Collett, N. Hutchinson, J. Mercer, K. McKinley, A. Kelly, C. Cohen, Wood, C. Stuart-Smith, J. Anstey, M. Levinson, Chapman, Fielding, M. J. Bateman, F. Beams, De Groot, Hewitt, E. Plaistowe, J. Squires, J. Bulloch and Kells.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46363576 |title=6ML Cocktail Party. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,759 |location=Western Australia |date=20 March 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 04===== =====1940 05===== =====1940 06===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NEW RADIO STATIONS. Two More for This State.''' The manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. B. Samuel) announced yesterday that his company had been granted a licence to operate a broadcasting station in the Merredin district. The power of the station would be 500 watts and it would operate on a wavelength of 273 metres. Tenders for a transmitter had been called for and tests would be conducted shortly to select the station site. The new station would be the country outlet for '''6ML'''. Arrangements are being made by the Australian Labour Party to establish a commercial broadcasting station in Perth. Yesterday the secretary of the State executive of the party (Mr. P. J. Trainer) said that the matter had been under consideration for some time. The new station, for which a licence had just been obtained, would be controlled by the People's Printing and Publishing Co, which published the "Westralian Worker," the official organ of the party. Mr. Trainer said he was not in a position to say where the station would be located or to give the approximate date of its opening.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46719886 |title=NEW RADIO STATIONS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,825 |location=Western Australia |date=7 June 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 07===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''6MD Call Sign for Merredin Station.''' The station to be erected by W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., at Merredin has been allotted the call sign of 6MD. Already preliminary work in connection with the building of the station has been performed and it is possible that 6MD will be on the air before the end of the year. The station will have a power of 500 watts. It is easy to understand, why the letters "MD" have been chosen for the call sign. They suggest Merredin and can be clearly pronounced. The figure six denotes the State of Western Australia. When a radio call sign commences with the figure 1 it denotes New Zealand; 2 denotes N.S.W.; 3, Victoria; 4, Queensland; 5, South Australia; and 7, Tasmania.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252483380 |title=6MD Call Sign for Merredin Station. |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XXIII, |issue=1357 |location=Western Australia |date=25 July 1940 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 08===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES, LTD. Net Profit up £1,056.''' Musgrove's. Ltd., in their balance sheet for the year ended June 30 report an increase of £583 in gross profit (due to an improved turnover). At the same time, the company was able to lessen the expenses by £819. As a result, and after making provision for taxation, the net profit was better by £1,056 than for the previous year. The debit in the profit and loss account, which has existed for the past seven years, has been eliminated, and the account is now £187 in credit. The company's indebtedness to the bank has fallen by £5,632. Liabilities (bills payable, sundry creditors and bank) are down by £5,922, while the decrease in assets (stocks, debtors, bill receivable) is only £2,047. The seventeenth annual meeting will be held at Lyric House at 4 p.m. on August 26. Business will include the election of a director in place of Mr. H. B. Jackson, who retires in accordance with the articles of association, and the election of auditors. Messrs. Flack and Flack retire, but being eligible, offer themselves for re-election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46733032 |title=MUSGROVES, LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,887 |location=Western Australia |date=19 August 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''6MD. FURTHER PROGRESS MADE. SITE PURCHASED.''' During this week further progress was made in connection with the proposed new broadcasting station to be erected at Merredin, when Messrs. Henry Greig (Director), F. C. Kingston (State manager), Bryn Samuel (manager) and Harry Simons (chief engineer) of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., visited Merredin for the purpose of finalising the purchase of a site. In all the company had six sites under observation, and the one finally selected was 25 acres of the property of Mrs. A. H. Robartson, situated opposite the Merredin State Experimental Farm on the Great eastern Highway 4½ miles from Merredin. The representatives of the company expressed pleasure on being able to secure such a favourable site and it is now hoped the 6MD will be on the air by Christmas. The plant will consist of a 500 watt transmitter and 50,00 [sic] feet of copper will be buried to comprise the earth. The transmitter buildings will be lit up by a Diesel electric light plant, whilst residences will be built for the company's technicians. The programme will be relayed from Perth by land line and the associated stations will be '''6ML''', 6IX and 6WB (Katanning.) The new station will fill a long-felt want in the important Eastern and North-Eastern Wheatbelts, when at the present time only the programme from the big National Station are heard with any pleasure at all. Arrangements for a suitable official opening of the new 6MD will receive attention at a later date, and no doubt the extent of the celebrations will depend largely upon the progress of the world conflict now raging. Merredin has quite a live Musical Society, and might we suggest early that their co-operation be sought to enable a local programme to comprise portion of the opening celebrations in connection with the new station.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article252484275 |title=6 MD. |newspaper=[[Merredin Mercury And Central Districts Index]] |volume=XXIII, |issue=1362 |location=Western Australia |date=29 August 1940 |accessdate=2 April 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 09===== =====1940 10===== <blockquote>'''Too Obtrusive.''' SIR,— Ever since 6WN came on the air it has been a curse to city listeners. Being so powerful we hear it behind every other station on the dial. No matter how modern your set you cannot listen to 6IX and '''6ML''' without the National jazzing about in the background. Can nothing be done? Beethoven's "Appassionata" sounds pretty foul against a backcloth of "Deep Purple." Perth. BLAST 6WN!<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78540087 |title=Too Obtrusive |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LVIII, |issue=20464 |location=Western Australia |date=31 October 1940 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |page=4 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1940 11===== =====1940 12===== <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''Wireless Telegraphy Classes.''' Special classes for wireless-telegraphy reservists of the Royal Australian Air Force will commence at the R.A.A.F. No. 4 Recruiting Centre, Perth, tomorrow night. The classes have been arranged by Mr. H. T. Simmons, chairman of the Institute of Radio Engineers (W.A. Division) in conjunction with Sergeant L. Noble, trade testing officer at the recruiting centre. They are designed to give elementary instruction in the theory of radio and transmission and reception, and at present will take in about 30 reservists. The instructors will be Messrs. J. Austin, J. Tapper, N. Parker and G. Butterfield. The classes will be held at 7.30 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47295161 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=56, |issue=16,977 |location=Western Australia |date=2 December 1940 |accessdate=14 April 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1941==== =====1941 01===== =====1941 02===== =====1941 03===== =====1941 04===== =====1941 05===== =====1941 06===== =====1941 07===== 1941 - 6MD Merredin Commences <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Radio Station.''' A new broadcasting station in this State came on the air last Saturday night when 6MD, the Merredin regional station of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., was officially opened. The opening was performed by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. H. B. Jackson, K.C.). Station 6MD, which will relay a number of important programmes presented by stations 6IX and '''6ML''', is powered by 500 watts and operates on a wave length of 273 metres (1,100 kilocycles). The manager of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd. (Mr. B. Samuel) said yesterday that favourable reports regarding the reception of broadcasts from 6MD had been received from many widely separated country centres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47151847 |title=NEWS AND NOTES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=57, |issue=17,163 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1941 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1941 08===== =====1941 09===== =====1941 10===== =====1941 11===== =====1941 12===== ====1942==== =====1942 01===== =====1942 02===== =====1942 03===== =====1942 04===== =====1942 05===== =====1942 06===== =====1942 07===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''RADIO STATIONS. Staff Shortage Causes Alarm.''' If the military call-up continued at the present rate the commercial broadcasting stations in Western Australia would be compelled either to reduce the hours of transmission drastically or to close down. This statement was made to the Assistant Minister for the Army (Senator Fraser) by a deputation from the Federation of Commercial Broad-casting Stations of WA which waited on him during the week. It was stated that the shortage of technicians and engineers had be-come alarming. It had been found impossible to replace the men who had been called up or who were enlisting with the air force. Under instructions from the Postmaster General only a man with an "A" class certificate was allowed to operate a wireless transmitter. One member of the deputation pointed out that some country stations were run on diesel engines, and if unskilled men operated these frequent blowing out of valves would result. The Minister said he realised the importance of keeping the broadcasting stations on the air, and would discuss their problem with the manpower and military authorities, and would also inquire into the position of commercial stations in the other States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47339424 |title=RADIO STATIONS. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=58, |issue=17,475 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1942 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1942 08===== =====1942 09===== =====1942 10===== =====1942 11===== =====1942 12===== ====1943==== =====1943 01===== =====1943 02===== =====1943 03===== =====1943 04===== =====1943 05===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''W.A. Radio Station to Close.''' PERTH, Wednesday.— Due to staff difficulties caused by the war, station '''6ML''', pioneer commercial broadcasting station in Western Australia, will close after completion of its programme on Sunday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article140455267 |title=W.A. Radio Station to Close |newspaper=[[Newcastle Morning Herald And Miners' Advocate]] |issue=20,791 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=27 May 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Local and General.''' . . . Closed Down. Station '''6ML''' has been closed down till the end of the war. This has been found necessary owing to the insuperable difficulties in running the Station, brought about by the depletion of staffs for manpower requirements.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240496108 |title=Local and General. |newspaper=[[Mount Barker And Denmark Record]] |volume=14, |issue=1658 |location=Western Australia |date=31 May 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 06===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Goebbels Beaten.''' The recent announcement that all radio sets in Holland must be handed in to the German authorities has not deterred those in charge of the Netherlands Government's sponsored broadcast, Radio Oranje, in London. The leader of the session is a man known only as the "Rotterdammer." Despite ruthless German repression the talks were listened to regularly by millions of patriotic Dutchmen. Radio Oranje has played an important part in maintaining morale, and even the latest order will not prevent its message from being distributed throughout Holland. In an exclusive story in "The Broadcaster" this week the "Rotterdammer" tells how Holland fights on. In the same issue are details of talks about Australia to be heard during June and July, and particulars of the next "Calling Australian Towns" programme, which will be heard next Saturday. '''Reminiscences of 6ML''', a short story and the usual complete technical section are also included. "The Broadcaster" is on sale at all newsagents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46758132 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=59, |issue=17,752 |location=Western Australia |date=2 June 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''NEWS IN BRIEF.''' . . . '''DIMINISHING RADIO.''' The closing down of Western Australia's first commercial broadcasting station — '''6ML''', Perth — is another indication of the inroads which war is making on our normal life. Whilst the effect of this closure will be felt mostly by those within an easy radius of Perth, there is bound to be regret that the oldest commercial station, and the second oldest broadcasting station in the West, should find it necessary to close its transmitter for the duration all over the State. It is one less programme to choose from — it is one less opportunity for people of talent to obtain their chance — but, like many worthier and less worthy institutions, it has been caught up in the maelstrom of war, and is now but a memory, and perhaps a hope for the future — a hope for those happier years which are to come. '''6ML''' is but another casualty amongst those enterprises which have been built up to crash against the rocks of conflict. And the end is not yet.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article251167399 |title=Casual Comment |newspaper=[[Midlands Advocate]] |volume=26, |issue=1417 |location=Western Australia |date=4 June 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''Post Offices To Close 5.30 pm.''' On and after next Monday if you want to do any postal business between 5.30 and 6 p.m. you must go to the G.P.O. From that day all other post offices will close at 5.30 p.m. during the week and 12.30 p.m. on the weekly half-holiday. Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs J. G. Kilpatrick said today that the change in hours was due to staff shortages. "The position is similar to that of the banks," he said. "Although their closing hour is now 2 o'clock, the staff does not go home then. That is when their work starts — getting their books in order, balancing cash. "Our post office staffs have been working till all hours of the night trying to cope with the work. The alteration is Commonwealth-wide." The G.P.O. telegraph office will be open as usual, and telephone services will continue wherever there is a telephone exchange. Money order business, allotment and pension payments will finish half an hour earlier than at present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78449520 |title=Post Offices To Close 5.30 pm |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,280 |location=Western Australia |date=18 June 1943 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=3 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 07===== 1943 - WW2 Closure <blockquote>'''6ML.''' "After a career of more than 13 years, the Westralian radio station '''6ML''' has closed "until the end of the war, or at least until the staff can be replaced," writes "Nork" in the "Bulletin." When it began business there were only 3,000 listeners within 50 miles of Perth, and only one national station. The chairman of W.A. Broadcasters, Ltd., announcing the closure, didn't say whether the staff had been lost through voluntary enlistment, or call-ups, but the incident is a sidelight on the weight, of Westralia's contribution to the war effort. No eastern radio station — and, heaven knows, there's plenty of them — has had to close down through shortage of staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149801107 |title=6ML |newspaper=[[South Western Advertiser]] |volume=40, |issue=2,002 |location=Western Australia |date=16 July 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 08===== =====1943 09===== =====1943 10===== =====1943 11===== 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''Change of Wave Lengths.''' Advice has been received that the Postmaster-General has decided upon the following alterations to the operating frequency of the undermentioned broadcasting stations: 6IX from 1240 kc/s to 1130 kc/s. 6PM from 1320 kc/s to 1240 kc/s. 6KY from 1430 kc/s to 1320 kc/s. This means that from the time the change-over is effected 6IX will use the channel previously used by '''6ML''', 6PM will use the channel now used by 6IX, and 6KY will use the channel now used by 6PM. The date on which the change will take place will be announced later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148423253 |title=Change of Wave Lengths |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=1829 |location=Western Australia |date=26 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''New Wave Lengths Soon.''' Changes are to be made soon in the wavelengths of three W.A. commercial stations. Station 6IX will go from 242 metres to 265; 6PM from 227 to 242 and 6KY from 210 to 227. Reason for the change is the closing down of Station '''6ML''' which left a frequency available. Members of the Broadcasting Advisory Committee recently made observations in the north-west of this State which showed that areas some distance from Perth had been detrimentally affected by the closing of '''6ML'''. Listeners in country districts will now receive a more satisfactory service as regards commercial stations. Any further suggestions from the public with a view to improving programmes will be welcomed by the committee and should be forwarded in writing to the hon. secretary, Broadcasting Advisory Committee (Miss McNab), Personnel Branch, G.P.O., Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78396843 |title=New Wave Lengths Soon |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,418 |location=Western Australia |date=26 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''New Wave-lengths.''' Further alteration has been made in the wavelengths of three W.A. commercial stations soon to operate. Station 6IX will retain its frequency of 242 metres; 6PM will go from 227 to 265 and 6KY from 210 to 227. Announcement was made recently that the frequency left by the closing down of station '''6ML''' would be taken by 6IX and 6PM and 6KY would both go up in frequency (sic). Following representations by W.A. Broadcasters to retain their existing frequency on station 6IX, the Postmaster-General Senator Ashley has approved of their request and has allotted the other frequency to 6PM.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78398794 |title=New Wave-lengths |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXI, |issue=21,419 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''NEWS AND NOTES.''' . . . '''New Wave-lengths.''' Speaking yesterday at the birthday reunion of Station 6IX, Mr J. G. Kilpatrick, Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs and chairman of the State Advisory Committee on Broadcasting, announced that changes in wavelengths of the commercial stations will be made shortly. He said that it had been arranged originally, on the representations of the advisory committee, that stations 6KY, 6PM and 6IX should move up the dial and that 6IX should take the wavelength relinquished by '''6ML'''. The Postmaster-General however had subsequently approved representations from Station 6IX that that station retain its present wavelength. Consequently, the only changes would be that 6KY would take the former wavelength of 6PM and 6PM will move to the frequency vacated by '''6ML'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46776806 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=59, |issue=17,905 |location=Western Australia |date=27 November 1943 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1943 12===== ====1944==== =====1944 01===== 1943 - D'Oyly Musgrove Retires <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr '''M. D'O. Musgrove''', who had held the position of managing director of Musgrove's, Ltd, since its foundation in 1923, retired yesterday from active participation in the business. He will retain his seat as chairman of the directorate. Mr Musgrove has been associated with the music trade in Perth for about 40 years. Yesterday afternoon at a gathering of the employees, a presentation was made to him. Mr F. C. Kingston, one of the four original members of the firm, will succeed to the position of managing director.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46780348 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=17,934 |location=Western Australia |date=1 January 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1943 - D'Oyly Musgrove Retires <blockquote>'''Perth Man's Colourful Career.''' With the recent retirement from active business of Mr. D'O. Musgrove, there ended a colourful business career that had close association with music and the theatre for more than 40 years. For many years a leader in Perth musical circles, he was director of the first "B" class commercial radio station to come on the air in this State. A keen sportsman he took part in the swimming carnival at the opening of the Claremont jetty in 1896 and has since that time been closely associated with the W.A. Amateur Swimming Association of which he was president for many years and is now a patron. LINGUIST His knowledge of languages — he spoke four — brought him into close contact with many famous artists who visited this State. Born in Cumberland 71 years ago, he received a considerable amount of his early education in Holland, France and Germany. He came to Australia in 1893 and settled in Victoria, where he taught music until the banks failed and most people were unable to afford musical tuition for their children. In 1896 he came to this State and worked on the railways until he went to the Boer War with the first West Australian mounted contingent. When he returned to Australia he rejoined the railways and took part in the construction of the Coolgardie Water Scheme. In 1902 he entered the firm of Nicholsons as a clerk and eventually rose to the position of manager. He founded, in conjunction with three other men, the firm of Musgroves Ltd. in 1923. Within seven years he was instrumental in bringing W.A.'s first "B" class commercial station, '''6ML''', on the air. Although he is now enjoying a well-earned rest at his home at Palm Beach Mr Musgrove has retained his seat as chairman of the directorate of Musgroves Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78398469 |title=Perth Man's Colourful Career |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXII, |issue=21,459 |location=Western Australia |date=14 January 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (CITY FINAL) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944/46 Perth Restack <blockquote>'''Preventing Unemployment.''' Sir William Beveridge, recognised British authority on subjects coming within the category of social reconstruction after the war, recently answered in a broadcast a question which is being asked almost universally, "Can unemployment be prevented?" Sir William's broadcast is published in full in this week's issue of "The Broadcaster." In the news pages particulars are given of the new wave-length to which station 6PM will move on Sunday next. Sidelights of troop entertainment on the New Guinea front are given, as well as notes on coming radio programmes from all local broadcasting stations. "The Broadcaster" is on sale at all newsagents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46782764 |title=NEWS AND NOTES. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=17,955 |location=Western Australia |date=26 January 1944 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 02===== =====1944 03===== =====1944 04===== =====1944 05===== =====1944 06===== <blockquote>'''Station 6KY. CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTH.''' From Saturday, July 8, radio 6KY will operate on a new wave length of 1320 kilocycles 227 metres. The change will take place at the commencement of the afternoon programme and will be heard on your radio receiver from that position thereafter. To hear 6KY on its new wave length the position on the dial of your receiver will be that which was vacated by 6PM when moving up to '''6ML's''' old wave length. At 8 o'clock on Saturday evening an official announcement will be made, and the usual 8.15 feature "His Lordship's Memoirs" will be broadcast as usual. At 8.45 a special studio presentation will be broadcast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148424621 |title=Station 6KY |newspaper=[[Westralian Worker]] |issue=1860 |location=Western Australia |date=30 June 1944 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 07===== 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''MR M. D'O MUSGROVE SUDDEN DEATH YESTERDAY. A Varied Career.''' The death occurred suddenly yesterday afternoon of Mr Mandeville D'Oyle Musgrove at his home at Palm Beach, Rockingham. With three others he founded the Perth firm of Musgrove's Ltd, 21 years ago, and only last December retired from the managing-directorship. Traveller, soldier, railwayman, the late Mr Musgrove had a varied career in the 71 years of his life. He was born in the south of England but spent much of his youth on the Continent, was educated mainly in Germany, and for a time lived with his parents in Norway. He came to Australia before this century began and enlisted in the Australian Mounted Infantry to serve in the Boer War. He joined the West Australian railways on his return and held various appointments in that service before he left to join Nicholson's Ltd. From the secretaryship of that company he became general manager, but in 1923 he and three others established the company which bears his name. Keenly interested in aquatic sports, Mr Musgrove was a strong supporter of swimming and his company donated the Musgrove Shield for the annual Swim Through Perth. His own pastimes were chiefly yachting and fishing and he was an accomplished pianist. The late Mr Musgrove's wife died about 10 years ago and for the last two or three years he had been living at Palm Beach. Yesterday, while he was attending to his motor car, he felt unwell and lay down to rest, dying shortly afterwards. He leaves two daughters, Mrs Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley, and Mrs John, of Perenjori.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815419 |title=MR M. D'O MUSGROVE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,096 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' MUSGROVE.— On July 9, 1944, suddenly, at Palm Beach, Rockingham, Mandeville D'Oyly, husband of the late Marjory Jane Musgrove, loving father of Jean (Mrs R. N. Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley Park) and Marjory (Mrs G. G. John, of Perenjori); grandfather of Verity and Alison Ames, Moira, Digby and Griffith John. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove, who died, suddenly July 9, 1944; the sincere friend of Mr and Mrs F. C. Kingston. MUSGROVE.— A sincere tribute of respect to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove. An esteemed friend of long years and happy associations. Mr and Mrs R. D. Scott. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove. A much-respected friend of Mr and Mrs R. Peart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815464 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,097 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1944 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''DEATHS.''' MUSGROVE.— On July 9, 1944, suddenly, at Palm Beach, Rockingham, Mandeville D'Oyly, husband of the late Marjory Jane Musgrove, loving father of Jean (Mrs R. N. Ames, of 24 Holland-street, Wembley Park) and Marjory (Mrs G. G. John, of Perenjori); grandfather of Verity and Alison Ames, Moira, Digby and Griffith John. MUSGROVE.— A tribute of respect to an old friend, M. D'O. Musgrove. Inserted by Mr and Mrs J. Stevenson and Margaret (Wembley). MUSGROVE.— A tribute of respect to Mr M. D'O. Musgrove and the many happy associations of past years. Mr and Mrs C. C. Curtis (Mt Lawley). MUSGROVE.— A sincere tribute of respect to the memory of our chief, M. D'O. Musgrove, who passed away, suddenly, on July 9, 1944. Inserted by the staff of Musgrove's, Limited. MUSGROVE.— A tribute to the memory of M. D'O. Musgrove, a sincere friend of Mr and Mrs W. Hamilton, of Mt Lawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815588 |title=Family Notices |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,098 |location=Western Australia |date=12 July 1944 |accessdate=17 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 1944 - D'Oyly Musgrove Passes <blockquote>'''LATE MR MUSGROVE. Large Attendance at Funeral.''' The funeral of the late Mr Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, late managing director of Musgroves Ltd, Perth, took place yesterday morning at the Karrakatta Crematorium. In the presence of a large gathering of relatives and friends and prominent citizens of Perth, a service was conducted in the Crematorium Chapel by Padre Peirce. Present at this service were a number of prominent freemasons, including the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of WA (Dr J. S. Battye), the late Mr Musgrove having been a Past Deputy-Grand Master and president of the Board of Benevolence. He was a member of the J. D. Stevenson Lodge. The chief mourners were the late Mr Musgrove's two daughters and their husbands. Mr and Mrs G. G. Johns and Mr and Mrs R. N. Ames. The pall-bearers were: Dr J. S. Battye and Messrs J. A. Klein, S. A. Taylor, J. Mattinson, A. E. Jensen, H. B. Jackson, F. C. Kingston. R. D. Scott, H. J. Harler and R. W. Hawley.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44815803 |title=LATE MR MUSGROVE. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=60, |issue=18,099 |location=Western Australia |date=13 July 1944 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1944 08===== =====1944 09===== =====1944 10===== =====1944 11===== =====1944 12===== ====1945==== =====1945 01===== =====1945 02===== =====1945 03===== =====1945 04===== =====1945 05===== =====1945 06===== =====1945 07===== =====1945 08===== =====1945 09===== =====1945 10===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr Robert Peart, who has held the position of secretary of Musgrove's Ltd for the past 19 years, retired last week. Before coming to Perth, Mr Peart was well known on the goldfields. His position has been filled by Mr Charles Codgbrook Curtis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44823428 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=61, |issue=18,480 |location=Western Australia |date=4 October 1945 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1945 11===== =====1945 12===== ====1946==== =====1946 01===== =====1946 02===== =====1946 03===== =====1946 04===== =====1946 05===== <blockquote>'''Send A Voice''' "E.L.," writes: I wish to have a recording made, and would like to know if there is a studio in Perth, which will do this. If so, could you tell me where it is located and the price it is likely to be? STATIONS 6PR (Nicholson's, Barrack Street) and '''6ML''' (Musgrove's, Murray Street) used to make occasional private recordings, for people who supplied their own blank discs, which used to cost about 3/6. War shortages made it impossible to fulfil such private orders, but you might make inquiries to either station now to see if this service will be resumed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78220558 |title=Victim Of A Mean Trick |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,178 |location=Western Australia |date=9 May 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=16 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 06===== <blockquote>'''PETER WILSON'S Personalities.''' THE smooth voice of '''Fred Edwards''' which is heard regularly on the A.B.C. is the result of years of announcing and travel. After graduating as a B.A. at Oxford he toured Europe for four years and went on to America, China and Malaya learning the hotel business in preparation for assisting in the running of his father's chain of hotels. Soon after this he started with the B.B.C. as a specialty announcer conducting interviews, outside broadcasts and sporting commentaries. Then he was given what he describes as the most interesting job of his life. He was appointed by the Ministry of Labour as liaison officer with the hotel industry. In this period he wrote three text books on the hotel trade including "Cocktails," considered the standard work on the subject. In 1935 he came to Western Australia to get married and his first job was to design and open the cocktail bar in the newly-constructed Adelphi Hotel. Leaving the State he became manager of several Eastern States hotels and returned to this State from Hobart in 1938 to become chief announcer at station '''6ML'''. He enlisted in the army at the outbreak of war and became a warrant officer in a special branch of Intelligence. When the war ended he transferred to army broadcasting and was in charge of station 9AO in Borneo. After discharge he took up his present position as general announcer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78255820 |title=PETER WILSON'S Personalities |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,203 |location=Western Australia |date=7 June 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 07===== <blockquote>'''STREET SCENE.''' UP THE MAST to pull it down go two workmen on the roof of W.A. Broadcasters. The mast used to transmit for '''6ML''' until the station closed down for all time on May 30, 1943.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77818387 |title=STREET SCENE |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXIV, |issue=22,232 |location=Western Australia |date=11 July 1946 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=10 (HOME EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1946 08===== =====1946 09===== =====1946 10===== =====1946 11===== =====1946 12===== ====1947==== =====1947 01===== =====1947 02===== =====1947 03===== <blockquote>'''STAGE AND RADIO IDENTITY. Mr. Ned Taylor Dead.''' Mr. Ned Taylor, who made a name for himself on the stage years before he became a personality in radio life in this State died yesterday. As a lad he was associated with the Young Australia League in its early touring days. His earliest stage experience was with the West Australian Society of Concert Artists and one of his first successes was as "Dummy" in "Miss Hook of Holland," produced by the late Mr. Ted Jacoby. Later he toured the United States with a vaudeville show; and on his return to Australia he linked up with the Nellie Bramley company. Attracted by radio work, in 1932 he joined the staff of '''6ML''' and as "The Early Bird" initiated that station's breakfast session — the first of its kind in the State. He resigned in 1942 owing to ill-health. Mr. Taylor's last stage appearance in Perth was in 1940 as Peter Doody in "The Arcadians." Charity benefited substantially from his efforts as an entertainer. He left a widow and one son.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46272882 |title=STAGE AND RADIO IDENTITY. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=18,939 |location=Western Australia |date=27 March 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 (SECOND EDITION.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 04===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr. F. C. Kingston, managing-director of Musgroves Ltd., will leave Fremantle in the liner Orion on Monday on a business trip to England and the United States. He will be accompanied by Mrs. Kingston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46276850 |title=PERSONAL. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=18,955 |location=Western Australia |date=16 April 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''WA Businessmen In Orion For England.''' Several Perth business men with their wives will travel to England in the Orion, which will leave Fremantle on Monday. Several of them plan to continue their business trips to the United States or Canada, returning to Australia from there. . . . Managing director F. C. Kingston of Musgrove's Ltd. will visit many manufacturers in the United Kingdom and Europe, and will return by way of the United States where he will also be looking for new developments. Mrs. Kingston will accompany him. They expect to be away about nine months.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78211613 |title=WA Businessmen In Orion For England |newspaper=[[The Daily News]] |volume=LXV, |issue=22,472 |location=Western Australia |date=19 April 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=9 (FIRST EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 05===== =====1947 06===== =====1947 07===== <blockquote>'''W.A. NEWSPAPERS LTD. RECORD OF 20 YEARS. Report to Shareholders.''' Accompanied by a letter from the chairman of directors (Mr. H. B. Jackson, K.C.) shareholders in West Australian Newspapers Ltd. have received this week a statement concerning the activities of the company from which the following extracts have been taken: In this, the year of the "coming of age" of West Australian Newspapers Limited, it is appropriate that your directors should give a comprehensive account of their stewardship. Twenty-one years ago "The West Australian," then the property of the estate of the late Sir Winthrop Hackett, was purchased by a public company named "West Australian Newspapers Limited." It had a paid up capital of £477,000 made up of £100,000 8 per cent preference shares and 377,000 ordinary £1 shares. In addition there was a debenture to the University for £150,000 bearing interest at 6½ per cent, so that the total working capital of the company was £627,000. The assets purchased included the building now known as West Australian Chambers, a block of land on which the old proprietary proposed to build more adequate premises, and on which Newspaper House has since been erected, and certain plant for the production of the papers. The building was totally inadequate and unsuited for the production of modern newspapers and much of the plant out of date. The actual value of the buildings, land and plant taken over was about £300,000 less than the purchase price, and this had to be regarded as the amount paid for goodwill. At the end of 21 years the company has built up reserves practically equivalent to the goodwill. Out of these reserves, and without further calls on the shareholders, the company now stands possessed of a newspaper building efficiently planned and with the most modern equipment that can be obtained. It has a substantial interest in the Australian Newsprint Mills, now producing newsprint in Tasmania. It owns half the capital of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., one of the most successful radio companies in Western Australia. It has the most modern newsprint store in Australia. The company still owns West Australian Chambers. The value of this land has increased tremendously, an increase the extent of which cannot be gauged until the market for property is again free. Generally, the company is now solidly established, and able to stand four-square against any threat short of national disaster. Your directors have always realised that it is their first duty to preserve the assets of the shareholders in the company, and on the score of the physical assets as set out above they are satisfied that this has not been neglected. In the case of a newspaper the most precious asset is the integrity and standing in the community of the publications issued. Your directors feel that today "The West Australian" and its associates stand high in public esteem. '''Dividends.''' There has been no difficulty in paying the 8 per cent dividend on the preference shares. In the 20 years to date the average dividend, with bonuses, paid on the ordinary capital of the company has been 9.3 per cent. In this connection it must be borne in mind that in 1936 when, to redeem the debenture to the University, ordinary shareholders were given the opportunity of purchasing two ordinary shares at par for each five ordinary shares held, the Stock Exchange quotation for the "rights" to these shares was £1/6/. Quite a number of shareholders availed themselves of the opportunity to sell these "rights" and thus received a tax-free dividend of 52 per cent on their shareholding. Those who did not sell were able to acquire shares valued at £2/6/ for £1 for forty per cent of their holding, and this value has been maintained, because ordinary shares are now quoted at round about 48/. It must be remembered that in the twenty years covered by this dividend the company has had to meet the tremendous depression in 1930 and 1931, one of W.A.'s worst droughts 1932-34, and the effect of six years of total war. The fact that the average return to ordinary shareholders has been 9.3 per cent over the whole period should be a matter of satisfaction to the shareholders. '''Wartime Taxation.''' In common with every taxpayer in Australia, the company has felt the effect of wartime taxes. For the six years before the war and ended June 30, 1939, the company's gross profit was £575,415. Of this amount taxes absorbed £101,109, equivalent to 19.6 per cent. For the six war years ended June 30, 1946, the total profit of the company was £594,533. Taxes on this amounted to £267,710, equivalent to 45 per cent, In the last six years, out of every £100 of profit earned only £55 was left in the hands of the company. '''Control of Prices.''' No increase in sales prices or advertising rates can be made without the approval of the Commissioner of Prices. Such approval will only be given after the strictest scrutiny of the figures presented, and on definite proof that on our capital the new prices will not yield more gross profit per cent than was the case in 1939. The Commissioner of Prices will not permit prices being increased to offset any portion of the increased taxation paid by the company, and thus give shareholders the same net return as before the war. A company is only permitted to earn the same ratio of gross profit as before the war. The extra taxation is regarded by the Federal authorities as the contribution which the company and the shareholders must make towards the service of the war debt and the Government Social Legislation. There is no appeal against any decision of the Commissioner of Prices. '''Dividend Policy.''' As stated by the chairman, the directors have sought to stabilise the ordinary dividend at 8 per cent. The reason is that so many of our shareholders rely on the dividends, and an assured income from their investments is not only advisable but necessary. It has never been suggested, nor was it ever intended, that the dividend of 8 per cent would be a maximum. If, as is shown by the experience over the last fifteen years of the company, it is possible to pay more than 8 per cent to ordinary shareholders in any one year this is done by means of a bonus, as was done in 1928 and 1929. Shareholders may rest assured that while the directors will endeavour to pay a minimum of 8 per cent, such extra dividends by way of bonuses will be given as circumstances permit from year to year. '''Circulation.''' The publications issued by the company have grown steadily in public favour. In 1926 the circulation of "The West Australian" was 64,300. It is now 101,577 and increasing steadily. In 1929 the circulation of "The Western Mail" was 13,200. It is now 32,940. In April, 1934, "The Broadcaster," a weekly radio journal, was started. It now has a circulation of 46,027. It is a paradox of newspaper finance that the immediate effect of an increase in circulation is a decrease in profits, particularly so with newsprint at anything like the present price. Newspapers are almost invariably sold at less than the cost of production, this loss of course being met by advertising. Increased circulation is sought, and is valuable, because it increases the rates which can be claimed for advertising, but necessarily there is a lag before the increased advertising rates overtake the increased production losses. Newsprint. Twenty-seven per cent of our annual expenditure is in the purchase of newsprint. The newsprint position at the moment is particularly difficult and obscure. The war has effectively blocked our obtaining supplies from Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries and we must rely entirely, with the exception of newsprint from Tasmania, on newsprint from Canada. The Canadian suppliers are, to a large extent, overshadowed by their biggest users, the United States of America. It is a tribute to their loyalty to this part of the Empire that during the war we have been able to get the supplies we have. In 1929 the price of Canadian newsprint was £18 per ton — in 1946 £41 per ton. As from July 1 this year there is every indication that the price will be nearer £45 per ton. When it is considered that our annual consumption of newsprint is between five and six thousand tons an immediate increase of £4 per ton has the most disturbing effect on newspaper economy. In this regard it must not be overlooked that approximately one-quarter of our supplies can be obtained from Tasmania. It is intended to develop the Tasmanian mills by the addition of extra equipment, but that must necessarily be some years ahead, and in any event there is no prospect of meeting the whole of the Australian requirements in newsprint. '''Newspaper House.''' The company now conducts its operations in a building specially designed for its peculiar needs. As already indicated, the late Sir Winthrop Hackett had already purchased the site known as Shenton House for the purpose of new offices, and this land was one of the assets acquired by the company. After most careful planning, including a visit abroad by the company's architect, Sir Talbot Hobbs, building operations on the new site were started in 1931 and opened for the company's business in 1933. At the same time the opportunity was taken to acquire new plant to meet the company's expanding requirements. It can safely be said that in Newspaper House the company has a building and equipment specially designed for its needs and one of the most up-to-date plants in the Commonwealth. The portion of the land fronting St. George's-terrace was used for the erection of offices for letting purposes and on these a satisfactory return is being received. By setting its premises back from the Terrace frontage and erecting the front office buildings for letting purposes the directors achieved the purpose they had in mind — a St. George's-terrace entrance for its own business and the full rental value of the buildings on the frontage itself. In passing it may be mentioned that the stand-by electrical sets installed in this building have enabled our publications to be produced irrespective of the frequent breakdowns in the electrical supplies in Perth, and on quite a number of occasions we have been able to meet the publishing needs of other papers in these circumstances. '''Staff.''' Naturally since the company took over in 1926 the staff employed has increased considerably. Modem developments in newspaper technique, including the provision of pictures, the successful inauguration of "The Broadcaster," the provision of the first edition of "The West Australian" which is now delivered in places like Pemberton and Margaret River, before breakfast, the implementation of the 5-day week and four weeks' annual leave for the mechanical and reporting staffs have all meant a substantial increase in the number of staff employed in the operations of the company. The basic wage on which all the wages paid are calculated has increased from £4/7/ in 1929 to £5/1/1 in 1946. It is now £5/7/10. For every pound of revenue earned our wage bill has increased by only 15 per cent, notwithstanding that the basic wage, which which is the dominant factor in all our wages, has increased by 16 per cent in the same period. During the war years 50 per cent of our staff enlisted in the war services and your directors are happy to state that all the service men and women who returned have been successfully reabsorbed in the industry. It is interesting to note that in the 21 years since the company started operations only 11 issues of "The West Australian" were affected or lost through strikes. It is a tribute to the loyalty of the staffs that during the whole of the war years operations were carried on under an industrial award made in 1936. There were no industrial troubles whatever during that most worrying period. '''War Emergency Plant.''' When the threat of bombardment from the air was imminent it was necessary for your directors to make some arrangement for the production of our publications in the event of our premises being bombed. A building was purchased in Maylands to house an emergency plant away from the city. To this building was transferred enough plant to permit of the production of an 8-page paper at an hour's notice. Fortunately, it was not necessary. The building has since been sold at practically what it cost. The only cost to the company of this most necessary safeguard has been that of transferring and installing the necessary plant and its later return to this office — and most of this expenditure was allowed as an income tax deduction as air-raid precautions. '''W.A. Broadcasters Ltd.''' In 1933 your directors joined with Musgroves Ltd. as equal partners in the flotation of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. which took over the broadcasting station then operated by Musgroves Ltd. and known as '''6ML''' and the licence given to your company for a new station to be known as 6IX. The capital of the company was £12,000 but this was later increased to £18,000 by the capitalisation of profits. In the war period it was found advisable to abandon the licence for station '''6ML''' in favour of a licence in the country. Experience has shown that the concentration of the efforts of the staff of the company in one city station and two country stations has been justified by the results. W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. is possibly one of the most successful broadcasting stations in Western Australia and after the initial years the financial return to this Company has always been satisfactory. '''Australian Newsprint Mills.''' For many years the "Melbourne Herald" and the "Sydney Morning Herald" had been working together in investigating the possibility of producing newsprint from Australian hardwoods. Quite a substantial amount of money had been spent by these concerns in early experiments until it was proved that the production of newsprint from those timbers was possible. The question of forming a company to take over the production of this newsprint was brought before the newspaper proprietors of Australia and as a result a company known as Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd. was formed in 1938 to erect and operate a newsprint mill at Boyer in Tasmania. The capital contributed by this company to this venture was £43,840. The mill has been in satisfactory production since before the war. As a shareholder, and only as a shareholder, we were entitled to our proportion of the newsprint produced and it is due to these supplies that "The West Australian" was able to carry on adequately during the war years. Had it not been for the stocks we held at the beginning of the war and the supplies we received during the war from Tasmania our company would have been in most serious difficulties. Steps are now being taken to provide the finance for Australian Newsprint Mills Pty. Ltd for a practical duplication of the present plant. In passing it may be of interest to note that every major newspaper in Australia is now under contract to take its proportion of paper produced in Tasmania for the next 10 years. '''Newspaper Store.''' The question of the storage of newsprint has always been one which has given your directors food for thought. Newsprint must be carefully handled and stored if it is not to be damaged and its very bulk makes it a commodity that requires special treatment. After careful investigation your directors authorised the construction of a special store at Fremantle to carry 5,000 tons of newsprint. Land, building and equipment cost £18,596. Fortunately the store was completed in time to take care of a large shipment of newsprint received from Canada just after the outbreak of war. It is designed specially for the handling and care of newsprint at minimum cost. Newsprint can be landed from ship slings into lorries and taken direct to the store thus saving certain wharf and harbour charges. Savings in handling and storage as compared with previous costs have already more than repaid the whole cost of the building itself. '''Travelling.''' The advent of the war, the establishment of price control, the formation and operations of the newsprint pool, which controlled during the war and still controls all newsprint supplies to Australia and industrial matters regarding the journalists whose work is governed by a Federal award, have necessitated frequent visits by the executive officers of the company to Melbourne and Sydney. In 1943, in the closing years of the war, the Managing Editor was invited to visit Great Britain as one of four guests of the British Government to inspect and interpret to Australian readers the development and extent of the British war effort and to discuss matters with high British officials. This invitation was accepted with considerable benefit to the company. '''To Sum Up.''' When West Australian Newspapers Ltd. was formed the circulation of "The West Australian" was 64,300; it is now 101,577. "The Western Mail" circulation was 13,200; it is now 32,940. In 1934 'The Broadcaster" was established and in its first year its circulation was 9,150; it is now 46,027. These results could not have been achieved by a parsimonious and shortsighted policy. That the direct financial gains from these increased circulations have been largely discounted by the almost trebling of the cost of newsprint could not have been foreseen, but it may reasonably be hoped that the present exorbitant price will not be permanent. Methods of newspaper production are constantly improving, and it is essential to keep abreast of the latest developments. Your directors have not hesitated to sanction the necessary expenditure to ensure this. No newspaper enterprise in Australia of equal importance is more economically conducted, and it is for our readers to judge whether our publications will not bear comparison with the best. Your directors are not unmindful of the fact that a responsible newspaper has a duty to the community it serves as well as to its shareholders. In the long run these two interests are identical, for if a newspaper loses the confidence of its clientele in the quality of its service, the result must inevitably be reflected in its financial standing and open the field to competition. Your directors claim that the course they have consistently followed has resulted in building up a property so soundly based as to be in a position to meet successfully any possible competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46324803 |title=W.A. NEWSPAPERS LTD. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=63, |issue=19,028 |location=Western Australia |date=10 July 1947 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=20 (SECOND EDITION.) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1947 08===== =====1947 09===== =====1947 10===== =====1947 11===== =====1947 12===== ====1948==== =====1948 01===== =====1948 02===== =====1948 03===== =====1948 04===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . Mr. R. D. Scott, a director of Musgrove's Ltd., accompanied by Mrs. Scott, will leave tonight by plane on a visit to Melbourne, Sydney and Hobart.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46901455 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,258 |location=Western Australia |date=6 April 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1948 05===== =====1948 06===== =====1948 07===== =====1948 08===== =====1948 09===== <blockquote>'''Record Profits For WA Companies''' While Chamber of Manufacturers' President J. F. Ledger moans about "the excessive use of controls and the unsympathetic attitude of the Government generally towards efforts to return to some semblance of prewar freedom of individual rights," companies are making record profits out of rising prices. Profits 1947 1948 Increases; Nicholson's Ltd. £14506 £17318 Up £2812; '''Musgroves Ltd.''' ? £13728 More than double; WA Woollen Mills £9489 £19885 More than double; Hadfields (WA) £6166 £7581 Up £1415; Hilton Hosiery £19145 £25272 33% increase; Sutex ? £39235 More than double; Hume Pipe ? £77079 Nearly double. "Liberal" Party secretary Paton is a director of Nicholson's Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article240647104 |title=Record Profits For WA Companies |newspaper=[[The Workers Star]] |volume= , |issue=262 |location=Western Australia |date=17 September 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1948 10===== =====1948 11===== =====1948 12===== <blockquote>'''ANNIVERSARY OF MUSIC HOUSE. Musgrove's Ltd. Celebrates.''' Musgrove's Ltd. was launched in November, 1923, with a capital of £25,000, the founders being Messrs. Mandeville D'Oyley Musgrove, Arthur Thomas Gray, Robert Douglas Scott and Frederick Charles Kingston, all of whom, with Mr. H. B. Jackson (representing the shareholders) made up the first board of directors. The capital was later increased to £100,000, of which £75,000 has been called up. To celebrate the 25th birthday of the company a luncheon was held at the Palace Hotel, the two surviving founders Messrs. Scott and Kingston being present, with Mr. Jackson presiding. In the course of reminiscent speeches it was mentioned that the late Mr. Musgrove had proved himself such a master demonstrator of the pianola when it was first introduced that he could cut out the mechanical controls and continue playing by hand without his audience being aware of the change. Mr. Bryn Samuel (manager of 6IX) agreed and said that he often sang while Mr. Musgrove operated the pianola and even he could not detect whether the music was mechanical or manual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47630675 |title=ANNIVERSARY OF MUSIC HOUSE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,470 |location=Western Australia |date=9 December 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=26 (3rd EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''BIG CITY SALE. About £90,000 Paid For Lyric House.''' Lyric House, in central Murray-street, occupied under lease by Musgrove's Ltd. and W.A. Broadcasters, has been sold to an undisclosed buyer at a price within the vicinity of £90,000 by Mr. P. C. Kerr, estate agent and valuer, of St. George's-terrace. Mrs. T. J. O'Connor and others were the vendors. The current occupiers of the premises' will continue their tenancy. The sale was made on a "free" basis, as price control regulations do not now apply to business premises. The site has a frontage of 49ft. 8in. to Murray-street and a depth of 185ft. There is a 9ft. 6in. right-of-way on the eastern side, with the right to build over it. The premises consist of a substantial brick building with basement, ground floor, mezzanine floor and first and second floors. The building faces Forrest-place and the Commonwealth Bank.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47632218 |title=BIG CITY SALE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=64, |issue=19,476 |location=Western Australia |date=16 December 1948 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 (2nd EDITION) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1949==== =====1949 01===== =====1949 02===== =====1949 03===== =====1949 04===== =====1949 05===== =====1949 06===== =====1949 07===== =====1949 08===== =====1949 09===== =====1949 10===== =====1949 11===== =====1949 12===== ===1950s=== ====1950==== =====1950 01===== =====1950 02===== =====1950 03===== =====1950 04===== =====1950 05===== =====1950 06===== =====1950 07===== =====1950 08===== =====1950 09===== <blockquote>'''Investments Reviewed.''' . . . PERTH'S 2 large music houses, '''Musgroves''' and Nicholsons, had an excellent year, the former paying a 10 p.c. dividend (requiring £7000) out of the net profit of £20,284 derived from a record year's trading. Nicholsons made net profit of £25,548, of which £16,200 will be paid to shareholders in dividend and bonus totalling 15 p.c., while general reserves are raised by a further £9000 to £42,322.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59522499 |title=Investments Revie wed W.A. SELFRIDGE UP 10 COLES' OFFER |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=2742 |location=Western Australia |date=17 September 1950 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=26 (Sporting Section) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1950 10===== =====1950 11===== =====1950 12===== ====1951==== =====1951 01===== =====1951 02===== =====1951 03===== =====1951 04===== =====1951 05===== =====1951 06===== =====1951 07===== =====1951 08===== =====1951 09===== =====1951 10===== <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' Mr. R. D. Scott, director of Musgrove's Ltd., returned in the liner Dominion Monarch on Tuesday after a trip to England and the Continent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48995327 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=67, |issue=20,358 |location=Western Australia |date=18 October 1951 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1951 11===== =====1951 12===== ====1952==== =====1952 01===== =====1952 02===== =====1952 03===== =====1952 04===== =====1952 05===== =====1952 06===== =====1952 07===== =====1952 08===== <blockquote>'''Mr. H. B. Jackson Dies At 75.''' Mr. Horace Benson Jackson, Q.C,. who had been in ill-health for some time, died about midnight last night in a private hospital in Subiaco. The late Mr. Jackson was an outstanding figure in the legal and business worlds of this State for over 40 years. He was responsible for the establishment of many new enterprises in Western Australia. He was a director and chairman of many leading local companies. For more than 25 years, he was chairman of directors of West Australian Newspapers Ltd., having been actively associated with the formation of the company at the time it acquired the Hackett interests. He retired at the end of June, 1952, through ill-health. '''New Colliery.''' Towards the end of his career he was largely responsible for the opening-up of a new coal-mine at Collie and the formation of Western Collieries Ltd. The launching of this new eniterprise at a time when it was difficult to obtain both finance and new plant imposed a serious strain upon Mr. Jackson. Before ill-health restricted his activities, he had the satisfaction of seeing the mine in production. The wide field of his interests is shown by the companies with which he was connected. He had been chairman of H. L. Brisbane and Wunderlich Ltd., W.A. Broadcasters, Mungedar Pastoral Co., Beam Transport, Musgroves Ltd. and Swan River Shipping. For many years he was chairman of the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society and the Atlas Assurance Co., and a director of the Midland Railway Co. and numerous other companies in this State. '''Law Degree.''' Mr. Jackson was born on July 23, 1877, at St. Peters, South Australia, and was educated at a State school. He obtained his law degree as the result of part time study at night school. In 1896 he joined in the gold rush to Coolgardie and he never lost his affection for the goldfields. In this State he worked as a law clerk and contributed articles and stories to the local Press. In July, 1912, he was admitted to the Bar, commencing an outstanding career in the industrial field. He became a King's Counsel in 1930, the same year in which he represented this State at the Empire Press Conference in London. His private interests were no less varied than his public ones. He took a keen interest in and was a generous supporter of the arts, a man of wide literary knowledge, a great book collector. He was also prominent in Freemasonry and a Past Master of the United Press Lodge. '''Accident.''' As the result of an accident he was debarred in later years from taking an active part in sport, but was a keen supporter of golf (Start Photo Caption) The late Mr. H. B. JACKSON. (End Photo Caption) and cricket. For some years he was vice-president of the West Australian Cricket Association. He was interested in the turf and was a member of the West Australian Turf Club. His wife predeceased him some years ago. He leaves two married daughters, Mrs. John Poynton, of Adelaide, and Mrs. W. C. Fawcett, of Claremont. Of his two brothers who survive him, Mr. L. S. Jackson was a former Federal Commissioner of Taxation, and Mr. Stewart Jackson was for many years advertising manager of The West Australian. His nephew, Mr. Justice Jackson, is President of the State Arbitration Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49049945 |title=Mr. H. B. Jackson Dies At 75 |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,628 |location=Western Australia |date=30 August 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 09===== =====1952 10===== <blockquote>'''CROWD LOOKS UP TO SEE FIREMEN BREAK A WINDOW.''' Within minutes of firemen arriving to fight the blaze in Musgrove's Ltd. yesterday, a crowd of city workers gathered among the network of hoses, intent on missing none of the excitement. Some are shown watching firemen (indicated by arrows) breaking a window in the building to take a hose inside. Inset: Miss Meta Pickering, who escaped after having been trapped in a lift during the fire.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49056905 |title=CROWD LOOKS UP TO SEE FIREMEN BREAK A WINDOW |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,660 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''DIVIDENDS.''' . . . Musgroves Ltd., yearly 2/ plus bonus 1/ (total 15 p.c., unchanged), payable Jan. 15, 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49057015 |title=DIVIDENDS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,660 |location=Western Australia |date=7 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Boy Sent For Trial.''' On a charge of having wilfully and unlawfully set fire to Musgroves Ltd., Perth, on October 6, a 14-year-old boy was yesterday committed for trial at the Supreme Court by the Perth Children's Court Magistrate (Mr. E. B. Arney, S.M.). The boy was arrested the day after the fire by Det. Sgt. A. L. Webb and Det. P. M. White.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49058775 |title=Boy Sent For Trial |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=68, |issue=20,669 |location=Western Australia |date=17 October 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 11===== 6BY <blockquote>'''New Radio Station At Bridgetown.''' On an elevation of approximately 950ft. above sea level, the highest commercial station mast in Western Australia is in the course of erection now. The new station is to operate from a centrally-situated point in the South-West, a few miles south from Bridgetown. It will be 6BY, and is being erected by W.A. Broad-casters Pty. Ltd. Realising the difficulties associated with radio reception in many parts of the South-West, considerable care was taken with the selection of the site. Expert engineers of both W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. and Amalgamated Wireless covered hundreds of miles with field testing instruments before deciding upon the site. Known as a sectionalised half-wave mast (acting as an aerial), its 456ft. height should assist in getting out over the heavily timbered and undulating terrains so prominent throughout the South-West. 6BY's 2,000-watt transmitter, also now in the course of installation, is the most modern design produced by Amalgamated Wireless of Australia. The buildings completed include the transmitter room and the senior technician's residence. Provision has been made for the accommodation of three technicians and their families and it is hoped that early in the new year 6BY will be broadcasting. The wave length of the new station will be 333 metres (900 kc. frequency) and a landline will connect its own studio and control room with the parent station, 6IX, Perth. W.A. Broadcasters have been operating the well-known setup of 6IX Perth, 6WB Katanning, and 6MD Merredin, for some years. Residents throughout the South-West are looking forward to the opening of 6BY.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article253254719 |title=New Radio Station At Bridgetown |newspaper=[[South Western Times]] |volume=XXII, |issue=48 |location=Western Australia |date=13 November 1952 |accessdate=31 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1952 12===== <blockquote>'''JUDGE'S MOVING APPEAL TO BOY HE WAS COMPELLED TO GAOL.''' In one of the most human and moving addresses ever heard in the Perth Criminal Court, Mr. Justice Walker this week appealed to a 14-year-old to grow into a decent young man for the sake of his mother. The boy was Brian Edward Prosser, of Fairlight-st, Mosman Park, who was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment for setting fire to the Perth shop of Musgrove's Ltd. on Oct. 6, causing damage estimated at £23,000. Mr. Justice Walker dispensed with the stern legal approach normally found in the Criminal Court and spoke to the boy kindly and with sympathy. However, he emphasised the seriousness of the crime and told the boy it was one for which he could be kept in prison for the rest of his life. Calling him by his Christian name, His Honor reminded Prosser of his boundless and devoted love and affection for his mother which had been evident all through his life, and told him of her struggles to bring him up a good and fine lad. Mr. Justice Walker had in mind the boy's home life and environment which had been the basis of the jury's strong recommendation to mercy. At his trial evidence had shown that for 5 years his parents had been living apart. It was claimed that the husband had not supported his wife and his 2 children and was addicted to drinking methylated spirits. '''Was Unstable.''' His Honor said that during the boy's early life, however, every effort had been made to help him but he had been unstable and insensible to discipline. He had run away from school a number of times and later had absconded from an institution so that he could be near his mother. "All the trouble you have been has caused her a lot of anxiety, worry and grief, and you're to blame," Mr. Justice Walker told the boy. "You have a great affection for your mother. It is always to her that you go when you are in trouble." Since Prosser's latest offence his mother has suffered a breakdown in health and has been receiving medical attention. During the whole of Mr. Justice Walker's talk to the boy, which lasted some 20 minutes, Prosser remained completely motionless with his eyes fixed steadily on His Honor's face. He listened to every word with the utmost attention and appeared to appreciate and understand all that was said. He showed no emotion until he was asked to stand down and then he sobbed quietly at the back of the court while plans were made as to what should be done with him. Mr. Justice Walker said Prosser's case presented a problem difficult for him, and in fact for any judge of the Court, to deal with and to solve. He deplored the fact that there was no place or institution in WA to deal with cases of this kind. "I cannot let you go free," he said, "the offence is too serious for that. I have to try and impress upon you that you have got to behave yourself. There is one way I may be able to appeal to you." He reminded the boy that because he was dismissed from his employment at Musgrove's he told police that he planned and considered what he could do to get his revenge. "This showed," said His Honor, "that you had enough intelligence to do a little bit of thinking about what to do and what not to do. "Before doing anything, think of your mother. Don't do anything that may make her ill. Behave yourself, don't run away and do as you're told and arrangements might be made for your mother to visit you. "If you behave, it will mean relief from anxiety and grief for your mother." Sentencing Prosser to 2 years' imprisonment Mr. Justice Walker said it would be cumulative on 2 years' detention ordered by the Children's Court. If the boy behaves himself during the 2 years at an institution the 2-year gaol sentence may be cancelled by the Governor-in-Council. When the case concluded Det.-Sgt. A. Wedd who was in charge of the case, sat with the boy in the back of the Court and repeated to him much of what the judge had said. He said Prosser appreciated and understood all that had been told him. And so the 14-y-o lad faces what will be the most difficult years of his life and what could possibly be the turning point for his whole future. If he accepts the advice given him by Mr. Justice Walker and is able to carry it out, Prosser could grow up into a worthy man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75735087 |title=JUDGE'S MOVING APPEAL TO BOY HE WAS COMPELLED TO GAOL |newspaper=[[Mirror]] |volume=29, |issue=1647 |location=Western Australia |date=20 December 1952 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1953==== =====1953 01===== 6BY <blockquote>'''AT CONTROLS.''' (Start Photo Caption) Watching the chief engineer of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Mr. H. T. Simmons) at the control panel of station 6BY at Yornup, a few miles south of Bridgetown, company officials end an inspection of the State's latest broadcasting station. They are, from left, the chairman of directors (Sir Ross McDonald), the manager (Mr. Bryn Samuel) and a director (Mr. F. C. Kingston). (End Photo Caption) '''STATE NOW HAS 20 RADIO STATIONS.''' The State's 20th broadcasting station — 6BY, Bridgetown — was officially opened on Saturday night at the Bridgetown Town Hall by the chairman of directors of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Sir Ross McDonald). Preliminary reports over a wide area indicate that the station is sending out a strong signal in a district which has been the despair of engineers. Operating on a wavelength of 333 metres with a frequency of 900 kc., 6BY is located on the radio dial between 6NA and 6PR. Local artists combined with a band and artists from Perth to provide the first programme. In his opening broadcast Sir Ross McDonald said that the first station in the company's network, which now consisted of 6IX, 6WB, 6MD and 6BY, was '''6ML'''. When this station came on the air in 1930 there were only 4,000 listeners in this State. This number had since expanded to 143,000. Station 6IX had absorbed '''6ML'''. When W.A. Broadcasters applied for 6WB at Katanning and 6MD at Merredin the company had been offered a power of 50 watts by day and 25 by night. Now the network's country regionals were operating with 2,000 watts and it was hoped that 6IX would be stepped up to this power shortly. '''Entertainment.''' Most of the programmes broadcast by 6IX would be relayed by 6BY. These would include three shows conducted by Mr. Jack Davey, "The Quiz Kids" and radio plays — some with Hollywood actors and actresses. Some people thought that commercial stations received part of the licence fee paid by listeners. Commercial stations did not receive any Government aid or subsidy and they paid in full for all aid received from Government departments. The station was welcomed by the Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. C. G. Friend) and the vice-chairman of the Bridgetown Road Board (Mr. S. V. Wheatley). Telegrams of congratulations were received from the Postmaster-General (Mr. Anthony) and the chairman of the Australian Broadcasting Control Board (Mr. R. G. Osborne).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49076538 |title=AT CONTROLS |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,754 |location=Western Australia |date=26 January 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 6BY <blockquote>'''SIR ROSS McDONALD DECLARES 6BY OPEN.''' A packed town hall last Saturday night in Bridgetown saw the chairman of W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd. (Sir Ross McDonald) move to the microphone and officially declare open the new radio station, 6BY Bridgetown. After hearing well-known State and South-West figures speak in praise of the company's speed in establishing the new station, the audience settled down to watch and hear the first programme to come over the new station. Highlights of the evening for Bridgetown people were a quiz, and performances by talented local artists. A speech of praise for the district's progress was made by the vice-chairman of Bridgetown Road Board (Mr. S. V. Wheatley) on his board's behalf. He recalled that the late Sir James Mitchell — "that dear old gentleman" — had always talked about the need to populate the South-West. Now, after the extension of the power lines, and with the prospect of the industry that it would bring, came this radio station. With this and the prospect of bigger and better waters supplies people would be encouraged to come to the country districts, he said. He continued with an outline of Bridgetown's assets for sport; an 18-hole golf course, a new sports ground, and bowling greens "equal to anything in the State." By way of illustration of the rapid development of the district Mr. Wheatley told a story of how his grandfather, who had lived near Manjimup, on one trip back from Bunbury many years ago (when that was the nearest town) had to swim the Blackwod River. To save his clothes from getting wet he removed them and tied them to his horse. In the crossing the horse got into difficulties, was swept away and drowned, and the clothes were lost. The rider had to walk to the nearest homestead for further vestments — the nearest home was at Wilgarrup in those days. Mr. Wheatley concluded his address by wishing success to W.A. Broadcasters in their new venture. The evening's second speaker was the Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. C. G. Friend), who commented favourably on the promptness with which the company had set about building the station once the permit to operate was issued. Mr. Friend said that in the past six years the number of sets licensed in Australia had jumped from 1,530,000 to 2,000,000. '''20 Stations In W.A.''' Of 150 radio stations in the Commonwealth, he said, W.A. possessed 20. The new station, 6BY, he said he felt would eliminate a lot of interference, but he issued a warning to listeners that they should guard against undue interference and report it in the manner prescribed by the department, then if interference was traced to unsuppressed appliances suppressors could be supplied and fitted by the department. A tribute to the enterprise of the manager of the broadcasting company was paid by Sir Ross McDonald in his opening address. Stations like 6BY did not make themselves, said Sir Ross, and Mr. Samuel had been entrusted with the task of setting it up. The technical efficiency of the new station, and the area of operation had come up to the highest expectations, he went on. In an outline of the progress made by W.A. Broadcasters Pty. Ltd., Sir Ross said that it was in 1930 that the first broadcasting station in the State ('''6ML''') was set up by the firm of Musgroves. In those days there were only 4000 listeners licences in W:A. against about 145,000 today, he said. Then in 1933 the company was formed, took over '''6ML''' and set up station 6IX. In 1936 another station was established at Katanning — 6WB — and in 1941 a further link was forged in the chain and 6MD was opened at Merredin. Sir Ross was keen to deny the rumour that private broadcasting companies took a cut out of radio receiver licences. They did not, he said, and if a company obtained technical help from the Government it paid for the service. No station received any subsidy, he added. With a final word of acknowledgement to the local men who had helped the company with advice Sir Ross officially declared 6BY, Bridgetown, open for broadcasting, dedicated to the service of the district and the State. '''Local Artists Heard.''' The programme which followed the speech making was interspersed with performances by local artists. First to perform was a well-known local violinist, Mr. Tom Speer, who played "The Swan." Then followed an accordionist (Mr. N. Goddard), a "hillbilly" (Miss Vera Machin), who accompanied herself on the guitar and sang "There's a Cabin in the Hills of Old Wyoming." Mrs. I. Tomelty and Mrs. S. Chevis gave piano solos, and vocal numbers were provided by Mrs. J. Hamilton and Miss Maureen Felstead who was described by compere Monty Menhennet as "quite a find." After the broadcast the hall was cleared of seats and there was music for dancing until midnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article210271457 |title=SIR ROSS McDONALD DECLARES 6BY OPEN |newspaper=[[The Blackwood Times]] |volume=XLIV, |issue=38 |location=Western Australia |date=30 January 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1953 02===== =====1953 03===== =====1953 04===== =====1953 05===== =====1953 06===== =====1953 07===== =====1953 08===== =====1953 09===== =====1953 10===== <blockquote>'''LOCAL COMPANIES HAVE MADE PROGRESS WITH THE STATE.''' . . . Musgroves Ltd. was established in 1923 with a small staff of eight. In 1924, the company moved into its present premises in Murray-street. In March, 1930, the company established and opened '''6ML''', the first commercial broadcasting station in Western Australia. Profits between 1945 and 1952, after tax, have grown from £4,588 to £31,240.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52935373 |title=LOCAL COMPANIES HAVE MADE PROGRESS WITH THE STATE |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,982 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=36 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''Radio Services Provide A Wide Cover In This State.''' Although most young people cannot imagine what life was without radio, it is well to remember that official broadcasting in Western Australia will not celebrate its 30th anniversary until next year. Present plans for new stations and the resulting effect of the trade could easily mean that the occasion will find the radio industry experiencing a record turnover. The story of broadcasting over the past 30 years has been one of amazing progress, so much so that today 19 out of every 20 homes have a radio set. Sets When the chief breadwinner's pay envelope is above average there might be a mantel as well as a console set in the house. The smaller receiver is taken from room to room by the industrious housewife as she carries out the daily chores with a light heart because she is simultaneously listening to her favourite serial. Broadcasting officially began in W.A. when 6WF was opened on June 4, 1924. The station was owned and operated from its premises in Wellington-street, city, by Westralian Farmers Ltd. Licence Fee Then the licence fee was £4/14/ a year (against today's fee of £2). Sets in those days were fixed to receive on one or two wavelengths and the listener's annual fee was adjusted accordingly. In this State there was only one station and set owners had to pay annually what the owners asked — £4/4/ — plus 10/ to the Postmaster-General's Department, which was the supervising authority. The sealed set was soon found to be impractical and was abolished. Meanwhile broadcasting programmes were steadily growing in popularity. In 1926 it was proudly announced that there were 4,000 licensed W.A. listeners — and somewhat reluctantly admitted that there were many more who could merely be classed as listeners. Westralian Farmers Ltd. relinquished control of 6WF in 1929 and, after a caretaker period in the hands of the Australian Broadcasting Company, the station was passed over to the Australian Broadcasting Commission on its inauguration three years later. State broadcasting gained considerable stimulus by the opening of the first commercial station, as we know them today — '''6ML'''. The call sign was taken from the initial letters of the owners, Musgrove's Ltd. '''Audience.''' While controlled by this firm and later under the management of W.A. Broadcasters Ltd., '''6ML''' gained an extremely active audi'-ence and its Cheerio Club members turned up in hundreds to hikes, zoo picnics and other social functions. Station '''6ML''' volunteered its broadcasting licence to the P.M.G. Department when most of the staff left to join the armed forces during World War II. However, in its brief history it had done much to increase the number of receiver licences. On June 30, 1936, there were 50,000 licensed listeners here and the 100,000 goal was reached in March, 1946. At the end of June this year there were 145,141 licensed listeners. This represented 23.62 licences to each 100 of population. This State is only second to South Australia (27.64) where the population is much more closely grouped. A big variety of radio programmes is thrust into the W.A. ether by a battery of A.B.C. and commercial radio stations. They are: ABC: VLW, VLX (short-wave), 6WF, 6WN, 6WA, 6GF, 6GN. Commercial: W.A. Broadcasters Ltd. (6IX-WB-MD-BY), Whitford network (6PM-AM-KG-GE), Nicholson's Ltd. (6PR-TZ-CI), Australian Workers' Union (6KY-NA). Future Plans Future plans include two small national stations at Northam and Albany and when the Federal Government can afford a big sum of money for the purpose it will step up the power of 6WA, Wagin, and 6WF, Wanneroo, to 50kw. each. This increase in power should ensure that both stations cover the southern half of the State. Authorities are most reluctant to estimate the cost of this project beyond saying vaguely "many thousands of pounds." Broadcasting and radio industry executives are now hopeful that the easing of international tension may advance broadcasting plans for W.A. In theory the cost of erecting and operating ABC stations comes from listeners' annual licence fees but in practice the Government is called upon to dip deep into its coffers each year. Commercial stations receive none of the licence fee, drawing upon advertising entirely for their revenue. In fact these stations pay the Government £25 annually for the privilege of broadcasting in any year that they do not make a profit. If a profit is made the stations are obliged to pay the Government 0.5 per cent of their gross turnover. Government plans for expansion and schemes by commercial organisations, which might resuit in additional stations at Albany, Kwinana and in the wheat belt, have given the radio trade (which was facing a cautious market) an optimistic outlook. Since World War II between 5,000 and 10,000 sets have been sold annually in this State.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52935371 |title=Radio Services Provide A Wide Cover In This State |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=69, |issue=20,982 |location=Western Australia |date=20 October 1953 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=37 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1953 11===== =====1953 12===== ====1954==== =====1954 01===== <blockquote>'''MUSGROVES TO ISSUE NEW SHARES.''' Musgroves Ltd. proposes to increase its paid-up ordinary capital from £70,000 to £100, 000 by the issue of 30,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. The new shares will be issued at a premium of 4/ and will first be offered to shareholders registered in the company's books on January 19, 1954, in the proportion of as nearly as may be three new shares for every seven shares held on the date mentioned. The shares applied for will be payable as follows: 9/ a share (including 4/ premium) on acceptance; 5/ a share call payable on April 30, 1954; 5/ a share call payable May 31, 1954, and 5/ a share call payable June 30, 1954. The new shares will rank for one-half of the rate of dividend and any bonus declared for the year ending June 30, 1954. The closing date for applications will be February 26, 1954. Application forms will be mailed to shareholders later this month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49610415 |title=MUSGROVES TO ISSUE NEW SHARES |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,051 |location=Western Australia |date=9 January 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=19 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> <blockquote>'''New Share Offer By Musgrove's''' Musgrove's Ltd. proposes to increase its paid up capital from £70,000 to £100,000 by the issue of 30,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. New shares will be issued at a premium of 4/ and will in the first instance be offered to shareholders registered in the Company's books on January 19 in the proportion of as nearly as may be to 3 shares in the new issue for every 7 shares held. Shares applied for will be payable: 9/ per share (including 4/ premium) on acceptance; 5/ per share call April 30; 5/, May 31; 5/ June 30. They will rank for one half of the rate of dividend and of any bonus declared for the year ending June 30. Closing date for applications will be Feb. 26. Application forms will be mailed to Shareholders later in the month.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59683869 |title=New Share Offer By Musgrove's |newspaper=[[w:The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]] |issue=2873 |location=Western Australia |date=10 January 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 02===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's New Share Issue.''' Applications for the new issue by Musgrove's Ltd, of 30,000 £1 ordinary shares at a premium of 4/ a share will close on Friday, February 26. The new shares are payable 9/ a share on acceptance (including 4/ premium) and in three calls of 5/ each on April 30, May 31 and June 30 this year. The new issue will lift paid capital to £100,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49618998 |title=Musgrove's New Share Issue |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,090 |location=Western Australia |date=24 February 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=15 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 03===== <blockquote>'''Musgrove's Issue Well Supported.''' The new issue of 30,000 £1 ordinary shares at a premium of 4/ made by Musgrove's Ltd. has been well over-subscribed. The issue closed last Friday. Paid capital will be lifted to £100,000 by the new issue when the three calls on the new shares are completed by June 30 this year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49620308 |title=Musgrove's Issue Well Supported |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,096 |location=Western Australia |date=3 March 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 04===== <blockquote>'''City Firm Buys Locksley Hall.''' Locksley Hall, Stirling-street, has been sold for about £20,000 by Mrs. C. Anderson, to Musgroves Ltd. Showrooms will be on the street alignment and the existing building converted for the wholesale merchandising of electrical appliances and radio equipment. Originally Scotch College, the building will also be remembered by thousands of servicemen who enjoyed the hospitality of a services club conducted there by Toc H during World War II. The property was sold through the agency of James Burnham, Perth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49631983 |title=City Firm Buys Locksley Hall |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,145 |location=Western Australia |date=30 April 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 05===== =====1954 06===== =====1954 07===== =====1954 08===== =====1954 09===== =====1954 10===== <blockquote>'''RETAIL SALES ROCKET TO NEW PEAK.''' Retail trade in the metropolitan area in the past 12 months, in common with the rest of Australia, has rocketed to new peaks. The increase reflects the rise in the State's population, a high level of employment and continued consumer demand. Increasing use of hire-purchase and time payment has also contributed to boost the total expenditure on retail sales and keep up turnovers on practically all lines of goods. Company balance sheets connected with distribution all show record sales and report promising prospects for the new financial year. In the past year, the tempo in the retail trade has increased. A greater volume of goods has been available and despite removal of price controls, prices have remained reason-ably steady. Competition Increasing competition has been responsible for this factor as well as a genuine attempt to keep down prices despite increases in most overheads. This increasing competition has been stimulated not only by the greater variety of goods available but also by the appearance of important retail interests from the Eastern States. Early in the year, it was announced that David Jones' of Sydney had acquired a major interest in the old-established firm of Bon Marche Ltd. With the adoption of the name of David Jones' of Perth in September, the store was transformed into one of the most modern in the southern hemisphere, setting off a chain reaction in retail store designing and decoration. At the same time as these developments have been taking place, Boans Ltd., one of the oldest and biggest stores in this city to remain privately owned, offered its ordinary shares to the public and thus became a public company in the fullest sense. No doubt this move was inspired by the need for additional capital to meet expansion particularly the need to provide for a through drive from Murray to Wellington-street for delivery services and the receipt of goods. The congestion that the absence of such a through way has caused in recent years has been a serious problem to the company. Other retail traders in Perth also found it necessary to secure additional finance for capital expansion. Foy and Gibson (W.A.) Ltd. and Harris Scarfe and Sandovers Ltd. both made public issues earlier in the year and were followed later by McLean Bros. and Rigg Ltd., W. Drabble Ltd. and Carlyle and Co. All were well supported. At the same time as these larger organisations were expanding their capital, Nicholsons and Musgroves also sought extra funds for additional trading facilities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49886639 |title=RETAIL SALES ROCKET TO NEW PEAK |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |volume=70, |issue=21,292 |location=Western Australia |date=19 October 1954 |accessdate=30 March 2019 |page=4 (Supplement to THE WEST AUSTRALIAN) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1954 11===== =====1954 12===== ====1955==== ====1956==== ====1957==== ====1958==== ====1959==== {{BookCat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} mqfd9j9sudp0w6ja2zlego0se7j2w0s 0 421455 4632250 4628663 2026-04-25T13:39:41Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632250 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Human interfaces}}</noinclude> {| style="float:right; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; margin: auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#fcd" |human interfaces |- zstyle="" | bgcolor="#ecd" |[[#Text interfaces|text interfaces]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#dcd" |[[#Security|security]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#dcc" |[[#Debugging|debugging]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#cbb" |[[#Multimedia subsystems|multimedia subsystems]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#baa" |[[#HID|human interface devices]], [[#Input_devices|input devices]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#aaa" |[[#HI_device_drivers|HI drivers]] |} Welcome to the first article of this book. The article is named after the {{W|USB human interface device class|USB class}} and the Linux facility for {{w|Human interface device|Human Interface Devices}} (HID). The HID subsystem in Linux supports keyboards, mice, and other {{w|Input device|input devices}}. In addition to input handling, this article also explores topics related to the console, multimedia (or simply media), sound (audio), video, and graphics—key areas of user interaction. Security and debugging are also covered, as they are closely tied to human interaction and user-facing functionality. == Text interfaces == In the world of Linux, text {{w|terminal emulator}}s and {{w|Linux console|console}}s are essential components of the operating system that allow users to interact with applications through the kernel. A text terminal is a device that provides a text-based interface for communicating with the kernel, while the console is the physical device that houses the terminal and displays the output of the kernel. The Linux kernel includes a built-in console driver that provides a basic interface for communicating with the console and controlling the terminal. The console driver also supports various input and output devices, such as keyboards and displays, to enable users to interact with the system through a terminal. The use of text {{w|Computer terminal|terminals}} and {{w|system console}}s in Linux can be traced back to the early days of computing, when {{w|Graphical terminal|graphical user interfaces}} were not yet widely available. Despite the widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces, {{w|Text-based user interface|text-based interfaces}} and consoles remain popular among Linux users and developers for their simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility. Overall, the text terminal and console play a crucial role in the Linux kernel, providing users with a powerful interface for managing and interacting with the operating system. === Char devices === {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev}} &ndash; "character device" is a type of device driver that provides an implementation for character {{w|device file}} in the /dev directory. The word "device" here means abstract interface, {{w|Proxy pattern|proxy}} to a usually peripheral physical device. A character device is a type of device that can be accessed as a stream of bytes, rather than as a block of data like a block device. Cdev drivers are commonly used for devices that provide a {{w|sequential access|stream}} of data, such as keyboards, mouses, terminals, serial ports, and printers. They are also used for devices that provide access to memory-mapped I/O regions, such as frame buffers and network devices. A cdev driver typically consists of a set of functions that implement the low-level I/O operations for the device, such as open, read and write. These functions are called by the kernel when a user space program accesses the character device file. To create a cdev driver, a kernel developer must first initialize a cdev structure using {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_init}} or {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_alloc}}. The cdev structure contains information about the device, such as its major and minor numbers and the set of I/O functions that the driver implements. Once the cdev structure has been initialized, it can be registered with the kernel using the {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_add}} function. This function creates the character device file in the /dev directory and associates it with the cdev driver. You can find a list of registered char devices on the beginning the listing of <big>/proc/devices</big>. [[#Input_devices|Input devices]] keyboard and mouse are examples of char devices. <small>''Tip: Browse the cross-referencing site to explore nearby API and use cases''</small> 💾 ''Historical: It is one of the most simple, fundamental and oldest concepts derived from UNIX. '' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cdev.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dev_t}} - device id consists of {{The Linux Kernel/id|MAJOR}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|MINOR}} numbers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev}} - core char device struct :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_init}} or {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_alloc}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_device_add}} - helper function, uses ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cdev_add}} - common key function to add a char device to the system. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_chrdev}} - ''obviously registers char device'' by '''major''' number, '''name''' and file operations : {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_chrdev}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_chrdev_region}} / {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_chrdev_region}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_chrdev_region}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/major.h}} - static definitions of many major numbers, including obsolete. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/char_dev.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|chrdevs}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Char devices|core-api/kernel-api.html#char-devices}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/device_drivers.html Character device drivers, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.opensourceforu.com/2011/04/character-device-files-creation-operations/ Character device files, on opensourceforu] 💾 ''Historical'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch03.pdf LDD3:Char Drivers] : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch06.pdf LDD3:Advanced Char Driver Operations] : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch03.html LDD1:#3] : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch05.html LDD1:#5] === Text terminals and console === 🗝️ Acronyms : {{w|Tty (unix)|tty}} - 💾 ''historically TeleTYpewriter'', means just terminal : {{w|Pseudoterminal|pty}} - pseudoterminal : pts - pseudoterminal slave : ptmx - pseudoterminal master ⚲ API : To find out current terminal: :: readlink /proc/self/fd/0 :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|tty}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|who}} -m : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/tty.h}} :{{The Linux Kernel/id|register_console}} obviously registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|console}} :: 👁 example {{The Linux Kernel/id|virtio_console}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/console.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ioctl_console}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/tty}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/devpts}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/proc/proc_tty.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/tty/vt/vt.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|4|tty}} &ndash; controlling terminal : {{The Linux Kernel/man|4|ptmx}} and pts &ndash; pseudoterminal master and slave : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pty}} &ndash; pseudoterminal interfaces : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|console|driver-api/console.html}} 💾 ''Historical'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch18.pdf LDD3:TTY Drivers] ==Security== The goal of security is to restrict access through interfaces. From access control and authentication mechanisms to secure boot and memory protection, the Linux kernel employs a variety of techniques to safeguard the system and its users. Basic Linux security is quite simple. It consists of tree ownership classes and tree access modes. One of the most frequently executed functions is {{The Linux Kernel/id|may_open}}. It rejects access of unauthorized users to open a file. See article [[../Security/]] for new features. === Authorization === {{w|Authorization}} is the function of specifying {{w|Computer access control|access}} rights/{{w|Privilege_(computing)|privilege}}s to system resources. The main goal of authorization is prevention of {{w|privilege escalation}} under any circumstances. 🔧 TODO. Keywords: permission, capabilities, ownership, {{w|mitigation}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/stat.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/stat.h}} Basic classic UNIX authorization is based on ownership and tree access modes: reading, writing and execution. Ownership is encoded by owning user id {{The Linux Kernel/id|uid_t}} and owning group id {{The Linux Kernel/id|gid_t}}. {{The Linux Kernel/id|umode_t}} - just typedef used for encoding access mode. {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IRUSR}} - minimal "read only by user/owner" access mode. {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IALLUGO}} - full access mode. Please read the source for details for other modes. Binary {{w|Access Control Matrix}} of access modes: {| class="wikitable" |+ !modes !bits !Read !Write !Execute |- |bit offset | |2 |1 |0 |- |'''Others''' |0-2 |or |ow |ox |- |'''Group''' |3-5 |gr |gw |gx |- |'''User''' |6-8 |ur |uw |ux |} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|chown}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fchownat}} changes ownership for file or directory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|chmod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fchmodat}} changes access mode for file or directory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|access}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|faccessat}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_faccessat}} checks access rights Common authorization errors : {{The Linux Kernel/id|EPERM}} &ndash; "Operation not permitted" : {{The Linux Kernel/id|EACCES}} &ndash; "Permission denied" 🚀 Advanced features : {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|acl}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_acl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/capability.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|capset}} and capget &ndash; set/get capabilities of thread(s) :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|libcap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|setpriv}} &ndash; run a program with different privilege settings ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|may_open}} rejects unauthorized file opening :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|inode_permission}} checks for access rights to a given inode : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/capability.c}} 📖 References : {{w|File-system permissions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|capabilities}} ===Credentials=== 🔧 TODO. Keywords: {{w|authentication}}, user IDs, group IDs, Process group ID, session ID. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/asm-generic/stat.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/stat.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cred.h}} :: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|cred}} - the security context of a task : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|id}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|test}} - shell utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getuid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_uid}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getgid}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|geteuid}} is used by utility {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|whoami}} : Real, effective, and saved user/group IDs: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getresuid}}, getresgid :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setreuid}}, setregid : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setfsuid}} - set user identity used for filesystem checks : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|umask}} - sets file mode creation mask : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|stat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|stat}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_fstat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_fstatat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|statx}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_statx}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|make_kuid}} etc : {{The Linux Kernel/id|from_kuid_munged}} etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Credentials in Linux|security/credentials.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|credentials}} : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/real-effective-and-saved-userid-in-linux/ === Cryptography === 🔧 TODO 🗝️ Acronyms : AES - {{w||Advanced Encryption Standard}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|AF_ALG}} - {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface|crypto/userspace-if.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/crypto.h}} - Scatterlist Cryptographic API. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|crypto}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|crypto}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/crypto}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/crypto}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/crypto}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/crypto}} - per-file encryption : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/ecryptfs}} eCrypt FS - Encrypted filesystem that operates on the VFS layer. : {{w|dm-crypt}}, {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/md/dm-crypt.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Kernel Crypto API|crypto}} : {{w|Crypto API (Linux)}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/crypto/ devicetree/bindings/crypto] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|crypto}} === Audit === : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/audit.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/audit.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/auditsc.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/audit_tree.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/audit_watch.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/audit_fsnotify.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/auditfilter.c}} 📖 References : https://capsule8.com/blog/auditd-what-is-the-linux-auditing-system/ : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Audit_framework : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|auditctl}} See also [[The_Linux_Kernel/Debugging#eBPF|eBPF and BPF]] === ... === Appendix for Security: 🔧 TODO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fcntl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|seccomp}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_seccomp}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|add_key}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/source|security/keys/keyctl.c}} : {{w|chroot}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|chroot}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} / {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|personality}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Security-related interfaces|userspace-api/index.html#security-related-interfaces}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|No New Privileges Flag|userspace-api/no_new_privs.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Seccomp BPF (SECure COMPuting with filters)|userspace-api/seccomp_filter.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Landlock: unprivileged access control|userspace-api/landlock.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Security Modules|userspace-api/lsm.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction of non-executable mfd|userspace-api/mfd_noexec.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Speculation Control|userspace-api/spec_ctrl.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) Userspace API|userspace-api/tee.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Executability check|userspace-api/check_exec.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Security|security}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|LSM - Linux Security Modules|security/lsm.html}} [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/perf-security.html Perf events and tool security] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hardware vulnerabilities|admin-guide/hw-vuln}} : {{w|Linux Security Modules}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/security.h}} ⇾ {{The Linux Kernel/source|security}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|keys}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/verification.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|certs}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|security}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp||cve}} : http://kernsec.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page : {{w|SELinux}} http://selinuxproject.org/ == Debugging == See [[The_Linux_Kernel/Debugging|Debugging the Linux kernel]] ==Multimedia subsystems== ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/media}} === Graphics === Old graphics (not to be confused with v4l): ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|video}} <!-- : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/video}} old stuff --> ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/video}} ==== {{w|Direct Rendering Manager}} (DRM) ==== DRM is responsible for interfacing with GPUs of modern video cards. DRM exposes an API that user-space programs can use to send commands and data to the GPU and perform operations such as configuring the mode setting of the display. User-space programs can use the DRM API to command the GPU to do hardware-accelerated 3D rendering and video decoding, as well as {{w|General-purpose computing on graphics processing units|GPGPU}} computing. ⚲ API : /sys/class/drm/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/drm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/drm/drm.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DRM_IOCTL_BASE}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|drm_version}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|drm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|drm_gem.h}} &ndash; Graphics Execution Manager Driver Interfaces : {{The Linux Kernel/id|drm_dev_register}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|drm_device}} === {{w|Advanced Linux Sound Architecture}} (ALSA) === ALSA is a software framework and part of the Linux kernel that provides an API for sound card device drivers. Some of the goals of the ALSA project at its inception were automatic configuration of sound-card hardware and graceful handling of multiple sound devices in a system. The sound servers PulseAudio, JACK (low-latency professional-grade audio editing and mixing) and PipeWire, the higher-level abstraction APIs OpenAL, SDL audio, etc. work on top of ALSA and implemented sound card device drivers. On Linux systems, ALSA succeeded the older {{w|Open Sound System}} (OSS). ⚲ API : /proc/asound/cards, /sys/class/sound/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_card}} - central struct : {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_card_new}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_card_register}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_device_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_device_new}} creates an ALSA device component : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/sound/asound.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/core.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound/core/device.c}} : See [[#Sound SoC - ASoC|ASoC]] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ALSA (sound)|sound}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Writing an ALSA Driver|sound/kernel-api/writing-an-alsa-driver.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sound}} === {{w|Video4Linux}} (V4L2) === V4L is a collection of device drivers and an API for supporting realtime video capture on Linux systems. It supports many USB webcams, TV tuners, and related devices, standardizing their output, so programmers can easily add video support to their applications. MythTV, tvtime and Tvheadend are typical applications that use the V4L framework. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|v4l2_device_register}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|v4l2_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|video_register_device}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|video_device}} : 👁 examples {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/media/test-drivers}} 📖 References : {{w|Video4Linux}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|media|driver-api/media}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|V4L|userspace-api/media/drivers/}} : [https://linuxtv.org/downloads/v4l-dvb-apis-new/driver-api/index.html Media subsystem kernel internal API] ==HID== Generic human interface devices. Don't confuse with [[../System#hiddev|hiddev]]. === Input devices === Input device files are kind of [[#char devices|char devices]] with id {{The Linux Kernel/id|INPUT_MAJOR}}. Classic input devices are keyboard and mouse. ⚲ API : In shell: cat /proc/bus/input/devices : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/input.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_input_allocate_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_register_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_register_handler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_dev}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_report_key}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_sync}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/input/mousedev.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/input/keyboard/atkbd.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/input/evbug.c}} <big>⌨️</big> Hands onInternals sudo hexdump /dev/input/mice # dump your mouse movements events from your kernel ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/input/input.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_event}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Input|input}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|input}} === HID devices === 🔧 TODO ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_device}} - device report descriptor. Operations: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_allocate_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_add_device}} . 👁 Example {{The Linux Kernel/id|usbhid_probe}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/hid.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hid.h}} === Camera === 🔧 TODO ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/uvcvideo.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|UVC|userspace-api/media/drivers/uvcvideo.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/media/usb/uvc}} ==HI device drivers== This section is about low level drivers to human interface peripheral devices. ⚲ '''HID''' API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hidraw.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|module_hid_driver}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_hw_start}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hid_bus_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hid}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hid/hid-core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/accessibility}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/leds}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/uhid/uhid-example.c}} - 👁 example of user mode HID driver : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/input}} : keyboard & mouse, misc, serio, tablet, touchscreen, gameport, joystick :: <big>⌨️</big> Hands on :: echo "module atkbd +pfl" | sudo tee /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control '''USB HID''' ⚲ '''HID''' API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|USB_INTERFACE_CLASS_HID}} == {{The Linux Kernel/id|USB_CLASS_HID}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hid/usbhid}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hid/usbhid/usbkbd.c}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|usb_kbd_driver}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/hid/usbhid/usbmouse.c}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|usb_mouse_driver}} 📖 References : <!-- find include/ -type f -name '*hid*' | sed 's-include/\(.*\)-* {{The Linux Kernel/include|\1}}-' -->{{The Linux Kernel/doc|USB HID class|hid}} === Graphics === 🔧 TODO 🗝️ Acronyms : FB - {{w|Linux framebuffer|Framebuffer}} : GPU - {{w|Graphics processing unit}} : TFT (LCD) - {{w|Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display}} used for 🤖 embedded devices : MIPI - 📱 {{w|Mobile Industry Processor Interface}} :: DBI - Display Bus Interface :: DSI - {{w|Display Serial Interface}} :: DCS - The Display Command Set ⚲ API : cat /proc/fb : ls -l /sys/class/graphics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|video/mipi_display.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/fb.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_framebuffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|FBTFT_REGISTER_DRIVER}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|fbtft_display}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/video}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/gpu}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vivid_fb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|fbtft_register_framebuffer}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|GPU Driver Developer’s Guide|gpu}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Frame Buffer Device|fb}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Frame Buffer Library|driver-api/frame-buffer.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Device_drivers-Graphics LWN: Graphics] === Sound SoC - ASoC === ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer for or 🤖 embedded systems. ASoC is designed to handle complex audio processing and routing on low-power and resource-constrained systems, making it an ideal solution for embedded devices such as smartphones, tablets, and other IoT devices. ASoC provides a comprehensive framework for audio drivers, enabling the creation of modular audio drivers that can be easily integrated with the rest of the kernel. It also supports a wide range of audio interfaces, including I2S, PCM, AC97, and SPDIF, making it highly versatile and capable of handling a variety of audio formats. One of the key features of ASoC is its ability to handle audio routing and processing using Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques. This enables ASoC to support advanced audio features such as noise reduction, echo cancellation, and dynamic range compression, among others. Overall, ASoC is a powerful and flexible subsystem that enables Linux to support a wide range of audio hardware in embedded devices. It has become an essential component of many embedded Linux distributions and is widely used in the development of modern audio-enabled devices. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/soc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_card}} ::: is registered by {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_snd_soc_register_card}} ⇾ {{The Linux_Kernel/id|snd_soc_register_card}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/soc-component.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_component}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_component_driver}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_card}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_card}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_register_component}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_component_get_drvdata}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_component_read}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_component_update_bits}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_component_write}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/soc-dai.h}} - {{The Linux Kernel/doc|DAI - Digital Audio Interface|sound/soc/dai.html}}: {{w|AC97}}, {{w|I2S}}, {{w|PCM}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dai}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dai_driver}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dai_get_drvdata}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/soc-dpcm.h}} - {{The Linux Kernel/doc|DPCM - Dynamic PCM|sound/soc/dpcm.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/soc-dapm.h}} - {{The Linux Kernel/doc|DAPM - Dynamic Audio Power Management|sound/soc/dapm.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dapm_route}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dapm_to_component}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dapm_widget}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound/soc/generic/simple-card.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound/soc/generic/audio-graph-card.c}} uses {{The Linux Kernel/include|sound/graph_card.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound/soc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_card}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|snd_soc_dai_link}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ASoC - ALSA SoC Layer|sound/soc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ASoC Core API|sound/kernel-api/alsa-driver-api.html?#asoc}} : https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/ASoC :: https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/DAPM 🗝️ Acronyms SAI could be : STM ''Serial'' Audio Interface: {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound/soc/stm/stm32_sai.h}} : Freescale (FSL) ''Synchronous'' Audio Interface: {{The Linux Kernel/source|sound/soc/fsl/fsl_sai.h}} {{BookCat}} {{status|25%}} mz9joh4stgpdk14b1p152mnvylqt98s 0 421911 4632227 4491444 2026-04-25T12:39:35Z Conan 3188 About: trim trailing whitespace, wrap long paragraphs 4632227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:About book ''The Linux Kernel''}} <table style="float:right;margin:0 0 10px 10px;"><td>__TOC__</td></table> {{prerequisite|Linux Basics|C Programming}} {{reading level|advanced}} The book's title page and structure were originally influenced by the article [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596000081/ch01s02.html "Splitting the Kernel"] in the ''Linux Device Drivers'' book, which included a diagram. The diagram's colorful matrix design was borrowed from the [https://makelinux.github.io/kernel/map/ '''Interactive map''' of the Linux kernel]. Additionally, the layered presentation of information in the book was inspired by the {{w|OSI model}}'s layers. The number of layers and functionalities is intentionally close to {{w|The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two|the magical number seven}}. == Layers == Applications and libraries in user mode above the kernel can be associated with the {{w|Application layer}} of the OSI model. '''Upper layers''': : '''User space interfaces''' - {{w|Facade pattern|Facade}} of the kernel, mostly represented by system calls. It can be associated with the {{w|Presentation layer}} of the OSI model. : '''Virtual''' - Provides aggregated services to the upper layer, named after virtual memory and the Virtual File System. Similar to the {{w|Session layer}}. '''Middle layers''': : '''Bridges''' - Manages interoperability, named after the {{w|Bridge pattern}}. Similar to the {{w|Transport layer}}. : '''Logical''' - Provides logical implementations, named after logical memory, addresses, and logical file systems. Similar to the {{w|Network layer}}. '''Lower layers''', similar to the {{w|Data link layer}}: : '''Devices control''' - Abstractions and control of hardware interfaces, including classes of devices and hardware-independent generic devices. : '''Hardware interfaces''' - Direct hardware interfaces and hardware-dependent drivers. == Functionalities == The functionalities Multitasking, Memory, Storage, and Networking are familiar and obvious, while Human Interface and System need some explanation. The '''Human Interface''' functionality covers topics more associated with human users than fundamental computing. Naturally, '''HID''' (Human Interface Devices) belongs here, hence the name, along with Multimedia. Character devices, though used as byte streams in System and Storage, are also assigned to this functionality. The '''System''' functionality covers fundamental and common functions. The common '''system calls''' infrastructure of the kernel is described under this functionality, while specific system calls and interfaces are detailed under their corresponding functionalities. The two-dimensional layout, instead of a linear TOC layout, allows effective organization of the book content and indexing of existing documentation and man pages. == Contribution == The book needs contributors. Here are the guidelines: # Make articles complete, continuous, and appealing. #* Fix typos and rephrase for clarity. #* Maintain consistent formatting. # Keep information updated by replacing obsolete content with modern equivalents. # Share your knowledge and experience about the kernel. # Explore the source code and describe it. # Add explanations to incomplete sections. # Copy-paste text from Wikipedia where appropriate. # Add links to external resources using [[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel/Templates|templates]]: #* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_kernel Wikipedia articles] #* [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source Elixir Bootlin source browser] #* [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/ Kernel documentation] #* [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/ Linux man pages] #* Other [[../External links/|external links]] {{:The Linux Kernel/Template}} Thank you {{BookCat}} f3zl2b1p1k77g4gaut2ze9otdm0v404 2 438114 4632223 4519771 2026-04-25T12:35:29Z Conan 3188 About: trim trailing whitespace, wrap long paragraphs 4632223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:About book ''The Linux Kernel''}} <table style="float:right;margin:0 0 10px 10px;"><td>__TOC__</td></table> {{prerequisite|Linux Basics|C Programming}} {{reading level|advanced}} The book's title page and structure were originally influenced by the article [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596000081/ch01s02.html "Splitting the Kernel"] in the ''Linux Device Drivers'' book, which included a diagram. The diagram's colorful matrix design was borrowed from the [https://makelinux.github.io/kernel/map/ '''Interactive map''' of the Linux kernel]. Additionally, the layered presentation of information in the book was inspired by the {{w|OSI model}}'s layers. The number of layers and functionalities is intentionally close to {{w|The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two|the magical number seven}}. == Layers == Applications and libraries in user mode above the kernel can be associated with the {{w|Application layer}} of the OSI model. '''Upper layers''': : '''User space interfaces''' - {{w|Facade pattern|Facade}} of the kernel, mostly represented by system calls. It can be associated with the {{w|Presentation layer}} of the OSI model. : '''Virtual''' - Provides aggregated services to the upper layer, named after virtual memory and the Virtual File System. Similar to the {{w|Session layer}}. '''Middle layers''': : '''Bridges''' - Manages interoperability, named after the {{w|Bridge pattern}}. Similar to the {{w|Transport layer}}. : '''Logical''' - Provides logical implementations, named after logical memory, addresses, and logical file systems. Similar to the {{w|Network layer}}. '''Lower layers''', similar to the {{w|Data link layer}}: : '''Devices control''' - Abstractions and control of hardware interfaces, including classes of devices and hardware-independent generic devices. : '''Hardware interfaces''' - Direct hardware interfaces and hardware-dependent drivers. == Functionalities == The functionalities Multitasking, Memory, Storage, and Networking are familiar and obvious, while Human Interface and System need some explanation. The '''Human Interface''' functionality covers topics more associated with human users than fundamental computing. Naturally, '''HID''' (Human Interface Devices) belongs here, hence the name, along with Multimedia. Character devices, though used as byte streams in System and Storage, are also assigned to this functionality. The '''System''' functionality covers fundamental and common functions. The common '''system calls''' infrastructure of the kernel is described under this functionality, while specific system calls and interfaces are detailed under their corresponding functionalities. The two-dimensional layout, instead of a linear TOC layout, allows effective organization of the book content and indexing of existing documentation and man pages. == Contribution == The book needs contributors. Here are the guidelines: # Make articles complete, continuous, and appealing. #* Fix typos and rephrase for clarity. #* Maintain consistent formatting. # Keep information updated by replacing obsolete content with modern equivalents. # Share your knowledge and experience about the kernel. # Explore the source code and describe it. # Add explanations to incomplete sections. # Copy-paste text from Wikipedia where appropriate. # Add links to external resources using [[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel/Templates|templates]]: #* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_kernel Wikipedia articles] #* [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source Elixir Bootlin source browser] #* [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/ Kernel documentation] #* [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/ Linux man pages] #* Other [[../External links/|external links]] {{:The Linux Kernel/Template}} Thank you {{BookCat}} f3zl2b1p1k77g4gaut2ze9otdm0v404 4632224 4632223 2026-04-25T12:37:18Z Conan 3188 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4632223|4632223]] by [[Special:Contributions/Conan|Conan]] ([[User talk:Conan|discuss]]) 4632224 wikitext text/x-wiki : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/fs.h}} &ndash; declarations for the virtual filesystem and file operations. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware and software interrupts. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kernel.h}} &ndash; core kernel utility macros and common functions. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} &ndash; mutex API for mutual exclusion synchronization. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} &ndash; spinlock primitives for low-level locking. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; task scheduling and process management declarations. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/netdevice.h}} &ndash; structures and functions for network device drivers. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/skbuff.h}} &ndash; socket buffer structure and network packet handling. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}} &ndash; core definitions for the device model and driver framework. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/i2c.h}} &ndash; interfaces for I2C bus communication and device drivers. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} &ndash; APIs for managing DMA memory mapping for devices. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/regmap.h}} &ndash; register map abstraction layer for device drivers. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/io.h}} &ndash; low-level memory-mapped I/O access primitives. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/of.h}} &ndash; device tree interfaces for Open Firmware parsing. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pci.h}} &ndash; interfaces for PCI device enumeration and configuration. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/platform_device.h}} &ndash; support for platform (non-discoverable) devices. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_runtime.h}} &ndash; runtime power management framework interfaces. mgebro4zqvpoovud13eurf8gfbebmko 0 445098 4632508 4462963 2026-04-26T04:22:52Z HyperAnd 3491585 /* Quiz */ use times symbol 4632508 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" width=99% style="border:5px inset gray" | align=right|[[Algebra/Chapter 1/Decimals|Decimals]] | align=center|[[Algebra]]<br>[[Algebra/Chapter 1|Chapter 1: Elementary Arithmetic]]<br>Section 9: Order of Operations | align=left|[[Algebra/Chapter 1/Units|Units]] |} {{resize|1.25rem|'''1.9: Order of Operations'''}} ---- The '''''Order of Operations''''' is used when doing expressions with more than one operation (e.g., &times;, +, -). These are rules so you only get one answer all the time. Example: When faced with <math>4+2 \times 3</math>, how do you proceed? There are two ways: <math>4 + 2 \times 3 = (4 + 2) \times 3</math> <math>4 + 2 \times 3 = 6 \times 3</math> <math>4 + 2 \times 3= 18</math> '''or''' <math>4 + 2 \times 3 = 4 + (2 \times 3)</math> <math>4 + 2 \times 3 = 4 + 6</math> <math>4 + 2 \times 3 = 10</math> This is confusing, so which is correct? (Parentheses, "(" and ")" are used to show what to do first) In order to communicate using mathematical expressions we must agree on an ''order of operations'' so that each expression has only one value. For the above example all mathematicians agree the correct answer is 10. You're probably wondering what this order is. ==The Standard Order of Operations== Evaluate expressions in this order. *Parentheses or Brackets (evaluate what's inside them) *Exponents *Multiplication and/or division from left to right *Addition and/or subtraction from left to right ===An Easy Way of Remembering=== Use this memory tool to help remember the order! '''P'''lease '''E'''xcuse '''M'''y '''D'''ear '''A'''nnoying '''S'''ister It is also commonly called by its acronym, PEMDAS. An alternative form of this is; '''B'''rackets '''I'''ndices '''D'''ivision or '''M'''ultiplication '''A'''ddition or '''S'''ubtraction (BIDMAS). Yet another way of remembering this is '''B'''rackets '''O'''rders '''D'''ivision '''M'''ultiplication '''A'''ddition '''S'''ubtraction (BODMAS)<br /> or '''B'''ring '''O'''ur '''D'''ear '''M'''other '''A'''long '''S'''aturday ==Examples== {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" |+ style="background-color:#cedff2;border:1px solid black;" | '''Order of Operations - Examples''' |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Expression ! Evaluation ! Operation |- | rowspan="3" | 4 &times; 2 + 1 | = '''4 &times; 2''' + 1 | Multiplication |- | = '''8 + 1''' | Addition |- | = '''9''' | |- | rowspan="3" | 12 - 9 &divide; 3 | = 12 - '''9 &divide; 3''' | Division |- | = '''12 - 3''' | Subtraction |- | = '''9''' | |- | rowspan="3" | 2 &times; 9 &divide; 3 | = '''2 &times; 9''' &divide; 3 | Left to Right |- | = '''18 &divide; 3''' | division |- | = '''6''' | |- | rowspan="3" | 9 &divide; 3 &times; 3 | = ''' 9 &divide; 3''' &times; 3 | Left to Right |- | = '''3 &times;3''' | multiplication |- | = '''9''' | |- | rowspan="4" | 3 + 12 &divide; (5 - 2) | = 3 + 12 &divide; '''(5 - 2)''' | Parentheses |- | = 3 + '''12 &divide; 3''' | Division |- | = '''3 + 4''' | Addition |- | = '''7''' | |- | rowspan="5" | 7 &times; 10 - (2 &times; 4)² | = 7 &times; 10 - '''(2 &times; 4)'''² | Parentheses |- | = 7 &times; 10 - '''8²''' | Exponents |- | = '''7 &times; 10''' - 64 | Multiplication |- | = '''70 - 64''' | Subtraction |- | = '''6''' | |} ---- == Practice Problems == '''Note:''' the expressions in the following quiz, use an asterisk (*) to indicate multiplication (<math>\times</math>) between adjacent factors. This use of the asterisk is nearly ubiquitous with the various computer languages, as the ''times'' symbol is not an historically available keyboard character. Hand written expressions commonly use a small vertically centered dot (·) to indicate multiplication. Where unambiguous, multiplication is ''implied'' between factors and a symbol is extraneous. ==Quiz== Evaluate the following expressions <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Evaluate the numerical expression |type="{}"} <math>2+4\times3=</math>{ 14_2 } {Evaluate the numerical expression |type="{}"} <math>2\times4+3=</math>{ 11_2 } {Evaluate the numerical expression |type="{}"} <math>(2+4)\times3=</math>{ 18_2 } {Evaluate the numerical expression |type="{}"} <math>9^2 + 1 -7\times(8+4)/2=</math>{ 40_2 } </quiz> {{BookCat}} 9gvzegtks2aqnri1jab7n62i71dctkt 0 455955 4632502 4410449 2026-04-26T04:01:56Z Mirko Privitera 3579211 Xte 4632502 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = ''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} = trilled r -- triweekly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trilled r''' = ''glabyexwa ro'' :* '''trilled''' = ''yaoseuxwa'' :* '''trilling''' = ''milapoden, nalopelden'' :* '''trillion''' = ''garale, garaleon'' :* '''trillionth''' = ''garalea, gorale, goraleon'' :* '''trilogy''' = ''iondin, iondren'' :* '''trim''' = ''navis'' :* '''trimaran''' = ''infatayob mipar'' :* '''trimensual''' = ''injiba'' :* '''trimester''' = ''ijib'' :* '''trimestrial''' = ''ijiba'' :* '''trimly''' = ''gyolay'' :* '''trimmed''' = ''gyolxwa, kunadgoblawa, vibwa, vigoblawa'' :* '''trimmer''' = ''kunadgoblar, vigoblar'' :* '''trimming down''' = ''gyolxen'' :* '''trimming''' = ''kunadgoblen, viben, vibun, vigoblen'' :* '''trimness''' = ''gyolan'' :* '''trimonthly''' = ''injibay'' :* '''trinal''' = ''ingona'' :* '''trinary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''trine''' = ''iona'' :* '''Trinidad and Tobago''' = ''Totom'' :* '''Trinidadian''' = ''Totoma, Totomat'' :* '''triniscope''' = ''insinuar'' :* '''Trinitarian''' = ''Totiona'' :* '''trinity''' = ''intotan, totion'' :* '''Trinity''' = ''Totion'' :* '''trinket''' = ''ivyunog'' :* '''trio''' = ''ion, ionat, iot, iwat deuzun'' :* '''triode''' = ''inmakmis'' :* '''trip by car''' = ''pep'' :* '''trip''' = ''pen, pop, pyoys'' :* '''tripartite''' = ''ingona'' :* '''tripe''' = ''upetikel, vyosul'' :* '''triphthong''' = ''inyijteuzun'' :* '''tripl-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triplane''' = ''inneda, inpatuba mampur'' :* '''triple''' = ''iona'' :* '''triple time''' = ''iondeup'' :* '''tripled''' = ''insaunxwa, ionxwa'' :* '''triple-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''triplet''' = ''intajat, iontajat'' :* '''triplex''' = ''ingona, inigan, inmosa, inmostam, inmostom, iondeup, iontam'' :* '''triplicate''' = ''insauna'' :* '''triplicity''' = ''insaunan'' :* '''tripling''' = ''insaunxen, ionxen'' :* '''triply''' = ''ionay'' :* '''tripod''' = ''insyoyab'' :* '''tripodal''' = ''insyoyaba'' :* '''tripped''' = ''pyoyxwa'' :* '''tripped up''' = ''tyoyavyobwa'' :* '''tripper''' = ''pyoysut'' :* '''tripping''' = ''pyoysen, pyoyxen, tyopyosen, tyoyavyopen, vyotyopen'' :* '''triptych''' = ''insin'' :* '''trireme''' = ''inmifubyan mimpar'' :* '''trisection''' = ''ingegonxen'' :* '''trite''' = ''zyida'' :* '''tritely''' = ''zyiday'' :* '''triteness''' = ''zyidan'' :* '''triumph''' = ''akrun'' :* '''triumphal''' = ''akruna'' :* '''triumphant''' = ''akrea'' :* '''triumphant one''' = ''akrut'' :* '''triumphantly''' = ''akreay'' :* '''triumphed''' = ''akrawa'' :* '''triumphing''' = ''akren'' :* '''triumvir''' = ''intob'' :* '''triumvirate''' = ''intobyan, tobion'' :* '''triune''' = ''iwawa'' :* '''trivalent''' = ''innaza'' :* '''trivet''' = ''insyoyabol, novxuta goblar'' :* '''trivia''' = ''kyutesa soni, ogsoni'' :* '''trivial''' = ''glotesa, kyutesa, teskyua'' :* '''trivial matter''' = ''kyuson'' :* '''triviality''' = ''kyutesan, testkyuan'' :* '''trivialization''' = ''kyutesaxen, testkyuaxen'' :* '''trivialized''' = ''kyutesaxwa, testkyuaxwa'' :* '''trivially''' = ''kyutesay'' :* '''trivium''' = ''ogson'' :* '''triweekly''' = ''inyejubay'' </div>{{small/end}} = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} 5668agzyr2pjrolqgw6jqmgzzyb36ln 4632503 4632502 2026-04-26T04:03:18Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Mirko Privitera|Mirko Privitera]] ([[User talk:Mirko Privitera|talk]]) to last version by ShakespeareFan00 4410449 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = ''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} = trilled r -- triweekly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trilled r''' = ''glabyexwa ro'' :* '''trilled''' = ''yaoseuxwa'' :* '''trilling''' = ''milapoden, nalopelden'' :* '''trillion''' = ''garale, garaleon'' :* '''trillionth''' = ''garalea, gorale, goraleon'' :* '''trilogy''' = ''iondin, iondren'' :* '''trim''' = ''navis'' :* '''trimaran''' = ''infatayob mipar'' :* '''trimensual''' = ''injiba'' :* '''trimester''' = ''ijib'' :* '''trimestrial''' = ''ijiba'' :* '''trimly''' = ''gyolay'' :* '''trimmed''' = ''gyolxwa, kunadgoblawa, vibwa, vigoblawa'' :* '''trimmer''' = ''kunadgoblar, vigoblar'' :* '''trimming down''' = ''gyolxen'' :* '''trimming''' = ''kunadgoblen, viben, vibun, vigoblen'' :* '''trimness''' = ''gyolan'' :* '''trimonthly''' = ''injibay'' :* '''trinal''' = ''ingona'' :* '''trinary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''trine''' = ''iona'' :* '''Trinidad and Tobago''' = ''Totom'' :* '''Trinidadian''' = ''Totoma, Totomat'' :* '''triniscope''' = ''insinuar'' :* '''Trinitarian''' = ''Totiona'' :* '''trinity''' = ''intotan, totion'' :* '''Trinity''' = ''Totion'' :* '''trinket''' = ''ivyunog'' :* '''trio''' = ''ion, ionat, iot, iwat deuzun'' :* '''triode''' = ''inmakmis'' :* '''trip by car''' = ''pep'' :* '''trip''' = ''pen, pop, pyoys'' :* '''tripartite''' = ''ingona'' :* '''tripe''' = ''upetikel, vyosul'' :* '''triphthong''' = ''inyijteuzun'' :* '''tripl-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triplane''' = ''inneda, inpatuba mampur'' :* '''triple''' = ''iona'' :* '''triple time''' = ''iondeup'' :* '''tripled''' = ''insaunxwa, ionxwa'' :* '''triple-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''triplet''' = ''intajat, iontajat'' :* '''triplex''' = ''ingona, inigan, inmosa, inmostam, inmostom, iondeup, iontam'' :* '''triplicate''' = ''insauna'' :* '''triplicity''' = ''insaunan'' :* '''tripling''' = ''insaunxen, ionxen'' :* '''triply''' = ''ionay'' :* '''tripod''' = ''insyoyab'' :* '''tripodal''' = ''insyoyaba'' :* '''tripped''' = ''pyoyxwa'' :* '''tripped up''' = ''tyoyavyobwa'' :* '''tripper''' = ''pyoysut'' :* '''tripping''' = ''pyoysen, pyoyxen, tyopyosen, tyoyavyopen, vyotyopen'' :* '''triptych''' = ''insin'' :* '''trireme''' = ''inmifubyan mimpar'' :* '''trisection''' = ''ingegonxen'' :* '''trite''' = ''zyida'' :* '''tritely''' = ''zyiday'' :* '''triteness''' = ''zyidan'' :* '''triumph''' = ''akrun'' :* '''triumphal''' = ''akruna'' :* '''triumphant''' = ''akrea'' :* '''triumphant one''' = ''akrut'' :* '''triumphantly''' = ''akreay'' :* '''triumphed''' = ''akrawa'' :* '''triumphing''' = ''akren'' :* '''triumvir''' = ''intob'' :* '''triumvirate''' = ''intobyan, tobion'' :* '''triune''' = ''iwawa'' :* '''trivalent''' = ''innaza'' :* '''trivet''' = ''insyoyabol, novxuta goblar'' :* '''trivia''' = ''kyutesa soni, ogsoni'' :* '''trivial''' = ''glotesa, kyutesa, teskyua'' :* '''trivial matter''' = ''kyuson'' :* '''triviality''' = ''kyutesan, testkyuan'' :* '''trivialization''' = ''kyutesaxen, testkyuaxen'' :* '''trivialized''' = ''kyutesaxwa, testkyuaxwa'' :* '''trivially''' = ''kyutesay'' :* '''trivium''' = ''ogson'' :* '''triweekly''' = ''inyejubay'' </div>{{small/end}} = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = two dots above diacritic -- typification = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''two dots above diacritic''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' :* '''two''' = ''e, ewa'' :* '''two-''' = ''en-'' :* '''two hundred''' = ''eso'' :* '''two hundredth''' = ''esoa'' :* '''two hundredths''' = ''esoyn'' :* '''two millionths''' = ''emroyoni'' :* '''two Mondays from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''two more people''' = ''ewa gati'' :* '''two more things''' = ''ewa gasi'' :* '''two more times''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''two of them''' = ''ewasi, ewati'' :* '''two or three times''' = ''eiwa jodi'' :* '''two percent milk''' = ''esoyn bil'' :* '''two persons''' = ''ewati'' :* '''two port network''' = ''enmesa mepyan'' :* '''two seldom''' = ''gro jodi'' :* '''two things''' = ''ewasi'' :* '''two thousanths''' = ''eroyni'' :* '''two times a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''two times a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab'' :* '''two times''' = ''ewa jodi'' :* '''two years old''' = ''ejaga'' :* '''two-day''' = ''enjuba'' :* '''two-dimensional''' = ''enaga, ennaga'' :* '''two-dimensionally''' = ''enagay'' :* '''twofer''' = ''eonnazun'' :* '''twofold''' = ''eona'' :* '''two-lane''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-lane highway''' = ''ennaeda agmep'' :* '''two-lane road''' = ''ennaeda mep'' :* '''two-lane street''' = ''ennaeda domep'' :* '''two-level''' = ''ennega'' :* '''twopence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''twopenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''two-sided''' = ''enkuna'' :* '''twosome''' = ''eot'' :* '''two-star general''' = ''edeprat'' :* '''two-track''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-way''' = ''enizona'' :* '''two-way split''' = ''engoflun'' :* '''two-way trip''' = ''enizona pop'' :* '''two-wheeled''' = ''enzyuka'' :* '''two-year college''' = ''enjaba itistam'' :* '''two-year''' = ''enjaba'' :* '''tycoon''' = ''taikun, yaxunyaneb, yaxyenagat'' :* '''tyenika''' = ''perite'' :* '''tying''' = ''nyafxen, nyanufen, yanen, yanyifxen'' :* '''tying up''' = ''nifyuzen'' :* '''tying up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovben'' :* '''tyke''' = ''tudet'' :* '''tympan''' = ''kaduzar, kaduzarayob'' :* '''tympanic''' = ''kaduzarseuxea, kaduzaryena'' :* '''tympanist''' = ''payduzarut'' :* '''tympanum''' = ''kaduzarayob'' :* '''type''' = ''drirsiyn, drursiyn, saun, syanes, tyanes'' :* '''type face''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typecast''' = ''kyogonekxwa, saunkyoxwa'' :* '''typecasting''' = ''saunkyoxen'' :* '''typed''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typed over''' = ''aybdrirwa, gawdrirwa'' :* '''typed script''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typeface''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typehead''' = ''baldresar'' :* '''typescript''' = ''drirwas'' :* '''typeset''' = ''drursiynnadbwa'' :* '''typesetter''' = ''drursiynnadbar'' :* '''typesetting''' = ''drursiynnadben'' :* '''typewriter''' = ''drir'' :* '''typewriting''' = ''driren'' :* '''typewritten character''' = ''drirsiyn'' :* '''typewritten copy''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typewritten''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typhoid fever''' = ''mialbok'' :* '''typhoon''' = ''mayop, mimuzrun, zimera mimuzlun'' :* '''typical''' = ''egsauna, syanesa, tyanesa, zesauna, zetauna'' :* '''typicality''' = ''egsaunan, zesaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typically''' = ''egsaunay, tyanesay, zetaunay'' :* '''typicalness''' = ''egsaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typification''' = ''saunxen, syanesaxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} 6qt0547ep44p6hig85ohbhky7xo1rs8 4632515 4632503 2026-04-26T05:19:01Z Mirko Privitera 3579211 4632515 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = ''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} Sanuda vecchia 10b = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = two dots above diacritic -- typification = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''two dots above diacritic''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' :* '''two''' = ''e, ewa'' :* '''two-''' = ''en-'' :* '''two hundred''' = ''eso'' :* '''two hundredth''' = ''esoa'' :* '''two hundredths''' = ''esoyn'' :* '''two millionths''' = ''emroyoni'' :* '''two Mondays from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''two more people''' = ''ewa gati'' :* '''two more things''' = ''ewa gasi'' :* '''two more times''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''two of them''' = ''ewasi, ewati'' :* '''two or three times''' = ''eiwa jodi'' :* '''two percent milk''' = ''esoyn bil'' :* '''two persons''' = ''ewati'' :* '''two port network''' = ''enmesa mepyan'' :* '''two seldom''' = ''gro jodi'' :* '''two things''' = ''ewasi'' :* '''two thousanths''' = ''eroyni'' :* '''two times a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''two times a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab'' :* '''two times''' = ''ewa jodi'' :* '''two years old''' = ''ejaga'' :* '''two-day''' = ''enjuba'' :* '''two-dimensional''' = ''enaga, ennaga'' :* '''two-dimensionally''' = ''enagay'' :* '''twofer''' = ''eonnazun'' :* '''twofold''' = ''eona'' :* '''two-lane''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-lane highway''' = ''ennaeda agmep'' :* '''two-lane road''' = ''ennaeda mep'' :* '''two-lane street''' = ''ennaeda domep'' :* '''two-level''' = ''ennega'' :* '''twopence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''twopenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''two-sided''' = ''enkuna'' :* '''twosome''' = ''eot'' :* '''two-star general''' = ''edeprat'' :* '''two-track''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-way''' = ''enizona'' :* '''two-way split''' = ''engoflun'' :* '''two-way trip''' = ''enizona pop'' :* '''two-wheeled''' = ''enzyuka'' :* '''two-year college''' = ''enjaba itistam'' :* '''two-year''' = ''enjaba'' :* '''tycoon''' = ''taikun, yaxunyaneb, yaxyenagat'' :* '''tyenika''' = ''perite'' :* '''tying''' = ''nyafxen, nyanufen, yanen, yanyifxen'' :* '''tying up''' = ''nifyuzen'' :* '''tying up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovben'' :* '''tyke''' = ''tudet'' :* '''tympan''' = ''kaduzar, kaduzarayob'' :* '''tympanic''' = ''kaduzarseuxea, kaduzaryena'' :* '''tympanist''' = ''payduzarut'' :* '''tympanum''' = ''kaduzarayob'' :* '''type''' = ''drirsiyn, drursiyn, saun, syanes, tyanes'' :* '''type face''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typecast''' = ''kyogonekxwa, saunkyoxwa'' :* '''typecasting''' = ''saunkyoxen'' :* '''typed''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typed over''' = ''aybdrirwa, gawdrirwa'' :* '''typed script''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typeface''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typehead''' = ''baldresar'' :* '''typescript''' = ''drirwas'' :* '''typeset''' = ''drursiynnadbwa'' :* '''typesetter''' = ''drursiynnadbar'' :* '''typesetting''' = ''drursiynnadben'' :* '''typewriter''' = ''drir'' :* '''typewriting''' = ''driren'' :* '''typewritten character''' = ''drirsiyn'' :* '''typewritten copy''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typewritten''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typhoid fever''' = ''mialbok'' :* '''typhoon''' = ''mayop, mimuzrun, zimera mimuzlun'' :* '''typical''' = ''egsauna, syanesa, tyanesa, zesauna, zetauna'' :* '''typicality''' = ''egsaunan, zesaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typically''' = ''egsaunay, tyanesay, zetaunay'' :* '''typicalness''' = ''egsaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typification''' = ''saunxen, syanesaxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} d6nkw0t438iyzvc80mztuects3bnjj0 4632516 4632515 2026-04-26T05:22:18Z Mirko Privitera 3579211 4632516 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = Mirko privitera 30/09/1990''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} Sanuda vecchia 10b = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = two dots above diacritic -- typification = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''two dots above diacritic''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' :* '''two''' = ''e, ewa'' :* '''two-''' = ''en-'' :* '''two hundred''' = ''eso'' :* '''two hundredth''' = ''esoa'' :* '''two hundredths''' = ''esoyn'' :* '''two millionths''' = ''emroyoni'' :* '''two Mondays from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''two more people''' = ''ewa gati'' :* '''two more things''' = ''ewa gasi'' :* '''two more times''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''two of them''' = ''ewasi, ewati'' :* '''two or three times''' = ''eiwa jodi'' :* '''two percent milk''' = ''esoyn bil'' :* '''two persons''' = ''ewati'' :* '''two port network''' = ''enmesa mepyan'' :* '''two seldom''' = ''gro jodi'' :* '''two things''' = ''ewasi'' :* '''two thousanths''' = ''eroyni'' :* '''two times a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''two times a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab'' :* '''two times''' = ''ewa jodi'' :* '''two years old''' = ''ejaga'' :* '''two-day''' = ''enjuba'' :* '''two-dimensional''' = ''enaga, ennaga'' :* '''two-dimensionally''' = ''enagay'' :* '''twofer''' = ''eonnazun'' :* '''twofold''' = ''eona'' :* '''two-lane''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-lane highway''' = ''ennaeda agmep'' :* '''two-lane road''' = ''ennaeda mep'' :* '''two-lane street''' = ''ennaeda domep'' :* '''two-level''' = ''ennega'' :* '''twopence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''twopenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''two-sided''' = ''enkuna'' :* '''twosome''' = ''eot'' :* '''two-star general''' = ''edeprat'' :* '''two-track''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-way''' = ''enizona'' :* '''two-way split''' = ''engoflun'' :* '''two-way trip''' = ''enizona pop'' :* '''two-wheeled''' = ''enzyuka'' :* '''two-year college''' = ''enjaba itistam'' :* '''two-year''' = ''enjaba'' :* '''tycoon''' = ''taikun, yaxunyaneb, yaxyenagat'' :* '''tyenika''' = ''perite'' :* '''tying''' = ''nyafxen, nyanufen, yanen, yanyifxen'' :* '''tying up''' = ''nifyuzen'' :* '''tying up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovben'' :* '''tyke''' = ''tudet'' :* '''tympan''' = ''kaduzar, kaduzarayob'' :* '''tympanic''' = ''kaduzarseuxea, kaduzaryena'' :* '''tympanist''' = ''payduzarut'' :* '''tympanum''' = ''kaduzarayob'' :* '''type''' = ''drirsiyn, drursiyn, saun, syanes, tyanes'' :* '''type face''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typecast''' = ''kyogonekxwa, saunkyoxwa'' :* '''typecasting''' = ''saunkyoxen'' :* '''typed''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typed over''' = ''aybdrirwa, gawdrirwa'' :* '''typed script''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typeface''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typehead''' = ''baldresar'' :* '''typescript''' = ''drirwas'' :* '''typeset''' = ''drursiynnadbwa'' :* '''typesetter''' = ''drursiynnadbar'' :* '''typesetting''' = ''drursiynnadben'' :* '''typewriter''' = ''drir'' :* '''typewriting''' = ''driren'' :* '''typewritten character''' = ''drirsiyn'' :* '''typewritten copy''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typewritten''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typhoid fever''' = ''mialbok'' :* '''typhoon''' = ''mayop, mimuzrun, zimera mimuzlun'' :* '''typical''' = ''egsauna, syanesa, tyanesa, zesauna, zetauna'' :* '''typicality''' = ''egsaunan, zesaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typically''' = ''egsaunay, tyanesay, zetaunay'' :* '''typicalness''' = ''egsaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typification''' = ''saunxen, syanesaxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} l0ecs97dpac0vxvmqnv99jjra4brsg5 4632517 4632516 2026-04-26T05:50:56Z MathXplore 3097823 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Mirko Privitera|Mirko Privitera]] ([[User talk:Mirko Privitera|talk]]) to last version by MathXplore 4410449 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = ''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} = trilled r -- triweekly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trilled r''' = ''glabyexwa ro'' :* '''trilled''' = ''yaoseuxwa'' :* '''trilling''' = ''milapoden, nalopelden'' :* '''trillion''' = ''garale, garaleon'' :* '''trillionth''' = ''garalea, gorale, goraleon'' :* '''trilogy''' = ''iondin, iondren'' :* '''trim''' = ''navis'' :* '''trimaran''' = ''infatayob mipar'' :* '''trimensual''' = ''injiba'' :* '''trimester''' = ''ijib'' :* '''trimestrial''' = ''ijiba'' :* '''trimly''' = ''gyolay'' :* '''trimmed''' = ''gyolxwa, kunadgoblawa, vibwa, vigoblawa'' :* '''trimmer''' = ''kunadgoblar, vigoblar'' :* '''trimming down''' = ''gyolxen'' :* '''trimming''' = ''kunadgoblen, viben, vibun, vigoblen'' :* '''trimness''' = ''gyolan'' :* '''trimonthly''' = ''injibay'' :* '''trinal''' = ''ingona'' :* '''trinary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''trine''' = ''iona'' :* '''Trinidad and Tobago''' = ''Totom'' :* '''Trinidadian''' = ''Totoma, Totomat'' :* '''triniscope''' = ''insinuar'' :* '''Trinitarian''' = ''Totiona'' :* '''trinity''' = ''intotan, totion'' :* '''Trinity''' = ''Totion'' :* '''trinket''' = ''ivyunog'' :* '''trio''' = ''ion, ionat, iot, iwat deuzun'' :* '''triode''' = ''inmakmis'' :* '''trip by car''' = ''pep'' :* '''trip''' = ''pen, pop, pyoys'' :* '''tripartite''' = ''ingona'' :* '''tripe''' = ''upetikel, vyosul'' :* '''triphthong''' = ''inyijteuzun'' :* '''tripl-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triplane''' = ''inneda, inpatuba mampur'' :* '''triple''' = ''iona'' :* '''triple time''' = ''iondeup'' :* '''tripled''' = ''insaunxwa, ionxwa'' :* '''triple-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''triplet''' = ''intajat, iontajat'' :* '''triplex''' = ''ingona, inigan, inmosa, inmostam, inmostom, iondeup, iontam'' :* '''triplicate''' = ''insauna'' :* '''triplicity''' = ''insaunan'' :* '''tripling''' = ''insaunxen, ionxen'' :* '''triply''' = ''ionay'' :* '''tripod''' = ''insyoyab'' :* '''tripodal''' = ''insyoyaba'' :* '''tripped''' = ''pyoyxwa'' :* '''tripped up''' = ''tyoyavyobwa'' :* '''tripper''' = ''pyoysut'' :* '''tripping''' = ''pyoysen, pyoyxen, tyopyosen, tyoyavyopen, vyotyopen'' :* '''triptych''' = ''insin'' :* '''trireme''' = ''inmifubyan mimpar'' :* '''trisection''' = ''ingegonxen'' :* '''trite''' = ''zyida'' :* '''tritely''' = ''zyiday'' :* '''triteness''' = ''zyidan'' :* '''triumph''' = ''akrun'' :* '''triumphal''' = ''akruna'' :* '''triumphant''' = ''akrea'' :* '''triumphant one''' = ''akrut'' :* '''triumphantly''' = ''akreay'' :* '''triumphed''' = ''akrawa'' :* '''triumphing''' = ''akren'' :* '''triumvir''' = ''intob'' :* '''triumvirate''' = ''intobyan, tobion'' :* '''triune''' = ''iwawa'' :* '''trivalent''' = ''innaza'' :* '''trivet''' = ''insyoyabol, novxuta goblar'' :* '''trivia''' = ''kyutesa soni, ogsoni'' :* '''trivial''' = ''glotesa, kyutesa, teskyua'' :* '''trivial matter''' = ''kyuson'' :* '''triviality''' = ''kyutesan, testkyuan'' :* '''trivialization''' = ''kyutesaxen, testkyuaxen'' :* '''trivialized''' = ''kyutesaxwa, testkyuaxwa'' :* '''trivially''' = ''kyutesay'' :* '''trivium''' = ''ogson'' :* '''triweekly''' = ''inyejubay'' </div>{{small/end}} = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = two dots above diacritic -- typification = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''two dots above diacritic''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' :* '''two''' = ''e, ewa'' :* '''two-''' = ''en-'' :* '''two hundred''' = ''eso'' :* '''two hundredth''' = ''esoa'' :* '''two hundredths''' = ''esoyn'' :* '''two millionths''' = ''emroyoni'' :* '''two Mondays from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''two more people''' = ''ewa gati'' :* '''two more things''' = ''ewa gasi'' :* '''two more times''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''two of them''' = ''ewasi, ewati'' :* '''two or three times''' = ''eiwa jodi'' :* '''two percent milk''' = ''esoyn bil'' :* '''two persons''' = ''ewati'' :* '''two port network''' = ''enmesa mepyan'' :* '''two seldom''' = ''gro jodi'' :* '''two things''' = ''ewasi'' :* '''two thousanths''' = ''eroyni'' :* '''two times a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''two times a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab'' :* '''two times''' = ''ewa jodi'' :* '''two years old''' = ''ejaga'' :* '''two-day''' = ''enjuba'' :* '''two-dimensional''' = ''enaga, ennaga'' :* '''two-dimensionally''' = ''enagay'' :* '''twofer''' = ''eonnazun'' :* '''twofold''' = ''eona'' :* '''two-lane''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-lane highway''' = ''ennaeda agmep'' :* '''two-lane road''' = ''ennaeda mep'' :* '''two-lane street''' = ''ennaeda domep'' :* '''two-level''' = ''ennega'' :* '''twopence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''twopenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''two-sided''' = ''enkuna'' :* '''twosome''' = ''eot'' :* '''two-star general''' = ''edeprat'' :* '''two-track''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-way''' = ''enizona'' :* '''two-way split''' = ''engoflun'' :* '''two-way trip''' = ''enizona pop'' :* '''two-wheeled''' = ''enzyuka'' :* '''two-year college''' = ''enjaba itistam'' :* '''two-year''' = ''enjaba'' :* '''tycoon''' = ''taikun, yaxunyaneb, yaxyenagat'' :* '''tyenika''' = ''perite'' :* '''tying''' = ''nyafxen, nyanufen, yanen, yanyifxen'' :* '''tying up''' = ''nifyuzen'' :* '''tying up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovben'' :* '''tyke''' = ''tudet'' :* '''tympan''' = ''kaduzar, kaduzarayob'' :* '''tympanic''' = ''kaduzarseuxea, kaduzaryena'' :* '''tympanist''' = ''payduzarut'' :* '''tympanum''' = ''kaduzarayob'' :* '''type''' = ''drirsiyn, drursiyn, saun, syanes, tyanes'' :* '''type face''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typecast''' = ''kyogonekxwa, saunkyoxwa'' :* '''typecasting''' = ''saunkyoxen'' :* '''typed''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typed over''' = ''aybdrirwa, gawdrirwa'' :* '''typed script''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typeface''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typehead''' = ''baldresar'' :* '''typescript''' = ''drirwas'' :* '''typeset''' = ''drursiynnadbwa'' :* '''typesetter''' = ''drursiynnadbar'' :* '''typesetting''' = ''drursiynnadben'' :* '''typewriter''' = ''drir'' :* '''typewriting''' = ''driren'' :* '''typewritten character''' = ''drirsiyn'' :* '''typewritten copy''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typewritten''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typhoid fever''' = ''mialbok'' :* '''typhoon''' = ''mayop, mimuzrun, zimera mimuzlun'' :* '''typical''' = ''egsauna, syanesa, tyanesa, zesauna, zetauna'' :* '''typicality''' = ''egsaunan, zesaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typically''' = ''egsaunay, tyanesay, zetaunay'' :* '''typicalness''' = ''egsaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typification''' = ''saunxen, syanesaxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} 6qt0547ep44p6hig85ohbhky7xo1rs8 4632522 4632517 2026-04-26T06:34:48Z Mirko Privitera 3579211 /* tweeting -- two dots above accent */ 4632522 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = ''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} = trilled r -- triweekly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trilled r''' = ''glabyexwa ro'' :* '''trilled''' = ''yaoseuxwa'' :* '''trilling''' = ''milapoden, nalopelden'' :* '''trillion''' = ''garale, garaleon'' :* '''trillionth''' = ''garalea, gorale, goraleon'' :* '''trilogy''' = ''iondin, iondren'' :* '''trim''' = ''navis'' :* '''trimaran''' = ''infatayob mipar'' :* '''trimensual''' = ''injiba'' :* '''trimester''' = ''ijib'' :* '''trimestrial''' = ''ijiba'' :* '''trimly''' = ''gyolay'' :* '''trimmed''' = ''gyolxwa, kunadgoblawa, vibwa, vigoblawa'' :* '''trimmer''' = ''kunadgoblar, vigoblar'' :* '''trimming down''' = ''gyolxen'' :* '''trimming''' = ''kunadgoblen, viben, vibun, vigoblen'' :* '''trimness''' = ''gyolan'' :* '''trimonthly''' = ''injibay'' :* '''trinal''' = ''ingona'' :* '''trinary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''trine''' = ''iona'' :* '''Trinidad and Tobago''' = ''Totom'' :* '''Trinidadian''' = ''Totoma, Totomat'' :* '''triniscope''' = ''insinuar'' :* '''Trinitarian''' = ''Totiona'' :* '''trinity''' = ''intotan, totion'' :* '''Trinity''' = ''Totion'' :* '''trinket''' = ''ivyunog'' :* '''trio''' = ''ion, ionat, iot, iwat deuzun'' :* '''triode''' = ''inmakmis'' :* '''trip by car''' = ''pep'' :* '''trip''' = ''pen, pop, pyoys'' :* '''tripartite''' = ''ingona'' :* '''tripe''' = ''upetikel, vyosul'' :* '''triphthong''' = ''inyijteuzun'' :* '''tripl-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triplane''' = ''inneda, inpatuba mampur'' :* '''triple''' = ''iona'' :* '''triple time''' = ''iondeup'' :* '''tripled''' = ''insaunxwa, ionxwa'' :* '''triple-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''triplet''' = ''intajat, iontajat'' :* '''triplex''' = ''ingona, inigan, inmosa, inmostam, inmostom, iondeup, iontam'' :* '''triplicate''' = ''insauna'' :* '''triplicity''' = ''insaunan'' :* '''tripling''' = ''insaunxen, ionxen'' :* '''triply''' = ''ionay'' :* '''tripod''' = ''insyoyab'' :* '''tripodal''' = ''insyoyaba'' :* '''tripped''' = ''pyoyxwa'' :* '''tripped up''' = ''tyoyavyobwa'' :* '''tripper''' = ''pyoysut'' :* '''tripping''' = ''pyoysen, pyoyxen, tyopyosen, tyoyavyopen, vyotyopen'' :* '''triptych''' = ''insin'' :* '''trireme''' = ''inmifubyan mimpar'' :* '''trisection''' = ''ingegonxen'' :* '''trite''' = ''zyida'' :* '''tritely''' = ''zyiday'' :* '''triteness''' = ''zyidan'' :* '''triumph''' = ''akrun'' :* '''triumphal''' = ''akruna'' :* '''triumphant''' = ''akrea'' :* '''triumphant one''' = ''akrut'' :* '''triumphantly''' = ''akreay'' :* '''triumphed''' = ''akrawa'' :* '''triumphing''' = ''akren'' :* '''triumvir''' = ''intob'' :* '''triumvirate''' = ''intobyan, tobion'' :* '''triune''' = ''iwawa'' :* '''trivalent''' = ''innaza'' :* '''trivet''' = ''insyoyabol, novxuta goblar'' :* '''trivia''' = ''kyutesa soni, ogsoni'' :* '''trivial''' = ''glotesa, kyutesa, teskyua'' :* '''trivial matter''' = ''kyuson'' :* '''triviality''' = ''kyutesan, testkyuan'' :* '''trivialization''' = ''kyutesaxen, testkyuaxen'' :* '''trivialized''' = ''kyutesaxwa, testkyuaxwa'' :* '''trivially''' = ''kyutesay'' :* '''trivium''' = ''ogson'' :* '''triweekly''' = ''inyejubay'' </div>{{small/end}} = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style sole lunga luna lunga="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = two dots above diacritic -- typification = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''two dots above diacritic''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' :* '''two''' = ''e, ewa'' :* '''two-''' = ''en-'' :* '''two hundred''' = ''eso'' :* '''two hundredth''' = ''esoa'' :* '''two hundredths''' = ''esoyn'' :* '''two millionths''' = ''emroyoni'' :* '''two Mondays from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''two more people''' = ''ewa gati'' :* '''two more things''' = ''ewa gasi'' :* '''two more times''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''two of them''' = ''ewasi, ewati'' :* '''two or three times''' = ''eiwa jodi'' :* '''two percent milk''' = ''esoyn bil'' :* '''two persons''' = ''ewati'' :* '''two port network''' = ''enmesa mepyan'' :* '''two seldom''' = ''gro jodi'' :* '''two things''' = ''ewasi'' :* '''two thousanths''' = ''eroyni'' :* '''two times a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''two times a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab'' :* '''two times''' = ''ewa jodi'' :* '''two years old''' = ''ejaga'' :* '''two-day''' = ''enjuba'' :* '''two-dimensional''' = ''enaga, ennaga'' :* '''two-dimensionally''' = ''enagay'' :* '''twofer''' = ''eonnazun'' :* '''twofold''' = ''eona'' :* '''two-lane''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-lane highway''' = ''ennaeda agmep'' :* '''two-lane road''' = ''ennaeda mep'' :* '''two-lane street''' = ''ennaeda domep'' :* '''two-level''' = ''ennega'' :* '''twopence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''twopenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''two-sided''' = ''enkuna'' :* '''twosome''' = ''eot'' :* '''two-star general''' = ''edeprat'' :* '''two-track''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-way''' = ''enizona'' :* '''two-way split''' = ''engoflun'' :* '''two-way trip''' = ''enizona pop'' :* '''two-wheeled''' = ''enzyuka'' :* '''two-year college''' = ''enjaba itistam'' :* '''two-year''' = ''enjaba'' :* '''tycoon''' = ''taikun, yaxunyaneb, yaxyenagat'' :* '''tyenika''' = ''perite'' :* '''tying''' = ''nyafxen, nyanufen, yanen, yanyifxen'' :* '''tying up''' = ''nifyuzen'' :* '''tying up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovben'' :* '''tyke''' = ''tudet'' :* '''tympan''' = ''kaduzar, kaduzarayob'' :* '''tympanic''' = ''kaduzarseuxea, kaduzaryena'' :* '''tympanist''' = ''payduzarut'' :* '''tympanum''' = ''kaduzarayob'' :* '''type''' = ''drirsiyn, drursiyn, saun, syanes, tyanes'' :* '''type face''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typecast''' = ''kyogonekxwa, saunkyoxwa'' :* '''typecasting''' = ''saunkyoxen'' :* '''typed''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typed over''' = ''aybdrirwa, gawdrirwa'' :* '''typed script''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typeface''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typehead''' = ''baldresar'' :* '''typescript''' = ''drirwas'' :* '''typeset''' = ''drursiynnadbwa'' :* '''typesetter''' = ''drursiynnadbar'' :* '''typesetting''' = ''drursiynnadben'' :* '''typewriter''' = ''drir'' :* '''typewriting''' = ''driren'' :* '''typewritten character''' = ''drirsiyn'' :* '''typewritten copy''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typewritten''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typhoid fever''' = ''mialbok'' :* '''typhoon''' = ''mayop, mimuzrun, zimera mimuzlun'' :* '''typical''' = ''egsauna, syanesa, tyanesa, zesauna, zetauna'' :* '''typicality''' = ''egsaunan, zesaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typically''' = ''egsaunay, tyanesay, zetaunay'' :* '''typicalness''' = ''egsaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typification''' = ''saunxen, syanesaxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} 42exu768nlcgipjbckvfn1zxyo2xwf2 4632547 4632522 2026-04-26T11:13:25Z Clump 2448031 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4632522|4632522]] by [[Special:Contributions/Mirko Privitera|Mirko Privitera]] ([[User talk:Mirko Privitera|discuss]]) undo nonsense 4632547 wikitext text/x-wiki = t. = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''t.''' = ''t.'' :* '''t''' = ''to, tonak'' :* '''Ta''' = ''tualk'' :* '''taaa''' = ''taaa'' :* '''tab''' = ''atuyuxar, ujna naxdref'' :* '''tabbouleh''' = ''tabbula'' :* '''tabby cat''' = ''tamyipeyt'' :* '''tabby''' = ''yipeyt'' :* '''tabla rasa''' = ''uka semog'' :* '''table cloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''table flap''' = ''semub'' :* '''table leg''' = ''semyoyab'' :* '''table linen''' = ''semov'' :* '''table''' = ''nabyan, nabyansan, nyadren, sem, semutyan'' :* '''table of contents''' = ''nyadren bi yebexuni'' :* '''table setting''' = ''sembun'' :* '''table tennis ball''' = ''sem neafek zyun'' :* '''table tennis player''' = ''sem neafekut'' :* '''table tennis''' = ''sem neafek'' :* '''table wine''' = ''egla vafil, sem vafil'' :* '''tableau''' = ''iksin, nabyantuundraf'' :* '''tablecloth''' = ''semov'' :* '''tabled''' = ''doduwa'' :* '''tableland''' = ''zyimem'' :* '''tableman''' = ''yanmestob'' :* '''tablespoon''' = ''tilarag'' :* '''tablespoonful''' = ''tilaragik'' :* '''tablet''' = ''bekul zyunog, seym'' :* '''tableware''' = ''tolaryan'' :* '''tabling''' = ''doduen'' :* '''tabloid''' = ''jubdindreyf'' :* '''taboo''' = ''dotof, dyofwas, fyosun, fyosuna'' :* '''taboret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabouret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabret''' = ''yobeysim'' :* '''tabular''' = ''nabyana'' :* '''tabulated''' = ''nabyanxwa, nyadrawa'' :* '''tabulating''' = ''nabyanxea, nabyanxen, nyadrea, nyadren'' :* '''tabulation''' = ''nabyanxen, nyadren'' :* '''tabulator''' = ''syagar, yabyanxar'' :* '''tachograph''' = ''igtaxdrar'' :* '''tachometer''' = ''igannagar, ignagar'' :* '''tachycardia''' = ''igtiibilbok'' :* '''tacit''' = ''doltesuwa'' :* '''tacitly''' = ''doltesuway'' :* '''tacitness''' = ''doltesuwan'' :* '''taciturn''' = ''dolyea'' :* '''taciturnity''' = ''dolyean'' :* '''taciturnly''' = ''dolyeay'' :* '''tack''' = ''gimuyv, zyiabnodmuyv'' :* '''tack removal''' = ''gimuyvoben, zyiabnodmuyvoben'' :* '''tacked''' = ''gimuyvabwa'' :* '''tacker''' = ''gimuyvabut'' :* '''tackiness''' = ''tuzoyan, tuzukan'' :* '''tacking''' = ''gimuvaben, uzpea, uzpen'' :* '''tackle''' = ''saryan'' :* '''tackled''' = ''ebwa, izyekwa, pyoxwa'' :* '''tackler''' = ''ebut'' :* '''tackling''' = ''eben, izyeken, pyoxen'' :* '''tacky''' = ''tuzoya, tuzuka, yanulbyea'' :* '''taco''' = ''Mixuma yuzovol, tako, yuzovol'' :* '''taco shop''' = ''yuzovolnam'' :* '''tact''' = ''fidobyen, tayotyaf'' :* '''tactful''' = ''fidobyena'' :* '''tactfully''' = ''fidobyenay'' :* '''tactfulness''' = ''fidobyenan'' :* '''tactic''' = ''akpas, akpasnyad, akpasyen, dopakpas'' :* '''tactical''' = ''akpasa, akpasyena, dopakpasa'' :* '''tactically''' = ''akpasay'' :* '''tactician''' = ''akpastyenut'' :* '''tactile''' = ''byuxa, tayota, tayoxa, tayoxena'' :* '''tactility''' = ''byuxan, tayotan, tayoxenan'' :* '''tactless''' = ''fidobyenoya, fidobyenuka, fudobyena'' :* '''tactlessly''' = ''fidobyenukay, fudobyenay'' :* '''tactlessness''' = ''fidobyenoyan, fidobyenukan, fudobyenan'' :* '''tad''' = ''gos'' :* '''tafferel''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffeta''' = ''naelyuf'' :* '''taffrail''' = ''sizwa mays'' :* '''taffy''' = ''bixlevel, taffi'' </div>{{small/end}} = tag -- taken out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tag''' = ''tofdras, tofgrun'' :* '''Tagalog speaker''' = ''Togelidalut'' :* '''Tagalog''' = ''Togelid'' :* '''tagged''' = ''tofdrasbwa'' :* '''tagger''' = ''tofdrasbut'' :* '''tagging''' = ''tofdrasben'' :* '''tagmeme''' = ''dyanaun'' :* '''tagmemic''' = ''dyanauna'' :* '''Tahitian speaker''' = ''Tahedalut'' :* '''Tahitian''' = ''Tahed'' :* '''taiga''' = ''oybyibamera fabyanmem'' :* '''tail end''' = ''ujnod, ujun'' :* '''tail light''' = ''zoa manar'' :* '''tail pipe''' = ''movukxar'' :* '''tail''' = ''tibuj, zobixun, zoput'' :* '''tail wagging''' = ''tibuxegen'' :* '''tailback''' = ''puryuzpen zyobal'' :* '''tailboard''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailcoat''' = ''yagzom mojtif'' :* '''tailed''' = ''tibujika, zopya'' :* '''tailgate''' = ''zosyoibmeys'' :* '''tailgater''' = ''grayubzopurexut'' :* '''tailgating''' = ''grayubzopurexen'' :* '''tailing''' = ''zopea'' :* '''tailless''' = ''tibujoya, tibujuka'' :* '''taillight''' = ''zomanar'' :* '''tailor shop''' = ''tafnam, tofkyaxam, tofsaxam'' :* '''tailor''' = ''tofsaxut'' :* '''tailored''' = ''tofkyaxwa, tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailoress''' = ''tofkyaxuyt, tofsaxuyt'' :* '''tailoring''' = ''tafsaxen, tofkyaxen, tofsaxen'' :* '''tailor-made''' = ''tofsaxwa'' :* '''tailpiece''' = ''byosun, duzar nifgrun, zogon'' :* '''tailpipe''' = ''zomufyeg'' :* '''tailspin''' = ''oizbexwa igpyos, tibujuzrun'' :* '''tailwind''' = ''zopmap'' :* '''taint''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tainted''' = ''bokmulbwa, fuynxwa, voylzabwa, vyizanokya'' :* '''tainting''' = ''bokmulben, fuynxen, lovyizaxen, voylzaben'' :* '''taintless''' = ''fuynoya, fuynuka'' :* '''taited''' = ''lovyizaxwa'' :* '''Taiwan''' = ''Towunim'' :* '''Taiwanese''' = ''Towunima, Towunimat'' :* '''Tajik speaker''' = ''Tojikidalut'' :* '''Tajik''' = ''Tojikid, Tojikimat'' :* '''Tajiki''' = ''Tojikima'' :* '''Tajikistan''' = ''Tojikim'' :* '''take a bath''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''take a fake name''' = ''bie vyoa dyun'' :* '''take a picture''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''take an elevator''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''Take care!''' = ''Bikiu!'' :* '''take''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''take measures to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''take shelter''' = ''koembiut'' :* '''Take the next train.''' = ''Biu ha zanapa bixpur.'' :* '''take-away box''' = ''lobelunyem, lobexun nyem, oteliwas nyem'' :* '''takeaway''' = ''tambiowa, tambiowas'' :* '''take-home meal''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''taken ahead''' = ''zaybiwa'' :* '''taken along''' = ''baysipya'' :* '''taken apart''' = ''yonbiwa'' :* '''taken away''' = ''yibiwa, yibwa'' :* '''taken back''' = ''gawbiwa, zoyaysiplawa, zoyaysipya'' :* '''taken''' = ''belwa, embiwa, ibexwa'' :* '''taken beyond''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken by force''' = ''azbirwa'' :* '''taken by the hand''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken care of''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''taken chair''' = ''biwa sim'' :* '''taken down''' = ''yobiwa'' :* '''taken forward''' = ''zaybexwa, zaybiwa'' :* '''taken hold''' = ''tuyabiwa'' :* '''taken hostage''' = ''updirwa'' :* '''taken in-and-out''' = ''aoyebwa'' :* '''taken into account''' = ''sagiwa, tepiwa'' :* '''taken near''' = ''yubiwa'' :* '''taken off''' = ''meelpiya, obwa'' :* '''taken out of use''' = ''oyixbwa'' :* '''taken out''' = ''oyebiwa, oyebwa, yembixwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = taken over by squatters -- taking precautions = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taken over by squatters''' = ''kotambiwa'' :* '''taken over''' = ''dobiwa'' :* '''taken past''' = ''yizbwa'' :* '''taken seat''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken spot''' = ''biwa yem'' :* '''taken up''' = ''yabiwa'' :* '''taken up-and-down''' = ''yaoblawa'' :* '''take-off''' = ''meelpien, papien'' :* '''takeoff''' = ''melpien, papien'' :* '''take-out deliverer''' = ''tamtyaluut'' :* '''takeout''' = ''nyuxwa tyal'' :* '''take-out''' = ''tamtyal'' :* '''takeover''' = ''dabpyox, dobiun'' :* '''takeover of power''' = ''zeybien bi yafon'' :* '''taker''' = ''biut'' :* '''taking a bath''' = ''milyepen, utmilyeben, xer milyep'' :* '''taking a break''' = ''ponjobien, xer pon'' :* '''taking a breath''' = ''aliea, alien, tiebaliea, tiebalien'' :* '''taking a chance''' = ''kyenien'' :* '''taking a drug''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking a fake name''' = ''vyodyunien'' :* '''taking a risk''' = ''vekien'' :* '''taking a seat''' = ''simbien'' :* '''taking a shower''' = ''abmilien, milapyoxien, milpyoxien'' :* '''taking a siesta''' = ''zejubtujen'' :* '''taking a stroll''' = ''iftyopien'' :* '''taking advantage''' = ''akien'' :* '''taking advantage of''' = ''abfinien'' :* '''taking ahead''' = ''zaybien'' :* '''taking along''' = ''baysipea, baysipen'' :* '''taking around''' = ''yuzuben'' :* '''taking away''' = ''yiben'' :* '''taking back''' = ''gawbien, zoyaysipea, zoyaysipen, zoyaysiplen, zoyayspen'' :* '''taking back-and-forth''' = ''zaobelen'' :* '''taking beyond''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking by the hand''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking care''' = ''bikien'' :* '''taking care of''' = ''bikuea, bikuen'' :* '''taking control''' = ''dobien'' :* '''taking cover''' = ''kovien, vakien'' :* '''taking delivery of''' = ''nyuxien'' :* '''taking down''' = ''yoben, yobien'' :* '''taking for a drive''' = ''pepuen'' :* '''taking for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuen'' :* '''taking forward''' = ''zaybexen, zaybien'' :* '''taking hold of''' = ''tuyabien'' :* '''taking''' = ''ibexen, izaypien'' :* '''taking in air''' = ''mapien'' :* '''taking in''' = ''yebiea, yebien'' :* '''taking in-and-out''' = ''aoyeben'' :* '''taking into account''' = ''sagiea, sagien'' :* '''taking leave''' = ''hoyden'' :* '''taking leave of''' = ''pien'' :* '''taking medicine''' = ''bekulien'' :* '''taking near''' = ''yubien'' :* '''taking notes''' = ''dresien'' :* '''taking off a suit''' = ''tafoben'' :* '''taking off gloves''' = ''tuyafoben, tuyofoben'' :* '''taking off''' = ''oben, papiea, papien'' :* '''taking off weight''' = ''kyinoken'' :* '''taking office''' = ''doyafien'' :* '''taking on a business''' = ''xeunien'' :* '''taking on a challenge''' = ''yiflien'' :* '''taking on a task''' = ''yexiunien'' :* '''taking on an expense''' = ''noxien'' :* '''taking on and off''' = ''aoben'' :* '''taking on''' = ''kyisien'' :* '''taking on suffering''' = ''blokien'' :* '''taking out a loan''' = ''nasyefien, ojnuxien'' :* '''taking out insurance''' = ''ojokvakien'' :* '''taking out''' = ''oyeben, oyebien, oyemben, yembixen'' :* '''taking over power''' = ''dabpyoxen'' :* '''taking part''' = ''gonbien'' :* '''taking past''' = ''yizben'' :* '''taking pity on''' = ''tipuvien'' :* '''taking place''' = ''kyesea'' :* '''taking pleasure''' = ''ifiea'' :* '''taking poison''' = ''bokulien'' :* '''taking power''' = ''dabiea, dabien, yafien'' :* '''taking precautions''' = ''jabikien'' </div>{{small/end}} = taking pride in -- tampion = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''taking pride in''' = ''yavlanien, yavlien'' :* '''taking pride''' = ''utflizien'' :* '''taking refuge''' = ''mempilen, vakembien, vakempen'' :* '''taking responsibility''' = ''dudyefien'' :* '''taking revenge''' = ''ovufuen'' :* '''taking shape''' = ''sanien'' :* '''taking shelter''' = ''koambien, vakempen'' :* '''taking temperature''' = ''amanaren'' :* '''taking the place of''' = ''yembien'' :* '''taking the stitches out''' = ''yonifen'' :* '''taking the top off''' = ''loabaunen'' :* '''taking too many drugs''' = ''grabekuliea'' :* '''taking up a position''' = ''empen'' :* '''taking up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaben'' :* '''taking up arms''' = ''apyexarien, doparien'' :* '''taking up residence''' = ''tamien'' :* '''taking up''' = ''yaben, yabien'' :* '''taking up-and-down''' = ''yaoblen'' :* '''talc''' = ''mukyug'' :* '''talcum''' = ''mukyugmek'' :* '''tale''' = ''dinyog, diyn, yogdin'' :* '''tale of animals''' = ''podin'' :* '''tale of the future''' = ''ojdin'' :* '''tale of the gods''' = ''totdin'' :* '''tale of tradition''' = ''ajutbyendin'' :* '''tale of woe''' = ''aguvdin, uvdin, uvlandin'' :* '''talebearer''' = ''yuzdinut'' :* '''talent''' = ''molyaf, tajtyen'' :* '''talent scout''' = ''molyaf kexut'' :* '''talented''' = ''molyafaya, molyafika, tajtyenika, tuzyafa, tuzyena'' :* '''talented person''' = ''molyafikat'' :* '''talentedness''' = ''molyafikan'' :* '''talentless''' = ''tajtyenoya, tajtyenuka'' :* '''tali''' = ''tyoyibaibi'' :* '''talisman''' = ''fikyensun, fyesun'' :* '''talk''' = ''dal'' :* '''talkative''' = ''dalyea'' :* '''talkativeness''' = ''dalyean, gradalyean'' :* '''talker''' = ''dalut'' :* '''talking back''' = ''zoydalen'' :* '''talking back-and-forth''' = ''zaodalen'' :* '''talking''' = ''dalen'' :* '''talking dirty''' = ''vyudalen'' :* '''talking point''' = ''dalnod'' :* '''tall story''' = ''vyodin'' :* '''tall tale''' = ''fyediyn, vyodin'' :* '''tall''' = ''yaba, yabyaga'' :* '''tallboy''' = ''samag, yavilyebag'' :* '''tallied''' = ''aoksagdwa, aoksagwa, syagwa, vyegelwa'' :* '''tallier''' = ''aoksagut'' :* '''tallish''' = ''yabyayga'' :* '''tallness''' = ''yabyagan'' :* '''tallow''' = ''tayalyig'' :* '''tallowy''' = ''tayalyigyena'' :* '''tally''' = ''aoksag, syag'' :* '''tallyho''' = ''hoy'' :* '''tallying''' = ''aoksagden, syagen'' :* '''talmud''' = ''Judtuunyan, Talmud'' :* '''talmudic''' = ''Judtuunyana, Talmuda'' :* '''talon''' = ''tyoyef'' :* '''talus''' = ''tyoyibaib'' :* '''tam''' = ''tamtef'' :* '''tamability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''tamable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa'' :* '''tamale''' = ''tamale'' :* '''tamarin''' = ''tipot'' :* '''tame''' = ''taama, taamxwa, yuvna'' :* '''tamed''' = ''azyuvxwa, dotyenxwa, taamxwa, toydxwa, yuvnaxwa'' :* '''tameless''' = ''odotyenxwa, otaamxwa'' :* '''tamely''' = ''yuvnay'' :* '''tameness''' = ''dotyenan, taaman, tampetan, yuvnan'' :* '''tamer''' = ''azyuvxut, dotyenxut, taamxut, tampetxut, yuvnaxut'' :* '''Tamil speaker''' = ''Tamidalut'' :* '''Tamil''' = ''Tamid'' :* '''taming''' = ''azyuvxen, dotyenxen, taamxen, tampetxen, toydxen, yuvnaxen'' :* '''tampered''' = ''kokyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''tamperer''' = ''kokyaxut, vyoxlut'' :* '''tampering''' = ''kokyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tamping''' = ''loazaxen, mulyujben'' :* '''tampion''' = ''ujbus'' </div>{{small/end}} = tampon -- tarantella = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tampon''' = ''ofyujar, yebiliar, yujbof'' :* '''tan''' = ''meylza'' :* '''tanbark''' = ''meylzaxfayob'' :* '''tandem''' = ''apetnadbixwa par, be nad, yanyexutyan'' :* '''tandoori''' = ''tanduri'' :* '''tang''' = ''giteus, teubap'' :* '''tangelo''' = ''leufeb, leufeza'' :* '''tangent''' = ''togenad, uzbyuxnad'' :* '''tangential''' = ''uzbyuxnada'' :* '''tangentially''' = ''uzbyuznaday'' :* '''tangerine juice''' = ''lefel'' :* '''tangerine''' = ''lefeb'' :* '''tangerine orange''' = ''lefelza'' :* '''tangibility''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangible''' = ''tayoxyafwa'' :* '''tangibleness''' = ''tayoxyafwan'' :* '''tangibly''' = ''tayoxyafway'' :* '''tangle''' = ''nyaf, yanyaf, yanyebun'' :* '''tangled mess''' = ''nyafson'' :* '''tangled''' = ''nyafsonika, nyafxwa, nyanwa, yanyebwa'' :* '''tangle-free''' = ''nyanuka'' :* '''tangling''' = ''nyafxen, yanyafxen, yanyeben'' :* '''tango dance''' = ''tango daz'' :* '''tango music''' = ''tango duz'' :* '''tangy''' = ''giteusa'' :* '''tank convoy''' = ''depuryan'' :* '''tank''' = ''depur, dropek mempur, faosyebag, ilneyeb, milsyeb, soniilkyebag, sonilkyebag'' :* '''tank top''' = ''eyntiav'' :* '''tank warfare''' = ''depur dropeken'' :* '''tankard''' = ''kyitilsyeb'' :* '''tanker truck''' = ''sonilkyebagpur'' :* '''tankful''' = ''sonilkyebagik'' :* '''tanned''' = ''meylzaxwa, utmeylzaxwa'' :* '''tanner''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tannery''' = ''tayofxam'' :* '''tannic''' = ''yanbixmulika'' :* '''tannin''' = ''yanbixmul'' :* '''tanning lotion''' = ''meylzaxyel'' :* '''tanning''' = ''meylzasen, utmeylzaxen'' :* '''tanning salon''' = ''meylzasam'' :* '''tantalization''' = ''teubiluxen, vyoifuen, vyoojvaden, yekuen'' :* '''tantalizer''' = ''teubiluxut, vyoifuut, vyoojvadut, yekuut'' :* '''tantalizing''' = ''teubiluxyea, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyea, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''tantalizingly''' = ''teubiluxyeay, vyoifuyea, vyoojvadyeay, yekuyeay, yekuyeaya'' :* '''tantalum''' = ''tualk'' :* '''tantamount''' = ''getesa'' :* '''tantamount to''' = ''getesa bu'' :* '''tantra''' = ''tantra'' :* '''tantrum''' = ''frutipteax'' :* '''Tanzania''' = ''Tozam'' :* '''Tanzanian''' = ''Tozama, Tozamat'' :* '''tap''' = ''byex, iluar, ilyujar, milyuijar, mufyegubar, tuyubyex, tuyubyexun, tyoyubyex'' :* '''tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdaz'' :* '''tap dancer''' = ''tyoyubyexdazut'' :* '''tap dancing''' = ''tyoyubyexdazen'' :* '''tap room''' = ''ilyujarim'' :* '''tap water''' = ''mil bi ilyujar, mufyegubwa mil'' :* '''tapa''' = ''tulog'' :* '''tapas menu''' = ''tulogdras'' :* '''tape''' = ''nyov, yanof'' :* '''tape recorder''' = ''nyov taxdrar'' :* '''taped''' = ''taxdrawa'' :* '''tapeline''' = ''doyov yuznyov'' :* '''taper''' = ''fyelmanufog'' :* '''tapered''' = ''ujgyoxwa'' :* '''tapering''' = ''ujgyoxen'' :* '''tapestry''' = ''masof'' :* '''tapeworm''' = ''upeyet'' :* '''taping''' = ''taxdren'' :* '''tapioca''' = ''agyalevabil'' :* '''tapped''' = ''byexwa, kyubyexwa, tuyubyexwa, tyoyubyexwa'' :* '''tapper''' = ''byeyxut, tuyubyexut, tyoyubyexut'' :* '''tappet''' = ''buxar'' :* '''tapping''' = ''byexen, tuyubyexen, tyoyubyexen'' :* '''taproom''' = ''yavilam'' :* '''taproot''' = ''fyobyag'' :* '''tapster''' = ''yavilbixut'' :* '''tar''' = ''maegyel'' :* '''tar pit''' = ''maegyel mumzyeg'' :* '''tarantella''' = ''tarantella daz'' </div>{{small/end}} = tarantula -- tattooing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tarantula''' = ''epelt'' :* '''tardily''' = ''jwoay, uglay'' :* '''tardiness''' = ''jwoan, uglan'' :* '''tardy''' = ''jwoa, ugla'' :* '''tare''' = ''uka kyin'' :* '''target''' = ''byun, byunod'' :* '''target of evil''' = ''byun bi fyox'' :* '''targeted''' = ''byunxwa'' :* '''targeted for''' = ''byunxwa av'' :* '''targeting''' = ''byunxea, byunxen'' :* '''tariff''' = ''naxnyad, nuxyef'' :* '''tariff rate''' = ''nuxyef vyesag'' :* '''tariff schedule''' = ''nuxyef draf'' :* '''tariff-removal''' = ''nuxyefoben'' :* '''tarmac''' = ''magyelkuem'' :* '''tarn''' = ''yazmelmium'' :* '''tarnished''' = ''lomaynxwa, vyunxwa'' :* '''tarnishing''' = ''lomaynxen, vyunxen'' :* '''taro''' = ''lyuvol'' :* '''tarot''' = ''tarot'' :* '''tarp''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarpaulin''' = ''abof'' :* '''tarred''' = ''maegyeluwa'' :* '''tarrif''' = ''naxyan'' :* '''tarrying''' = ''jwosea'' :* '''tarsal''' = ''yetaiba'' :* '''tarsier''' = ''tupot'' :* '''tarsus''' = ''tyoyabsyob, yetaib'' :* '''tart''' = ''yigza'' :* '''tartan''' = ''nayalof'' :* '''tartar''' = ''teupibilz, vaful-alz'' :* '''tartare''' = ''vaful-alz'' :* '''tartaric''' = ''vafilyigza, vaful-alza'' :* '''tartly''' = ''yigfay, yigzay'' :* '''tartness''' = ''yigfan, yigzan'' :* '''task force''' = ''yeyxunab'' :* '''task master''' = ''yeyxuneb, yeyxunuut'' :* '''task''' = ''yefdyuun, yeyxun'' :* '''tasked''' = ''yefdyuwa, yeyxunuwa'' :* '''tasker''' = ''yeyxunuut'' :* '''tasking''' = ''yefdyuen, yeyxunuen'' :* '''task-master''' = ''yefdyuut, yeyxuneb'' :* '''taskmistress''' = ''yefdyuuyt, yeyxuneyb'' :* '''Tasmanian devil''' = ''mupot'' :* '''tassel''' = ''tibuf'' :* '''tasseled''' = ''tibufika'' :* '''tastable''' = ''teutyafwa'' :* '''taste bud''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste receptor''' = ''teusibar'' :* '''taste supplement''' = ''teusgab'' :* '''taste''' = ''teus, teutiun, toleus'' :* '''tasted''' = ''teuxwa'' :* '''tasteful''' = ''fisyena'' :* '''tastefully''' = ''fisyenay'' :* '''tastefulness''' = ''fisyenan'' :* '''tasteless''' = ''fusyena, oyteusa, teusoya, teusuka, toleusoya, toleusuka'' :* '''tastelessly''' = ''fusyenay'' :* '''tastelessness''' = ''fusyenan, oyteusan, teusoyan, teusukan, toleusoyan, toleusukan'' :* '''taster''' = ''teutiut, toleuxut'' :* '''tastiness''' = ''fiteusayan, teusayan, teusikan, toleusikan'' :* '''tasting like''' = ''teusea, teusen'' :* '''tasting''' = ''teutien, teuxen, toleuxen'' :* '''tasty''' = ''fiteusa, teusaya, teusika, viteusea'' :* '''tatami''' = ''tatami, umvib oybmasof'' :* '''Tatar speaker''' = ''Tatodalut'' :* '''Tatar''' = ''Tatod'' :* '''tater''' = ''lavol'' :* '''tatter''' = ''novgorf'' :* '''tatterdemalion''' = ''novgorfwa, novgorfwat'' :* '''tattered''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''tatting''' = ''annivartyen'' :* '''tattled''' = ''kokadwa, lodolwa'' :* '''tattler''' = ''kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattletale''' = ''kokadea, kokadut, lodolut'' :* '''tattling''' = ''kokaden, lodolen'' :* '''tattoo artist''' = ''tayodril tuzut, tayodriluut'' :* '''tattoo''' = ''tayodril'' :* '''tattooed''' = ''tayodriluwa'' :* '''tattooer''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tattooing''' = ''tayodriluen'' </div>{{small/end}} = tattooist -- teacake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tattooist''' = ''tayodriluut'' :* '''tatty''' = ''novgorfwa'' :* '''Tau''' = ''agtau'' :* '''tau neutrino''' = ''vutomules'' :* '''tau''' = ''tau, taumules'' :* '''taught''' = ''tuxwa'' :* '''taunt''' = ''hihiduduun'' :* '''taunted''' = ''hihiduduwa'' :* '''taunter''' = ''hihiduduut'' :* '''taunting''' = ''hihiduduen'' :* '''tauntingly''' = ''hihidudueay'' :* '''taupe''' = ''maoelza, melza-eymolza, sipotayob volza'' :* '''taurine''' = ''epeta, epetyena'' :* '''taut''' = ''azbixwa, yigna'' :* '''tautly''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tautness''' = ''azbixwan, yignan'' :* '''tautological''' = ''zyutestuena'' :* '''tautologically''' = ''zyutestuenay'' :* '''tautology''' = ''zyutestuen'' :* '''tavern''' = ''duztilam, tilam, yavilam'' :* '''tavern tussle''' = ''tilam ebyex'' :* '''tawdrily''' = ''vyoviay, yovaxleay'' :* '''tawdriness''' = ''vyovian, yovaxlean'' :* '''tawdry''' = ''vyovia, yovaxlea'' :* '''tawed''' = ''tayofxwa'' :* '''tawer''' = ''tayofxut'' :* '''tawing''' = ''tayofxen'' :* '''tawny''' = ''mafaovolza'' :* '''tax avoidance''' = ''donux yibesen'' :* '''tax collector''' = ''donuxiblut'' :* '''tax deduction''' = ''donux gobun'' :* '''tax evasion''' = ''donux pilen, donux yibesen'' :* '''tax exempt''' = ''donux loyefxwa'' :* '''tax exemption''' = ''donux loyef'' :* '''tax form''' = ''donux didraf'' :* '''tax fraud''' = ''donux vyotuen'' :* '''tax haven''' = ''donux vakem'' :* '''tax loophole''' = ''donux oznod'' :* '''tax rate''' = ''donux vyesag'' :* '''tax season''' = ''donux jeb'' :* '''tax year''' = ''donux jab'' :* '''taxable''' = ''donuxuyafwa'' :* '''taxation''' = ''donuxuen, gabnuxben'' :* '''taxed''' = ''donuxuwa, gabnuxbwa'' :* '''taxer''' = ''donuxuut'' :* '''taxes''' = ''donux'' :* '''taxi driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxi''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab driver''' = ''nuxpurexut'' :* '''taxicab''' = ''nuxpur'' :* '''taxicab stand''' = ''nuxpur posum'' :* '''taxidermic''' = ''potayobtuza'' :* '''taxidermist''' = ''potayobtuzut'' :* '''taxidermy''' = ''potayobtuz'' :* '''taxied''' = ''utyafpaxwa'' :* '''taxiing''' = ''utyafpaxen'' :* '''taximeter''' = ''yibanjobnagar'' :* '''taxing''' = ''bokxea'' :* '''taxonomic''' = ''naabtuna'' :* '''taxonomically''' = ''naabtunay'' :* '''taxonomist''' = ''naabtut'' :* '''taxonomy''' = ''naabtun'' :* '''taxpayer''' = ''dobnuxut'' :* '''taxpaying''' = ''dobnuxea, dobnuxen'' :* '''TB''' = ''agtoagbanak'' :* '''Tb''' = ''agtobanak, garaleagbanak, tubalk'' :* '''TBA''' = ''d.d.w., dodelwo'' :* '''TBM''' = ''mumzyegir'' :* '''Tc''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''tea green''' = ''safayeb ulza'' :* '''tea grounds''' = ''safol'' :* '''tea kettle''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tea leaf''' = ''safayeb'' :* '''tea plant''' = ''safayb'' :* '''tea''' = ''safeyl'' :* '''tea towel''' = ''milov'' :* '''tea urn''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb'' :* '''tea with lemon''' = ''safeyl bay lifeb'' :* '''teabag''' = ''safeylnyef'' :* '''teacake''' = ''zyizyuovol'' </div>{{small/end}} = teachable moment -- teeing off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teachable moment''' = ''tuxyafwa jwap'' :* '''teachable''' = ''tuxyafwa'' :* '''teacher''' = ''tuxut'' :* '''teacher's pet''' = ''tuxuta gwaifwat'' :* '''teaching a skill''' = ''tyenuen'' :* '''teaching''' = ''tin, tuxen, tuxun'' :* '''teacup''' = ''safeylsyeb'' :* '''teacupful''' = ''safeylsyebik'' :* '''teahouse''' = ''safeylam'' :* '''teakettle''' = ''safeyl magilmugyeb, safeylmugyeb'' :* '''teal''' = ''ulzoyna-yolza'' :* '''team''' = ''ekutyan'' :* '''team member''' = ''ekutyan tup'' :* '''team spirit''' = ''ekutyan tip'' :* '''teamed up''' = ''ekutyanxwa'' :* '''teaming up''' = ''ekutyanxen'' :* '''teammate''' = ''ekutyandet'' :* '''teamster''' = ''nunpurexut, potyanizbut'' :* '''teamwork''' = ''ekutyansen'' :* '''teapot''' = ''safeylmugyeb'' :* '''tear drop''' = ''teabiles, teabilzyun'' :* '''tear''' = ''goflun, teabil'' :* '''tear of joy''' = ''ivteabil'' :* '''tear of sadness''' = ''uvteabil'' :* '''tearable''' = ''nofyonxyafwa'' :* '''tear-drenched''' = ''teubilima'' :* '''teardrop''' = ''teabilzyun'' :* '''tearful''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tearfully''' = ''teabilikay'' :* '''tearing apart''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing asunder''' = ''yongoflen'' :* '''tearing down''' = ''lobyaxen, otomxen'' :* '''tearing''' = ''goflen'' :* '''tearing off''' = ''obgoflen'' :* '''tearing out''' = ''oyebgoflen'' :* '''tearing up''' = ''teabilien, yongoflen'' :* '''tear-jerker''' = ''teabiluus'' :* '''tearjerker''' = ''teabiluyea din'' :* '''tear-jerking''' = ''teabiluyea'' :* '''tear-off''' = ''obgoflun'' :* '''tearoom''' = ''afelayim, milufim, safeylim'' :* '''teary''' = ''teabilaya, teabilika'' :* '''tease''' = ''hihiduut'' :* '''teased''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, huhidwa'' :* '''teaser''' = ''hihiduus, hihiduut, hihidxut, huhidut, yogjateas, yogmisof'' :* '''teasing''' = ''hihiduen, hihiduyea, hihidxen, huhiden'' :* '''teasingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''teaspoon''' = ''tilarog'' :* '''teaspoonful''' = ''tilarogik'' :* '''teasy''' = ''hihiduea'' :* '''teat''' = ''tilaybeib'' :* '''technetium''' = ''tucalk'' :* '''technical device''' = ''tyenar'' :* '''technical difficulty''' = ''tyenara yikson'' :* '''technical drawing''' = ''tyenara drarun'' :* '''technical issue''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technical path''' = ''tyenara mep'' :* '''technical''' = ''tyenara'' :* '''technicality''' = ''tyenara son'' :* '''technically''' = ''tyenaray'' :* '''technician''' = ''tyenarut'' :* '''technique''' = ''tyenaryen'' :* '''technocracy''' = ''tyenardab'' :* '''technocrat''' = ''tyenardabut'' :* '''technocratic''' = ''tyenardaba'' :* '''technological''' = ''tyenartuna'' :* '''technologically''' = ''tyenartunay'' :* '''technologist''' = ''tyenartut'' :* '''technology''' = ''tyenartun'' :* '''techy''' = ''tyenartut, tyenarut'' :* '''tectonic''' = ''megmoysa, sexyena'' :* '''tectonics''' = ''megmoystun, sextun'' :* '''tedious''' = ''ozlaxyea'' :* '''tediously''' = ''ozlaxeay'' :* '''tediousness''' = ''ozlaxean'' :* '''tedium''' = ''ozlan'' :* '''tee''' = ''zyunsyoyb'' :* '''teehee''' = ''hihi, ozivseux'' :* '''teeheeing''' = ''hihiden, ozivseuxen'' :* '''teeing off''' = ''zyunsyoyben'' </div>{{small/end}} = teemed -- telephone receiver = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''teemed''' = ''napeltyanxwa'' :* '''teeming''' = ''napeltyansea'' :* '''teen-''' = ''aloyn-, deci-'' :* '''teen''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teenage''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''teenage boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teenage girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teen-aged''' = ''aloynjaga'' :* '''teen-aged boy''' = ''aloynjagwat'' :* '''teen-aged girl''' = ''aloynjagayt'' :* '''teenager''' = ''aloynjagat'' :* '''teen-hood''' = ''aloynjag'' :* '''teens''' = ''aloynjagan'' :* '''teeny''' = ''ooga'' :* '''teenybopper''' = ''ejsyena aloynjagat'' :* '''teeny-weeny''' = ''ogra'' :* '''teepee''' = ''ginnidtam, tipi'' :* '''teeshirt''' = ''yobtiav'' :* '''teetering''' = ''byaosea, byaosen, uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''teeth chattering''' = ''teupibaosen'' :* '''teething''' = ''teupibien, teupibxen'' :* '''teetotal''' = ''ofiliyea'' :* '''teetotaler''' = ''ofiliut'' :* '''teetotalism''' = ''ofilien'' :* '''tegular''' = ''abmefa, abmefyena'' :* '''tegument''' = ''tabyuz'' :* '''Tejano''' = ''Tehano'' :* '''tektite''' = ''mumzyef'' :* '''tele-''' = ''yib-'' :* '''telecast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''telecaster''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telecommunication''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''telecommuter''' = ''tamyexut'' :* '''telecommuting''' = ''tamyexen'' :* '''telecoms''' = ''yibebtuien'' :* '''teleconference''' = ''yibyandal'' :* '''teleconferencing''' = ''yibyandalen'' :* '''tele-control''' = ''yibizbex'' :* '''telecopier''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telecopy''' = ''yibgeldrurun'' :* '''telecopying''' = ''yibgeldren'' :* '''telecourse''' = ''yibtuxnad'' :* '''teledata''' = ''yibtuunyan'' :* '''telefax''' = ''yibgeldrur'' :* '''telefilm''' = ''yibdyez'' :* '''telegenic''' = ''yibsinvia'' :* '''telegram''' = ''nyifdras, yibdriras, yibdrirun'' :* '''telegraph''' = ''nyfdrir'' :* '''telegraphed''' = ''nyifdrawa, yibdrirwa'' :* '''telegrapher''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphese''' = ''yibdrir dalyen'' :* '''telegraphic''' = ''yibdrira'' :* '''telegraphically''' = ''yibdriray'' :* '''telegraphing''' = ''nyifdren, yibdriren'' :* '''telegraphist''' = ''nyifdrut, yibdrirut'' :* '''telegraphy''' = ''yibdrirtyen'' :* '''telekinesis''' = ''yipan'' :* '''telekinetic''' = ''yipana'' :* '''telemail''' = ''yibebdras'' :* '''telemarketer''' = ''yibnundelut'' :* '''telemarketing''' = ''yibnundelen'' :* '''telematic''' = ''yibsyaagirtyen'' :* '''telemeter''' = ''yibtuius'' :* '''telemetry''' = ''yibtuientyen'' :* '''teleological''' = ''byuontuna'' :* '''teleologically''' = ''byuontunay'' :* '''teleologist''' = ''byuontut'' :* '''teleology''' = ''byuontun'' :* '''telepath''' = ''texdyeut'' :* '''telepathic''' = ''texdyeea'' :* '''telepathically''' = ''texdyeeay'' :* '''telepathy''' = ''texdyeen'' :* '''telephone book''' = ''yibdalir emdyundyes'' :* '''telephone booth''' = ''yibdalirum'' :* '''telephone call''' = ''yibdalirun'' :* '''telephone company''' = ''yibdalir nundetyan'' :* '''telephone dial''' = ''yibdalir sagzyiun'' :* '''telephone directory''' = ''yibdalir izbus'' :* '''telephone operator''' = ''yibdalir ebexut, yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephone receiver''' = ''yibdalibar'' </div>{{small/end}} = telephone receiver-transmitter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''telephone receiver-transmitter''' = ''yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone set''' = ''yibdalir, yibdaluibar'' :* '''telephone switchboard''' = ''yibdalir yuijarsyem'' :* '''telephoned''' = ''yibdalirwa'' :* '''telephoner''' = ''yibdalirut'' :* '''telephonic''' = ''yibdalira'' :* '''telephoning''' = ''yibdaliren'' :* '''telephonist''' = ''yibdalirexut'' :* '''telephony''' = ''yibdaltyen'' :* '''telephoto camera''' = ''yibmansinar'' :* '''telephoto lens''' = ''yibmansin kyazyef'' :* '''telephoto''' = ''yibmansin'' :* '''telephotography''' = ''yibmansinaren'' :* '''teleportation''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleported''' = ''yibelwa'' :* '''teleporting''' = ''yibelen'' :* '''teleprint''' = ''yibdrurun'' :* '''teleprinter''' = ''yibdrur'' :* '''teleprocessing''' = ''yibexlen'' :* '''tele-record''' = ''yibtaxdrun'' :* '''tele-recording''' = ''yibtaxdren'' :* '''telescope''' = ''yibteaxar'' :* '''telescoped''' = ''yibteaxarwa'' :* '''telescopic''' = ''yibteaxara'' :* '''telescopically''' = ''yibteaxaray'' :* '''telescoping''' = ''yibteaxen'' :* '''telescreen''' = ''yibsinuar'' :* '''tele-service''' = ''yibyuxlen'' :* '''telethon''' = ''yibdalir nasyankex'' :* '''tele-transmission''' = ''yibuiben'' :* '''teletype''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''teletypesetter''' = ''yibdrursiynnadbar'' :* '''teletypewriter''' = ''yibdrir'' :* '''televangelism''' = ''yibfyadinzyaben, yibsinuar fyadinzyaben'' :* '''televangelist''' = ''yibfyadinzyabut, yibsinuar fyadinzyabut'' :* '''televiewer''' = ''yibsinteaxut'' :* '''televised''' = ''yibsiniwa'' :* '''televising''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''television broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''television channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''television commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''television communications''' = ''yibsin ebtuien'' :* '''television image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''television program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''television receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television reception''' = ''yibsiniben'' :* '''television set''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''television show''' = ''yibsin teaz'' :* '''television signal''' = ''yibsin siunar'' :* '''television technology''' = ''yibsintyenartun'' :* '''television transmission''' = ''yibsinuben'' :* '''television tube''' = ''yibsinibar muyfyeg'' :* '''television''' = ''yibsinien'' :* '''televisor''' = ''yibsinubut'' :* '''telework''' = ''tamyexun, xer tamyexun, yibyex, yibyexun'' :* '''teleworker''' = ''yibyexut'' :* '''teleworking''' = ''yibyexen'' :* '''telex''' = ''yibsindras, yibsindrirtyen, yinsindrir'' :* '''Tell me about...''' = ''Du at vyel...., Vyedu at...'' :* '''Tell me whether...?''' = ''Duven...?'' :* '''teller''' = ''nasbuiut, syagseemut'' :* '''teller of secrets''' = ''kodut'' :* '''telling''' = ''den, kadea, vateuyea'' :* '''telling on''' = ''kokaden'' :* '''telling the direction''' = ''merizonden'' :* '''telling the truth''' = ''vyanden'' :* '''telling under the table''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tellingly''' = ''kadeay, vateuyeay'' :* '''telltale''' = ''dotuut, kadea, kaduus'' :* '''telluric''' = ''meela'' :* '''telluride''' = ''enrotoelkiyd'' :* '''tellurium''' = ''tuelk'' :* '''telly''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''Telugu speaker''' = ''Telidalut'' :* '''Telugu''' = ''Telid'' :* '''temblor''' = ''melpaslun'' :* '''temerity''' = ''fuyevan, yifuk'' :* '''temper''' = ''jobyexut, tip'' :* '''tempera''' = ''volzyanxuul, volzyanxuulsiz'' </div>{{small/end}} = temperament -- tenet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''temperament''' = ''tip, tipyen'' :* '''temperamental''' = ''tipa, tipika, tipyena'' :* '''temperamentally''' = ''tipay, tipyenay'' :* '''temperance''' = ''ogratilean, ogratilen, zetipan'' :* '''temperate''' = ''ezamana, ezamayna, ogratilea, zetipa'' :* '''temperately''' = ''ezamanay, ogratileay'' :* '''temperateness''' = ''ezamanan, ezamaynan'' :* '''temperature''' = ''amansag, amnag'' :* '''temperature inversion''' = ''amnag oyvaxen'' :* '''tempered''' = ''vyatepxwa'' :* '''tempering''' = ''vyatepxen'' :* '''tempest''' = ''mapilag'' :* '''tempestuous''' = ''mapilagyena'' :* '''tempestuously''' = ''mapilagyenay'' :* '''tempestuousness''' = ''mapilagyenan'' :* '''temping''' = ''jobyexen'' :* '''template''' = ''kyosaun, sanizbar, uksan'' :* '''temple''' = ''fyam, fyateyzam, fyaxam, totifram, yabtebkum'' :* '''tempo''' = ''duzigan, duzjob'' :* '''temporal cycle''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''temporal''' = ''joba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporal lobe''' = ''joba zyub'' :* '''temporality''' = ''zyejoban'' :* '''temporally''' = ''zyejobay'' :* '''temporarily''' = ''yogjeseay, yogjobay, zyejobay'' :* '''temporariness''' = ''yogjesean, yogjoban, zyejoban'' :* '''temporary bed''' = ''igsum'' :* '''temporary''' = ''jogjesea, yogjesea, yogjoba, zyejoba'' :* '''temporary name''' = ''yogjoba dyun'' :* '''temporization''' = ''jobaxen, jwoxen, yagxen'' :* '''temporizer''' = ''jobaxut, jwoxut, yagxut'' :* '''tempt fate''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''temptation''' = ''yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''tempted''' = ''yekuwa'' :* '''tempter''' = ''yekuut'' :* '''tempting''' = ''yekuea, yekuen, yekueya, yekuyea'' :* '''temptingly''' = ''yekuyeay'' :* '''temptress''' = ''yekuuyt'' :* '''tempura''' = ''tempura'' :* '''ten''' = ''alo'' :* '''ten-''' = ''alo-, alon-'' :* '''ten dollar bill''' = ''alo Usodan nasdrev'' :* '''ten meters''' = ''alo yaki'' :* '''ten percent''' = ''alo asoyni'' :* '''ten persons''' = ''aloti'' :* '''ten years old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tenability''' = ''yevxyafwan'' :* '''tenable''' = ''yevxyafwa'' :* '''tenably''' = ''yevxyafway'' :* '''tenacious''' = ''kyobexea, kyotepa'' :* '''tenaciously''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenaciousness''' = ''kyobexeay, kyotepay'' :* '''tenacity''' = ''kyobexyean'' :* '''tenancy''' = ''jobnuxen'' :* '''tenant''' = ''jobnuxut'' :* '''tenantry''' = ''jobnuxutan, jobnuxutyan'' :* '''tench''' = ''yopit'' :* '''tended''' = ''bikuwa'' :* '''tendency''' = ''baen, kis, tepkis'' :* '''tendentious''' = ''tepkixwa'' :* '''tendentiously''' = ''tepkixway'' :* '''tendentiousness''' = ''tepkixwan'' :* '''tender''' = ''ebkyax zeyen, gabyux mimpar, yugla'' :* '''tender spot''' = ''tosyikwa nod'' :* '''tenderfoot''' = ''ejnat, oyagtreat'' :* '''tenderhearted''' = ''ifyuka, yantosea'' :* '''tenderheartedly''' = ''ifyukay, yantoseay'' :* '''tenderheartedness''' = ''ifyukan, yantosean'' :* '''tenderized''' = ''yuglaxwa'' :* '''tenderizer''' = ''yuglaxar, yuglaxul'' :* '''tenderizing''' = ''yuglaxen'' :* '''tenderloin''' = ''taolyug'' :* '''tenderly''' = ''yuglay, yugray'' :* '''tenderness''' = ''yuglan'' :* '''tending''' = ''baea'' :* '''tending the garden''' = ''deymyexen'' :* '''tendon''' = ''puixtaib'' :* '''tendril''' = ''tuub, uzyuvib'' :* '''tenement''' = ''glajobnuxwam'' :* '''tenet''' = ''vyatexwas'' </div>{{small/end}} = tenfold -- terminus = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tenfold''' = ''alon, alona'' :* '''tennessine''' = ''tusolk'' :* '''tennis ball''' = ''neafek zyun'' :* '''tennis court''' = ''neafekem'' :* '''tennis''' = ''neafek'' :* '''tennis player''' = ''neafekut'' :* '''tennis shoe''' = ''etyoyaf'' :* '''tenon''' = ''faoyaz'' :* '''tenor drum''' = ''ikaduzar'' :* '''tenor saxophone''' = ''avuduzar'' :* '''tenor''' = ''yabdeuzwut, yabdeuzwuta'' :* '''tenpin''' = ''zyebyun'' :* '''tense''' = ''erdunjob, yigna'' :* '''tensed''' = ''yignaxwa'' :* '''tenseless''' = ''erdunjoboya, erdunjobuka'' :* '''tensely''' = ''yignay'' :* '''tenseness''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensile''' = ''yignana'' :* '''tension''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tension-filled''' = ''yignanika'' :* '''tension-free''' = ''yignanuka'' :* '''tensity''' = ''yignan'' :* '''tensor''' = ''zyagxea taeb, zyagxus'' :* '''tent bed''' = ''tamofsum'' :* '''tent''' = ''tamof'' :* '''tentacle''' = ''byuxtup, byuxvub'' :* '''tentacled''' = ''byuxtupika, byuxvubika'' :* '''tentative''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuwa, ovlata, vyanyekena, yekuna'' :* '''tentatively''' = ''boy ika azon, kyaxuway, ovlatay, vyanyekenay, yekunay'' :* '''tentativeness''' = ''kyaxuwan, oazaonan, ovlatan, vyanyekenan, yekunan'' :* '''tenter''' = ''tamofut'' :* '''tenterhook''' = ''zyagxengrun'' :* '''tenth''' = ''aloa, alonapa, aloyn, aloyna'' :* '''tenth-''' = ''aloyn-'' :* '''tenting''' = ''tamofen'' :* '''tenuity''' = ''glon, gyoan'' :* '''tenuous''' = ''gyova, vyamsa'' :* '''tenuously''' = ''gyovay, vyamsay'' :* '''tenuousness''' = ''gyovan, vyamsan'' :* '''tenure''' = ''bemyiv, kyoja yexbem, membexenyiv'' :* '''tenured''' = ''bemyivuwa'' :* '''ten-year-old''' = ''alojaga'' :* '''tepee''' = ''Tajna Ayanmela tamof'' :* '''tepid''' = ''eynama'' :* '''tepidity''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''tepidly''' = ''eynamay'' :* '''tepidness''' = ''eynaman'' :* '''ter-''' = ''isoa'' :* '''tera-''' = ''garale-'' :* '''terabit''' = ''agtobanak'' :* '''terabyte''' = ''agtoagbanak, garaleagbanak'' :* '''teragram''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''terbium''' = ''tubalk'' :* '''tercentenary''' = ''isoan'' :* '''tercentennial''' = ''isoan'' :* '''terci-''' = ''iyn-'' :* '''tercile''' = ''igol'' :* '''terebinth''' = ''dalefab'' :* '''terebinthine''' = ''befyela, dalefaba'' :* '''tergiversation''' = ''datakyaxen, uzden, vyankoxen'' :* '''term bank''' = ''duynyan'' :* '''term''' = ''duyn, joyeb'' :* '''term of office''' = ''joyeb bi xab'' :* '''termagant''' = ''dalovekyea jagtoyb'' :* '''terminable''' = ''ujbyafwa, ujika'' :* '''terminal building''' = ''ujtom'' :* '''terminal''' = ''mampuiam, uja, ujboa, ujem, ujema, ujna, ujnod, ujnoda, ujpoa'' :* '''terminality''' = ''ujnodan'' :* '''terminally ill''' = ''boka be ujna joyeb, tojboka'' :* '''terminally''' = ''ujnoday'' :* '''terminated''' = ''ujbwa'' :* '''terminating''' = ''ujben'' :* '''termination''' = ''ujben, ujen'' :* '''terminator''' = ''ujbus, ujbut'' :* '''termini''' = ''ujnodi'' :* '''terminological''' = ''duyntuna, duynyana'' :* '''terminologically''' = ''duyntunay, duynyanay'' :* '''terminologist''' = ''duyntut'' :* '''terminology''' = ''duyntun, duynyan'' :* '''terminus''' = ''ujnod'' </div>{{small/end}} = termite -- testifying = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''termite''' = ''epelat'' :* '''termwise''' = ''duyn jo dyun'' :* '''tern''' = ''nyupiat'' :* '''ternary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''terra cotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrace''' = ''abmeltim, abtam zyiyujem'' :* '''terraced''' = ''abmeltimaya, abmeltimika'' :* '''terracotta''' = ''meleg'' :* '''terrain''' = ''meel, memyen'' :* '''terrapin''' = ''zepiat'' :* '''terrarium''' = ''petogzyeb, vobzyeb'' :* '''terrazzo''' = ''vyomeaz'' :* '''terrene''' = ''imera'' :* '''terrestrial''' = ''imera, imerat'' :* '''terrestrially''' = ''imeray'' :* '''terrible''' = ''frua, yuflaxyea, yufra, yufwa'' :* '''terrible thing''' = ''frua son, yuflaxyea son'' :* '''terribleness''' = ''fruan, yuflaxyean, yufwan'' :* '''terribly''' = ''fruay, yuflaxyeay, yufway'' :* '''terrier''' = ''doyepet, memdyes'' :* '''terrific''' = ''agra, flia, fria'' :* '''terrifically''' = ''agray, fliay, friay'' :* '''terrified''' = ''yuflaxwa'' :* '''terrifying''' = ''yuflaxea'' :* '''terrifyingly''' = ''yuflaxeay'' :* '''territorial dispute''' = ''dobmempek'' :* '''territorial''' = ''dobmema, meema'' :* '''territorialism''' = ''meemin'' :* '''territorialist''' = ''meemina, meeminut'' :* '''territoriality''' = ''dobmeman, meeman'' :* '''territory''' = ''dobmem, meem, memnig'' :* '''terror attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terror cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terror''' = ''yufran'' :* '''terrorism''' = ''yufrin'' :* '''terrorist attack''' = ''yufrin apyex'' :* '''terrorist cell''' = ''yufrinut num'' :* '''terrorist''' = ''yufrinut'' :* '''terroristic''' = ''yufrina'' :* '''terrorization''' = ''yufraxen'' :* '''terrorized''' = ''yufraxwa'' :* '''terrorizer''' = ''yufraxut'' :* '''terrorizing''' = ''yufraxen, yufrinxen'' :* '''terry cloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terrycloth''' = ''favofyig'' :* '''terse''' = ''yoiga, yoigdalwa'' :* '''tersely''' = ''yoigay, yoigdalway'' :* '''terseness''' = ''yoigan, yoigdalwan'' :* '''tertian''' = ''iynfaosyeb'' :* '''tertiary''' = ''inapa, inoga, iyna'' :* '''tesla''' = ''agtonak'' :* '''tessellated''' = ''unkumegxwa'' :* '''tessera''' = ''unkumeg'' :* '''test drive''' = ''vyayek pep'' :* '''test''' = ''finyek, jayek, vyaoyek, yekuen, yekuun'' :* '''test lab''' = ''jayekim, vyaoyekim'' :* '''test report''' = ''vyayek xwadrun'' :* '''testability''' = ''vyaoyekyafwan, yekuyafwan'' :* '''testable''' = ''vyaoyekyafwa, yekuyafwa'' :* '''testament''' = ''fyadalyan, fyatead, joibendraf'' :* '''testamentary''' = ''fyateada, joibendrafa'' :* '''testate''' = ''joibdrafika'' :* '''testator''' = ''joibdrafayat'' :* '''testatrix''' = ''joibdrafayayt'' :* '''testbed''' = ''jayekem'' :* '''tested''' = ''finyekwa, jayekwa, vyaoyekwa, yekuwa'' :* '''tester''' = ''finyekut, jayekut, vyayekut, yekunuut, yekuut'' :* '''testes''' = ''twiyibi, yitayub'' :* '''test-firing range''' = ''adoparen vyaoyekem'' :* '''testical''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicle''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testicles''' = ''twiyibi'' :* '''testicular cancer''' = ''twiyiba yazbok'' :* '''testicular''' = ''twiyiba'' :* '''testifiable''' = ''teadyafwa'' :* '''testifiably''' = ''teadyafway'' :* '''testification''' = ''teaden'' :* '''testified''' = ''teadwa, xwadwa'' :* '''testifier''' = ''teadut, xwadut'' :* '''testifying''' = ''teaden, vyanden, xwaden'' </div>{{small/end}} = testily -- Thank-you! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''testily''' = ''oboxyukay'' :* '''testimonial''' = ''fyadina, teadeyn, xwadun'' :* '''testimony''' = ''teaden, teadun, teadwas, vyandwas, xwad, xwaden'' :* '''testiness''' = ''oboxyukan'' :* '''testing''' = ''finyeken, jayeken, vyaoyeken, vyayeken, yekuea, yekuen'' :* '''testing ground''' = ''vyayekem, yekuem'' :* '''testing grounds''' = ''kevyaxem, yekuem'' :* '''testis''' = ''twiyib'' :* '''testosterone''' = ''twiyibul'' :* '''testudinal''' = ''mapyetyena'' :* '''testudinarious''' = ''mapyetayoba, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''testudinate''' = ''mapyeta, mapyetayobyena'' :* '''test-worthy''' = ''vyaoyekyefwa, yekuyefwa'' :* '''testy''' = ''oboxyukwa'' :* '''tetanic''' = ''zyobixtaebboka'' :* '''tetanus''' = ''zyobixtaebbok'' :* '''tether''' = ''vaknyif'' :* '''tetra-''' = ''un-'' :* '''tetraanion''' = ''unvomakmul'' :* '''tetracation''' = ''unvamakmul'' :* '''tetrachloride''' = ''uncalilkiyd'' :* '''tetracosane''' = ''ulohelkayn'' :* '''tetragon''' = ''ungun, ungunsan'' :* '''tetragonal''' = ''unguna, ungunsana'' :* '''tetrahedral''' = ''unnednida'' :* '''tetrahedron''' = ''unnednid'' :* '''tetralogy''' = ''undezun, uondren'' :* '''tetrameter''' = ''unkyiddreznad'' :* '''Texas''' = ''Teksas'' :* '''text body''' = ''zedreniv'' :* '''text checker''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxut'' :* '''text''' = ''dreniv, dunnadyan, ebdres'' :* '''text editing''' = ''dreniv vyaleaxen'' :* '''text editor''' = ''drevin vyaleaxar'' :* '''Text me!''' = ''Makdru at!'' :* '''textbook''' = ''tistam dyes'' :* '''texted''' = ''ebdrawa, makdrawa, makebdrawa'' :* '''texter''' = ''ebdrut, makdrut, makebdrut'' :* '''textile''' = ''nof, nofa, nofun'' :* '''texting''' = ''ebdren, makdren, makebdren'' :* '''textual''' = ''dreniva, dunnadyana'' :* '''textually''' = ''drenivay'' :* '''textural''' = ''tayotyena'' :* '''texture''' = ''tayotyen'' :* '''textured''' = ''tayotyenika'' :* '''Tg''' = ''agtogenak'' :* '''Th''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''Thai baht''' = ''Toheban'' :* '''Thai language''' = ''Tohad'' :* '''Thai speaker''' = ''Tohadalut'' :* '''Thai''' = ''Tohama, Tohamat'' :* '''Thai writing system''' = ''Tohadreyen'' :* '''Thailand''' = ''Toham'' :* '''thallium''' = ''tulilk'' :* '''than''' = ''vyegexwa bay, vyel'' :* '''thanatological''' = ''tojtuna'' :* '''thanatologically''' = ''tojtunay'' :* '''thanatologist''' = ''tojtut'' :* '''thanatology''' = ''tojtun'' :* '''thanatophobe''' = ''tojyufat'' :* '''thanatophobia''' = ''tojyuf'' :* '''thanatophobic''' = ''tojyufa'' :* '''thane''' = ''yuydeb'' :* '''thanked''' = ''hyaydwa, ifdudwa, iftaxdwa, nazdwa'' :* '''thankful''' = ''hyaydyea, ifdudyea, iftaxdyea, naztwa'' :* '''thankfully''' = ''hyaydyeay, iftaxdyeay, naztway'' :* '''thankfulness''' = ''hyaydyean, iftaxdyean, naztwan'' :* '''thanking''' = ''hwayden, hyaden, hyayden, ifdudea, ifduden, iftaxden, nazden'' :* '''thankless''' = ''hyadoya, hyayduka, iftaxoya, iftaxuka, ohwadywa'' :* '''thanklessly''' = ''hyaydukay, iftaxukay'' :* '''thanklessness''' = ''hyayduken, iftaxoyan, iftaxukan'' :* '''thanks!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thanks!''' = ''Hyay!, Naxtwe!, Yefxwa!'' :* '''thanks''' = ''iftax, iftaxden, naztwe'' :* '''thanks to''' = ''hyay bu, iftax bu'' :* '''Thanksgiving Day''' = ''Hyaydenjub'' :* '''thanksgiving''' = ''hyayden, iftaxden'' :* '''thank-you card''' = ''hyaydraf, iftaxdres'' :* '''thank-you!''' = ''hyay!'' :* '''Thank-you!''' = ''Hyay!, Iftaxwa!, Ivtaxwa!, Naztwe!, Yefxwa!'' </div>{{small/end}} = thank-you = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thank-you''' = ''ifdud, iftax, naztwe'' :* '''thank-you note''' = ''hyaydres, iftaxdres'' :* '''Thank-you very much!''' = ''Gla naztwe!, Gla yefxwa!, hyay hyay!'' :* '''that day''' = ''hujub'' :* '''that direction''' = ''huizon'' :* '''That doesn't matter.''' = ''Hus glotese.'' :* '''that far''' = ''byu hum'' :* '''that female person''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that female person's''' = ''huyta, huytas'' :* '''that female's''' = ''huyta'' :* '''that frequently''' = ''huxag'' :* '''that gender''' = ''hutooba'' :* '''that girl''' = ''huyt'' :* '''that girl's''' = ''huyta, huytas, huytasi'' :* '''that guy''' = ''hwut'' :* '''that guy's''' = ''hwuta, hwutas, hwutasi'' :* '''that guy's things''' = ''hwutasi'' :* '''that''' = ''ho, hua, hunog, van'' :* '''That hurts!''' = ''Hus byoke., Hwuy!'' :* '''that is''' = ''be hyua duni'' :* '''That is to say...''' = ''Be hyua duni...'' :* '''that kind''' = ''husaun'' :* '''that kind of''' = ''hugela, husauna, huyena'' :* '''that kind of person''' = ''husaunat, huyenat'' :* '''that kind of thing''' = ''husaunas, huyenas'' :* '''that long''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that many girls''' = ''huglayti'' :* '''that many''' = ''hugla, huglasi, huglati'' :* '''that many people''' = ''huglati'' :* '''that many things''' = ''huglasi'' :* '''that many times''' = ''hugla jodi'' :* '''that Monday''' = ''hujuab'' :* '''that much''' = ''hugla, huglas'' :* '''that much of it''' = ''huglas'' :* '''that much time''' = ''hugla job'' :* '''that much/many''' = ''hugla'' :* '''that often''' = ''hugla jodi, hugla xag, huxag, huxaga'' :* '''that old''' = ''hujaga'' :* '''that one''' = ''huawa, huawas'' :* '''that one thing''' = ''huawas'' :* '''that only females''' = ''hawayti'' :* '''that other''' = ''huhyua'' :* '''that other kind of''' = ''hihyusauna, huhyusauna'' :* '''that other person''' = ''huhyut'' :* '''that other person's''' = ''huhyuta'' :* '''that other place''' = ''hahyum, huhyum'' :* '''that other thing''' = ''huhyus'' :* '''that other time''' = ''huhyuj'' :* '''that other way''' = ''huhyuyen'' :* '''that particular girl''' = ''huawayt'' :* '''that particular''' = ''huawa'' :* '''that particular person''' = ''huawat'' :* '''that person''' = ''hut'' :* '''that person's''' = ''huta, hutas, hutasi'' :* '''that same''' = ''huhyia'' :* '''that same kind of''' = ''huhyusauna'' :* '''that same one who''' = ''hyiat ho'' :* '''that same ones who''' = ''hyiati ho'' :* '''that same people''' = ''huhyiti'' :* '''that same person''' = ''huhyit'' :* '''that same person's''' = ''huhyita'' :* '''that same place''' = ''huhyum'' :* '''that same thing''' = ''huhyis'' :* '''that same things''' = ''huhyisi'' :* '''that same time''' = ''huhyij'' :* '''that same way''' = ''huhyiyen'' :* '''that thing''' = ''hus'' :* '''that time''' = ''hujod'' :* '''That was fun!''' = ''Hwiy!'' :* '''that way''' = ''gel hus, huizon, humep, huyen, huyuxun'' :* '''that which''' = ''hos'' :* '''that year''' = ''hujab'' :* '''thatch''' = ''abaea umvab, luvob, umvabun'' :* '''thatched''' = ''luvobwa, umvabwa, umvibwa'' :* '''thatched roof''' = ''umvibwa abtamas'' :* '''thatcher''' = ''umvabut'' :* '''thatching''' = ''luvoben, umvaben'' :* '''thaumaturge''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgic''' = ''fyteaza'' :* '''thaumaturgical''' = ''fyateaza, fyateazena'' </div>{{small/end}} = thaumaturgist -- the frequency = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thaumaturgist''' = ''fyateazut'' :* '''thaumaturgy''' = ''fyateaz, fyateazen'' :* '''thawed''' = ''loyomxwa'' :* '''thawing''' = ''loyomsea, loyomxen'' :* '''the following kinds of things''' = ''hiiyenasi'' :* '''the ability to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaotyaf'' :* '''the Age of Aquarius''' = ''ha Joub bi Aquarius'' :* '''the amount''' = ''hagan, haglas'' :* '''the amount of time''' = ''hagla job'' :* '''the amount that''' = ''hagan ho'' :* '''the Arch of Triumph''' = ''ha Uzaybmas bi Akrun'' :* '''the Archbishop of Canterbury''' = ''ha Abefyaxeb bi Canterbury'' :* '''The Bahamas''' = ''Bahesom'' :* '''the beautiful people''' = ''vidotyan'' :* '''the best''' = ''gwa fi, gwafi, gwafis'' :* '''the best thing of all''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the big bang''' = ''ha aga kyiseux'' :* '''the capital letter A''' = ''aga'' :* '''the cardinal number zero''' = ''o'' :* '''The Chosen People''' = ''ha Kebiwatyan'' :* '''the church''' = ''totinab'' :* '''the color blue''' = ''yolz'' :* '''the color pink''' = ''yelz'' :* '''the color red''' = ''alz'' :* '''the day after tomorrow''' = ''jozajub'' :* '''the day after''' = ''zayjub'' :* '''the day before yesterday''' = ''jazojub'' :* '''the day's happenings''' = ''jubkyesyan'' :* '''the Declaration of Independence''' = ''ha Vyiden bi Oyuvan'' :* '''the defense''' = ''opyexutyan'' :* '''the developed world''' = ''ha sasya mir'' :* '''the ego''' = ''ha at'' :* '''the Eiffel Tower''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Eiffel'' :* '''the elite''' = ''kebiwatyan'' :* '''The end justifies the means.''' = ''Ha byun yevxe ha zeyen.'' :* '''the entire day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the entire thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas'' :* '''the entire way''' = ''hyaha mep'' :* '''the entire world''' = ''hyaha mir'' :* '''the entirety''' = ''aynas'' :* '''the fact that''' = ''van'' :* '''the faithful''' = ''fyavatexutyan'' :* '''the first''' = ''ha aa, ha aas, ha aasi, ha aat, ha aati'' :* '''the first one''' = ''ha aas, ha aat'' :* '''the first one that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first one who''' = ''ha aat ho'' :* '''the first ones''' = ''ha aasi, ha aati'' :* '''the first ones that''' = ''ha aasi ho'' :* '''the first ones who''' = ''ha aati ho'' :* '''the first persons''' = ''ha aati'' :* '''the first that''' = ''ha aas ho'' :* '''the first thing''' = ''ha aa sun, ha aas'' :* '''the first thing that''' = ''ha aa sun ho, ha aas ho'' :* '''the follow person's''' = ''hiita'' :* '''the following amount''' = ''hiiglas'' :* '''the following girl''' = ''hiiyt'' :* '''the following girl's''' = ''hiiyta, hiiytas, hiiytasi'' :* '''the following guys''' = ''hiiyti, hwiit, hwiiti'' :* '''the following guys'''' = ''hwiita, hwiitas'' :* '''the following guy's''' = ''hwiitasi'' :* '''the following''' = ''hiia, hiis'' :* '''the following kind of''' = ''hiigela, hiiyena'' :* '''the following kind of people''' = ''hiiyenati'' :* '''the following kind of person''' = ''hiiyenat'' :* '''the following kind of thing''' = ''hiiyenas'' :* '''the following Monday''' = ''ha jona juab'' :* '''the following number of people''' = ''hiiglati'' :* '''the following number of things''' = ''hiiglasi'' :* '''the following people''' = ''hiiti'' :* '''the following person''' = ''hiit'' :* '''the following person's''' = ''hiita, hiitas, hiitasi'' :* '''the following person's things''' = ''hiitasi'' :* '''the following (things)''' = ''hiisi'' :* '''the following way''' = ''hiimep, hiiyen'' :* '''the foregoing''' = ''huua'' :* '''the former''' = ''huus, huut, huuti'' :* '''the former person''' = ''huut'' :* '''the former things''' = ''huusi'' :* '''the former's''' = ''huuta'' :* '''the frequency''' = ''haxag'' </div>{{small/end}} = the game of hide-and-seek = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the game of hide-and-seek''' = ''kos-kex-ifek'' :* '''the girl''' = ''hayt'' :* '''the girl's''' = ''hayta, haytas, haytasi'' :* '''the girls''' = ''hayti, yit'' :* '''the good life''' = ''ha vitej'' :* '''The Great Barrier Reef''' = ''Ha Agala Ovmas Mimegag'' :* '''the Great Pyramids''' = ''ha Agta Unkikunidi'' :* '''The Great Wall''' = ''Ha Agala Mas'' :* '''the guy''' = ''hwat'' :* '''the guy who''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy whom''' = ''hwat ho'' :* '''the guy's''' = ''hwata, hwatas'' :* '''the guys''' = ''hwati'' :* '''the''' = ''ha'' :* '''the haves and have-nots''' = ''ha beuti ay ha obeuti'' :* '''the Holy Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the homeland''' = ''himem'' :* '''the hopes of''' = ''be fiyak bi'' :* '''the house''' = ''tim bi avembiuti, yembiutyanim'' :* '''the id''' = ''ha it'' :* '''the kind''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the kind of guy''' = ''hayenwat'' :* '''the kind of guy that''' = ''hoyenwat'' :* '''the kind of guys that''' = ''hoyenwati'' :* '''the kind of''' = ''hagela, hasauna, hayena'' :* '''the kind of man''' = ''hasaunwat'' :* '''the kind of man who''' = ''hasaunwat ho'' :* '''the kind of men''' = ''hasaunwati, hayenwati'' :* '''the kind of men who''' = ''hasaunwati ho'' :* '''the kind of people''' = ''hasaunati, hayenati'' :* '''the kind of people that''' = ''habyena tobi ho'' :* '''the kind of people who''' = ''hasaunati ho, hoyenati'' :* '''the kind of person''' = ''hasaunat, hayenat'' :* '''the kind of person who''' = ''hasaunat ho, hoyenat'' :* '''the kind of thing''' = ''hasaunas, hayenas'' :* '''the kind of thing that''' = ''habyenas ho, hasaunas ho, hoyenas'' :* '''the kind of things''' = ''hayenasi'' :* '''the kind of things that''' = ''habyena suni ho, hoyenasi ho'' :* '''the kind of woman''' = ''hayenayt'' :* '''the kind of woman who''' = ''hoyenayt'' :* '''the kind of women''' = ''hasaunayti, hayenayti'' :* '''the kind of women who''' = ''hasaunayti ho, hoyenayti'' :* '''the kind that''' = ''hasauna ho, hoyen'' :* '''the kinds of''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the kinds of things''' = ''hasaunasi'' :* '''the kinds that''' = ''hayeni'' :* '''the late Mr. Dobbs''' = ''he tojya Dut Dobbs'' :* '''the latter''' = ''huua'' :* '''the Leaning Tower of Pisa''' = ''ha Baea Zyutom bi Pisa, he Baea Yabtom bi Pias'' :* '''the least number of times''' = ''gwo jodi'' :* '''the least often''' = ''gwoxag'' :* '''the letter a''' = ''a'' :* '''the letter b''' = ''ba'' :* '''the letter C''' = ''agca'' :* '''the letter c''' = ''ca'' :* '''the letter d''' = ''da'' :* '''the letter e''' = ''e'' :* '''the letter F''' = ''agfe'' :* '''the letter f''' = ''fe'' :* '''the letter g''' = ''ge'' :* '''the letter H''' = ''aghe'' :* '''the letter h''' = ''he'' :* '''the letter i''' = ''i'' :* '''the letter J''' = ''agji'' :* '''the letter j''' = ''ji'' :* '''the letter K''' = ''agki'' :* '''the letter k''' = ''ki'' :* '''the letter L''' = ''agli'' :* '''the letter l''' = ''li'' :* '''the letter m''' = ''mi'' :* '''the letter N''' = ''agni'' :* '''the letter n''' = ''ni'' :* '''the letter o''' = ''o'' :* '''the letter P''' = ''agpo'' :* '''the letter p''' = ''po'' :* '''the letter q''' = ''ko'' :* '''the letter r''' = ''ro'' :* '''the letter S''' = ''agso'' :* '''the letter s''' = ''so'' :* '''the letter T''' = ''agto'' </div>{{small/end}} = the letter t -- the other thing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the letter t''' = ''to'' :* '''the letter u''' = ''u'' :* '''the letter V''' = ''agvu'' :* '''the letter v''' = ''vu'' :* '''the letter W''' = ''agwu'' :* '''the letter w''' = ''wu'' :* '''the letter X''' = ''agxu'' :* '''the letter x''' = ''xu'' :* '''the letter Y''' = ''agyu'' :* '''the letter y''' = ''yu'' :* '''the letter Z''' = ''agzu'' :* '''the letter z''' = ''zu'' :* '''the majority of''' = ''ha gagon bi'' :* '''the manner''' = ''habyen, hayen'' :* '''the manner of''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the Mass''' = ''ha Fyaxel'' :* '''the matter''' = ''hason'' :* '''the matters''' = ''hasoni'' :* '''the media''' = ''ha drorur'' :* '''the Milky Way''' = ''ha Maarmaf'' :* '''the Monday when...''' = ''ha juab ho'' :* '''the most''' = ''gwa, gwas'' :* '''the most hated thing''' = ''gwaufwas'' :* '''the most often''' = ''gwaxag'' :* '''the most times''' = ''gwa jodi'' :* '''the necessity''' = ''efim'' :* '''the needy''' = ''ha nasefati'' :* '''the next''' = ''ha gwa yuba'' :* '''the next one''' = ''ha gwa yubas'' :* '''the number of people''' = ''haglati'' :* '''the number of things''' = ''haglasi'' :* '''the number of times''' = ''hagla jodi'' :* '''the number of women''' = ''haglayti'' :* '''the number of...that''' = ''hasag'' :* '''the number one''' = ''a'' :* '''the number that''' = ''hasag ho'' :* '''the older one''' = ''gajagat'' :* '''the one doing the most''' = ''gwaxut'' :* '''the one''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the one over here''' = ''hiat'' :* '''the ones''' = ''hati'' :* '''the only female person''' = ''hawayt'' :* '''the only female who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only girl who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only''' = ''ha ana, hawa'' :* '''the only one''' = ''ha anat, hawas, hawat, hawayt ho'' :* '''the only one that''' = ''hawas ho'' :* '''the only one who''' = ''ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only ones''' = ''hawasi, hawati, hawayti'' :* '''the only one's''' = ''hawatas, hawatasi'' :* '''the only ones that''' = ''hawasi ho'' :* '''the only one's thing''' = ''hawatas'' :* '''the only one's things''' = ''hawatasi'' :* '''the only one's which''' = ''hawatas ho, hawatasi ho'' :* '''the only ones who''' = ''hawati ho'' :* '''the only people''' = ''ha ana tobi, ha anati, hawati'' :* '''the only people who''' = ''ha ana tobi ho, ha anati ho, hawati ho'' :* '''the only person''' = ''ha ana tob, ha anat, hawat'' :* '''the only person who''' = ''ha ana tob ho, ha anat ho, hawat ho'' :* '''the only place''' = ''hawam'' :* '''the only place that''' = ''hawam ho'' :* '''the only thing''' = ''ha ana sun, ha anas, hawas'' :* '''the only thing that''' = ''ha ana sun ho, ha anas ho, hawas ho'' :* '''the only things''' = ''ha ana suni, ha anasi, hawasi'' :* '''the only things that''' = ''ha ana suni ho, ha anasi, hawasi ho'' :* '''the only time''' = ''hawajod'' :* '''the only time that''' = ''hawajod ho'' :* '''the only way''' = ''hawayen'' :* '''the only way that''' = ''hawayen ho'' :* '''the only woman who''' = ''hawayt ho'' :* '''the only women who''' = ''hawayti ho'' :* '''the opposite of''' = ''ov-'' :* '''the other day''' = ''hyujub'' :* '''the other''' = ''ha hyua, hahyua, hyua, hyut'' :* '''the other kind of''' = ''hahyusauna'' :* '''the other one''' = ''hahyuas, hahyuat'' :* '''the other people''' = ''ha hyuati, hyuhati'' :* '''the other people's''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''the other person''' = ''hahyuat, hahyut, hyuhat, hyut'' :* '''the other thing''' = ''ha hyuas, hahyus, hyus'' </div>{{small/end}} = the other things -- the Son of God = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''the other things''' = ''ha hyuasi, hyusi'' :* '''the other time''' = ''hahyuj, hyua job'' :* '''the other two''' = ''hyuewa'' :* '''the other two people''' = ''hyuewati'' :* '''the other two things''' = ''hyuewasi'' :* '''the other way''' = ''hahyuyen'' :* '''the others''' = ''ha hyuasi, ha hyuati, hyuhati, hyuti'' :* '''the other's''' = ''hyuhata, hyuta'' :* '''the others'''' = ''hyuhatia'' :* '''The package has already arrived.''' = ''Ha nyuf jay puaye.'' :* '''the past Monday''' = ''ajna juab'' :* '''the people''' = ''hati'' :* '''the people over here''' = ''hiati'' :* '''the people...''' = ''Yat'' :* '''the perfect thing''' = ''gwafis'' :* '''the person''' = ''hat'' :* '''the person who''' = ''ha tob ho, hot'' :* '''the person's''' = ''hata, hatas'' :* '''the person's thing''' = ''hatas'' :* '''the person's things''' = ''hatasi'' :* '''the place''' = ''ham'' :* '''the place that''' = ''hom'' :* '''the place where''' = ''hom'' :* '''the places''' = ''hami'' :* '''the places where''' = ''hami ho'' :* '''the poor''' = ''ha gronasati'' :* '''the Press''' = ''ha Dodrur'' :* '''the press''' = ''ha drodur, ha drorur'' :* '''the previous Monday''' = ''ha jana juab'' :* '''the Promised Land''' = ''ha Ojvadwa Mem'' :* '''the quick and the dead''' = ''ha tejati ay ha tojyati'' :* '''the reason''' = ''hasav'' :* '''the rest of''' = ''ha zoybesun bi'' :* '''the rich''' = ''ha ikzati, ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the right size''' = ''vyanaga'' :* '''the right way''' = ''be vyamep'' :* '''the root of all evil''' = ''ha fyob bi hya fyox'' :* '''the same amount''' = ''hyiglas'' :* '''the same amount of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same day''' = ''hyijub'' :* '''the same direction''' = ''hyiizon'' :* '''the same girl''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''the same girl's''' = ''hyiyta, hyiytas'' :* '''the same girls''' = ''hyiyti'' :* '''the same''' = ''hahyia, hyia, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same kind''' = ''gesaun, hyisaun'' :* '''the same kind of''' = ''gelyena, hyigela, hyisauna, hyiyena'' :* '''the same kind of people''' = ''hyiyenati'' :* '''the same kind of person''' = ''hyiyenat'' :* '''the same kind of the same kind''' = ''gesauna'' :* '''the same kind of thing''' = ''hyiyenas'' :* '''the same kinds of things''' = ''hyiyenasi'' :* '''the same Monday''' = ''hyijuab'' :* '''the same number of''' = ''hyigla'' :* '''the same number of people''' = ''hyiglati'' :* '''the same number of things''' = ''hyiglasi'' :* '''the same number of times''' = ''ge jodi, hyigla jodi'' :* '''the same one''' = ''hyias, hyiat, hyiawa, hyiawas, hyiawat, hyit, hyiyt'' :* '''the same ones''' = ''hyiasi, hyiati, hyiti, hyiyti'' :* '''the same one's''' = ''hyiyta'' :* '''the same one's things''' = ''hyiytas'' :* '''the same people''' = ''hahyiti, hyiati, hyiti'' :* '''the same person''' = ''hahyit, hyiat, hyit'' :* '''the same person's''' = ''hahyita, hyita, hyitas, hyitasi'' :* '''the same place''' = ''hahyum, hyim'' :* '''the same thing''' = ''hahyis, hyis, hyisun'' :* '''the same things''' = ''hahyisi, hyisi, hyisuni'' :* '''the same time''' = ''hahyij'' :* '''the same two''' = ''hyiewa'' :* '''the same two people''' = ''hyiewati'' :* '''the same two things''' = ''hyiewasi'' :* '''the same way''' = ''hahyuyen, hyiizon, hyimep'' :* '''the same way of''' = ''gelyena'' :* '''the same way that''' = ''hyimep ho'' :* '''the second Monday from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''the self''' = ''ha ut'' :* '''the senses''' = ''ha tayopi'' :* '''the single''' = ''hawa'' :* '''the sole''' = ''ha ana'' :* '''the Son of God''' = ''ha Tottwud'' </div>{{small/end}} = The Sublime Porte -- thematically = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''The Sublime Porte''' = ''Ha Friza Mes'' :* '''the superego''' = ''ha aybat'' :* '''The Tale of Two Cities''' = ''ha Diyn bi Ewa Domi'' :* '''The Ten Commandments''' = ''Ha Alo Duruni'' :* '''the the center of''' = ''bu zen bi'' :* '''the thing''' = ''has, hason, hasun'' :* '''the thing most disliked''' = ''gwauyfwas'' :* '''the thing that''' = ''hasi ho, hos'' :* '''the thing's''' = ''hasa'' :* '''the things''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni'' :* '''the things that''' = ''hasuni ho'' :* '''the time''' = ''haj, hajob'' :* '''the time that''' = ''hajob ho, hajod ho, hoj'' :* '''the time when''' = ''hajob ho, hoj'' :* '''the times when''' = ''hajobi bu'' :* '''the Tower of Babel''' = ''ha Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''the Tower of London''' = ''ha Yabtom bi London'' :* '''the truth uncovered''' = ''vyankaxwas'' :* '''the Twin Towers''' = ''ha Eona Zyutomi'' :* '''The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' = ''Gebarom'' :* '''the unknown''' = ''otwas'' :* '''the very first''' = ''ha gwa aa'' :* '''the very''' = ''hyia'' :* '''the very same''' = ''hyit'' :* '''the very same ones''' = ''hyiti'' :* '''the way''' = ''habyen, hamep, hayen'' :* '''the way of the kind''' = ''hayena'' :* '''the way that''' = ''ha yuxun ho, homep, hoyen'' :* '''the ways''' = ''hoyeni'' :* '''the ways that''' = ''habyeni, hoyeni'' :* '''the wealthy''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the well-to-do''' = ''ha nyazayati, ha nyazikati'' :* '''the whole day''' = ''hyaha jub'' :* '''the whole''' = ''ha aona, ha ayna, hyaha'' :* '''the whole thing''' = ''aynas, ha aonas, ha aynas, hyaglas'' :* '''the whole way''' = ''hyaha mep, hyamep'' :* '''the whole world''' = ''ha aona mir, ha ayna mir, hyaha mir'' :* '''the woman whom''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the women who''' = ''hoyti'' :* '''the worst''' = ''gwa fu, gwa fuay, gwafu, gwafua'' :* '''the worst thing''' = ''gwofis'' :* '''the worst thing of all''' = ''gwafus'' :* '''the wrong size''' = ''vyonaga'' :* '''the wrong way''' = ''be vyomep'' :* '''theater''' = ''dez, dezam, teaxam, teaxim, vyamdezam'' :* '''theater in the round''' = ''zyudezam'' :* '''theater lobby''' = ''dezam zatem'' :* '''theater part''' = ''dezekgon'' :* '''theater piece''' = ''dezun'' :* '''theater props''' = ''dezsomyan'' :* '''theater salon''' = ''deztim'' :* '''theater spectator''' = ''dezteaxut'' :* '''theater wing''' = ''dezkutim'' :* '''theatergoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatre''' = ''dezam'' :* '''theatregoer''' = ''dezamput'' :* '''theatrical''' = ''deza, dezeka, vyamdeza'' :* '''theatrical scenery''' = ''dezzomassin'' :* '''theatrical show''' = ''dezteaxun'' :* '''theatricality''' = ''dezan'' :* '''theatrically''' = ''dezay'' :* '''theca''' = ''abnyeb'' :* '''thecal''' = ''abnyeba'' :* '''thee''' = ''et'' :* '''theft''' = ''kobiren, vyobien, vyoboyxen'' :* '''their''' = ''bi huti, hitia, hutia, huytia, yisa, yita, yota'' :* '''their own thing''' = ''yiutas'' :* '''their own things''' = ''yiutasi'' :* '''their own''' = ''yiusa, yiusas, yiusasi, yiuta, yiutas, yiutasi'' :* '''their thing''' = ''huytias, yitas'' :* '''their things''' = ''hutiasi, huytiasi, yitasi'' :* '''theirs''' = ''hutias, hutiasi, huytias, huytiasi, yitas, yitasi'' :* '''theism''' = ''totin'' :* '''theist''' = ''totinut'' :* '''theistic''' = ''totina'' :* '''them''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''them themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thematic''' = ''texzena, vyesona'' :* '''thematical''' = ''vyesona'' :* '''thematically''' = ''texzenay, vyesonay'' </div>{{small/end}} = theme -- thermographer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''theme''' = ''dalnod, texzen, vyeson'' :* '''theme park''' = ''ifekdem'' :* '''theme tune''' = ''tyuen duznad'' :* '''themselves''' = ''itiyut, yius, yiut, yout'' :* '''then''' = ''huj, hujob, jo his, jo hus, johus, joy'' :* '''thence''' = ''bi hum, husav'' :* '''thenceforth''' = ''ji huj, jo hus'' :* '''thenceforward''' = ''bi huj joy'' :* '''theocracy''' = ''totdab'' :* '''theocrat''' = ''totdabut, totdeb'' :* '''theocratic''' = ''totdaba'' :* '''theodolite''' = ''gunnagar'' :* '''theologian''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theological''' = ''tottuna'' :* '''theology''' = ''tottun'' :* '''theorem''' = ''tuindeyn, vyadel'' :* '''theoretic''' = ''vyadela'' :* '''theoretical''' = ''tuina, vyadela, xelyiba'' :* '''theoretically''' = ''tuinay, vyadelay'' :* '''theoretician''' = ''tuindut, tuit, vyadelut'' :* '''theorist''' = ''tuindut, tuinxut'' :* '''theorization''' = ''tuinden'' :* '''theorized''' = ''tuindwa, tuinxwa'' :* '''theorizer''' = ''tinydut'' :* '''theorizing''' = ''tuinden, tuinxen'' :* '''theory of evolution''' = ''sankyaxtuin'' :* '''theory of relativity''' = ''vyeantuin'' :* '''theory''' = ''-tuin'' :* '''theosophic''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophical''' = ''tottena'' :* '''theosophist''' = ''tottut'' :* '''theosophy''' = ''totten'' :* '''therapeutic''' = ''beka, tapbeka'' :* '''therapeutically''' = ''bekay'' :* '''therapist''' = ''bekut'' :* '''therapy''' = ''bek, beken'' :* '''therapy center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''there are''' = ''beuwe, bewe, ese'' :* '''There are...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''there''' = ''be hum'' :* '''there is available''' = ''bewe'' :* '''there is''' = ''beuwe, ese'' :* '''There is...''' = ''Ese...'' :* '''There will be enough space for everyone.''' = ''Eso gre nig av hyat.'' :* '''thereabout''' = ''yub bi huglas, yuz hum'' :* '''thereabouts''' = ''yub bi huglas, yub bi hum, yuz hum'' :* '''thereafter''' = ''jo hus'' :* '''thereby''' = ''beyhus'' :* '''therefore''' = ''av hia tesyob, av his, av hua tesyob, av hus, avhus, hisav, husav'' :* '''therefrom''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''therein''' = ''yeb hum, yeb hus'' :* '''thereinto''' = ''yeb bu hum, yeb bu hus'' :* '''thereof''' = ''bi hus'' :* '''thereon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereto''' = ''bu hus'' :* '''theretofore''' = ''byu huj, ja hus, ju huj, ju hus'' :* '''thereunder''' = ''ayb hus'' :* '''thereunto''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''thereupon''' = ''ab hus'' :* '''therewith''' = ''bay hus'' :* '''therm''' = ''bay hya his, bay hya hus'' :* '''thermal''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermal camera''' = ''amsinxar'' :* '''thermal conductivity''' = ''amizbyafwan'' :* '''thermal cutting''' = ''amxena goblen'' :* '''thermal expansion''' = ''amzyaxen'' :* '''thermal image''' = ''amsin'' :* '''thermal imaging''' = ''amsinxen'' :* '''thermal insulation''' = ''amyonaxen'' :* '''thermal radiation''' = ''amnaudxen'' :* '''thermally''' = ''amay'' :* '''thermally conductive''' = ''amizbea'' :* '''thermic''' = ''ama'' :* '''thermion''' = ''ammakmul'' :* '''thermo-''' = ''am-'' :* '''thermocouple''' = ''amensun'' :* '''thermodynamic''' = ''amkyaxena'' :* '''thermodynamics''' = ''amkyaxen, amtun'' :* '''thermogram''' = ''amdraf'' :* '''thermographer''' = ''amsinxar'' </div>{{small/end}} = thermographic -- thin cut = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thermographic''' = ''amdrena'' :* '''thermography''' = ''amdren'' :* '''thermometer''' = ''amnagar'' :* '''thermometric''' = ''amnagara'' :* '''thermonuclear''' = ''amzemula'' :* '''thermophilia''' = ''amifon'' :* '''thermophilic''' = ''amifa'' :* '''thermoplastic''' = ''amsazula'' :* '''thermos jar''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermos jug''' = ''amsyeb'' :* '''thermosensitive''' = ''amtosea'' :* '''thermosphere''' = ''ammaal'' :* '''thermostat''' = ''amvyabxar'' :* '''thermostatic''' = ''amvyabxara'' :* '''thermostatically''' = ''amvyabxaray'' :* '''thesaurus''' = ''dunneaf, dunnyexdyes'' :* '''these days''' = ''hia jubi, hijobi'' :* '''these females''' = ''hiayti'' :* '''these girls''' = ''hiyti'' :* '''these guys''' = ''hwiti'' :* '''these''' = ''hi-, hia, hiati'' :* '''these kind of people''' = ''hisaunati, hiyenati'' :* '''these kind of things''' = ''hisauanasi'' :* '''these kinds of girls''' = ''hisaunayti'' :* '''these kinds of guys''' = ''hisaunwati'' :* '''these kinds of men''' = ''hiyenwati'' :* '''these kinds of people''' = ''hiyenati'' :* '''these kinds of things''' = ''hiyenasi'' :* '''these kinds of women''' = ''hiyenayti'' :* '''these men''' = ''hitwobi'' :* '''these other people''' = ''hihyuti'' :* '''these other things''' = ''hihyusi'' :* '''these parts''' = ''himi, yubeym'' :* '''these people''' = ''hiti, hitobi'' :* '''these people's''' = ''bi hitobi'' :* '''these places''' = ''himi'' :* '''these (things)''' = ''hisi'' :* '''these things''' = ''hisi, hisuni'' :* '''these two''' = ''hiewa'' :* '''these two people''' = ''hiewati'' :* '''these two things''' = ''hiewasi'' :* '''these women''' = ''hitoybi'' :* '''thespian''' = ''deza, dezifut, dezut'' :* '''Theta''' = ''agtheta'' :* '''theta''' = ''theta'' :* '''thew''' = ''yuvat'' :* '''they''' = ''hasi, hasoni, hasuni, hati, hayti, hisi, hiti, hiyti, huti, huyti, hwiti, yis, yit, yot'' :* '''They say...''' = ''Ot de...'' :* '''they say that''' = ''ot de van'' :* '''they themselves as girls''' = ''iyti iytiut'' :* '''they themselves''' = ''iyti iytiut, yit yiut'' :* '''thick cut''' = ''gyagoflun, gyagol'' :* '''thick fog''' = ''gyamiaf'' :* '''thick''' = ''gladreva, gyaa, gyala, zyeaga'' :* '''thick mass''' = ''gyaglal'' :* '''thick section''' = ''gyagol'' :* '''thick slice''' = ''gyagoblun, gyagoflun'' :* '''thick-blooded''' = ''gyatiibila'' :* '''thickened''' = ''gyalaxwa, gyaxwa, zyeagxwa'' :* '''thickener''' = ''gyaxur'' :* '''thickening''' = ''gyalaxen, gyaxen, gyaxyea, zyeagxen'' :* '''thicket''' = ''faybyan'' :* '''thickheaded''' = ''gyatepa'' :* '''thickly''' = ''gyaay, gyalay, zyeagay'' :* '''thickly sliced''' = ''gyagoflawa'' :* '''thickness''' = ''gyaan, gyalan, zyeagan'' :* '''thickset''' = ''gyatapa'' :* '''thief''' = ''dolbiut, kobiut, ofbiut, vyobiut, yovbiut'' :* '''thievery''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thieving''' = ''dolbien, kobien, ofbien, vyobien, yovbien'' :* '''thievish''' = ''dolbiyea, kobiyea, ofbiyea, vyobiyea, yovbiyea'' :* '''thigh''' = ''tyoeb'' :* '''thighbone''' = ''tyoebaib'' :* '''thigh-length sock''' = ''tyoev'' :* '''thill''' = ''falofaof'' :* '''thiller''' = ''falofaofapet'' :* '''thimble''' = ''tuyuf'' :* '''thimbleful''' = ''tuyufik'' :* '''thimblerig''' = ''tuyufek'' :* '''thin cut''' = ''gyoblun'' </div>{{small/end}} = thin -- this kind of man's = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thin''' = ''gyoa, gyola, yuzoga, zyeoga'' :* '''thin line''' = ''gyonad'' :* '''thin opening''' = ''gyoyij'' :* '''thin section''' = ''gyogol'' :* '''thin slice''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin tear''' = ''gyoflun'' :* '''thin wire''' = ''gyonyif, nyifes'' :* '''thine''' = ''eta'' :* '''thing at one's disposal''' = ''nabyemxun'' :* '''thing being equated''' = ''gelwas'' :* '''thing concentrated on''' = ''zexwas'' :* '''thing found''' = ''kaxun'' :* '''thing of interest''' = ''trefxus'' :* '''thing of the past''' = ''ajobas'' :* '''thing''' = ''son, sun'' :* '''things''' = ''bexunyan'' :* '''thinkable''' = ''texyafwa'' :* '''thinkably''' = ''texyafway'' :* '''thinker''' = ''texut'' :* '''thinking ahead''' = ''zaytexen'' :* '''thinking differently''' = ''hyutexen'' :* '''thinking straight''' = ''iztexen'' :* '''thinking''' = ''texea, texen'' :* '''thinking the opposite''' = ''oyvtexen'' :* '''thinly torn''' = ''zyogoflawa'' :* '''thinly veiled''' = ''gyokoxovwa'' :* '''thinly''' = ''zyeogay'' :* '''thinned down''' = ''gyoaxwa, yuzogxwa'' :* '''thinned out''' = ''gyoaxwa, gyolxwa'' :* '''thinned''' = ''zyeogxwa'' :* '''thinness''' = ''gyoan, gyolan, yuzogan, zyeogan'' :* '''thinning down''' = ''gyoasen, yuzogsen, yuzogxen'' :* '''thinning out''' = ''gyoaxen, gyolxen'' :* '''thinning''' = ''zyeogxen'' :* '''thiol''' = ''sohelk'' :* '''third class''' = ''ia syana'' :* '''third course''' = ''itulyan'' :* '''third grade''' = ''ia tisnog'' :* '''third''' = ''ia, iyn-'' :* '''third person''' = ''iat'' :* '''Third Reich''' = ''Ia Adaab'' :* '''third thing''' = ''ias'' :* '''third-degree''' = ''inoga'' :* '''third-grader''' = ''ia tisnogat'' :* '''thirdly''' = ''iay'' :* '''third-ranking''' = ''innaga'' :* '''thirst for knowledge''' = ''tunef'' :* '''thirst''' = ''tilef'' :* '''thirstily''' = ''tilefay'' :* '''thirstiness''' = ''tilefan'' :* '''thirsting''' = ''tilefen'' :* '''thirst-quencher''' = ''tilefobus'' :* '''thirst-quenching''' = ''tilefobea'' :* '''thirsty''' = ''tilefa'' :* '''thirteen''' = ''ali'' :* '''thirteenth''' = ''alia, alinapa'' :* '''thirtieth''' = ''iloa, ilonapa, iloyn'' :* '''thirty''' = ''ilo'' :* '''this and that''' = ''huix'' :* '''This belongs to me.''' = ''His bayswe at.'' :* '''this color of''' = ''hivolza'' :* '''this country''' = ''himem'' :* '''this direction''' = ''hiizon'' :* '''This does not concern you.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this far''' = ''byu him'' :* '''this female''' = ''hiayt'' :* '''this female's''' = ''hiayta'' :* '''this gender''' = ''hitooba'' :* '''this girl''' = ''hiyt'' :* '''this girl's''' = ''hiyta, hiytas, hiytasi'' :* '''this guy''' = ''hwit'' :* '''this guy's''' = ''hwita'' :* '''this''' = ''hi-, hia, hinog'' :* '''This is none of your business.''' = ''His voy vyexe et.'' :* '''this kind''' = ''hisaun'' :* '''this kind of girl''' = ''hisaunayt'' :* '''this kind of guy''' = ''hisaunwat'' :* '''this kind of''' = ''higela, hisauna, hiyena'' :* '''this kind of man''' = ''hiyenwat'' :* '''this kind of man's''' = ''hiyenwata'' </div>{{small/end}} = this kind of person -- those in charge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''this kind of person''' = ''hisaunat, hiyenat'' :* '''this kind of thing''' = ''hisaunas, hiyenas'' :* '''this kind of woman''' = ''hiyenayt'' :* '''this kind of woman's''' = ''hiyenayta'' :* '''this long''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this man''' = ''hitwob'' :* '''this man's''' = ''hitwoba'' :* '''this many''' = ''higla, higlasi'' :* '''this many people''' = ''higlati'' :* '''this many times''' = ''higla jodi'' :* '''This means a lot to me.''' = ''His tesage av at.'' :* '''this Monday''' = ''hijuab'' :* '''this much''' = ''higla, higlas'' :* '''this much time''' = ''higla job'' :* '''this often''' = ''higla jodi, higla xagay, hiixag, hixag, hixaga'' :* '''this old''' = ''hijaga'' :* '''this one''' = ''hias, hiat, hiawa, hiawas'' :* '''this one thing''' = ''hiawas'' :* '''this or that kind of''' = ''hiusauna'' :* '''this other''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other person''' = ''hihyua'' :* '''this other place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this other thing''' = ''hihyus'' :* '''this other time''' = ''hihyuj'' :* '''this other way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''this particular''' = ''hiawa'' :* '''this particular person''' = ''hiawat'' :* '''this person''' = ''hiat, hit, hitob'' :* '''this person's''' = ''hita, hitas, hitoba'' :* '''this person's things''' = ''hitasi'' :* '''this place''' = ''him'' :* '''this same''' = ''hihyia'' :* '''this same kind of''' = ''hahyusauna, hihyusauna'' :* '''this same people''' = ''hihyiti'' :* '''this same person''' = ''hihyit'' :* '''this same person's''' = ''hihyita'' :* '''this same place''' = ''hihyum'' :* '''this same thing''' = ''hihyis'' :* '''this same things''' = ''hihyisi'' :* '''this same time''' = ''hihyij'' :* '''this same way''' = ''hihyuyen'' :* '''This seat is occupied.''' = ''Hia sim se embiwa.'' :* '''this thing''' = ''his, hisun'' :* '''this time''' = ''hijod'' :* '''this very person''' = ''hyiyt'' :* '''this way''' = ''hiizon, himep, hiyen, hiyuxun'' :* '''this way or that''' = ''kyea'' :* '''this woman''' = ''hitoyb'' :* '''this woman's''' = ''hitoyba'' :* '''this year''' = ''hijab'' :* '''this-and-that''' = ''huis'' :* '''thistle''' = ''sevob, vulob'' :* '''thistle violet''' = ''sevyalza'' :* '''thistledown''' = ''sevobayeb'' :* '''thistly''' = ''sevobaya, sevobika, sevobyena'' :* '''thither''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thitherto''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''thole''' = ''blokyaf'' :* '''thong''' = ''gyoneyef, tayoneyef, yugsul tyoyaf'' :* '''thoracic''' = ''abtiaba, tibaiba'' :* '''thorax''' = ''abtiab'' :* '''thorium''' = ''tuhelk'' :* '''thorn in the side''' = ''tepvuloxus, tepvuloxut'' :* '''thorn patch''' = ''vulobyan'' :* '''thorn''' = ''vulob'' :* '''thorniness''' = ''vulobayan, vulobikan'' :* '''thorny''' = ''vulobaya, vulobika, vulobyena'' :* '''thorough''' = ''ika'' :* '''thorough-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thoroughbred''' = ''vyistejbwa, vyistejbwat'' :* '''thoroughfare''' = ''yagzyotim, zyedomep, zyemep, zyepem'' :* '''thoroughgoing''' = ''bay gla bik, glabikwa'' :* '''thoroughly''' = ''bikway, ik-, ikay'' :* '''thoroughly cleaned''' = ''ikvyixwa'' :* '''thoroughness''' = ''bikwan, ikan'' :* '''thorp''' = ''doym'' :* '''those females'''' = ''huytia, huytias, huytiasi'' :* '''those girls''' = ''huyti'' :* '''those in attendance''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those in charge''' = ''vadebutyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = those in the lower classes -- thrift savings = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''those in the lower classes''' = ''obdotyanati'' :* '''those kind of people''' = ''husaunati, huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of people''' = ''huyenati'' :* '''those kinds of things''' = ''husaunasi, huyenasi'' :* '''those other people''' = ''huhyuti'' :* '''those other things''' = ''huhyusi'' :* '''those people''' = ''huati, huti'' :* '''those people's''' = ''hutia'' :* '''those places''' = ''humi'' :* '''those present''' = ''ejputyan'' :* '''those (things)''' = ''husi'' :* '''those two girls''' = ''huewayti'' :* '''those two''' = ''huewa'' :* '''those two people''' = ''huewati'' :* '''those two things''' = ''huewasi'' :* '''those who''' = ''hyoti'' :* '''thou''' = ''et'' :* '''Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.''' = ''Von vyofu ha tayd bi eta yubat.'' :* '''though''' = ''fi van'' :* '''thought pattern''' = ''tex nabyan'' :* '''thought''' = ''tex, texwa'' :* '''thoughtful''' = ''texaya, texika, texyea'' :* '''thoughtfully''' = ''texaya, texikay'' :* '''thoughtfulness''' = ''texayan, texikan, texyean'' :* '''thoughtless''' = ''otexyea, texoya, texuka'' :* '''thoughtlessly''' = ''texukay'' :* '''thoughtlessness''' = ''texoyan, texukan'' :* '''thousand''' = ''gari'' :* '''thousandfold''' = ''arona, aronay'' :* '''thousands''' = ''aroni'' :* '''thousands of people''' = ''aroati'' :* '''thousandth''' = ''aroa, aronapa, aroyn'' :* '''thrall''' = ''faosyeb, yuvraxwat'' :* '''thralldom''' = ''yuxrutan'' :* '''thrashed''' = ''okrawa sammoys'' :* '''thrasher''' = ''okrut'' :* '''thrashing''' = ''okren'' :* '''thread''' = ''nif'' :* '''threadbare''' = ''bukwa, gradwa, nifyija'' :* '''threaded''' = ''nifzyebwa'' :* '''threader''' = ''nifzyebar'' :* '''threading''' = ''nifzyeben'' :* '''threadlike''' = ''nifyena'' :* '''thready''' = ''nifyena, oza'' :* '''threat''' = ''fuveon, jayufson, jwavebuk, jwavok, kyebuk, ojfyun, ojfyunden, ovak, ovakden, vok, vokden, yufsun'' :* '''threat prediction''' = ''kyebuk jwad'' :* '''threatened''' = ''fuveondwa, jayufsonuwa, jwavebukuwa, kyebukuwa, lovakuwa, ojfyundwa, vokdwa'' :* '''threatened with extinction''' = ''tejipoa'' :* '''threatening''' = ''fuveonden, jayufsonuea, jayufsonuen, jwavokuen, jwavokuyea, kyebukaya, kyebukika, kyebukua, lovakuen, lovakuyea, ojfyua, ovakdea, ovakdyea, vebukuen, vebukuyea, vekuyea, voka, vokdyea, yufsunaya'' :* '''threateningly''' = ''jwavokuyeay, lovakuyea, vebukuyeay'' :* '''three dots above accent''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three dots above diacritic''' = ''innod aybsiyn'' :* '''three gods in one''' = ''totion'' :* '''three hundred''' = ''iso'' :* '''three''' = ''i, iwa'' :* '''three-''' = ''in-'' :* '''three more times''' = ''iwa gajodi'' :* '''three times''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''three-act play''' = ''ingona dez'' :* '''three-day''' = ''injuba'' :* '''three-dimensional''' = ''inaga, inayga'' :* '''three-fold''' = ''ion, iona'' :* '''threescore''' = ''yalo'' :* '''three-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''threesome''' = ''ion, ionat, iot'' :* '''three-star general''' = ''ideprat'' :* '''three-way division''' = ''ingol'' :* '''three-way''' = ''inizona'' :* '''three-way split''' = ''ingoblun, ingol'' :* '''three-wheeled''' = ''inzyuka'' :* '''threnody''' = ''deuzuv'' :* '''threonine''' = ''threoniyn'' :* '''thresher''' = ''veeybyonxir'' :* '''threshing''' = ''veeybyonxen'' :* '''threshold''' = ''ijnad, mes oybun, mesmep, meszan'' :* '''thrice''' = ''iwa jodi'' :* '''thrift and savings bank''' = ''nexam, nexun syem'' :* '''thrift''' = ''finox, nex, nexen, nexyean, neyx'' :* '''thrift savings account''' = ''nexun syagdrav'' :* '''thrift savings''' = ''nexunyan'' </div>{{small/end}} = thriftily -- thrust = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thriftily''' = ''finoxyeay, glonoxyeay'' :* '''thriftiness''' = ''finoxyean, glonoxyean, nexyean'' :* '''thriftless''' = ''funoxyea, ofinoxyea'' :* '''thrifty''' = ''finoxyea, glonoxea, nexyea'' :* '''thrill''' = ''tosiflan'' :* '''thrilled''' = ''iflaxwa, tipaxlawa, tosifla, tosiflaxwa'' :* '''thriller''' = ''tipaxlea dyes, tipaxlea dyezun, tipaxlus'' :* '''thrilling''' = ''iflaxea, tipaxlea, tipaxlen, tosiflaxen'' :* '''thrillingly''' = ''tipaxleay'' :* '''Thrive!''' = ''Fiteju!'' :* '''thriving''' = ''fitejea, yagtejen'' :* '''throat disease''' = ''zateyobbok'' :* '''throat doctor''' = ''zateyobtut'' :* '''throat lozenge''' = ''zateyob bekul zyunog'' :* '''throat soreness''' = ''zateyobboyk'' :* '''throat''' = ''zateyob'' :* '''throatily''' = ''zateyobyenay'' :* '''throatiness''' = ''zateyoybyenan'' :* '''throaty''' = ''zateyobyena'' :* '''throbbing''' = ''zyaobasea, zyaobasen, zyaosen'' :* '''throe''' = ''byook'' :* '''throes''' = ''byook'' :* '''thrombosis''' = ''tiibilyujunbok'' :* '''thrombotic''' = ''tiibilyujuna'' :* '''thrombus''' = ''tiibilyujun'' :* '''Throne''' = ''Atait'' :* '''throne''' = ''debsim, edebsim, fyasim'' :* '''throng''' = ''balutyan, glatyan, nyanotyan'' :* '''thronging''' = ''balutyanxen'' :* '''throstle''' = ''favovar'' :* '''throttle''' = ''malmufyeg'' :* '''throttler''' = ''malyujbut'' :* '''throttling''' = ''malyujben, suriganben'' :* '''through''' = ''bey, zye'' :* '''through intuition''' = ''bey iztes'' :* '''through the ages''' = ''zye ha joyobi'' :* '''throughout''' = ''hyaje, hyazye, zya, zyag'' :* '''throughout ones life''' = ''hyazye ota tej, zyag ota tej'' :* '''through-point''' = ''zyem, zyenod, zyepem'' :* '''throughput''' = ''tuunzyebigan, zyebigan'' :* '''through-way''' = ''zyem, zyemep'' :* '''throw away item''' = ''ipuxun'' :* '''throw''' = ''pux, puxun'' :* '''throwaway''' = ''anyixa, ipuxyafwa'' :* '''throw-away item''' = ''oyepuxun, oyepuxwas'' :* '''throw-away society''' = ''ipux dot'' :* '''throwback''' = ''ajyenat, zoyajpen, zoytaxuus, zoytaxuut'' :* '''thrower''' = ''puxut'' :* '''throwing away''' = ''ipuxen, yipuxen'' :* '''throwing back and forth''' = ''puixen, zaopuxen'' :* '''throwing back in''' = ''zoyyepuxen'' :* '''throwing down''' = ''yopuxen'' :* '''throwing in''' = ''yepuxen'' :* '''throwing off''' = ''opuxen'' :* '''throwing on''' = ''apuxen'' :* '''throwing out''' = ''oyepuxen'' :* '''throwing over''' = ''aypuxen'' :* '''throwing overboard''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing''' = ''puxen'' :* '''throwing under''' = ''oypuxen'' :* '''throwing underwater''' = ''miloypuxen'' :* '''throwing up''' = ''tikebiloken'' :* '''thrown about''' = ''zyapuxwa'' :* '''thrown away''' = ''ipuxwa, yipuxwa'' :* '''thrown back in''' = ''zoyyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown down immediately''' = ''igyopuxwa'' :* '''thrown down''' = ''pyoxwa, yobrawa, yopuxwa'' :* '''thrown off balance''' = ''lozebwa'' :* '''thrown off''' = ''oblawa, opuxwa'' :* '''thrown out''' = ''oyebembwa, oyepuxwa'' :* '''thrown over''' = ''aypuxwa'' :* '''thrown overboard''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thrown''' = ''puxwa'' :* '''thrown under''' = ''oypuxwa'' :* '''thrown underwater''' = ''miloypuxwa'' :* '''thru-''' = ''zye-'' :* '''thrum''' = ''apelad'' :* '''thrush''' = ''bapat'' :* '''thrust engine''' = ''zaypuxur'' :* '''thrust''' = ''puxlawa, puxlun, yebalwa, zaypux, zoypux'' </div>{{small/end}} = thrusted -- ticklishness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''thrusted''' = ''puxlawa'' :* '''thruster''' = ''puxlar, puxlir, zaypuxar, zaypuxur'' :* '''thrusting''' = ''puxlen, yebalen, zaypuxen'' :* '''thruway''' = ''zyedomep, zyemep'' :* '''thud''' = ''kyibyex, kyiseux, zyipyeux'' :* '''thudding''' = ''kyibyexen, kyiseuxea, zyipyeuxen'' :* '''thug''' = ''teyobufgoblut'' :* '''thuggery''' = ''teyobufgoblen'' :* '''thuggish''' = ''teyobufgoblutyena'' :* '''thulium''' = ''tulk'' :* '''thumb''' = ''atuyub'' :* '''thumb drive''' = ''taxmuv'' :* '''thumb screw''' = ''tuyub uzyumuv'' :* '''thumbing''' = ''atuyuben'' :* '''thumbnail''' = ''atulob'' :* '''thumbscrew''' = ''tuyubarar'' :* '''thumbtack''' = ''atuyumuv'' :* '''thump''' = ''kyibyex, kyibyexun, kyiseux'' :* '''thumped''' = ''kyibyexwa'' :* '''thumping''' = ''kyibyexea, kyibyexen'' :* '''thunder clap''' = ''mameux'' :* '''thunder cloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunder gray''' = ''mameux-maolza'' :* '''thunderbolt''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thunderclap''' = ''mamxeus pyex'' :* '''thundercloud''' = ''mameux maf'' :* '''thunderhead''' = ''maufab'' :* '''thundering''' = ''mameuxen'' :* '''thunderous''' = ''mameuxyena'' :* '''thunderously''' = ''mameuxyeay'' :* '''thundershower''' = ''mameux milpyox'' :* '''thunderstorm''' = ''mameux mapil'' :* '''thunderstruck''' = ''yokraxwa'' :* '''thundery''' = ''mamxeusaya, mamxeusika'' :* '''thurible''' = ''moguar'' :* '''Thursday''' = ''juub'' :* '''thus''' = ''av his, av hus, avhus, beyhus, hiyen, husav, huuyen, huyen'' :* '''thus far''' = ''byu ej'' :* '''thusly''' = ''huuyen'' :* '''thwack''' = ''zyipyex'' :* '''thwacker''' = ''zyipyexut'' :* '''thwaite''' = ''memvyidun'' :* '''thwarted''' = ''ovaxwa, ovyexwa'' :* '''thwarter''' = ''ovyexut'' :* '''thwarting''' = ''ovaxen, ovyexen'' :* '''thy''' = ''eta'' :* '''thylacine''' = ''myepot'' :* '''thyme''' = ''zivol'' :* '''thymus''' = ''zotiabtayub'' :* '''thyroid''' = ''itayub'' :* '''thyroidal''' = ''itayuba'' :* '''thyself''' = ''eut'' :* '''Ti''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tiara''' = ''eyntebuyz'' :* '''Tibet''' = ''Tibam'' :* '''Tibetan''' = ''Tibad, Tibama, Tibamat'' :* '''tibia''' = ''tyoub'' :* '''tibial''' = ''tyouba'' :* '''tic''' = ''yokpas'' :* '''tick''' = ''nyapelt'' :* '''tick tock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''ticked''' = ''glavolza, oboxwa'' :* '''ticker''' = ''nodxut, pandrev'' :* '''ticket barrier''' = ''poxmeys'' :* '''ticket booth''' = ''drurunes tum, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket dispenser''' = ''drurunes noxar'' :* '''ticket''' = ''dokebidyekutyan, drurunes'' :* '''ticket office''' = ''drurunes nixam, drurunesum'' :* '''ticket stub''' = ''drurunes obgoflun'' :* '''ticket taker''' = ''drurunes biut'' :* '''ticket window''' = ''drurunes mis, mises'' :* '''ticketed''' = ''drurunesyefwa'' :* '''ticking''' = ''kyoben'' :* '''tickled''' = ''hihiduwa, hihidxwa, iftuyuxwa, ivteuduwa, tuloxefxwa, tuyubifxwa, uigabaxwa'' :* '''tickler''' = ''hihidxut, ifbyuxegar, iftuyuxar, tuloxefxar, tuyubifxar, uigabaxar'' :* '''tickling''' = ''hihiduen, hihidxen, ifbyuxegen, iftuyuxen, ivseuxuen, ivteuduen, tuloxefxea, tuloxefxen, tuyubifxen, uigabaxen'' :* '''ticklingly''' = ''hihidxeay'' :* '''ticklish''' = ''tuloxefyukwa'' :* '''ticklishly''' = ''tuloxefyukway'' :* '''ticklishness''' = ''tuloxefyukwan'' </div>{{small/end}} = ticktacktoe -- tilde = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''ticktacktoe''' = ''tiktakto ifek'' :* '''ticktock''' = ''jwobarseux'' :* '''tidal basin''' = ''mimuipa dim'' :* '''tidal''' = ''mimuipa'' :* '''tidally''' = ''mimuipay'' :* '''tidbit''' = ''gos, ogsun, tulog'' :* '''tiddler''' = ''oga tob'' :* '''tiddly''' = ''fil, glefila'' :* '''tide gage''' = ''mimuip nagar'' :* '''tide gate''' = ''mimuip meys'' :* '''tide lock''' = ''mimuip yujar'' :* '''tide''' = ''mimuip'' :* '''tideland''' = ''mimuipmem'' :* '''tidemark''' = ''mimuipsiyn'' :* '''tidewater''' = ''mimuipmil'' :* '''tideway''' = ''mimuipmep'' :* '''tidied''' = ''finapxwa'' :* '''tidied up''' = ''napizaxwa, olonapxwa, vyikxwa'' :* '''tidily''' = ''vyikay'' :* '''tidiness''' = ''finap, finapan, vyikan'' :* '''tiding''' = ''ejna twasyan'' :* '''tidy''' = ''finapa, napiza, vyika'' :* '''tidying up''' = ''finapxen, olonapxen, vyikxen'' :* '''tie clip''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tie''' = ''geeksag, nyaf, teyof, yuv'' :* '''tie rack''' = ''teyof belar'' :* '''tie tack''' = ''teyof nivar'' :* '''tieback''' = ''zonyafxwas'' :* '''Tiebetan breed dog''' = ''lyoyepet'' :* '''tied down''' = ''yuva'' :* '''tied''' = ''geeksagwa, nyafxwa, nyifxwa'' :* '''tied up''' = ''geeksaga, nifyuzwa'' :* '''tied up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxwa'' :* '''tiepin''' = ''teyof yanyifar'' :* '''tier''' = ''neg'' :* '''tierce''' = ''yaynfaosyeb'' :* '''tiered''' = ''negika'' :* '''tiff''' = ''daldopeyk'' :* '''tiffany''' = ''gyoapeyef'' :* '''tiffin''' = ''tiffin'' :* '''tige''' = ''feelkmuyv'' :* '''tiger cub''' = ''epyotud, epyoytud'' :* '''tiger''' = ''epyot'' :* '''tiger orange''' = ''epyot- elza'' :* '''tiger shark''' = ''ewapyit'' :* '''tigerish''' = ''epyotyena'' :* '''tiger's cage''' = ''epyot pexnyem'' :* '''tiger's den''' = ''epyotam'' :* '''tight hold''' = ''zyobex'' :* '''tight space''' = ''zyom'' :* '''-tight''' = ''-vaka'' :* '''tight''' = ''yanyiga, yigna, zyoa'' :* '''tightened''' = ''yanyigxwa, yignaxwa, zyobixwa, zyoxwa'' :* '''tightener''' = ''zyobixar, zyoxar'' :* '''tightening''' = ''yanyigxen, yignaxen, zyobixen, zyoxen'' :* '''tightfisted''' = ''noxufa, zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fisted''' = ''zyotiyeba'' :* '''tight-fitting space''' = ''zyonig'' :* '''tight-knit''' = ''yonxyikwa'' :* '''tight-knitness''' = ''yonxyikwan'' :* '''tight-lipped''' = ''hyoskadea'' :* '''tightly drawn''' = ''azbixwa'' :* '''tightly held''' = ''yigbexwa'' :* '''tightly pressed''' = ''zyobalwa'' :* '''tightly pressing''' = ''zyobalen'' :* '''tightly shut''' = ''zyoyuja'' :* '''tightly''' = ''yanyigay, yignay, zyoay'' :* '''tightly-knit group''' = ''yonxyikwatyan'' :* '''tightness''' = ''yanyigan, yignan, zyoan'' :* '''tightrope walker''' = ''zebexut, zebnyiftyoput'' :* '''tightrope''' = ''zebnyif'' :* '''tightrope-walking''' = ''zebexen, zebnyiftyopen'' :* '''tightwad''' = ''noxufat'' :* '''tighty-whities''' = ''malza tiwuv'' :* '''tigress''' = ''epyoyt'' :* '''Tigrinya speaker''' = ''Tirodalut'' :* '''Tigrinya''' = ''Tirod'' :* '''til''' = ''ju'' :* '''tilbury''' = ''abaunuka enzyuk belir'' :* '''tilde''' = ''pyaon aybsiyn, yaoznad'' </div>{{small/end}} = tile -- timid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tile''' = ''abmef, unkumeg'' :* '''tile cutter''' = ''abmef goblar'' :* '''tile layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tile work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiled''' = ''abmefbwa, unkumegbwa'' :* '''tile-layer''' = ''abmefbut'' :* '''tile-laying''' = ''abmefben'' :* '''tiler''' = ''unkumegbut'' :* '''tile-work''' = ''abmefyan'' :* '''tiling''' = ''unkumegben'' :* '''till''' = ''byu van, ju van, nasyemog'' :* '''tillable''' = ''fobyexyafwa, melyexiryafwa'' :* '''tillage''' = ''melyexiren, melyexirwa mem'' :* '''tilled''' = ''melyexirwa, melyexirwas'' :* '''tiller''' = ''melyexir, melyexirut'' :* '''tilling''' = ''fobyexen, melyexiren'' :* '''tilling the land''' = ''melyex'' :* '''tilt''' = ''kubaen, yobkis, yoplem, yoplun'' :* '''tiltable''' = ''kubayafwa, yobkixyafwa'' :* '''tilted''' = ''yobkixwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tilter''' = ''yobkixut'' :* '''tilth''' = ''fobyexun, melyexiren, melyexirwan'' :* '''tilting backwards''' = ''zoybaea'' :* '''tilting''' = ''baea, kubaea, yobkisea, yobkixen, yoplea, yoplen, yoyblea, yoyblen'' :* '''timber''' = ''faufyan'' :* '''timbered''' = ''faotomxwa'' :* '''timbering''' = ''faotomxen'' :* '''timberland''' = ''fabyanem'' :* '''timberline''' = ''fabagxennad'' :* '''timbre''' = ''seuxvolz, seuzvolz'' :* '''time and again''' = ''awa ay gajodi'' :* '''time and time again''' = ''gajod ay gajod'' :* '''time''' = ''job'' :* '''time limit''' = ''jobujnad'' :* '''time mark''' = ''jobsiyn'' :* '''time of arrival''' = ''puenjwob'' :* '''time of birth''' = ''jwob bi taj'' :* '''time of day''' = ''jwob'' :* '''time of death''' = ''jwob bi toj, tojjwob'' :* '''time of need''' = ''efjob'' :* '''time off''' = ''oejob'' :* '''time piece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''time slot''' = ''jobzyeg'' :* '''time spent''' = ''job yixwa'' :* '''time warp''' = ''jobuzbun'' :* '''time wheel''' = ''jobzyus'' :* '''time zone''' = ''job gonem'' :* '''timed''' = ''jwabsagwa'' :* '''timed to the second''' = ''jwagsagwa'' :* '''timekeeper''' = ''jwobnagut'' :* '''timekeeping''' = ''jwobnagen'' :* '''timelag''' = ''jobjwox'' :* '''timeless''' = ''joboya, jobuka'' :* '''timelessly''' = ''jobukay'' :* '''timelessness''' = ''joboyan, jobukan'' :* '''timeline''' = ''jobnad'' :* '''timeliness''' = ''jwean'' :* '''timely''' = ''jwea'' :* '''timeout''' = ''ekpoyx'' :* '''time-out''' = ''jobyuj'' :* '''timepiece''' = ''jwobar'' :* '''timer''' = ''jobnagar'' :* '''times''' = ''gal'' :* '''times past''' = ''ajob'' :* '''times sign''' = ''galsiyn'' :* '''times two''' = ''gal-ewa'' :* '''timeserver''' = ''jwobyuxlus, yijmepiut'' :* '''timeserving''' = ''yijmepien'' :* '''timeshare''' = ''gonbiwa bexwam, yanbexwam'' :* '''time-share''' = ''jobgonbexwas'' :* '''timesharing''' = ''jobyanbexen'' :* '''time-sharing''' = ''yanbexen'' :* '''timestamp''' = ''jwob balsiyn'' :* '''timetable''' = ''jobdraf, ojdraf'' :* '''time-use''' = ''jobyix'' :* '''time-waster''' = ''jobnyoxut'' :* '''timework''' = ''jwobyex'' :* '''timeworn''' = ''jwobyixwa'' :* '''timid''' = ''oyifa, yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' </div>{{small/end}} = timid person -- tipsiness = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''timid person''' = ''oyifut, yifukat, yuyfat, yuyfeat'' :* '''timidity''' = ''oyifan, yifoyan, yifukan, yuyf, yuyfan, yuyfean'' :* '''timidly''' = ''oyifay, yifukay, yuyfay'' :* '''timidness''' = ''yuyfan'' :* '''timing''' = ''jwobsagen'' :* '''timing to the second''' = ''jwagsagen'' :* '''timorous''' = ''yifoya, yifuka'' :* '''timorously''' = ''yifukay'' :* '''timorousness''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan'' :* '''timpani''' = ''kaduzar'' :* '''timpanist''' = ''kaduzarut'' :* '''tin can''' = ''sonilka syeb, sonilkyeb'' :* '''tin container''' = ''sonilka syeb'' :* '''tin foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin mine''' = ''sonilk mukiblem'' :* '''tin mining''' = ''sonilk mukiblen'' :* '''tin plate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tin soldier''' = ''sonilk doput'' :* '''tin''' = ''sonilk, syeb'' :* '''tincture''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tind''' = ''pib'' :* '''tinder''' = ''magxyafwas'' :* '''tinderbox''' = ''magxyukwem'' :* '''tine''' = ''pib'' :* '''tin-foil''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''ting''' = ''yabgiseux'' :* '''tinge''' = ''voylz'' :* '''tinged''' = ''gwovolzilwa, voylzabwa'' :* '''tinging''' = ''voylzaben'' :* '''tingle''' = ''obostayos, peltayos'' :* '''tingliness''' = ''obostayosyean, peltayosyean'' :* '''tingling''' = ''obostayosen, peltayoxen'' :* '''tingly''' = ''obostayosyea, peltayoxyea'' :* '''tinhorn''' = ''ekdyea, ekdyeat, gronaxa'' :* '''tininess''' = ''oglan'' :* '''tinker''' = ''sareslofukut, sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinkerer''' = ''sareslofukut'' :* '''tinkering''' = ''sareslofuken'' :* '''tinkling''' = ''seusarogen'' :* '''tinned''' = ''sonilkabawa, sonilkyebwa'' :* '''tinner''' = ''sonilksaxut'' :* '''tinniness''' = ''sonilkyenan'' :* '''tinning''' = ''sonilkyeben'' :* '''tinny''' = ''sonilkyena'' :* '''tin-plate''' = ''alzfeelk, sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinplate''' = ''sonilkayeb'' :* '''tinsel''' = ''sonilkvib, vyoaulk'' :* '''tinsmith''' = ''sonilksaxut, sonilkyexut'' :* '''tint''' = ''volzyen, voylz, voylzil'' :* '''tinted''' = ''voylzabwa, voylzbwa, voylzilbwa, voylzilwa, voylzwa'' :* '''tinting''' = ''voylzaben, voylzen, voylzilben, voylzilen, zoylzben'' :* '''tintinnabulation''' = ''seusaren'' :* '''tintype''' = ''sonilkmansin'' :* '''tinware''' = ''sonilkyan'' :* '''tiny bubble''' = ''malzyuynog'' :* '''tiny crack''' = ''tayebnad yonbyexun'' :* '''tiny hole''' = ''zyeyg'' :* '''tiny morsel''' = ''goses'' :* '''tiny''' = ''ogla, ogra, yizoga'' :* '''tiny particle''' = ''ogrun, yizogas'' :* '''tiny piece''' = ''gounog'' :* '''tiny space''' = ''nigog'' :* '''tiny thing''' = ''oglasun'' :* '''-tion''' = ''-en, -eyn'' :* '''tip''' = ''abnod, gabnas, gia uj, gim, gin, ginod, gis, kotuun, kotuwas, tuun, tuwas, ujgin, ujnod, ujun, yabnod, yuxnas'' :* '''tip jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb, yuxnas zyeb'' :* '''tip sheet''' = ''tuundrayef'' :* '''tipped off in advance''' = ''jatuwa'' :* '''tipped off''' = ''jatuwa, kotuwa, yuxtuwa'' :* '''tipped over''' = ''yobaxwa, yoplawa'' :* '''tipped''' = ''tuuwa, yuxgabunwa, yuxnasuwa'' :* '''tipper''' = ''gabnasuut'' :* '''tippet''' = ''tuabof'' :* '''tipping''' = ''gabnasuen, yobaxen, yuxnasuen'' :* '''tipping jar''' = ''gabnas zyeb'' :* '''tipping off on the sly''' = ''kotuen'' :* '''tipping over''' = ''yoplea'' :* '''tippler''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''tipsily''' = ''filuizbasea'' :* '''tipsiness''' = ''filuizbasean'' </div>{{small/end}} = tipstaff -- to abscind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tipstaff''' = ''mugabnodmuf'' :* '''tipster''' = ''kotuut'' :* '''tipsy''' = ''filiva, filuizbasea, vafiliva'' :* '''tiptoeing''' = ''tyoyupen'' :* '''tiptop''' = ''abnod'' :* '''tirade''' = ''fudelyag'' :* '''tiramisu''' = ''tiramisu'' :* '''tire rim''' = ''zyug uzkunad'' :* '''tire track''' = ''zyug zonaad'' :* '''tire''' = ''zyug'' :* '''tired''' = ''azfanoya, azfanuka, azfanukxwa, booka, bookxwa, grayixwa, juga, ozla, taboza, tabozaxwa, yafonukxwa, yiixwa, yixrawa'' :* '''tired out''' = ''ikyixwa'' :* '''tiredly''' = ''azfanukay, bookay, yiixway'' :* '''tiredness''' = ''bookan, yiixwan'' :* '''tireless''' = ''bookoya, bookuka'' :* '''tirelessly''' = ''bookukay'' :* '''tirelessness''' = ''bookoyan, bookukan'' :* '''tiresome''' = ''ozlaxea, ozlaxyea, yiixyea, yixrea'' :* '''tiresomely''' = ''ozlaxyeay, yiixyeay, yixryeay'' :* '''tiresomeness''' = ''ozlaxyean, yiixyean, yixryean'' :* '''tiring''' = ''azfanukxyea, bookxea, bookxen, ikyixea, ikyixen, ozlaxyea, yixryea'' :* '''tissue''' = ''mulyug, nof, taob'' :* '''tissue paper''' = ''dref bi apeyef'' :* '''tissue-like''' = ''taobyena'' :* '''tit ring''' = ''tilabuz'' :* '''tit''' = ''tilab, tilaybeib'' :* '''titan''' = ''agrat'' :* '''titanic''' = ''agra'' :* '''titanium''' = ''tuilk'' :* '''tithe''' = ''aloynux'' :* '''tither''' = ''aloynuxut'' :* '''tithing''' = ''aloynuxen'' :* '''titillating''' = ''ifpaaxea, ifpaaxen'' :* '''titillatingly''' = ''ifpaaxeay'' :* '''titillation''' = ''ifpaaxen'' :* '''titivation''' = ''ujgafixen'' :* '''title''' = ''abdrun, abdyun, donabdyun, dredyun, fizdyun'' :* '''title page''' = ''abdrun drev'' :* '''titled''' = ''abdrawa, abdyunxwa, dodyunuwa, donabdyunuwa, dredyunuwa, fizdyunuwa'' :* '''titleholder''' = ''fizdyunbexut'' :* '''titleless''' = ''fizdunoya, fizdunuka'' :* '''titling''' = ''abdyunuen, abdyunxen, adren, donabdyunuen, dredyunuen, fizdyunuen'' :* '''titmouse''' = ''byapat, zyipat'' :* '''titration''' = ''nignagen'' :* '''titter''' = ''eynteusoz'' :* '''tittering''' = ''eynteusozen'' :* '''tittle''' = ''noyd'' :* '''titular''' = ''fyindyuna, nabdyuna'' :* '''tizzy''' = ''tayixiyean'' :* '''Tl''' = ''tuelk, tulilk'' :* '''to a certain extent''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to a degree like that''' = ''huyennog'' :* '''to a different degree''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a different extent''' = ''hyunog'' :* '''to a distant place''' = ''bu yibem'' :* '''to a large extent''' = ''agnog'' :* '''to abandon''' = ''anlafxer, lobexler, zopier'' :* '''to abandonment''' = ''zopier'' :* '''to abase''' = ''yobnabxer'' :* '''to abash''' = ''yovaxer'' :* '''to abate''' = ''obnogxer'' :* '''to abbreviate''' = ''yogdrer, yogxer'' :* '''to abdicate''' = ''dabobier, debsimoper, simoper, tebuzobier'' :* '''to abduct''' = ''apuxer, azbirer, kopixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to abet''' = ''yovyuxer'' :* '''to abhor''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to abide by''' = ''tejer bay, vabier, yuvlaser'' :* '''to abide''' = ''kyojeser, ovbexer'' :* '''to abjure''' = ''fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to ablate''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abnegate''' = ''lobier, vobier'' :* '''to abolish''' = ''losyemxer, onxer'' :* '''to abort a mission''' = ''jwaujber yekunyan'' :* '''to abort an embryo''' = ''jwaujber tabij'' :* '''to abort''' = ''jwaujber, totijber'' :* '''to abound''' = ''iklaser, ser ikla bi'' :* '''to abrade''' = ''bukesuer, ibabaxrer'' :* '''to abridge''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to abrogate''' = ''doonxer'' :* '''to abscind''' = ''obgofler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to abscond -- to add sauce = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to abscond''' = ''yovpier'' :* '''to absent oneself''' = ''oejeser'' :* '''to absent''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to absolve''' = ''loyovdeler'' :* '''to absorb a shock''' = ''yebilier pyexrun'' :* '''to absorb an expense''' = ''noxier'' :* '''to absorb energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to absorb''' = ''ilier, yebilier, yebnier'' :* '''to abstain''' = ''ibser, oejeser'' :* '''to abstract''' = ''yontyunxer'' :* '''to abuse''' = ''fubeker, fuyixer, vyobeker, vyoyixer'' :* '''to abuse public trust''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to abut''' = ''kuboler, kunadser'' :* '''to accede to agree to assent''' = ''vabuer'' :* '''to accede''' = ''yemper, yempuer'' :* '''to accelerate''' = ''igraser, igraxer, igser, igxer'' :* '''to accent''' = ''aybdresiynber, deusber, kyidsiynber'' :* '''to accentuate''' = ''deusber, kyider'' :* '''to accept a prize''' = ''nazunier'' :* '''to accept in''' = ''yebafer, yebier'' :* '''to accept lodging''' = ''besemier'' :* '''to accept''' = ''vabier'' :* '''to accessorize''' = ''yansunesuer'' :* '''to acclaim''' = ''fiteuder'' :* '''to acclimate''' = ''gelsanser, gelsanxer'' :* '''to acclimatize''' = ''jebmaalyenxer, jebmamyenser, jebmamyenxer'' :* '''to accommodate''' = ''datiber, embuer, nigafxer, nigbuer, yukomxer'' :* '''to accompany''' = ''bayper, detxer, yanper'' :* '''to accomplish''' = ''ujaker, ujler, xaler'' :* '''to accord''' = ''buler'' :* '''to accord with''' = ''ebvayber'' :* '''to accost''' = ''kunyuper'' :* '''to account for''' = ''savuer, syagder'' :* '''to accouter''' = ''sarnyanuer'' :* '''to accredit''' = ''nazvyaber'' :* '''to accrue''' = ''akgaxwer'' :* '''to acculturate oneself''' = ''tezier'' :* '''to acculturate''' = ''tezuer'' :* '''to accumulate''' = ''byeber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to accuse''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to accustom''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to accustom oneself''' = ''jubyenier'' :* '''to accustomize''' = ''jubyenuer, tyodbyenuer'' :* '''to acerbate''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to acetify''' = ''yigvafilaxer'' :* '''to ache''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to achieve a goal''' = ''ujaker yekun, ujempuer'' :* '''to achieve one's goals''' = ''ujaker ota yekuni'' :* '''to achieve''' = ''ujaker, ujler'' :* '''to acidify''' = ''yigzaser, yigzaxer, yigzilxer, zilser, zilxer'' :* '''to acknowledge''' = ''ebvabier, twasder'' :* '''to acquaint oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to acquaint''' = ''truer'' :* '''to acquiesce''' = ''dolvader, vaybuer'' :* '''to acquire''' = ''ibler, yekbier'' :* '''to acquit''' = ''loyovder, nuxler, vayavder, yavdeler, yefober, yivader, zoyovder'' :* '''to act appropriately''' = ''vyaaxler'' :* '''to act as a go-between''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act as an intermediary''' = ''ebnatser'' :* '''to act''' = ''axler, baser, dezeker, dezer, dyezer'' :* '''to act contrary to act in defiance of''' = ''ovlaxer'' :* '''to act freely''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to act haughty''' = ''yavraxler'' :* '''to act improperly''' = ''vyoaxler, vyoxyener'' :* '''to act inappropriately''' = ''vyoxer'' :* '''to act like a kid''' = ''tudetaxler'' :* '''to act on behalf''' = ''avaxler'' :* '''to act out''' = ''vyamdezer'' :* '''to act properly''' = ''vyaxyener'' :* '''to act savagely''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to act violently''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to act wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to activate''' = ''axleaxer, xenaxer'' :* '''to actualize''' = ''vyamxer, xunxer'' :* '''to adapt''' = ''finagser, finagxer, nabser, nabxer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to add color''' = ''volzaber'' :* '''to add''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to add merit''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to add oil''' = ''yelber'' :* '''to add sauce''' = ''tuilber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to add spice -- to ail = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to add spice''' = ''gaboluer, tolmekber'' :* '''to add vinegar''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to addict''' = ''efkyoxer, grayixuer'' :* '''to addict to drugs''' = ''bekulefkyoxer'' :* '''to addle''' = ''lovyizaxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to address a question to x''' = ''uber did bu x'' :* '''to address an envelope''' = ''emtuundrer nidyuz'' :* '''to address as father''' = ''dyunder gel twed'' :* '''to address''' = ''dodaler, dyunder, emtuundrer, heyder'' :* '''to adduce''' = ''avder'' :* '''to adduct''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to adhere''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser, yanbeser, yankyoxer, yuvser'' :* '''to adjectivize''' = ''adunxer'' :* '''to adjoin''' = ''yanbyuxer'' :* '''to adjourn''' = ''jubyujber, yujber, yujper'' :* '''to adjudge''' = ''vadeler'' :* '''to adjudicate a case''' = ''yaovder doyevson'' :* '''to adjudicate''' = ''yaovder'' :* '''to adjure''' = ''azdurer'' :* '''to adjust''' = ''finagser, finagxer, vyanapser, vyanapxer, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer, vyatxer'' :* '''to adjust the volume''' = ''vyanabxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to administer an antidote''' = ''ovboluluer'' :* '''to administer''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to administer the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to administrate''' = ''diber, izdiber'' :* '''to admire strongly''' = ''azifrer'' :* '''to admire''' = ''vikaxer'' :* '''to admit defeat''' = ''okkader'' :* '''to admit''' = ''ebvabier, kader, yebafxer, yebier'' :* '''to admit error''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to admit fault''' = ''vyonkader'' :* '''to admit guilt''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to admit to the bar''' = ''gonutxer ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to admonish''' = ''fuktuer, jwafyunder'' :* '''to adopt a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to adopt a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to adopt''' = ''ifbier, tudifbier'' :* '''to adore''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to adorn''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to adsorb''' = ''abilber'' :* '''to adulate''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to adulterate''' = ''lovyizaxer'' :* '''to adumbrate''' = ''eynmonxer'' :* '''to advance''' = ''abnabier, zaber, zanoger, zayber, zaybuxer, zaypaxer, zayper, zaypuser'' :* '''to advance far''' = ''yibzoyper'' :* '''to advance scholastically''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to advantage''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to advert''' = ''dalizber'' :* '''to advertise''' = ''deldrer, nundeler, tyodeler'' :* '''to advise''' = ''fyider, fyiduer, tunduer'' :* '''to advocate''' = ''avdaler, avder, aveker, avufeker'' :* '''to aerate''' = ''aluer, maluer, malxer'' :* '''to aerosolize''' = ''puxramalxer'' :* '''to affect''' = ''xuler'' :* '''to affiance''' = ''jatadser, jatadxer'' :* '''to affirm''' = ''vader'' :* '''to affix''' = ''abdungaber, abkyober, dungaber, gaber'' :* '''to afflict''' = ''blokuer, uvluxer, uvuxer'' :* '''to afford a view''' = ''teasuer'' :* '''to afford space''' = ''embuer, nigafxer'' :* '''to afford''' = ''utafxer'' :* '''to afforest''' = ''fabyanxer'' :* '''to affranchise''' = ''yivanuer, yivxer'' :* '''to affright''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to age''' = ''jagser, jagxer'' :* '''to agglomerate''' = ''yanzyunser'' :* '''to agglutinate''' = ''yanglalxer'' :* '''to aggrandize''' = ''agder, aglaxer'' :* '''to aggravate''' = ''kyilaxer, kyisonuer, kyitesaxer'' :* '''to aggress''' = ''abyexer'' :* '''to aggrieve''' = ''kyisonuer, uvraxer, uvuxer, uvxer'' :* '''to agitate''' = ''baoxer, baxrer, oteboxer, paanxer'' :* '''to agonize''' = ''brokser'' :* '''to agree''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, vaeber, vyegeler, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to agree on''' = ''ebvabier'' :* '''to agree to a demand''' = ''vabuer dur'' :* '''to aguish''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to aid''' = ''avaxler, fyiser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to ail''' = ''boyker, boykuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to aim at -- to answer yes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to aim at''' = ''buser, teazexer'' :* '''to aim''' = ''byuntexer, byunxer, byuonxer, ginizber, izember, izemper, iznodxer, izteaxer, kyoizonxer, neaxer, nodeaxer, teabizer, teabyunxer, zaytexer, zenodxer, zexer'' :* '''to aim for''' = ''byumxer, yekunier'' :* '''to aim high''' = ''yibyeker'' :* '''to aim to intend''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to aim well''' = ''fineaxer'' :* '''to aim wrong''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to air out''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to airlift''' = ''mamyabeler'' :* '''to alert''' = ''jwavokder, teptijuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to alien planet''' = ''hyumer'' :* '''to alienate''' = ''hyuaxer, hyutosuer, hyutxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to alight''' = ''aper, papier'' :* '''to align''' = ''nadser, nadxer, vyanadxer'' :* '''to align oneself''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to alkalize''' = ''memolxer'' :* '''to all whom it may concern''' = ''bu hya tebikeati'' :* '''to allay''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to allege''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to alleviate''' = ''kyiabober, kyuxer'' :* '''to allocate''' = ''buafxer, bunnager, gonuer, nasbuer, naysbuer'' :* '''to allocate welfare''' = ''dotnuxuer, gonuer dotnux'' :* '''to allot''' = ''buafxer, gosbuer, nasbuer'' :* '''to allot room for''' = ''nigbuer'' :* '''to allow''' = ''afder, afxer, yivder'' :* '''to Allow me to introduce you to x.''' = ''Afxu at truer et bu x.'' :* '''to allude to''' = ''uzubduer'' :* '''to allure''' = ''fluer'' :* '''to ally oneself with''' = ''daatser bay'' :* '''to ally with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to alphabetize''' = ''dresiynyanxer'' :* '''to alter clothes''' = ''tofkyaxer'' :* '''to alter''' = ''jwatuer, kyaxer'' :* '''to alter to a threat''' = ''jwavebukder'' :* '''to altercate''' = ''ebufeker'' :* '''to alternate''' = ''kyaser, zaokyaser, zaokyaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to amalgamate''' = ''eynmulxer'' :* '''to amass''' = ''nyaber, nyanber, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer, nyanxer, nyaunxer, yanibler, yanunxer'' :* '''to amaze''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to amble''' = ''ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper, ugtyoyaper'' :* '''to ambulate''' = ''huimtyoper'' :* '''to ameliorate''' = ''gafiaxer'' :* '''to amend''' = ''kyayxer'' :* '''to amerce''' = ''kyebyukuer'' :* '''to Americanize''' = ''Usomxer'' :* '''to amortize''' = ''nasyefgoxer'' :* '''to amount to come to''' = ''glanser'' :* '''to amplify''' = ''zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to amputate''' = ''obgobler, tupober'' :* '''to amuse''' = ''hihiduer, ifuer, ivraxer, ivteubxer, ivteuduer, ivteudxer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to amuse oneself''' = ''hihidier, ifier, ivier, utifxer, utivxer'' :* '''to analogize''' = ''tapnagxer, vyegesanxer'' :* '''to analyze''' = ''suanyonxer, yontixer'' :* '''to anathematize''' = ''frudunxer'' :* '''to anatomize''' = ''tabgontixer'' :* '''to anchor''' = ''mimgrunber'' :* '''to and''' = ''ayxer'' :* '''to anesthesize''' = ''tosyofxer'' :* '''to anesthetize''' = ''tosyofxer, tujaxer'' :* '''to anger''' = ''ebyextipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, uftosuer'' :* '''to angle''' = ''pitgruner'' :* '''to Anglicize''' = ''Enigedxer'' :* '''to anguish''' = ''yopooxer'' :* '''to animate''' = ''tejikxer, tejuer'' :* '''to anneal''' = ''magyigxer'' :* '''to annexe''' = ''gabyanxer'' :* '''to annihilate''' = ''hyosunxer, lomulxer'' :* '''to annotate''' = ''dresuer, kudreser'' :* '''to announce''' = ''dodeler, zyader'' :* '''to annoy''' = ''oboxer, tepvuloxer'' :* '''to annuitize''' = ''jabnasaxer'' :* '''to annul''' = ''lonazaxer, onxer'' :* '''to annunciate''' = ''deyler'' :* '''to anodize''' = ''vamakmisaxer'' :* '''to anoint''' = ''fyaxyeler'' :* '''to another degree''' = ''hyugla'' :* '''to answer''' = ''duder'' :* '''to answer equivocally''' = ''veduder'' :* '''to answer no''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to answer yes''' = ''vaduder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to antagonize -- to arouse curiosity = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to antagonize''' = ''yontipxer'' :* '''to Antarctica''' = ''Yibzomer'' :* '''to ante up''' = ''jabuer'' :* '''to antecede''' = ''japer'' :* '''to ante-date''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to anthologize''' = ''drezyanxer'' :* '''to anticipate''' = ''jayaker'' :* '''to antiquate''' = ''ajnaxer'' :* '''to any extent''' = ''hyenog'' :* '''to any extent that''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to anywhere''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to apologize''' = ''ajuvtosder, hyoyder, joyovtosder, opyexder, vabier yovan av'' :* '''to apostatize''' = ''lovadeler'' :* '''to apostrophize''' = ''oysunsiynder'' :* '''to appall''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to appeal''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to appear on the stage''' = ''teasier be dezyem'' :* '''to appear''' = ''teaser, teasier, zaypuer'' :* '''to appease''' = ''poosaxer'' :* '''to append''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to appertain''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to applaud''' = ''hwaydeuxer'' :* '''to apply a band-aid''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to apply a layer''' = ''ebzyimaber, zyisber'' :* '''to apply a salve''' = ''aber yugyel'' :* '''to apply a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply''' = ''abaler, aber'' :* '''to apply an accent''' = ''kyidsiynaber'' :* '''to apply beauty cream''' = ''aber vixut biel'' :* '''to apply butter''' = ''bilyugber'' :* '''to apply color''' = ''volzber'' :* '''to apply foil''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to apply force''' = ''azonaber, azonber'' :* '''to apply glue together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to apply lotion''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply makeup''' = ''vixulaber'' :* '''to apply oil''' = ''tayalber, yelber'' :* '''to apply paint''' = ''sizilber, volzber, volzilber'' :* '''to apply plastic''' = ''sazulaber'' :* '''to apply powder''' = ''mekber'' :* '''to apply pressure''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to apply salve''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to apply soap to cleanse''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to apply stress to strain''' = ''bexrazonuer'' :* '''to apply the accelerator''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to apply the stopper to cap''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to appoint''' = ''dodyunuer, yembuer'' :* '''to appoint to an office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to apportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to appraise''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to appreciate''' = ''glanazter, naxter, nazter, nazuer, yabnazaser, yabnazaxer'' :* '''to apprehend''' = ''pixer, tester, tier, tiser'' :* '''to approach directly''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to approach halfway''' = ''eynyuper'' :* '''to approach''' = ''per yub, yuper'' :* '''to approach suddenly''' = ''igyuper'' :* '''to approbate''' = ''doafxer'' :* '''to appropriate''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to approve''' = ''fideler, fivader'' :* '''to approximate''' = ''yubgeser, yubgexer, yubnaser, yubnaxer, yubser, yubxer'' :* '''to arbitrate''' = ''ebvaoder'' :* '''to arc out''' = ''oyebuzaser'' :* '''to arc''' = ''uzaser, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to arch''' = ''uznadxer'' :* '''to archaize''' = ''yibajaxer'' :* '''to architect''' = ''sextuzer'' :* '''to archive''' = ''ajnexer, ajunbexlamber'' :* '''to Arctic''' = ''Yibzamer'' :* '''to argue against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to argue''' = ''aovdaler, dalebyexer, ebyexdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to argue for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to arise''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to arm''' = ''apyexaruer, doparaber, doparuer'' :* '''to arm oneself''' = ''doparier'' :* '''to armor''' = ''dopabauner, dopayobuer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to aromatize''' = ''fiteisaxer, teizber'' :* '''to arouse applause''' = ''fiteuduer'' :* '''to arouse''' = ''byarer, iftayoxer, taadifluer, xuler'' :* '''to arouse compassion''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse curiosity''' = ''diduxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to arouse interest -- to assume = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to arouse interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse mercy''' = ''yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse one's curiosity''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to arouse pity''' = ''tipuvxer, yantipuvuer'' :* '''to arouse suspicion''' = ''veyovtexuer'' :* '''to arraign''' = ''doyevamber, doyevkexer'' :* '''to arrange correctly''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to arrange in numerical order''' = ''sagnapxer'' :* '''to arrange''' = ''nabxer, nabyanxer, xexer'' :* '''to array''' = ''abunber, nabyanxer, nabyemxer, napxer, uinabxer'' :* '''to arrest''' = ''dopoxer, pixler, vyabpixler'' :* '''to arrive after''' = ''zopuer'' :* '''to arrive ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to arrive at the destination''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the endpoint''' = ''ujempuer'' :* '''to arrive at the table''' = ''sempuer'' :* '''to arrive before''' = ''zapuer'' :* '''to arrive early''' = ''jwapuer'' :* '''to arrive home''' = ''tampuer'' :* '''to arrive in stealth''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive in time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive late''' = ''jwopuer'' :* '''to arrive on time''' = ''jwepuer'' :* '''to arrive''' = ''puer'' :* '''to arrive unnoticed''' = ''kopuer'' :* '''to arrive up front''' = ''zaypuer'' :* '''to articulate''' = ''fidaler, fiseuxder, seuxder, suiber'' :* '''to articulate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to ascend''' = ''musyaper, yabnogser, yaper'' :* '''to ascend rapidly''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to ascend the staircase''' = ''yaper ha mus'' :* '''to ascertain''' = ''vlatier'' :* '''to ascribe''' = ''uxder'' :* '''to ascribe virtue''' = ''finzuer'' :* '''to ask a question''' = ''ber did'' :* '''to ask directions''' = ''dier izon'' :* '''to ask for''' = ''dier'' :* '''to ask for help''' = ''dier yux'' :* '''to ask for identification''' = ''dier getan'' :* '''to ask for the bill''' = ''dier ha naxdras'' :* '''to ask someone a question''' = ''ber het did'' :* '''to ask someone to do something''' = ''dier het xer hes'' :* '''to ask the way''' = ''dier ha mep'' :* '''to ask why''' = ''dier duhosav'' :* '''to asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to asphyxiate''' = ''aleber, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to aspirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to aspire''' = ''fiyaker, ojfer, veyeker'' :* '''to assail''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assassin''' = ''agtobtojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assassinate''' = ''agalattojber, agtobtojber, koapyextojber, kotojber'' :* '''to assault''' = ''apyexler'' :* '''to assault directly''' = ''izapyexler'' :* '''to assemble''' = ''aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanuper, yangounxer'' :* '''to assent''' = ''vader'' :* '''to assert''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to asses a duty''' = ''dotnixuer'' :* '''to assess''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, naxder, nazder'' :* '''to assess upwardly''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to asseverate''' = ''vlader'' :* '''to assign a cover name to''' = ''kodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a fake name''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to assign a name''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer'' :* '''to assign a price to price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to assign a rank''' = ''nabuer'' :* '''to assign a seat''' = ''simber'' :* '''to assign a title''' = ''dodyunuer'' :* '''to assign''' = ''izbuer, yefdyuer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to assign responsibility''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to assign to a role''' = ''dezekgonuer'' :* '''to assign to a type''' = ''saunaber'' :* '''to assimilate''' = ''geylser, geylxer, yangelxer'' :* '''to assist''' = ''kuyuxer, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to associate''' = ''doytser, doytxer, yanatser, yanber, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to assort''' = ''sunyanesber'' :* '''to assuage''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to assume a burden''' = ''abier kyis'' :* '''to assume a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to assume a title''' = ''abier dyun, dodyunier, nabdyunier'' :* '''to assume''' = ''abier, javatexer, vayaker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to assume an expense -- to back off = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to assume an expense''' = ''abier nox, noxier'' :* '''to assume debt''' = ''nasyefier'' :* '''to assume power''' = ''abier doyaf, doyafier, yafier'' :* '''to assume the burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to assume the throne''' = ''debsimbier'' :* '''to assure''' = ''vakder'' :* '''to astonish''' = ''yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to astound''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to astrict''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to atomize''' = ''gwomulxer'' :* '''to atone''' = ''yovyefober'' :* '''to attach''' = ''nyifxer, yanler'' :* '''to attack''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to attack by stealth''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to attack by surprise''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attack suddenly''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to attain''' = ''byuer, pyuxer'' :* '''to attempt a diet''' = ''yeker tolvyayab'' :* '''to attempt to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to attempt''' = ''yeker'' :* '''to attend a film''' = ''dyezper, teeper dyez'' :* '''to attend a party''' = ''teeper yaniv, yanivper'' :* '''to attend church''' = ''teeper totifram, totiframper'' :* '''to attend college''' = ''itistamper'' :* '''to attend''' = ''ejeaser, ejper, teeper, yubeser'' :* '''to attend grade school''' = ''atistamper'' :* '''to attend high school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend kindergarten''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend mass''' = ''fyaxamper, teeper fyaxam'' :* '''to attend pre-school''' = ''jatistamper'' :* '''to attend school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to attend secondary school''' = ''etistamper'' :* '''to attend services''' = ''fyaxamper'' :* '''to attenuate''' = ''gyuxer, ozaser, ozaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to attest''' = ''vyakader'' :* '''to attract attention''' = ''yubixer tepzex'' :* '''to attract''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to attribute''' = ''buyler, goynbuer'' :* '''to attribute importance to imbue with great meaning''' = ''glatesuer'' :* '''to attune''' = ''yanseuzaser, yanseuzaxer'' :* '''to audit''' = ''teexer, teexier, vyavyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to audition''' = ''teexer, teexier, teexuer, yekteexer'' :* '''to augment''' = ''aglaxer, gaber, gaxer'' :* '''to augur well''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to auscultate''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to authenticate''' = ''vyabyimxer, vyalxer'' :* '''to author''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to authorize''' = ''afder, afler, afuer, afxer, axlafxer, debyafxer, doafder, vadeber, yivder'' :* '''to authorize in writing''' = ''afdrer'' :* '''to authorize to vote''' = ''dokebidafxer'' :* '''to autoclave''' = ''vyumulukxer bey amyeb'' :* '''to autodecrement''' = ''utgober'' :* '''to automate''' = ''utpanxer'' :* '''to auto-pilot''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to avail oneself of''' = ''ayxer, bexier, bexunier, yuxer'' :* '''to avenge''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to aver''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to average''' = ''eygser, zenagxer, zesagxer'' :* '''to average out''' = ''zenagser, zesagser'' :* '''to avert''' = ''jaovber, lokexer, yibeser, yibexer, yonbeser'' :* '''to aviate''' = ''mampurexer'' :* '''to avoid''' = ''lokexer, yibeser, yonbeser, yonkuper'' :* '''to avouch''' = ''vyader, yivder'' :* '''to avow''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to await excitedly''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await impatiently''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to await''' = ''peser, yaker'' :* '''to awaken''' = ''tijber, tijier, tijuer'' :* '''to award a medal''' = ''finsizuer, sizesuer'' :* '''to award a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to awe''' = ''teazuer, viruer'' :* '''to ax''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axe''' = ''faogoblarer'' :* '''to axiomatize''' = ''syobvyanxer'' :* '''to baa''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to babble''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to baby''' = ''tudeter'' :* '''to babysit''' = ''tudetbiker'' :* '''to back off''' = ''biser, oduler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to back up -- to be a candidate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to back up''' = ''zoyuxer'' :* '''to backbite''' = ''kofudaler'' :* '''to backdate''' = ''zoyjudrer'' :* '''to backfill''' = ''zoyikxer'' :* '''to backfire''' = ''oklier, yokpyexler'' :* '''to background''' = ''zober'' :* '''to backpedal''' = ''utyibxer, zotyoper'' :* '''to backscatter''' = ''zoyzyaber'' :* '''to backslide''' = ''yuziper ota dudyefi, zoykyaper'' :* '''to backspace''' = ''zoynigxer'' :* '''to backspin''' = ''zoyzyubler'' :* '''to backstab''' = ''gibarer be ha zotib, kovyoxer'' :* '''to backstitch''' = ''zoyneofxer'' :* '''to backtrack''' = ''zoyneadper'' :* '''to badger''' = ''dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to bad-mouth''' = ''fuader'' :* '''to badmouth''' = ''fuader, fuder'' :* '''to baffle''' = ''uztexuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to bag up''' = ''nyevber'' :* '''to bag''' = ''yebofber'' :* '''to bail out''' = ''nuxer vaknas'' :* '''to bail out water''' = ''oyebyozber mil'' :* '''to bail''' = ''vaknasuer'' :* '''to bait''' = ''pitpexteluer'' :* '''to bake''' = ''ummageler, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to balance''' = ''gebaxer, zeber, zebeser, zebexer, zepxer'' :* '''to balance oneself''' = ''utzeber, zeper'' :* '''to balk''' = ''yogposer'' :* '''to balkanize''' = ''balkanxer'' :* '''to ball up''' = ''yanzyunser, zyunser'' :* '''to balloon''' = ''kyuzyunser, kyuzyunxer, malzyunper, nidgaser, nidgaxer'' :* '''to ballroom dance''' = ''vidazer'' :* '''to bamboozle''' = ''testyofwaxer, uztexuer'' :* '''to ban''' = ''ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to band together''' = ''aotnyanogser'' :* '''to bandage up''' = ''bikofaber'' :* '''to bandage''' = ''yuznofaber'' :* '''to bandy''' = ''buier, zaopuxer'' :* '''to bang''' = ''azpyexer, kyiseuxer, pyeuxer, pyexreuxer'' :* '''to bang hard''' = ''pyexrer'' :* '''to bang the drum''' = ''pyexrer ha kaduzar'' :* '''to bangle''' = ''kyeabyexer'' :* '''to banish''' = ''ofxwadeler'' :* '''to bank''' = ''nasamber, nasamexer'' :* '''to bankrupt''' = ''nasokxer, nasvyonxer, nuxyofxer, nyozaxer'' :* '''to banter''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to baptize''' = ''fyamilber'' :* '''to bar''' = ''eber, oveber, ovmasber, ovpaxrer, ovpyexer, ovunxer, yikonber, yujlarer'' :* '''to barb''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to barbarize''' = ''ovdotxer'' :* '''to barbecue''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barbeque''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to barf''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to bargain''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to barge in''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, yepler, yokyeper'' :* '''to bark''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to barnstorm''' = ''dodaler be meim, zyapopdezer'' :* '''to barrel''' = ''faosyeber'' :* '''to barricade''' = ''ovmasber, ovpyexer, ovunber, yujrer'' :* '''to barter''' = ''ebkyaxer, izbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to base''' = ''obuner, syober'' :* '''to bash''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexer'' :* '''to bask''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to bask in the sun''' = ''ifier ha amar'' :* '''to bast''' = ''imaber'' :* '''to bastardize''' = ''otatudxer, syobaxer'' :* '''to baste''' = ''abimber, imaber, imxer'' :* '''to bat an eye''' = ''teabaxer'' :* '''to bat''' = ''byexarer, pyexarer, pyexer'' :* '''to bat eyelashes''' = ''teabyexer'' :* '''to batch''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to bathe''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeber, ilyeper, milyeber, milyeper'' :* '''to batter''' = ''abyexegarer, abyexeger, byexeser'' :* '''to battle''' = ''dopeker, dopeyker, ufeker'' :* '''to bawl''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder'' :* '''to bawl out''' = ''azteabiluer'' :* '''to bay''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to bayonet''' = ''depyonarer, dopuarer'' :* '''to be a backup actor''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to be a candidate''' = ''exdier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be a drawback to disadvantage -- to be candid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be a drawback to disadvantage''' = ''obfinuer'' :* '''to be a drug abuser''' = ''ser bekul fuyixut'' :* '''to be a drug addict''' = ''ser bekul grayixut'' :* '''to be a duty''' = ''yeyfwer'' :* '''to be a factor in''' = ''xuunser'' :* '''to be a fan of''' = ''seer ifrut bi'' :* '''to be a freedom''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a good sign''' = ''fisiuner'' :* '''to be a good thing''' = ''fiser'' :* '''to be a guest''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to be a harbinger of''' = ''jasiunser'' :* '''to be a model for''' = ''fiksaunser'' :* '''to be a model oneself after''' = ''asaunser'' :* '''to be a must''' = ''yuvwer'' :* '''to be a parasite''' = ''kutelier'' :* '''to be a right''' = ''yivwer'' :* '''to be a tool''' = ''sarser'' :* '''to be able''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be about''' = ''vyeler, vyeser'' :* '''to be absent''' = ''ibeser, oejeser, oteeper'' :* '''to be absent-minded''' = ''kyateper'' :* '''to be abstemious''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be accountable''' = ''dudyefer, dudyefier'' :* '''to be acquainted with''' = ''ser tyuwa bay, trer'' :* '''to be actualized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be addicted''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to be addicted to covet''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to be addicted to''' = ''efkyoxwer be'' :* '''to be afraid''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to be agreeable''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be ailing''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be aimed at''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be aimed''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be alike''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be alive''' = ''tejer'' :* '''to be all grins''' = ''zyaivteuber'' :* '''to be allowed''' = ''afer, afser, afwer, yivwer'' :* '''to be amazed''' = ''teazier, virier, yokler'' :* '''to be ambitious''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to be angry''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to be announced''' = ''dodelwo'' :* '''to be annoyed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be anxious for''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to be anxious''' = ''opooxer'' :* '''to be anxious to do something''' = ''ser oyakza xer hes'' :* '''to be apathetic''' = ''otoser, oytoser'' :* '''to be aroused''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to be ashamed be embarrassed''' = ''ofizaser'' :* '''to be ashamed''' = ''fuzier'' :* '''to be astonished''' = ''yokler, yokxwer'' :* '''to be astounded''' = ''yokler'' :* '''to be at odds''' = ''yontipser'' :* '''to be at peace''' = ''pooser'' :* '''to be attentive''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to be attracted''' = ''teabixwer'' :* '''to be authorized to be permitted''' = ''afser'' :* '''to be available''' = ''beuwer, bewer'' :* '''to be aware''' = ''bikier, ter, tijter'' :* '''to be aware that''' = ''ter van'' :* '''to be awed''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be awestruck''' = ''teazier'' :* '''to be blind''' = ''teatyofer'' :* '''to be blocked''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to be born again''' = ''zoytajer'' :* '''to be born early''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be born''' = ''tajer'' :* '''to be bothered''' = ''obostepser, oboxwer, opooxer'' :* '''to be bound''' = ''byumser'' :* '''to be bound for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to be bound to be subject to be subjected''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to be bound to have to''' = ''yuvler'' :* '''to be brave''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be buddies with''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to be buddies''' = ''yandetser'' :* '''to be busy''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be caged''' = ''pexnyemwer'' :* '''to be called''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be calm again''' = ''zoyboser'' :* '''to be calm''' = ''boser'' :* '''to be candid''' = ''vyader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be capable -- to be enough = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be capable''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to be captioned''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be careful''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be cautious''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to be certain''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to be charmed''' = ''iflier'' :* '''to be clued in''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to be compelled to be obliged to have to must''' = ''yefer'' :* '''to be compelled to must''' = ''yuvrer'' :* '''to be compelled''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be competent in''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to be compulsory''' = ''yefwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be conceited''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to be concerned''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to be concerned with''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to be congested''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to be congruent''' = ''gelsaunser'' :* '''to be conscious''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to be consistent''' = ''gelbeser'' :* '''to be constipated''' = ''ser yujunxwa'' :* '''to be content''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to be contented''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to be continued''' = ''jexwoa'' :* '''to be convinced''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to be coy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be creditable''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to be critical''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to be crowned''' = ''tebuzier'' :* '''to be culpable''' = ''ser yova'' :* '''to be curious about''' = ''ser tepbixwa be, ser trefxwa be, tisefer, tisfer'' :* '''to be curious''' = ''trefer'' :* '''to be dazzled''' = ''teazier, yokler'' :* '''to be deflowered''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to be delayed''' = ''jwoper, jwoser'' :* '''to be delegated''' = ''ublawer'' :* '''to be delighted''' = ''flier, fritipser, ifler'' :* '''to be deluded''' = ''uztexer, vyoteatier, vyotexer'' :* '''to be demoted''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to be depleted of''' = ''oyebukxwer bi'' :* '''to be deprived''' = ''lobewer'' :* '''to be deprived of''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be deprived of food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to be destined''' = ''byuonser, pyumser'' :* '''to be destined for''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be devoid of meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to be devoted''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to be devoted to be passionate about''' = ''ifrer'' :* '''to be disallowed''' = ''ofwer'' :* '''to be disappointed''' = ''ser yokuvxwa'' :* '''to be discontinued''' = ''lojeser'' :* '''to be discovered''' = ''kaxwer'' :* '''to be discrete''' = ''fidoler, fiodaler'' :* '''to be disgusted''' = ''teusufer, ufier, ufser'' :* '''to be disgusting''' = ''yotoleuser'' :* '''to be disinterested in''' = ''onaskexer'' :* '''to be disloyal''' = ''lofyavyader, ovyayuxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be disloyal to''' = ''yonxer vyatip bay'' :* '''to be dismissed''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be dispirited''' = ''kytipser'' :* '''to be displaced''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to be displeased''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be displeasing''' = ''ufser'' :* '''to be disquieted''' = ''obostepser'' :* '''to be distracted''' = ''kyateper, texoker, teyibixwer'' :* '''to be disturbed''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be dominant''' = ''abdaber'' :* '''to be done''' = ''xwer'' :* '''to be downgraded''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to be dragged''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be dressed in''' = ''tofaber'' :* '''to be driven''' = ''yafonier, yebyefier'' :* '''to be drowsy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be due to be from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be due''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be dumbfounded''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be embarrassed''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be empowered''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to be en route''' = ''meper'' :* '''to be enchanted''' = ''iflier, ivraser'' :* '''to be enough''' = ''greser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be enraged -- to be lenient = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be enraged''' = ''frutipser, ser frutipxwa'' :* '''to be entertained''' = ''ifsonier'' :* '''to be entitled''' = ''abdyunser'' :* '''to be equivalent''' = ''genazer'' :* '''to be euphoric''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to be expert''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to be faithful''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to be familiar with''' = ''fiter, trer'' :* '''to be famished''' = ''glatelefer'' :* '''to be fearless''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be felt''' = ''tayotwer'' :* '''to be fired''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be fixated''' = ''tepkyoxwer bay'' :* '''to be flooded''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be fond of''' = ''ifler, iyfer'' :* '''to be for the purpose of''' = ''byuonser'' :* '''to be found''' = ''emser, kaxwer'' :* '''To be frank...''' = ''Av izdaler...'' :* '''to be frank''' = ''fizder, izdaler, vyader'' :* '''to be freaked out''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be free to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to be free''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to be frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to be grabbed''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be graded''' = ''finnogier'' :* '''to be grateful''' = ''fitoser, ivtexer'' :* '''to be grateful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be grazed''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to be guided''' = ''vyanadser'' :* '''to be hard-pressed to choose''' = ''kebiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed to understand''' = ''testiyiker'' :* '''to be hardpressed''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to be headed to be on the way to head for''' = ''buser'' :* '''to be heedless''' = ''obikier, oyoboser'' :* '''to be honest''' = ''fizder, izdaler, ser fizda, ser izdaleafizder, ser vyada, vyader'' :* '''to be honored''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to be horny''' = ''taadifler'' :* '''to be horrified''' = ''yuflaser'' :* '''to be hungry''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to be ideal''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be identical''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be idle''' = ''hyosxer, yoxer'' :* '''to be ill at ease''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to be illogical''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be illusional''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to be impassioned by''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to be important''' = ''kyiteser, ser kyitesa'' :* '''to be impossible''' = ''yofwer'' :* '''to be in a hurry''' = ''iglaser'' :* '''to be in a quandary''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to be in error''' = ''bexer vyotex'' :* '''to be in motion''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be in pain''' = ''byoker, byokser'' :* '''to be in power''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to be in the poorhouse''' = ''ser ukza'' :* '''to be in the way''' = ''ovunser'' :* '''to be in trouble''' = ''ser be yikon'' :* '''to be inattentive''' = ''otepejer'' :* '''to be incapable''' = ''yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be incensed''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to be inclined''' = ''kiser'' :* '''to be indebted''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to be indiscrete''' = ''ofidoler'' :* '''to be industrious''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to be injected''' = ''yepler'' :* '''to be instrumental''' = ''fyiser, sarser'' :* '''to be insubordinate''' = ''oloybnabser, oyuvser'' :* '''to be interested in''' = ''eybser be, ketier, kextier, ser eybxwa be, ser tunefa vyel, ser tunefxwa bey, tisefer, trefer, tunefer'' :* '''to be intimidated''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to be intrepid''' = ''yufoyser'' :* '''to be inundated''' = ''gramilbwer'' :* '''to be irked''' = ''loboser'' :* '''to be irrational''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to be jealous''' = ''akutufer, ujakovtoser'' :* '''to be jealous of''' = ''fubaysfer, kofler'' :* '''to be known''' = ''twer'' :* '''to be lacking''' = ''boyser, obewer'' :* '''to be late''' = ''jwoser, uglaser'' :* '''to be left over''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to be lenient''' = ''tepyugser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be located -- to be punished = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be located''' = ''emser, kaser'' :* '''to be lodged''' = ''tambeser'' :* '''to be lost in thought''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to be loved''' = ''ifwer'' :* '''to be loyal to be true in spirit to have faith in''' = ''vyatipuer'' :* '''to be loyal''' = ''vyayuvser, vyayuxler'' :* '''to be mad''' = ''futipser, ser frutipa'' :* '''to be meaningful''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to be meant''' = ''vafwer'' :* '''to be measured''' = ''nagdwer bay'' :* '''to be melodious''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to be mentally engaged''' = ''tepbixwer'' :* '''to be mentally unengaged''' = ''teyibixwer'' :* '''to be mindful''' = ''bikser, tepbiker'' :* '''to be mischievous''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to be missing''' = ''obewer'' :* '''to be mobile''' = ''panser'' :* '''to be modeled after''' = ''saunser'' :* '''to be mortified''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to be motivated''' = ''yebyefier'' :* '''to be moved''' = ''aztosier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to be moved grow frantic''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to be mum''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to be mute''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be mystified''' = ''kosonier'' :* '''to be named''' = ''dyunser, dyuwer'' :* '''to be necessary''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be needed''' = ''efwer'' :* '''to be negligent''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be neighbors with''' = ''yubyemer'' :* '''to be non-emphatic''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to be non-equal in value''' = ''ogefyiner'' :* '''to be non-functional''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be nostalgic''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to be not allowed''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to be noticed''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to be obligatory''' = ''yeyfwer, yuvwer'' :* '''to be obliged''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to be of a similar opinion''' = ''geltexyener'' :* '''to be of interest to engender interest''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to be of interest to''' = ''tiskexuer'' :* '''to be of little import''' = ''tesoger'' :* '''to be of little importance''' = ''ogteser'' :* '''to be of the view''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to be of use''' = ''fyiser, sarser, yixfiser'' :* '''to be omniscient''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to be on a diet''' = ''tolvyayaber'' :* '''to be on time''' = ''jweser'' :* '''to be oriented toward''' = ''byuper'' :* '''to be orphaned''' = ''tedoker, tedyanoker'' :* '''to be ousted''' = ''yexobwer'' :* '''to be out of service''' = ''oexler'' :* '''to be out of sorts''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to be outraged''' = ''frutipser, ser fruitpxwa'' :* '''to be overjoyed''' = ''iflaser'' :* '''to be owed''' = ''yefwer'' :* '''to be owned''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to be paid''' = ''yexnixer'' :* '''to be patient''' = ''yakzaser'' :* '''to be penalized''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to be perfect''' = ''fikser'' :* '''to be permitted''' = ''afer, afwer'' :* '''to be perturbed''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to be pigeon-toed''' = ''bayser yebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be pleased''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pleasing''' = ''ifser'' :* '''to be pliant''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to be positioned''' = ''byemser'' :* '''to be possessed''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to be possible''' = ''yafwer'' :* '''to be powerless''' = ''yofer'' :* '''to be premature''' = ''jwatajer'' :* '''to be prescient''' = ''jater'' :* '''to be present''' = ''ejeaser, ejeser, ejser'' :* '''to be president''' = ''ditdeber'' :* '''to be probable''' = ''vyateaser'' :* '''to be prohibited''' = ''ofer, ofwer'' :* '''to be proper for''' = ''fisyenuer'' :* '''to be pulled under''' = ''oybixwer'' :* '''to be punished''' = ''fyinokier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be puzzled by -- to be thirsty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be puzzled by''' = ''didekwer'' :* '''to be qualified''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to be quiet''' = ''doler'' :* '''to be ranked first''' = ''anabwer'' :* '''to be rational''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to be realized''' = ''vyamser'' :* '''to be reasonable''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to be related''' = ''vyeser'' :* '''to be released from prison''' = ''yivxwer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to be relieved''' = ''kyutoser, teboser'' :* '''to be reluctant''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be renewed''' = ''ejsaser'' :* '''to be repulsed''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to be required''' = ''efwer, yefwer'' :* '''to be resolute''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to be responsible''' = ''dudyefer'' :* '''to be restless''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to be rewarded''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to be ripped''' = ''goflawer'' :* '''to be rooted''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to be running low on''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to be sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to be sad-faced''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to be sated''' = ''telikser'' :* '''to be satisfied''' = ''iktoser, iktosier, ivlaser'' :* '''to be seated''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be seen''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be sent behind bars''' = ''ubwer zo feelmufi'' :* '''to be sent to jail''' = ''ubwer vyakxam'' :* '''to be''' = ''ser'' :* '''to be shocked''' = ''makyokraxwer, yokrer'' :* '''to be shot''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to be shy''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be significant''' = ''glateser, tesager'' :* '''to be silent''' = ''doler, dolser'' :* '''to be sitting''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to be situated''' = ''byemser, kaser'' :* '''to be sleepy''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to be snatched''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to be so bold as to dare''' = ''yifer'' :* '''to be sober''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be soiled''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be sore''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to be sorry''' = ''hyoyder, uvtoser'' :* '''to be spilled''' = ''loyebewer'' :* '''to be splay-footed''' = ''bayser oyebuzbwa tyoyabi'' :* '''to be stacked''' = ''byebwer'' :* '''to be startled''' = ''igpuser, yokbaser, yokler'' :* '''to be steady''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to be steeped''' = ''ikimser'' :* '''to be still''' = ''boser, kyoper, poser'' :* '''to be stingy''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to be stressed''' = ''kyiabser, oboser'' :* '''to be stricken by fear''' = ''biwer bey yuf'' :* '''to be stricken by lightning''' = ''pyexwer bey mamak'' :* '''to be stunned''' = ''teazier, yokler, yokrer, yokxwer'' :* '''to be stupefied''' = ''yokrer'' :* '''to be subject to comply with''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be subject''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to be suffused''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to be suitable''' = ''finagser'' :* '''to be sullied''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to be superior in rank''' = ''abdonaber'' :* '''to be supposed to''' = ''yuver'' :* '''to be sure''' = ''vater'' :* '''to be surprised''' = ''yoker, yokxwer'' :* '''to be surprising''' = ''yokwer'' :* '''to be sympathetic''' = ''yantipuvser'' :* '''to be synonymous''' = ''geteser'' :* '''to be taken aback''' = ''yoker'' :* '''to be tallied''' = ''syagwer'' :* '''to be targeted''' = ''byumser, byumxwer, byuonser'' :* '''to be telepathic''' = ''yibtosier'' :* '''to be temperate''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to be terrified''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to be thankful''' = ''fitaxer, ivtexer, naxter'' :* '''to be thankful for''' = ''fitexer'' :* '''to be the matter''' = ''tebikxer'' :* '''to be the product of''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to be thirsty''' = ''tilefer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to be thrifty -- to become alcoholic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to be thrifty''' = ''finoxer, glonoxer'' :* '''to be thrilled''' = ''iflaser, tosiflaser'' :* '''to be timid''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to be tranquil''' = ''booser'' :* '''to be triumphant''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to be trivial''' = ''gloteser, kyuteser'' :* '''to be unable''' = ''oyafer, yofer, yoyfer'' :* '''to be unaware''' = ''oter, otijter'' :* '''to be uncaring''' = ''otebiker'' :* '''to be unconcerned''' = ''obikier, otebiker, oyoboser'' :* '''to be unfaithful''' = ''vyoyuxler'' :* '''to be unfamiliar with''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to be unheedful''' = ''obikier'' :* '''to be unimportant''' = ''gloteser, okyiteser, ser okyitesa'' :* '''to be uninterested''' = ''otrefer'' :* '''to be unreasonable''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be untidy''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to be unwilling''' = ''vofer'' :* '''to be vexed''' = ''oboxwer'' :* '''to be viewed''' = ''teatwer'' :* '''to be vigilant''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to be weary''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to be weighed down''' = ''kyinxwer'' :* '''to be widowed''' = ''tadoker, taydoker, twadoker'' :* '''to be wise''' = ''ajtier, vyaoter, vyater'' :* '''to be without''' = ''boyser'' :* '''to be worried''' = ''teboser'' :* '''to be worth a lot''' = ''glafyiner'' :* '''to be worth''' = ''fyinier, nazer, nazier'' :* '''to be worth less''' = ''gofyiner'' :* '''to be worth little''' = ''glofyiner'' :* '''to be worth more''' = ''gafyiner'' :* '''to be worth nothing''' = ''hyosnazer'' :* '''to be worth the same''' = ''gefyiner'' :* '''to be worth the trouble''' = ''nazer ha yikan'' :* '''to be worthy of''' = ''utnazer'' :* '''to be wounded''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to be wrong-headed''' = ''uztexer'' :* '''to be yanked''' = ''bisler'' :* '''to bead''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to beam''' = ''manadser, naudser, naudxer, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to beam with joy''' = ''naudser bay ivran'' :* '''to bear''' = ''beler, boler, tajber, tejber'' :* '''to bear in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to beat a hasty retreat''' = ''xer iga zoybis'' :* '''to beat''' = ''akler, duz zapuer, japuer, mufaguer, pyexler'' :* '''to beat around the bush''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to beat back''' = ''zoybyexler'' :* '''to beat fatally''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat in a race''' = ''japuer be igek'' :* '''to beat the top score''' = ''yizper ha yabnoda eksag'' :* '''to beat to a pulp''' = ''mulyugbyexer'' :* '''to beat to death''' = ''tojbyexler'' :* '''to beat up''' = ''ikbyexler'' :* '''to beatify''' = ''fyatxer'' :* '''to beautify''' = ''viaxer, vixer'' :* '''to becalm''' = ''bonxer'' :* '''to beckon''' = ''heyder, siunxer, yubdyuer'' :* '''to becloud''' = ''mafxer'' :* '''to become a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaser'' :* '''to become a citizen''' = ''ditser'' :* '''to become a couple up''' = ''ensaser'' :* '''to become a danger''' = ''vokser'' :* '''to become a fact''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become a father''' = ''twedser'' :* '''to become a girl''' = ''tobeytser'' :* '''to become a member''' = ''gonekutser, gonutser'' :* '''to become a mother''' = ''teydser'' :* '''to become a Muslim''' = ''Islamatser'' :* '''to become a sphere''' = ''zyunser'' :* '''to become a star''' = ''dezdebser, dyezdebser'' :* '''to become a widower''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to become able''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become acquainted with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to become active''' = ''xeaser'' :* '''to become addicted''' = ''grafier'' :* '''to become afraid''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become again''' = ''zoyaser'' :* '''to become aggravated''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become alcoholic''' = ''filefkyoxwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become alerted -- to become glad = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become alerted''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become allies''' = ''yandatser'' :* '''to become amused''' = ''fritipser'' :* '''to become an adolescent''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to become an adult''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser, jwotser'' :* '''to become angry''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become arduous''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become''' = ''aser'' :* '''to become ashes''' = ''mogser'' :* '''to become astringent''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become auburn''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become available''' = ''beyafwaser'' :* '''to become aware of through secret channels''' = ''kotier'' :* '''to become aware of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become aware''' = ''tier'' :* '''to become bacteria-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become beautiful''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to become betrothed''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become bitter''' = ''teusyigser'' :* '''to become bourgeois''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become bright''' = ''manikser'' :* '''to become brutish''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become central''' = ''zeser'' :* '''to become clear up''' = ''maynser'' :* '''to become cluttered''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become cognizant''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become comatose''' = ''kyotujper'' :* '''to become communist''' = ''yanotinser'' :* '''to become complex''' = ''yansunser'' :* '''to become concerned''' = ''tepbikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to become conscious of''' = ''tyafser'' :* '''to become conscious''' = ''teptijier'' :* '''to become constant''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become content''' = ''iftosier'' :* '''to become convinced''' = ''vatexier, vlatexier'' :* '''to become convoluted''' = ''napuzraser, uzraser'' :* '''to become corrupt''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become critical''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to become curious about''' = ''trefier'' :* '''to become degraded''' = ''yobnogser'' :* '''to become democratic''' = ''tyodabser'' :* '''to become dependent''' = ''obyoseaser, obyuvser'' :* '''to become depleted''' = ''oikser'' :* '''to become depressed''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become despondent''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to become destitute''' = ''nyozaser'' :* '''to become difficult''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to become disarrayed''' = ''vyonapser'' :* '''to become discombobulated''' = ''napuzraser'' :* '''to become disengaged''' = ''loyuvlaser'' :* '''to become disordered''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become distant''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become drab''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become drained''' = ''ukser'' :* '''to become drug-addicted''' = ''bekulgrafser'' :* '''to become dull''' = ''logiser, lomaanser'' :* '''to become ecstatic''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to become emboldened''' = ''yavlaser, yiflaser'' :* '''to become enemies''' = ''ovdatser'' :* '''to become energized''' = ''azonikser'' :* '''to become engaged''' = ''jatadser'' :* '''to become enormous''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become enraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become enraptured with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become erect''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become evident''' = ''teatyukwaser'' :* '''to become exact''' = ''vyavser'' :* '''to become exhausted''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become exposed''' = ''oyebeaser'' :* '''to become firm up''' = ''gyilser'' :* '''to become flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to become flesh again''' = ''zoytaobser'' :* '''to become flesh''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to become foul''' = ''fuurser'' :* '''to become frail''' = ''gyorser'' :* '''to become free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to become fresh''' = ''ejsaser, jwefser'' :* '''to become friends''' = ''datser'' :* '''to become germ-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become glad''' = ''ivser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become glued -- to become regular = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become glued''' = ''yanulbwer'' :* '''to become grand''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become grave''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to become happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to become heavy''' = ''kyiser'' :* '''to become high''' = ''yabnaser'' :* '''to become hollow''' = ''uklaser'' :* '''to become holy''' = ''fyaaser'' :* '''to become homeless''' = ''tamoyser'' :* '''to become hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to become huge''' = ''aglaser'' :* '''to become humid''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to become ill-tempered''' = ''futipser'' :* '''to become immobilized''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become impassioned''' = ''ifraser'' :* '''to become important''' = ''kyitesier'' :* '''to become impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofser'' :* '''to become impoverished''' = ''nyozaser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaser'' :* '''to become indebted''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to become independent''' = ''oobyoseaser, oyuvser, yivlaser'' :* '''to become infamous''' = ''yovyibtrawaser, yovyibtrawaxer'' :* '''to become infatuated with''' = ''ifrier'' :* '''to become inflamed''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to become infuriated''' = ''frutipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to become insolvent''' = ''nuxyofser'' :* '''to become inspired''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to become intense''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to become interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to become intricate''' = ''yiklaser'' :* '''to become invigorated''' = ''jigser'' :* '''to become irregular''' = ''onyapser'' :* '''to become jaded''' = ''jugser'' :* '''to become jampacked''' = ''graikser'' :* '''to become jobless''' = ''yexoker, yexoyser, yexukser'' :* '''to become known''' = ''trawaser'' :* '''to become lackluster''' = ''lomaanser'' :* '''to become lax''' = ''vyabyugser'' :* '''to become lazy''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become lethargic''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become low''' = ''yobnaser'' :* '''to become main''' = ''agnaser'' :* '''to become malformed''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become mentally disturbed''' = ''teponapser'' :* '''to become mentally ill''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to become mentally unbalanced''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become middle class''' = ''dotutser'' :* '''to become middle-aged''' = ''jegaser'' :* '''to become mighty''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to become mild''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become mindful of''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become minimal''' = ''gwoaser'' :* '''to become minor''' = ''oogser'' :* '''to become misshapen''' = ''fusanser'' :* '''to become nauseated''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to become necessary''' = ''efwaser'' :* '''to become new''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to become normal''' = ''egser, kyaser'' :* '''to become obstructed''' = ''yujfaser'' :* '''to become obtuse''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to become occupied''' = ''yemikser'' :* '''to become old''' = ''jagser'' :* '''to become organized''' = ''xobser'' :* '''to become outraged''' = ''frutipser'' :* '''to become paralyzed''' = ''pasyofser'' :* '''to become passionate''' = ''tipazlaser'' :* '''to become permanent''' = ''kyojaser'' :* '''to become persuaded of''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to become polluted''' = ''mulvyuser'' :* '''to become poor''' = ''glonasaser, nasefser, ukzaser'' :* '''to become populated''' = ''tyodikser'' :* '''to become premium''' = ''yabnazaser'' :* '''to become president''' = ''ditdebser'' :* '''to become pure''' = ''mulvyiser'' :* '''to become rare''' = ''glosaunser, loglaser'' :* '''to become real''' = ''xunser'' :* '''to become redheaded''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become reenergized''' = ''zoyazonikser'' :* '''to become regular''' = ''vyabser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to become related -- to bedeck = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to become related''' = ''tyedser'' :* '''to become remote''' = ''yibnaser'' :* '''to become robust''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become round''' = ''zyuaser'' :* '''to become ruins''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to become russet''' = ''tayebalzaser'' :* '''to become sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to become safe''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become saturated''' = ''ikraser'' :* '''to become savage''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to become scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to become secure''' = ''vakser'' :* '''to become senile''' = ''jwogtepser'' :* '''to become sentimental''' = ''tipaser'' :* '''to become serious''' = ''kyitesaser'' :* '''to become shallow''' = ''yobyogser, yobyubser'' :* '''to become short in stature''' = ''yabogser'' :* '''to become similar''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to become simple''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become single''' = ''ansaser'' :* '''to become sluggish''' = ''tapugser'' :* '''to become soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to become somber''' = ''kyitesaser, omaaser'' :* '''to become something''' = ''aser hes'' :* '''to become standard''' = ''kyaser'' :* '''to become stinky''' = ''futeisaser'' :* '''to become strong''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to become sturdy''' = ''yikraser'' :* '''to become subject''' = ''obyuvser'' :* '''to become subordinate''' = ''oybnabser'' :* '''to become supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to become sweet''' = ''yugzaser'' :* '''to become sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaser'' :* '''to become tame''' = ''yuvnaser'' :* '''to become tarnished''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to become tender''' = ''yuglaser'' :* '''to become the best''' = ''gwafiser'' :* '''to become the lowest''' = ''oobser'' :* '''to become the maximum''' = ''gwaser'' :* '''to become the worst''' = ''gwafuser'' :* '''to become timid''' = ''yuyfser'' :* '''to become tiny''' = ''oglaser'' :* '''to become tired''' = ''tabozaser'' :* '''to become tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofser'' :* '''to become trivial''' = ''kyutesier'' :* '''to become twisted''' = ''uzraser'' :* '''to become ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to become unable to breathe''' = ''tiexyofser'' :* '''to become unable to see''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to become unable''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to become unbalanced''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to become unchained''' = ''loyanaryanser'' :* '''to become unglued''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to become unhinged''' = ''tepozebwaser'' :* '''to become unpartnered''' = ''taadukser'' :* '''to become unstable''' = ''ozepaser'' :* '''to become untidy''' = ''funapser'' :* '''to become upright''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to become useless''' = ''fyuser'' :* '''to become valid''' = ''nazvyabser'' :* '''to become vertical''' = ''aonadser'' :* '''to become vested in''' = ''nasgonier'' :* '''to become violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to become virus-free''' = ''bokogrunukser'' :* '''to become vivacious''' = ''tejikser'' :* '''to become weak''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to become weary''' = ''ozlaser'' :* '''to become weird''' = ''tepolegser'' :* '''to become wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to become widowed''' = ''oytwadser'' :* '''to become windy''' = ''mapikaser'' :* '''to become worried''' = ''tepbikier'' :* '''to become worse''' = ''gafuaser'' :* '''to become young''' = ''jogser'' :* '''to bed down''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to bedabble''' = ''zyaimxer'' :* '''to bedaub''' = ''graviber, volznaider'' :* '''to bedazzle''' = ''manigikxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to bedeck''' = ''viber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bedevil -- to beseech = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bedevil''' = ''bokzyaber, oboxler'' :* '''to bedeviling''' = ''oboxler'' :* '''to bedew''' = ''miilber'' :* '''to bedim''' = ''moynxer'' :* '''to bedraggle''' = ''zobixleger'' :* '''to beef up''' = ''azangaber'' :* '''to beep a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''to beep''' = ''seuxarer, seuxer, vapader'' :* '''to beep the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to befall''' = ''kyeser, xwer, zyapyoser'' :* '''to befit''' = ''ebvabiyafser'' :* '''to befog''' = ''miafxer, tepovyidxer'' :* '''to befool''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to befoul''' = ''fuurxer'' :* '''to befriend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to befuddle''' = ''tepovyidxer, testyikxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to beg''' = ''azdiler, diler, gosdiler, nasdiler'' :* '''to beg for free''' = ''nuxukdiler'' :* '''to beget''' = ''ijsanxer, tajber'' :* '''to begin a diet''' = ''ijber tolvyayab'' :* '''to begin again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to begin anew''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to begin''' = ''ijber, ijer, ijper'' :* '''to begin to make out''' = ''ijteatier'' :* '''to begrime''' = ''vyuxer'' :* '''to begrudge''' = ''kofler'' :* '''to beguile''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to begum''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to behave autonomously''' = ''yivaxler'' :* '''to behave''' = ''axler, axner, vyaaxler'' :* '''to behave badly''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to behave flippantly''' = ''kyutesaxler'' :* '''to behave poorly''' = ''fuaxler, fuaxner'' :* '''to behave well''' = ''fiaxler, fiaxner'' :* '''to behave wrongly''' = ''vyoaxler'' :* '''to behead''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to behold''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to being sorry for''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to bejewel''' = ''nozaber'' :* '''to belaud''' = ''flider'' :* '''to belay''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to belch''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to beleaguer''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to belie''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to believe oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to believe plausible''' = ''vevyatexer'' :* '''to believe possible''' = ''vetexer'' :* '''to believe''' = ''texyener, vatexer'' :* '''to believe the opposite''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to belittle''' = ''lonazder, ogder'' :* '''to belive''' = ''beser'' :* '''to bellow''' = ''eopeder, epeder, maiper, poder, upyeder, vepoder, vyipoder'' :* '''to belong''' = ''bayswer, bexwer'' :* '''to belong to''' = ''bexwer'' :* '''to belong to exist''' = ''bewer'' :* '''to belt''' = ''yuzarer, zetifber'' :* '''to bemire''' = ''vyunxer'' :* '''to bemoan''' = ''ufseuxer, uvder'' :* '''to bemuse''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to bench''' = ''yonkuber'' :* '''to bend back''' = ''zoykiser, zoykixer'' :* '''to bend backwards''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to bend down''' = ''yobaser, yobkiser, yobkixer, yobuzaser, yobuzaxer, yopler'' :* '''to bend downward''' = ''yobkiser, yobkixer'' :* '''to bend forward''' = ''zaykiser, zaykixer'' :* '''to bend in''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to bend''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kiser, kixer, uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, yanuzber'' :* '''to bend out of shape''' = ''fusanuzber'' :* '''to bend out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaxer'' :* '''to bend over''' = ''tibuzaser, yobaser'' :* '''to bend up''' = ''yabkiser, yabuzser, yabuzxer'' :* '''to bend upright''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to bend upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer, yabuzxer'' :* '''to benefit''' = ''fiyuxer, fyiser, ifbier'' :* '''to benefit from''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to benumb''' = ''tayotyofxer'' :* '''to bequeath''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to berate''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to bereave''' = ''lobexer, obuer'' :* '''to beseech''' = ''azdier, azdiler, diler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to beset -- to bloat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to beset''' = ''yuzpexer'' :* '''to beshrew''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to besiege''' = ''apyexer'' :* '''to beslaver''' = ''grafrider'' :* '''to besmear''' = ''volznaider'' :* '''to besmirch''' = ''vyudaler, vyuxer'' :* '''to besot''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to bespangle''' = ''manigmugber'' :* '''to bespatter''' = ''ilzyabyexer'' :* '''to bespeak''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to besprinkle''' = ''zyagosber'' :* '''to bestir''' = ''paanser'' :* '''to bestow an award''' = ''fidunuer, finakuer, finsizuer'' :* '''to bestow''' = ''buler'' :* '''to bestow grace upon''' = ''fyazuer, iyfslonuer'' :* '''to bestow honor''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to bestrew''' = ''zyayonxer'' :* '''to bestride''' = ''zyatyoyaber'' :* '''to bet''' = ''eker sagvek, nasvekier, vekder, vekier, vleder'' :* '''to betide''' = ''keser, xwer'' :* '''to betoken''' = ''jasiunxer'' :* '''to betray''' = ''fizvyoxer, fuzder, lofinzzuer, vatexuzber, vyayuvovaxler, vyoyuxler'' :* '''to betroth''' = ''jatadxer'' :* '''to better''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to bevel''' = ''gumkunadxer'' :* '''to bewail''' = ''uvder'' :* '''to beware''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to bewilder''' = ''loizpaxer, tepyikxer'' :* '''to bewitch''' = ''fyozuer, kozuer, ufluer'' :* '''to bias''' = ''texkinxer'' :* '''to bicycle''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bid adieu''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to bid farewell''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to biff''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to bifocals''' = ''yuibteaber'' :* '''to bifurcate''' = ''engonxer'' :* '''to bike''' = ''enzyukparer'' :* '''to bilk''' = ''granoxuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to billingsgate''' = ''fyodaler'' :* '''to bind''' = ''dyesanxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanyifxer, yuvarer, yuvxer, yuznyafxer'' :* '''to bind in boards''' = ''drofxer'' :* '''to binge''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to biopsy''' = ''taobgosbier'' :* '''to biosynthesize''' = ''tejsuanyanxer'' :* '''to birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bisect''' = ''engonxer, eyngobler, zeygobler'' :* '''to bite''' = ''teupixer'' :* '''to blab''' = ''jedaler, odoler, yijdaler'' :* '''to black out''' = ''teptujper, yoktujier'' :* '''to blacken''' = ''molzaxer'' :* '''to blacklist''' = ''fudyunyanuer'' :* '''to blackmail''' = ''yufnuxuer'' :* '''to blacksmith''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to blame''' = ''funder, ofizaber, vyonuer, yova, yovaber, yovder, yovtosder'' :* '''to blanch''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to blandish''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to blank out''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to blank over''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to blanket''' = ''abaofber'' :* '''to blare a horn''' = ''pyexer seusir'' :* '''to blare''' = ''seuser, seuxarager, seuxurer, vepoder, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blaspheme''' = ''fruder, furduner, fyoder'' :* '''to blast''' = ''mufyegpyexer, yokmaper, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to blather''' = ''daler tesukay'' :* '''to bleach''' = ''malzaxer'' :* '''to bleat''' = ''upeder'' :* '''to bleed out''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to bleed''' = ''tiibiler, tiibiluer'' :* '''to bleep''' = ''gapader'' :* '''to blemish''' = ''buyker, vyunxer'' :* '''to blench''' = ''kuuzber, vyotuer'' :* '''to blend''' = ''eybyanber, eynmulxer, yanbaxer, yanmulxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to bless''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to blind''' = ''teatyofxer'' :* '''to blindfold''' = ''teavuer'' :* '''to blindside''' = ''yokapyexer, yokpixer'' :* '''to blink''' = ''igteabyujer, igyuijer, igyujer, manyuijer, maoniger, teababer, teabyebaxer, teabyuijer, yuijer'' :* '''to blink the headlights''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to blister''' = ''tayozyunser'' :* '''to bloat''' = ''malikser, malikxer, yazaser, yazaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to block -- to bow down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to block''' = ''eber, ebler, ovber, oveper, ovmasber, ovoyner, ovpyexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer, yikonber'' :* '''to block off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to block the sound''' = ''seuxeber'' :* '''to block up''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to blockade''' = ''ovmasber, yujunber'' :* '''to bloodstain''' = ''tiibilvyunuer'' :* '''to bloody''' = ''tiibiluer, tiibilxer'' :* '''to bloom late''' = ''jwovoser'' :* '''to bloom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blossom''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to blot''' = ''drenumxer, ilbixer, vunxer'' :* '''to blow a whistle''' = ''gixeuxer'' :* '''to blow''' = ''aluer, maiper, maipxer, maper, mapuer'' :* '''to blow one's nose''' = ''teibukxer'' :* '''to blow the car horn''' = ''purseuxer'' :* '''to blow up''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, maluer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yonpapuer, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer, yuzagxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to blowup''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to bludgeon''' = ''gyaujmufxer'' :* '''to bluff''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to blunder''' = ''fuper, vyoper'' :* '''to blunt''' = ''gyaginxer, logixer'' :* '''to blur''' = ''lovyidxer, yoneatyofxer'' :* '''to blurt out''' = ''yokder'' :* '''to blush''' = ''alzaser, yovalzer'' :* '''to board''' = ''aper'' :* '''to board up''' = ''faofber'' :* '''to boast''' = ''utfider, utflizder, utfrider, yavlader'' :* '''to bob up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bobble''' = ''yaopeger'' :* '''to bock''' = ''bokbier'' :* '''to bode ill''' = ''fujader, fusiunder'' :* '''to bode''' = ''jader, siunder'' :* '''to bode well''' = ''fijader, fisiunder'' :* '''to body search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to boff''' = ''ebtiyaxer'' :* '''to bog down''' = ''miimogxer'' :* '''to boggle''' = ''testyofxwer, vyufxwer'' :* '''to boil''' = ''magiler, malzyuynamxer, malzyuyner, malzyuynser, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to boldface''' = ''yifla drursiynxer'' :* '''to boll''' = ''zyufeebumxer'' :* '''to bolster''' = ''boler'' :* '''to bolt''' = ''igpier, igpuser, igtilier, kyupmuvber, sebuzyumuvber, yujlarer, yujmuvber'' :* '''to bomb''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bombard''' = ''pyuxrarer'' :* '''to bond with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to bong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to boo''' = ''hwoyder, hyoyder'' :* '''to booboo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to boohoo''' = ''huhuder'' :* '''to book a reservation''' = ''neler jabexun'' :* '''to book''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to boom''' = ''kyiseuxer, pyexreuxer, xeusager, yonpyeuxer'' :* '''to boomerang''' = ''yokzoypaper'' :* '''to boost''' = ''azonuer, igankyaxer, zombuxer'' :* '''to boost morale''' = ''azonuer dofiz, dofizuer'' :* '''to bootleg''' = ''filkoebkyaxer'' :* '''to bootstrap''' = ''ijkyunuer'' :* '''to booze''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to booze it up''' = ''filier'' :* '''to bop''' = ''ifekbyexer, kyubyexer'' :* '''to border''' = ''kunadser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to border on''' = ''yuznadser'' :* '''to bore''' = ''aztosukxer, loivuer, oivuer, opaaxer, ozlaxer, tepozlaxer, tipozlaxer, zyegber'' :* '''to borrow''' = ''nasyefier, ojbier'' :* '''to boss''' = ''xeber'' :* '''to botch''' = ''fuaxer, fyunxer'' :* '''to bother''' = ''fubeker, lonapxer, obostepxer, oboxer, opooxer, ovonuer, tayixuer, tepoboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to bottle''' = ''ilyebxer, nyeber'' :* '''to bottom out''' = ''musobnodxer, obemper, obnodser, oobser, yobnodxer'' :* '''to bounce a check''' = ''vobier nasdref'' :* '''to bounce back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaoser'' :* '''to bounce''' = ''pyaoser, pyaoxer'' :* '''to bounce up and down''' = ''pyaoser'' :* '''to bounce up-and-down''' = ''yaobaser'' :* '''to bound away''' = ''ipyaser'' :* '''to bound''' = ''puser, pyaoser, yuznadxer'' :* '''to bow deeply''' = ''yebyobaser'' :* '''to bow down to the ground''' = ''momyezper'' :* '''to bow down''' = ''yobaer, yobaser, yobkiser, yobuzaser, yoypler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bow forward -- to bring disgrace to spellbind = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bow forward''' = ''zauzaser, zaykixer, zayobaser'' :* '''to bow inward''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser'' :* '''to bow''' = ''kibaser, kiber, kixer, tibuzaser, uzaser, uzaxer, uzbaser, uzper, yobkixer'' :* '''to bow out''' = ''oyebkiser, oyebkixer, oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebyobaser'' :* '''to bowdlerize''' = ''lovutyaxer'' :* '''to bowl over''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to bowl''' = ''zyebyobyaxeker'' :* '''to box in''' = ''nigzyober'' :* '''to box''' = ''pyexler, tuyeboveker, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to box up''' = ''nyember, nyusyeber, nyuunyember'' :* '''to boycott''' = ''lonuier, uflojexer'' :* '''to brag''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to braid''' = ''neifxer'' :* '''to brainwash''' = ''kyitinuer'' :* '''to braise''' = ''yagilamxer'' :* '''to brake''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to branch off''' = ''obfubser'' :* '''to branch out''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to brand''' = ''nunsiynuer'' :* '''to brandish''' = ''igzaopaxer'' :* '''to brave''' = ''yifier'' :* '''to bray''' = ''ipeder, ipweder'' :* '''to braze''' = ''caulkyaniler, gyomagxer'' :* '''to breach''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to bread''' = ''ovolber'' :* '''to break up''' = ''yonber, yondatser, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser'' :* '''to break a law''' = ''ovaxler dovyab'' :* '''to break a promise''' = ''ovaxler ojvad, oxaler ojvad'' :* '''to break a record''' = ''yizper taxdrun'' :* '''to break a tie''' = ''loxer geeksag'' :* '''to break an impasse''' = ''loxer omep'' :* '''to break an oath''' = ''ovaxler ojvyad'' :* '''to break apart''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break down''' = ''loganser, loganxer, lonaapser, losexer, oexer, olexer, tomsanoker, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to break free''' = ''yivlaser, yivlaxer'' :* '''to break in''' = ''yebyonbyexer, yeprer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to break into pieces''' = ''yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to break''' = ''loxer, ovaxler, oxaler'' :* '''to break off a friendship''' = ''ujber datan'' :* '''to break off''' = ''obyonbyeser, obyonbyexer'' :* '''to break out of prison''' = ''oyeprer bi fyuzam, pirer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to break out''' = ''oyeprer, pirer'' :* '''to break silence''' = ''eber dol'' :* '''to break the chain''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break the law''' = ''ovlaxer ha dovyab, oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''to break the series''' = ''loanyanxer'' :* '''to break through''' = ''zyepler, zyeyonbyexer'' :* '''to break up a marriage''' = ''yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break up''' = ''loeonxer, loxobxer, yonber, yongounxer, yonper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to break wind''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to breast feed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breastfeed''' = ''tilbieluer'' :* '''to breaststroke''' = ''tiapaser'' :* '''to breath in and out''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe''' = ''baluier, teibaluier, tiexer'' :* '''to breathe in''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to breathe in and out''' = ''aoyebtiexer'' :* '''to breathe out''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to breed''' = ''agxer, ijsanxer, potagxer, tajber, tajnadxer'' :* '''to brew''' = ''yavilxer'' :* '''to bribe''' = ''kobuer, konuxer'' :* '''to bridge''' = ''aybmepxer, ebzyanxer, zeymepxer'' :* '''to bridle''' = ''apenufyanxer'' :* '''to brief''' = ''igtuer'' :* '''to brighten''' = ''manaser, manaxer, manazaser, manazaxer'' :* '''to brine''' = ''miolbeker'' :* '''to bring a case against''' = ''doyevkexer'' :* '''to bring about''' = ''kyexer, xuer, xuler'' :* '''to bring across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to bring along''' = ''baysuper'' :* '''to bring around to consciousness''' = ''teptijber'' :* '''to bring around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to bring attention to give cause for concern''' = ''tepbikuer'' :* '''to bring back to health''' = ''fibakxer'' :* '''to bring back to life''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to bring back to normal''' = ''zoyegxer'' :* '''to bring back''' = ''zoyaysipler, zoyaysuper, zoyibeler'' :* '''to bring beyond''' = ''yizuber'' :* '''to bring close''' = ''yuber'' :* '''to bring disgrace to spellbind''' = ''fyozuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bring dishonor to disgrace -- to bunch together = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bring dishonor to disgrace''' = ''fuzuer'' :* '''to bring down the price''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to bring down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to bring good fortune to''' = ''fikyeojaxer'' :* '''to bring in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to bring into the middle class''' = ''dotutxer'' :* '''to bring into the world''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to bring near''' = ''yubeler, yuber'' :* '''to bring order to''' = ''napuer'' :* '''to bring out''' = ''oyebyuber'' :* '''to bring peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to bring sanity to''' = ''tepizraxer'' :* '''to bring through''' = ''zyeuber'' :* '''to bring to a climax''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a close''' = ''yujber'' :* '''to bring to a happy ending''' = ''ivujber'' :* '''to bring to a peak''' = ''yabnodxer'' :* '''to bring to a rest''' = ''poyxer'' :* '''to bring to action''' = ''xeaxer'' :* '''to bring to an end''' = ''zojber'' :* '''to bring to life''' = ''tejber'' :* '''to bring to mind''' = ''tepuer'' :* '''to bring to tears''' = ''teabiluer, uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to bring to the rear''' = ''zouber'' :* '''to bring to trial''' = ''yaovyekber, yevsonuer'' :* '''to bring together as related''' = ''tyedxer'' :* '''to bring together''' = ''yanbier'' :* '''to bring up badly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to bring up front''' = ''zauber'' :* '''to bring up to date''' = ''ejnaxer'' :* '''to bring up''' = ''tuuxer, tuyxer'' :* '''to bring''' = ''uper bay, uper belea, yuber'' :* '''to bristle''' = ''tayebyaser, tayebyaxer'' :* '''to broach''' = ''ijber enkuma ebdal bi, ijdaler, zyegxer'' :* '''to broadast by radio''' = ''alpuber'' :* '''to broadcast''' = ''alpubarer, alpuber, zyabeler, zyadeler, zyader, zyauber'' :* '''to broaden''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to broadside''' = ''kunpyeser, kunpyexer'' :* '''to brocade''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to brocaded''' = ''nalafxer'' :* '''to broil''' = ''yijmageler'' :* '''to bronze''' = ''caulkyigber'' :* '''to brood''' = ''patijamxer'' :* '''to brow-beat''' = ''yufxeber'' :* '''to brown''' = ''amxer, melzaxer'' :* '''to browse''' = ''kyeteaxer'' :* '''to bruise''' = ''buyker'' :* '''to brunch''' = ''aetyaler'' :* '''to brush clean''' = ''vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to brush off''' = ''obapaxrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to brush''' = ''sizarer'' :* '''to brutalize''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to''' = ''bu'' :* '''to bubble''' = ''mailzyuynser, malzyuyner'' :* '''to buccaneer''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to buck''' = ''apepuxer'' :* '''to buckle''' = ''mugnyafaber, uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to buckle up''' = ''mugnyafxer'' :* '''to bud''' = ''fayebijer, vabijer, vosijer'' :* '''to buddy up to chum up to''' = ''daatser'' :* '''to budge''' = ''basler, baxler'' :* '''to budget''' = ''nuixer'' :* '''to buff''' = ''yugfyeler'' :* '''to buffer''' = ''ebember, nelniger'' :* '''to bug''' = ''fukxer'' :* '''to build from ground up''' = ''ijsexer'' :* '''to build''' = ''massexer, sexer, tomsexer, tomxer'' :* '''to bulge''' = ''yazaser, yazper, zyuiser'' :* '''to bulldoze''' = ''izyobuxer, melbuxarer'' :* '''to bully''' = ''fuxeber, zuibuxler'' :* '''to bullyrag''' = ''fuyixer dunay'' :* '''to bum a cigarette''' = ''bundiler givomuv'' :* '''to bum''' = ''bundiler'' :* '''to bum someone''' = ''uvxer het'' :* '''to bumble''' = ''axler oyafay, vyoper, xer vyosi'' :* '''to bump along''' = ''meyuper, yaozper'' :* '''to bump into''' = ''kyepyuxer, kyeyanuper, pyuxler, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to bump''' = ''meyuber'' :* '''to bunch''' = ''nyaunser, nyaunxer'' :* '''to bunch together''' = ''yanglalxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to bunch up -- to candelabrum = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to bunch up''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to bundle''' = ''nyufxer'' :* '''to bungee jump''' = ''buixnyif puser'' :* '''to bungle''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to bungler''' = ''funapxer'' :* '''to burble''' = ''igdaler, milzyunser'' :* '''to burden''' = ''kyisuer, kyitosuer'' :* '''to bureaucratize''' = ''xabaxer'' :* '''to burgeon''' = ''fayebogser'' :* '''to burglarize''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burgle''' = ''koyepler, ofyepler'' :* '''to burl''' = ''lonofnyafxer'' :* '''to burn''' = ''magser, magxer'' :* '''to burn up completely''' = ''aynmagser, aynmagxer'' :* '''to burnish''' = ''yugfilber'' :* '''to burp a baby''' = ''balokxer tudet'' :* '''to burp''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to burrow''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to burst''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, yonpyexler'' :* '''to burst into tears''' = ''yokteabilier'' :* '''to burst out crying''' = ''yokhuhuder'' :* '''to burst out laughing''' = ''yokhihider'' :* '''to bury''' = ''melukber, mumber, ujponuer'' :* '''to bus''' = ''dompurer, yanotpurer, yuzpurer'' :* '''to bushwhack''' = ''gyafaybespoper, koapyexer'' :* '''to buss''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to bust apart''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to bust''' = ''igyonser, igyonxer, zyegrer'' :* '''to bustle''' = ''basler'' :* '''to busy oneself''' = ''utyaxuer, yaxier'' :* '''to busy''' = ''yaxuer'' :* '''to but a bend in''' = ''suiber'' :* '''to butcher''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to butt''' = ''teyubuxer'' :* '''to button''' = ''nufxer'' :* '''to buy a share''' = ''nuxbier nasgon'' :* '''to buy and sell''' = ''nasbuier, nunuier'' :* '''to buy back''' = ''zoynixer, zoynuxbier'' :* '''to buy''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to buy-and-sell''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to buzz''' = ''apelader, ipelader, pelteuxer'' :* '''to byline''' = ''drutdyunnaduer'' :* '''to bypass''' = ''yizmepxer'' :* '''to by-pass''' = ''zeymepxer'' :* '''to cable''' = ''nyifdrer, nyifuber'' :* '''to cache''' = ''ignexer'' :* '''to cackle''' = ''agivteuder, agjhihider, apateusozer'' :* '''to cage''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to cajole''' = ''duuler, yugduler'' :* '''to calcify''' = ''caalkser, caalkxer'' :* '''to calcine''' = ''lyofebmagxer'' :* '''to calculate''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to calibrate''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to call a bad name''' = ''fudyunuer'' :* '''to call a cab''' = ''hayder nuxpur'' :* '''to call a lift''' = ''dyuer yaoblir'' :* '''to call a taxi''' = ''heyder nuxpur'' :* '''to call attention to''' = ''teptijuer'' :* '''to call''' = ''dyuer, dyunuer, heyder, teuder, yibdaler'' :* '''to call off''' = ''judarober, ojdrafober'' :* '''to call oneself''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to call the roll''' = ''xer anyana dyuen'' :* '''to call ugly''' = ''vuder'' :* '''to calm down''' = ''boser, bostepxer, boxer, teboser, tepboser, zetipxer'' :* '''to calm''' = ''tepboxer'' :* '''to calumniate''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to calve''' = ''eopetudxer, gonoker, tijber eopetud'' :* '''to camcorder''' = ''mansinteesdrarer'' :* '''to Camembert cheese''' = ''Kamamber bilyig'' :* '''to camouflage''' = ''teaskovyoxer'' :* '''to camp out''' = ''tamofemper'' :* '''to campaign''' = ''agyeker, aveker, dabtyenxer, dokebidyeker'' :* '''to campaign for''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to can''' = ''sonilkyeber, syeber, yafer'' :* '''to canalize''' = ''ebmipxer'' :* '''to cancel a check''' = ''loxer nasdraf'' :* '''to cancel a reservation''' = ''loxer jabexun'' :* '''to cancel an order''' = ''loxer nyix'' :* '''to cancel''' = ''judarober, lojudrer, loxer, ojdrafober, onaxer'' :* '''to candelabrum''' = ''chandelier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to candy -- to catch a cab = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to candy''' = ''levelyigxer'' :* '''to cane''' = ''tyomufuer'' :* '''to cannibalize''' = ''tobteler'' :* '''to cannot wait for''' = ''ivrayaker'' :* '''to cannot wait to''' = ''pesyiker'' :* '''to canoe''' = ''miparesper'' :* '''to canonicalize''' = ''avyanxer'' :* '''to canonize''' = ''fyatdeler, fyavyabxer'' :* '''to canter''' = ''ugapeper'' :* '''to canvass''' = ''doteuzsager'' :* '''to cap''' = ''abaunxer, ilyujarer, ilyujber, syaber'' :* '''to capacitate''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to capitalize''' = ''agdresiynxer, naseler, nasyanuer'' :* '''to capitulate''' = ''lodurer, ujber zoybex, utzaybuer'' :* '''to capsize''' = ''yobyabuzper'' :* '''to capsulize''' = ''syebogber'' :* '''to caption''' = ''abdyunxer, oybdrer'' :* '''to captivate''' = ''pixer, tepyuvxer, yuvraxer'' :* '''to capture by force''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to capture on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to capture''' = ''pixler'' :* '''to caramelize''' = ''melzlevyelxer'' :* '''to caravan''' = ''nunpuranyaner'' :* '''to carbonate''' = ''calkxer, maegxer, malzyuynxer'' :* '''to carbonize''' = ''calkxer'' :* '''to cardboard''' = ''drovxer'' :* '''to care''' = ''biker, bikser, tepbiker, tepoboser'' :* '''to care for''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to careen''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to caress''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to caricature''' = ''hihisinxer'' :* '''to carjack''' = ''purkobier'' :* '''to carnavalize''' = ''dizoybuzber'' :* '''to carouse''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to carouser''' = ''grafiler'' :* '''to carry a child''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to carry a gun''' = ''beler adopar'' :* '''to carry across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to carry away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry back''' = ''zoybeler'' :* '''to carry''' = ''baysper, beler, kyisier'' :* '''to carry behind''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to carry downstairs''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to carry forth''' = ''zaybeler'' :* '''to carry off''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to carry on one's shoulders''' = ''tuababeler'' :* '''to carry out a plan''' = ''xaler exdraf, xaler ojtex'' :* '''to carry out again''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to carry out an instruction''' = ''xaler iztuun'' :* '''to carry out mischief''' = ''xaler fuaxlen'' :* '''to carry out''' = ''oyebeler, xaler, xer'' :* '''to carry outside''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to cart''' = ''belarer, tuyaparer'' :* '''to carve''' = ''sangobler, sezer, taogobler'' :* '''to cascade''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to caseharden''' = ''mugyigaxer'' :* '''to cash a check''' = ''syagnasuer nasdref'' :* '''to cash in''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to cash out''' = ''ebkyaxer av syagnas vyayeker'' :* '''to cast a ballot''' = ''yeber doteuzdref'' :* '''to cast a shadow over''' = ''moynaxer'' :* '''to cast a spell on''' = ''fyotezuer, kozuer'' :* '''to cast a vote''' = ''doteuzuer'' :* '''to cast about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to cast''' = ''asanxer, dezutkexer, puxer, uksanxer'' :* '''to cast aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to cast away''' = ''ipuxer'' :* '''to cast down''' = ''yopuxer'' :* '''to cast for a role''' = ''degonuer'' :* '''to cast off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to cast out''' = ''oyepuxer'' :* '''to cast way''' = ''ipuxer, lobexer'' :* '''to castigate''' = ''agyovokuer, fruder'' :* '''to castrate''' = ''tiyubober, twiyibober'' :* '''to catalog''' = ''nyexundrer'' :* '''to catalyze''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to catch a ball''' = ''pixer zyun'' :* '''to catch a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to catch a bus''' = ''pixer yuzpur'' :* '''to catch a cab''' = ''pixer nuxpur'' </div>{{small/end}} = to catch a cold -- to chamfer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to catch a cold''' = ''teibokser, tiebboykier'' :* '''to catch a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to catch a story''' = ''dinier'' :* '''to catch a virus''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to catch by surprise''' = ''yokpixer'' :* '''to catch cold''' = ''pexer ombok'' :* '''to catch fire''' = ''magijber, magijer'' :* '''to catch fish''' = ''pitpixer'' :* '''to catch''' = ''pixer'' :* '''to catch pneumonia''' = ''tiebbokier'' :* '''to catch quickly''' = ''igpexer'' :* '''to catch sight of''' = ''ijeater, teatier'' :* '''to catch the eye''' = ''teapixer'' :* '''to catch the flu''' = ''ombokier'' :* '''to catechize''' = ''totintuxer'' :* '''to categorize''' = ''sunyanxer, syanogxer'' :* '''to catenate''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadber, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to cater''' = ''tolnuer'' :* '''to caterwaul''' = ''azpyexdaler'' :* '''to catheterize''' = ''tabmufyeger'' :* '''to cationize''' = ''vamakmulxer'' :* '''to catnap''' = ''igtujer, tujiger'' :* '''to caulk''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to cause concern''' = ''otepooxer'' :* '''to cause dread''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause grief''' = ''uvtosuer, uvuxer'' :* '''to cause mayhem''' = ''fyurxer'' :* '''to cause panic''' = ''tyodoboxer'' :* '''to cause to be addicted''' = ''grafuer'' :* '''to cause to be mentally ill''' = ''tepbokxer'' :* '''to cause to be sluggish''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to cause to black out''' = ''yoktujuer'' :* '''to cause to cringe''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to cause to dwindle''' = ''gloxer'' :* '''to cause to explode''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to cause to fail''' = ''ujokuxer'' :* '''to cause to flare up''' = ''igmavxer'' :* '''to cause to grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to cause to happen''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to cause to itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to cause to swell''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to cause to win''' = ''ujakuxer'' :* '''to cause''' = ''uxer'' :* '''to cauterize''' = ''magbeker'' :* '''to caution''' = ''bikuer, jabikuer'' :* '''to cave in''' = ''yebarer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yepyoser, yopyoser'' :* '''to cavil''' = ''grayevder'' :* '''to cavort''' = ''ivapetyoper'' :* '''to caw''' = ''rapader, repader'' :* '''to cease''' = ''lojeser, lojexer, ojeser, poxer'' :* '''to cease to be''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cease to exist''' = ''oser'' :* '''to cede''' = ''lobexler, obxer'' :* '''to cede power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to celebrate a birthday''' = ''ivxeler tajjub'' :* '''to celebrate a holiday''' = ''ivxeler fyajub, ivxeler ifponjub'' :* '''to celebrate''' = ''fitrawader, fitrawaxer, fyaxeler, ivtaxer, ivxeler, vijuber, xeler'' :* '''to celestial body''' = ''mer'' :* '''to cement''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to cense''' = ''mogteizber'' :* '''to censor''' = ''dovyulober, oloyebdyivaxer'' :* '''to censure''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to center''' = ''zexer'' :* '''to centner''' = ''zentner'' :* '''to centralize''' = ''zeaxer, zenxer'' :* '''to cerebrate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to certify''' = ''vakder, vlader, vladrer, vyander'' :* '''to chafe''' = ''futipser, tepabaxruer'' :* '''to chaffer''' = ''naxyobdaler, nuxbier, otesdaleger'' :* '''to chagrin''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to chain back together''' = ''zoykyuanyanxer'' :* '''to chain''' = ''mugyanarer, nyadxer, yanzyusber'' :* '''to chain together''' = ''anyanxer, yuvaryanxer'' :* '''to chain up''' = ''nyadber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to chair''' = ''deber'' :* '''to challenge''' = ''ekluer, kyenuer, yekuer, yekunuer, yifuer'' :* '''to challenge oneself''' = ''ojfyunier, yekunier'' :* '''to challenge the mind''' = ''tepyekuer'' :* '''to challenge to a dare''' = ''yifluer'' :* '''to chamfer''' = ''gumgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to champ -- to chord = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to champ''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champing''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to champion''' = ''agavdaler'' :* '''to chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to change clothes''' = ''kyaxer tof'' :* '''to change color''' = ''volzkyaxer'' :* '''to change direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, mepuzer'' :* '''to change''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, nasesuer'' :* '''to change location''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to change minds''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to change one's mind''' = ''kyaxer ota tep, kyaxer ota tepyen, kyaxer texyen'' :* '''to change position''' = ''nemkyaxer'' :* '''to change religion''' = ''kyaxer fyaxin'' :* '''to change residence''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to change shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to change the order of''' = ''napkyaxer'' :* '''to channel''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to channel one's energy''' = ''moupxer ota azon'' :* '''to channelize''' = ''ebmipxer, moupxer'' :* '''to chant''' = ''fyadeuzer, yagdeuzer'' :* '''to chanticleer''' = ''apader'' :* '''to char''' = ''gloymagxer'' :* '''to characterize''' = ''utfinuer, utsiynder, utsiynxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to charade''' = ''vyodezer'' :* '''to charbroil''' = ''mugnefmageler'' :* '''to charcoal grill''' = ''maegeler'' :* '''to charge a fine''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge a lot''' = ''glanoxuer'' :* '''to charge a penalty''' = ''byoknoxuer'' :* '''to charge''' = ''kyisaber, noxuer'' :* '''to charge less''' = ''gonoxuer'' :* '''to charge more''' = ''ganoxuer'' :* '''to charge too much''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to charm''' = ''fluer, fyazuer, ifluer'' :* '''to chart''' = ''drafxer'' :* '''to charter''' = ''yivyandrafxer'' :* '''to chase after''' = ''joigper, joiguper'' :* '''to chase out''' = ''oyebemuber'' :* '''to chase''' = ''zoigper, zojoigper'' :* '''to chasten''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to chastise''' = ''byokyefuer, fyuzuer, ozvyakxer, yovnuxuer'' :* '''to chat''' = ''dayler, dunuiber, ebdaloger, ebdayler, zaodaler'' :* '''to chatter''' = ''ripader, tyapoder, vyipader'' :* '''to chauffeur''' = ''viutyixpurer'' :* '''to cheapen''' = ''naxogxer'' :* '''to cheat''' = ''fuzder, fuzeker, koeker, kovyoxer, oyeveker, vyoleker, yoveker'' :* '''to check off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to check out in advance''' = ''javyayeker'' :* '''to check''' = ''vasiyndrer, vyaleaxer, vyavyeker'' :* '''to checkmate''' = ''xahtojber'' :* '''to cheep''' = ''apatuder'' :* '''to cheer''' = ''azivteuder, fiteuder, hwaydeuxer, hyader'' :* '''to cheer on''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to cheer up''' = ''fitepyenxer, fritipier, fritipser, fritipuer, fritipxer, tepivxer, tipivxer, tosifser, tosifxer'' :* '''to cherish''' = ''amifler'' :* '''to chew gum''' = ''teubixer yugsul'' :* '''to chew''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to chew tobacco''' = ''givobeler, teubixer givob'' :* '''to chew up''' = ''ikteubixer'' :* '''to chicane''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to chide''' = ''funkader, ufkader'' :* '''to chime''' = ''seusarer, seuser, yugseuser'' :* '''to chink''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer'' :* '''to chip''' = ''zyigounser, zyigounxer, zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to chirp''' = ''nalopelder, pader, tapelader, tepelader'' :* '''to chirr''' = ''tipelader'' :* '''to chirrup''' = ''tepelader'' :* '''to chisel''' = ''sezgobler, sezyonarer'' :* '''to chitchat''' = ''ebdaloger, ebdayler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to chitter''' = ''ipieder, mapioder'' :* '''to chlorinate''' = ''calilkxer'' :* '''to choke''' = ''aleber, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, teyozyoxrer, tiexyofser, tiexyofxer, yuzbarer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to chomp''' = ''teubixazer'' :* '''to choose affirmatively''' = ''vadokebider'' :* '''to choose''' = ''kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to chop''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrarer, gobrer, kyigobler'' :* '''to chop into pieces''' = ''gosaxer'' :* '''to chop meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to chop wood''' = ''kyigobler faob'' :* '''to chord''' = ''duznodyaner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to choreograph -- to climb = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to choreograph''' = ''dazdrer'' :* '''to chortle''' = ''dizeudozer, ivteusozer'' :* '''to christen''' = ''ayixer, dyunuer, fyamilber, fyaxyeler, ijfyayelber'' :* '''to chronicle''' = ''jejobdrer'' :* '''to chuck''' = ''oyepuxer, sarkyobexarer'' :* '''to chuckle''' = ''dizeudozer, ozdizeuder, ozivseuxer, ozivteuder'' :* '''to chug''' = ''tilagier'' :* '''to chunk''' = ''gyagofler'' :* '''to churn''' = ''zyubaoser, zyubaoxer'' :* '''to cicatrize''' = ''jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer'' :* '''to cicerone''' = ''teaputizber'' :* '''to cinch''' = ''vatwaxer, yignaxer'' :* '''to circle''' = ''yuzemper, yuzper, zyunadrer, zyuser'' :* '''to circularize''' = ''yuzsanser, yuzsanxer'' :* '''to circulate''' = ''yuzber, yuzpaser, yuzpaxer, yuzper'' :* '''to circulation''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to circumcise''' = ''tiyugobler'' :* '''to circumfix''' = ''yuzdungaber'' :* '''to circumfuse''' = ''yuzilber'' :* '''to circumnavigate''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to circumscribe''' = ''yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to circumspect''' = ''yuzteaxer'' :* '''to circumvent''' = ''yizper, yuzper'' :* '''to cite''' = ''dyunder'' :* '''to civilize''' = ''dityenxer, dotsyenser, dotsyenxer, dotyenxer'' :* '''to clabber''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to clack''' = ''kyiigbyexer, kyiigbyexeuser, kyipyeuxer'' :* '''to claim as a pretext''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim as an alibi''' = ''vyouxder'' :* '''to claim''' = ''baysdirer, utdirer, vadier, vatexuer, vlader'' :* '''to claim deceptively''' = ''vyoekder'' :* '''to claim innocence''' = ''yavadier'' :* '''to clamber up''' = ''yapler'' :* '''to clamor''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to clamp together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to clamp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to clang''' = ''nepiader, seusarager, seuser, seuxer'' :* '''to clank''' = ''mugpyeuser, mugpyeuxer'' :* '''to clap hands''' = ''tuyabyexer'' :* '''to clap one's hands''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to clap''' = ''pyexreuxer, tuyabyexer, xeusiger'' :* '''to clarify''' = ''maynxer, tesmaynxer, testuer, testyukwaxer, vyidxer'' :* '''to clash''' = ''ebyekler, ebyexer, ufeker, yanpyexer'' :* '''to clasp''' = ''grunarer, nyafxer, tuyabexer, yanbexer, yanyifxer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to clasp hands''' = ''yantuyabexer'' :* '''to classify''' = ''naaber, saunkyoxer, saunxer, syanxer, tyanxer'' :* '''to clatter''' = ''igyanpyeuxer'' :* '''to claw''' = ''potuloxer, tuloxer'' :* '''to clean out''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to clean up''' = ''ikvyixer, olonapxer, vyalaxer, vyiser'' :* '''to clean''' = ''vyixer'' :* '''to cleanse''' = ''aynmulxer, ibvyixer, vyilxer, vyixer, vyulober'' :* '''to clear a path''' = ''vyifxer meyp'' :* '''to clear a shelf''' = ''yijber sammoys'' :* '''to clear a way''' = ''vyifxer mep'' :* '''to clear away''' = ''ibvyifxer'' :* '''to clear of any defects''' = ''fusober'' :* '''to clear of obstructions''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to clear off''' = ''obvyifxer'' :* '''to clear one's conscience''' = ''vyifxer ota vyaotos'' :* '''to clear one's name''' = ''vyifxer ota dyun'' :* '''to clear out a space''' = ''oyebvyifxer nig'' :* '''to clear out''' = ''oyebvyifxer'' :* '''to clear out the barn''' = ''oyebvyifxer ha vabam'' :* '''to clear the air''' = ''vyifxer ha mal'' :* '''to clear the mind''' = ''vyifxer ha tep'' :* '''to clear the table''' = ''vyifxer ha mes'' :* '''to clear the throat''' = ''vyifxer ha zateyob, zateobukxer'' :* '''to clear the way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to clear the way''' = ''yijfer ha mep'' :* '''to clear up again''' = ''zoymaynxer'' :* '''to clear up''' = ''maynser, maynxer, oyiksonxer, tepmanxer, tesmaynxer, vyikser, vyikxer, yijer, yijfaser'' :* '''to clear''' = ''vyidxer, vyifxer, yavder, yijber, yijfaxer'' :* '''to clear way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to cleave''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to clench one's fist''' = ''tuyebyujer'' :* '''to click''' = ''kyuigbyexer, kyuigbyexeuser'' :* '''to climax''' = ''musabnodxer, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to climb down''' = ''yobmusper, yobnogper'' :* '''to climb''' = ''musyaper, yabnogper, yapler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to climb up -- to columnarize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to climb up''' = ''yabmusper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to clinch''' = ''grunarer, grunber'' :* '''to cling''' = ''yanbeser, zyobexer'' :* '''to clink''' = ''zyefpyeuxer'' :* '''to clip''' = ''gonober, goybler, yanpixer, yanyifber, yoggoybler, yogxer'' :* '''to clip short''' = ''yoggoybler'' :* '''to cloak''' = ''koxofber, kyitafber'' :* '''to clobber''' = ''bukbyexer, pyexler'' :* '''to clock''' = ''jwabsager, jwobder'' :* '''to clog''' = ''yijuneber'' :* '''to clomp''' = ''tyoyafeuxer'' :* '''to clone''' = ''gesanxer'' :* '''to close a wound''' = ''yujber buk'' :* '''to close half-way''' = ''eynyujber, eynyujer'' :* '''to close off''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to close''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to clot''' = ''mulyanser, tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to clothe''' = ''tafuer, tofaber, tofber, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to cloud''' = ''lovyizaxer, mafxer, ovyifxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to cloud over''' = ''mafikser, mafser'' :* '''to cloud up''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to cloud-seed''' = ''mafveeber'' :* '''to clown around''' = ''dizeker, dizer, ivseuxuuter, podizeker, podizer'' :* '''to cloy''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to club''' = ''mufaguer'' :* '''to cluck''' = ''apayder'' :* '''to clue in''' = ''kotuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to clump''' = ''mulyanser, yanglalser'' :* '''to clump together''' = ''mulyanxer, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cluster''' = ''glalser, glalxer, mulyanser, mulyanxer, nodyanser, nyaunser, nyaunxer, yanunser'' :* '''to clutch''' = ''abexer, azbexer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, zyobarer'' :* '''to clutter''' = ''onapxer, yujfaxer'' :* '''to coach''' = ''tyenuer, tyuer'' :* '''to coact''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to coagulate''' = ''tiibilglalser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to coalesce''' = ''aotyanser'' :* '''to coarsen''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to coast''' = ''yivpaser, yugfaper'' :* '''to coat''' = ''abaulxer, abgabuner, abimber, absunxer'' :* '''to coat with copper''' = ''caulkber'' :* '''to coat with silver''' = ''agelkber'' :* '''to coat with zinc''' = ''zunilkber'' :* '''to coax''' = ''duler, yubeler'' :* '''to cobble''' = ''kyesaxer, mepmegxer, tyoyafsaxer'' :* '''to cock''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to cock-a-doodle-doo''' = ''apader'' :* '''to cockadoodledoo''' = ''apwader'' :* '''to cocksuck''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to coddle''' = ''yuglabeker, yugramageler'' :* '''to code''' = ''extuundrer, kodrer'' :* '''to codify''' = ''dovyayabxer'' :* '''to coerce''' = ''azonaber, yafluer, yefxer'' :* '''to coexist''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to cogitate''' = ''texer'' :* '''to cohabit''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to cohere''' = ''yanbeser, yanbexer'' :* '''to coiff''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to coil''' = ''uzyufser, uzyufxer, yuzunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to coin''' = ''asaxer'' :* '''to coincide''' = ''kyeuper, yankyeser'' :* '''to collaborate''' = ''yanyexer'' :* '''to collapse''' = ''yanpyoser, yanpyoxer, yepyoser, yopyoser, yopyoxer, zyepyoser'' :* '''to collar''' = ''teyobixer'' :* '''to collate''' = ''yanjonapxer, yanvyegexer'' :* '''to collect a pension''' = ''dobnuxier'' :* '''to collect''' = ''ibler, nyanser, nyanxer, yanibler, yasyanxer'' :* '''to collect social security''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collect tax''' = ''dobnixier'' :* '''to collect welfare''' = ''dotnuxier'' :* '''to collectivize''' = ''anotyaanxer, nyanaxer'' :* '''to collide head-on''' = ''zapyuxer'' :* '''to collide''' = ''pyuxler'' :* '''to collide with''' = ''yanpyuxer'' :* '''to collocate''' = ''yandalwer, yannapxer'' :* '''to collude''' = ''yanaxler'' :* '''to colonize''' = ''obdomemxer'' :* '''to color red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to color''' = ''volzber, volzdrer'' :* '''to colorize''' = ''volzaxer, volzber'' :* '''to columnarize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to columnize -- to come to the left = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to columnize''' = ''aomufxer, aonabxer'' :* '''to comb''' = ''tayebarer'' :* '''to combat crime''' = ''ovebyexer doyov'' :* '''to combat''' = ''dopeker, ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to combine''' = ''yankser, yankxer, yanlaxer'' :* '''to come aboard''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come about''' = ''kaxwer, kyeser, vyamser'' :* '''to come above''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come across''' = ''zeyuper'' :* '''to come after''' = ''jouper'' :* '''to come again''' = ''zoyuper'' :* '''to come ahead''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come alive''' = ''tejaser, tejper'' :* '''to come and go and come''' = ''uiper'' :* '''to come apart''' = ''yonser, yonuper'' :* '''to come around''' = ''yuzuper'' :* '''to come as a friend''' = ''datuper'' :* '''to come back alive''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to come back in''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to come back open''' = ''zoyyijper'' :* '''to come back to life''' = ''zoytejper, zoytejuper'' :* '''to come back to the homeland''' = ''zoymemuper'' :* '''to come back''' = ''zayuper, zoyuper'' :* '''to come before''' = ''jauper'' :* '''to come behind''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come between''' = ''ebuper'' :* '''to come beyond''' = ''yizuper'' :* '''to come by stealth''' = ''kouper'' :* '''to come close''' = ''yubser'' :* '''to come directly''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come down with a fever''' = ''amatser'' :* '''to come down''' = ''yobuper'' :* '''to come forth''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come forward''' = ''zauper, zayuper'' :* '''to come from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to come full circle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to come home''' = ''tamuper'' :* '''to come hopping''' = ''upuyser'' :* '''to come in behind''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to come in first''' = ''ijnaper'' :* '''to come in last''' = ''ujnaper, zopuer'' :* '''to come in''' = ''yebuper, yeper'' :* '''to come into contact with''' = ''byuser'' :* '''to come into possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to come into view''' = ''teasier'' :* '''to come into''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to come late''' = ''jwouper'' :* '''to come loose''' = ''loyanarser, yivlaser'' :* '''to come near to''' = ''uper yub bi'' :* '''to come near''' = ''yubser, yuper'' :* '''to come off of''' = ''obuper'' :* '''to come on''' = ''zayuper'' :* '''to come onto''' = ''abuper'' :* '''to come open''' = ''yijper'' :* '''to come out of a coma''' = ''kyotujoper, tebostujoper'' :* '''to come out of the blue''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come out''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to come over''' = ''aybuper'' :* '''to come quick''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come running after''' = ''joiguper'' :* '''to come running''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to come straight''' = ''izuper'' :* '''to come through''' = ''zyeuper'' :* '''to come to a close''' = ''yujper'' :* '''to come to a completion''' = ''iknaser'' :* '''to come to a dead end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to come to an end''' = ''ujper'' :* '''to come to an end up''' = ''zojper'' :* '''to come to be''' = ''saser'' :* '''to come to believe''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to come to disbelieve''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to doubt''' = ''votexier'' :* '''to come to gain consciousness''' = ''tijper'' :* '''to come to know''' = ''kater'' :* '''to come to life''' = ''tejper'' :* '''to come to naught''' = ''hyoxier'' :* '''to come to need''' = ''efser'' :* '''to come to power''' = ''yaflaser'' :* '''to come to regain consciousness''' = ''teptijper'' :* '''to come to the left''' = ''zuuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to come to the rear -- to con = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to come to the rear''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come to the right''' = ''ziuper'' :* '''to come to the surface''' = ''abzamper'' :* '''to come to trust''' = ''vlatexier'' :* '''to come to understand''' = ''testier'' :* '''to come together''' = ''yanuper'' :* '''to come toward the back''' = ''zouper'' :* '''to come true''' = ''vyamser, xunser'' :* '''to come under''' = ''oybuper'' :* '''to come undone''' = ''oiksanser'' :* '''to come unexpectedly''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to come unglued''' = ''yonser'' :* '''to come up front''' = ''zauper'' :* '''to come up short''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to come up''' = ''yabuper, yauper'' :* '''to come''' = ''uper'' :* '''to come upon''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to comfort''' = ''fiember, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to command''' = ''debder, izdeber, napder'' :* '''to commandeer''' = ''azbirer, dopazbirer, dopekxer'' :* '''to commemorate''' = ''taxxeler, yantaxer'' :* '''to commence''' = ''ijber, ijer'' :* '''to commend''' = ''fider'' :* '''to comment''' = ''kuder'' :* '''to commercialize''' = ''ebnunxer, nunuienxer, nunxer'' :* '''to commingle''' = ''eybyanper, yanmulser'' :* '''to commiserate''' = ''ebuvlaser, yangronaster, yantipser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser, yanuvtosder, yanuvtoser'' :* '''to commission''' = ''doubler, doxaler, xaldiber'' :* '''to commit a crime''' = ''xaler doyov'' :* '''to commit a felony''' = ''xaler doyovag'' :* '''to commit a misdemeanor''' = ''xaler doyovog'' :* '''to commit a mistake''' = ''xaler vyok'' :* '''to commit a petty crime''' = ''xaler doyoyv'' :* '''to commit a sin''' = ''fyoxer, xaler fyoxeyn'' :* '''to commit adultery''' = ''xaler tadyovxen'' :* '''to commit an infraction''' = ''xaler odovyabxen'' :* '''to commit fratricide''' = ''tidtojber, xaler tidtojben'' :* '''to commit''' = ''ojvader, xaler'' :* '''to commit perjury''' = ''dovyonder, xaler dovyod'' :* '''to commit suicide''' = ''uttojber, xaler uttojben'' :* '''to commit theft''' = ''vyobirer, xaler vyobiren'' :* '''to commit to do''' = ''ojvaxer'' :* '''to commit to memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to commit violence''' = ''xaler yigraxlen'' :* '''to commix''' = ''loyonxer'' :* '''to commoditize''' = ''nuunxer'' :* '''to commune''' = ''yanotser'' :* '''to communicate''' = ''tuier'' :* '''to communication''' = ''ebtuier'' :* '''to commute''' = ''goxer, iknuxer ujnasyef, vyemeper, yobkyaxer, yobnogxer'' :* '''to compact''' = ''yanbarer, zyobarer'' :* '''to compare''' = ''vyegeser, vyegexer'' :* '''to compartmentalize''' = ''yonyemxer'' :* '''to compeer''' = ''gedetser'' :* '''to compel''' = ''azonuer, yefxer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to compensate''' = ''akuer, gezebxer, ovoknasuer, ovokunuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to compete''' = ''oveker, yanyeker'' :* '''to compile''' = ''yankxer'' :* '''to complain''' = ''hyuyder, uvder, uvteuder'' :* '''to complain loudly''' = ''azuvder, azuvteuder'' :* '''to complement''' = ''gaunxer'' :* '''to complete a course of study''' = ''ikxer tisunyan'' :* '''to complete a form''' = ''ikxer ukundref'' :* '''to complete a survey''' = ''ikxer aybteasdid'' :* '''to complete''' = ''aynxer, iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to complicate''' = ''yiklaxer'' :* '''to compliment''' = ''vider'' :* '''to comply''' = ''yankiser, yansanser'' :* '''to comport oneself''' = ''axler'' :* '''to compose''' = ''dreniver, duzdrer, yanber'' :* '''to compose poetry''' = ''drezdrer, yanber drez'' :* '''to compost''' = ''melber'' :* '''to compound''' = ''yangaber'' :* '''to comprehend''' = ''tester'' :* '''to compress''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to comprise''' = ''saer, yebayser, yebier'' :* '''to compromise''' = ''ebvaoder, vokuer, yanojvader, zebkaxer'' :* '''to compute''' = ''syaager'' :* '''to computerize''' = ''syaagirxer'' :* '''to con''' = ''tepvyoxer, vyotuer, yoveker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to concatenate -- to consider possible guilt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to concatenate''' = ''anyanxer, nyadxer, yanzyusber, yuzunyanxer'' :* '''to conceal''' = ''koxer'' :* '''to conceal oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to concede''' = ''buyrer, okkader, vabuer'' :* '''to conceive''' = ''bijier, tepxler'' :* '''to conceive of''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texier, tyunxer'' :* '''to conceive of the idea''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to concentrate on''' = ''tepzexer be'' :* '''to concentrate''' = ''tepzexer, yanzenser, yanzexer'' :* '''to conceptualize''' = ''ijtexer, tepxler, texiunxer, tyunier, tyunser, tyunxer'' :* '''to concern''' = ''bikxer, tebikxer, tepoboxer, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to concert''' = ''yanzexer'' :* '''to conciliate''' = ''ebvader, ebvayber'' :* '''to conclude''' = ''ujder'' :* '''to concoct''' = ''ijsaxer, yansaxer'' :* '''to concord''' = ''vyegeler'' :* '''to concretize''' = ''vyasmaxer'' :* '''to concur''' = ''geltexder, geltexer, yantexder, yantexer'' :* '''to concuss''' = ''pyuxrer, tebosbuker'' :* '''to condemn''' = ''fudeler, fuder, fuvader, fyoder, ovdaler, vayovder, yovonder'' :* '''to condemn to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to condensate''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer'' :* '''to condense''' = ''ilgyiser, ilgyixer, yanbarer'' :* '''to condescend''' = ''utyober, yobbeker'' :* '''to condole''' = ''yanuvtosder'' :* '''to condone''' = ''dolvabier'' :* '''to conduce''' = ''ubizber, xuer'' :* '''to conduct a census''' = ''dosyagxer'' :* '''to conduct a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to conduct commerce''' = ''nunuier'' :* '''to conduct''' = ''deber, izayber, izber'' :* '''to conduct espionage''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to conduct intrigue''' = ''ebfuxer'' :* '''to conduct oneself''' = ''axner, utaxler'' :* '''to confabulate''' = ''ebdaloger'' :* '''to confederalize''' = ''doebyaynxer'' :* '''to confer a title''' = ''abuer abdyun'' :* '''to confer''' = ''abuer, doebdaler, fyidier, zeybuer'' :* '''to confess''' = ''koder'' :* '''to confess one sins''' = ''lokoder ota fuxi'' :* '''to confide in''' = ''kotuer, vatexder, vatexier'' :* '''to confide''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to configure''' = ''sanyanxer'' :* '''to confine''' = ''ujnadber, zyoxer'' :* '''to confirm''' = ''azvader, vadeler, vadener'' :* '''to confiscate''' = ''dolobexer'' :* '''to conflate''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to conflict''' = ''ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to conform''' = ''gelsanser, sangelser, yansanser'' :* '''to confound''' = ''testyikxer, testyofwaxer, testyofxer, yanteatuer'' :* '''to confront head-on''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to confront''' = ''ovtebsiner, tebzaner'' :* '''to confuse''' = ''lovyidxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, tepaoxer, tepovyidxer, tepyoklaxer, testyifwaxer, testyifxer, vyonapxer, vyudxer, vyufxer, yaneater, yaneaxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanteatier'' :* '''to confusion''' = ''yangelxer'' :* '''to confute''' = ''ovdeler'' :* '''to congeal''' = ''eyngyiser, eyngyixer'' :* '''to congest''' = ''gwaikxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler'' :* '''to conglomerate''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to congratulate''' = ''fidaler, hwayder, ivader, yanfyaztosder, yanivtosder'' :* '''to congregate''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to conjecture''' = ''veder'' :* '''to conjoin''' = ''yanaxer, yanxer'' :* '''to conjugate''' = ''jobyener, yantadxer'' :* '''to conjure''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to conk''' = ''tebpyexer'' :* '''to connect''' = ''ebnodxer, nyafser, nyafxer, yanxer, yanyifxer'' :* '''to connect up with''' = ''yanper, yanser'' :* '''to connect with''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to connive''' = ''yankoyovyexer'' :* '''to connote''' = ''kuteser, oybteser, uzteser'' :* '''to conquer''' = ''akler, dobier, dopbier, okrer'' :* '''to conscript''' = ''dopgonutxer'' :* '''to consecrate''' = ''fyaaxer, fyabuer'' :* '''to consent''' = ''ayfder, ayfler, vabuer, yantexder'' :* '''to conserve''' = ''ajbexer, bexler, jebexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to conserve energy''' = ''jebexer azul'' :* '''to consider impossible''' = ''vlotexer'' :* '''to consider''' = ''kyitexer, ojtexer, tepier, tepkyinxer, tepyever, teyxer, vyetexer, yevtexer'' :* '''to consider oneself''' = ''utvatexer'' :* '''to consider possible guilt''' = ''veyovtexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to consider useful -- to copy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to consider useful''' = ''fyinter'' :* '''to consider vile''' = ''vuyateater'' :* '''to consign''' = ''ujbuer, yemayber'' :* '''to consist of''' = ''sayner, yebayser'' :* '''to console''' = ''ovuvxer, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to consolidate''' = ''yangyiaxer, yangyixer'' :* '''to consort''' = ''detser, yantexer'' :* '''to conspire''' = ''yankoaxler'' :* '''to constellate''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to constipate''' = ''yanikxer, yujunxer'' :* '''to constitute''' = ''sanser, sanxer, syember, xabuber, yafuer'' :* '''to constrain''' = ''yebexer, yefxer, yigbexer, zyoxer'' :* '''to constrict''' = ''yignaser, yignaxer, zyobaler, zyobexer, zyobixer, zyoxer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to construct''' = ''sexer, tomsexer'' :* '''to construe''' = ''ebtestier'' :* '''to consult a doctor''' = ''teaper baktut'' :* '''to consult''' = ''doebdaler, doebder, fyidier, kexer fyid bi, tundier, yuxdier'' :* '''to consult with''' = ''fyidalier'' :* '''to consume''' = ''nier, telier'' :* '''to consummate''' = ''ikxer'' :* '''to contact''' = ''byuser, byuxer, tayoxer, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to contain''' = ''nyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yigbexer'' :* '''to containerize''' = ''nyebagxer'' :* '''to contaminate''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, omulvyixer, vyumulxer'' :* '''to contemplate''' = ''ikteaxer, yagtexer'' :* '''to contend''' = ''dalufeker, ebdaleker, oveker, ovyeker, pyexdaler, ufeker'' :* '''to contest''' = ''lovader, ovdeler, oveker, oyvtexer, vovader, yontexder'' :* '''to contextualize''' = ''yuzkasonxer'' :* '''to continue''' = ''jeser, jexer, zoyder'' :* '''to continue to talk''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to contort''' = ''uzler, uzrer, yuzrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to contour''' = ''yuznadxer'' :* '''to contracept''' = ''tobijovber'' :* '''to contract''' = ''ebvadrer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, yanbixer, yanyixler, yebixer, yogbixer, zyoaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to contradict''' = ''oyvder, oyvxer'' :* '''to contradistinguish''' = ''ovyoneaxer'' :* '''to contraflow''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to contraindicate''' = ''oyvduer'' :* '''to contrast''' = ''ovvyeler, ovyanber'' :* '''to contravene a promise''' = ''ovlaxer ojvad'' :* '''to contravene''' = ''ovaxler, ovper, oyuvlaser, oyvper'' :* '''to contribute''' = ''gonbuer, gorsbuer'' :* '''to contribute to one's success''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to contrive''' = ''yafwaxer'' :* '''to control''' = ''izbexer, vyaber, vyavyeker'' :* '''to contuse''' = ''pyexbuyker'' :* '''to convalesce''' = ''bakser, byekser'' :* '''to convect''' = ''amilber'' :* '''to convene''' = ''doyanuper, yanuper'' :* '''to convenience''' = ''yukonxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to conventionalize''' = ''ebvabienxer, kyosaunxer'' :* '''to converge''' = ''yanuzper, yanyuper'' :* '''to converse at length''' = ''yagyandaler'' :* '''to converse''' = ''ebdaler, hyuitdaler, yandaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to converse pleasantly''' = ''ifebdaler'' :* '''to convert''' = ''fyaxinkyaxer, kyaxler, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to convert money''' = ''naskyaxer'' :* '''to convert to cash''' = ''syagnasuer'' :* '''to convey''' = ''beler, ebeler, zaybeler, zeybeler, zeyber, zeybuer'' :* '''to convict''' = ''vayovder, yovdeler'' :* '''to convince otherwise''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to convince''' = ''texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to convoke''' = ''yandyuer'' :* '''to convolute''' = ''uzraxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to convoy''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to convulse''' = ''pasler, pasrer, zyubrer, zyuprer'' :* '''to coo''' = ''mapader, xepader'' :* '''to cook''' = ''kokyaxer, mageler, tulxer, yebmagxer, yebyamxer'' :* '''to cook on a grill out''' = ''mugnefmagyeler'' :* '''to cook slowly''' = ''yagmageler'' :* '''to cool off''' = ''oymxer'' :* '''to cooperate''' = ''yanexer'' :* '''to coordinate''' = ''yannapxer'' :* '''to co-own jointly''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to cope''' = ''utbeker'' :* '''to cope with''' = ''ovyekler'' :* '''to coprocessor''' = ''yanexler'' :* '''to copulate''' = ''ebtiyaxer, eotser, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to copy and paste''' = ''gelxer ay yaniler'' :* '''to copy''' = ''geldrer, gelsaunxer, gelxer, gesaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to corder -- to crenelate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to corder''' = ''nyifxer'' :* '''to cork''' = ''yujunaber, yujunober'' :* '''to corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to cornrow''' = ''tayebneifxer'' :* '''to correct''' = ''fusober, vyakxer'' :* '''to correlate''' = ''vyexer'' :* '''to correspond''' = ''buidrer, vyedrer, vyegeser, vyender'' :* '''to corroborate''' = ''vyegeler, zoyazvader'' :* '''to corrode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to corrugate''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to coruscate''' = ''manezer'' :* '''to cosign''' = ''yandyundrer'' :* '''to cosset''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to cost''' = ''nayxer'' :* '''to costar''' = ''yanmardezer'' :* '''to cost-cutting''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cough loudly''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to cough''' = ''tiebukxer, vyifxer ha teyobuf'' :* '''to cough up''' = ''yabtiebukxer'' :* '''to could''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to counsel''' = ''fiduer, fyidaluer, fyider, fyiduer, vyatuer'' :* '''to count on''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to count out loud''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to count''' = ''syager, syagwer'' :* '''to count the minutes''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to counter''' = ''ovaxer, ovber, ovder'' :* '''to counteract''' = ''ovalxer, ovaxler, ovlaxer'' :* '''to counterattack''' = ''ovapyexer'' :* '''to counterbalance''' = ''ovzeber'' :* '''to counterfeit''' = ''vyobyimaxer, vyolxer, vyomxer'' :* '''to countermand''' = ''lonapder'' :* '''to countermarch''' = ''zoynaptyoper'' :* '''to countersign''' = ''ovdyundrer'' :* '''to countersink''' = ''ovyozber'' :* '''to countervail''' = ''gelnazier, ovaxler'' :* '''to counterwork''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to couple''' = ''ensaxer, eotxer, taadser, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to couple up''' = ''eotser'' :* '''to course''' = ''jeper, neader'' :* '''to court''' = ''fizupdier, ifonkexer, taadkexer, yekaker'' :* '''to cover''' = ''abaer, abaofber, abaunxer, kofaber, kovaber, koxofaber, syaber'' :* '''to cover up''' = ''koder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover up the truth''' = ''vyankoxer'' :* '''to cover with snow''' = ''malyomber'' :* '''to covet''' = ''baysfer, kofer, vyofer'' :* '''to cower in terror''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to cower''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to cozen''' = ''fuvyotuer'' :* '''to crack''' = ''igyonbyeser, igyonbyexer, moyfser, moyfxer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to crack open narrowly''' = ''zyoyijber, zyoyijer'' :* '''to crack open''' = ''yokyijer'' :* '''to crackle''' = ''magyeleuxer'' :* '''to cradle''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to craft''' = ''saxer, tuyasaxer, tuzunxer'' :* '''to cram''' = ''igtelier, iklaxer, iktelier, yanbuxer, yebikber, yebuxler'' :* '''to cram into the mouth''' = ''teubikber'' :* '''to cram together''' = ''yanbuxler, yaniklaxer'' :* '''to cramp''' = ''blokier taebzyobix, glonigxer, taebzyobiser'' :* '''to crampon''' = ''birartyoper, biraryaprer'' :* '''to crape''' = ''uzunsaxer'' :* '''to crash down''' = ''yopyuxler'' :* '''to crash''' = ''pyuxler, yanpyusler'' :* '''to crate''' = ''nyufagber'' :* '''to crave''' = ''frer, grafer, telefrer'' :* '''to crawl on one's knees''' = ''tyoipaser, tyoiper'' :* '''to crawl''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to crawl up''' = ''yapelper'' :* '''to creak''' = ''giseuxer, yepiider'' :* '''to cream''' = ''bielxer'' :* '''to crease''' = ''moufxer, ofyujber'' :* '''to create a hazard''' = ''vokxer'' :* '''to create a hole''' = ''uknodxer, zyegber'' :* '''to create''' = ''asaxer, saxer, xler'' :* '''to create from scratch''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to create leeway''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to create music''' = ''saxer duz'' :* '''to credit''' = ''nasyefuer, ojnuxer, ojnuxuer'' :* '''to creep''' = ''pelper'' :* '''to cremate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to crenelate''' = ''gingobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to cress -- to curve downward = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to cress''' = ''tofber'' :* '''to crest''' = ''pyanser, yazaser'' :* '''to crew''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to crick''' = ''oxer taebbix, uzrer'' :* '''to criminalize''' = ''doyovaxer'' :* '''to crimplene''' = ''uzpixarer'' :* '''to cringe''' = ''yufler, yufraser, yufrer'' :* '''to crinkle''' = ''moyfxer'' :* '''to cripple''' = ''azonukxer, kyapyofxer, loyafxer, tyopyofxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to crisscross''' = ''nyedxer, zaozeyper'' :* '''to criss-cross''' = ''zaozeyper'' :* '''to criticize''' = ''finyevder, fuader, fufinyevder, fuyevder, sanyever, yevder'' :* '''to critique''' = ''finyevder, fuder, fuyevder, sanyever, sonyever, yevder'' :* '''to croak''' = ''epiyeder, tojer, yopyeder'' :* '''to crochet''' = ''nefgruner'' :* '''to crook''' = ''grunxer'' :* '''to croon''' = ''yugdeuzer'' :* '''to crop''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to cross''' = ''gasinxer, per zey, xusiynper, zeyber, zeyper'' :* '''to cross off the list''' = ''lonyadrer'' :* '''to cross one's mind''' = ''zyeper ota tep'' :* '''to cross out''' = ''gabsiyndrer, zyenadber'' :* '''to cross over''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to cross overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to cross the line''' = ''zeyper ha nad'' :* '''to cross through''' = ''zyenadrer'' :* '''to cross to the other side''' = ''oyvkumper'' :* '''to cross-breed''' = ''ebtadnadxer'' :* '''to crossbreed''' = ''kyatajnadxer'' :* '''to crosscheck''' = ''zeyvyavyeker'' :* '''to crosshatch''' = ''nefyanxer'' :* '''to crouch''' = ''tabyobuzer, yobtibser'' :* '''to crow''' = ''apader, apwader'' :* '''to crowd''' = ''aotnyanser, aotnyanxer, graotyanxer, iklaxer, nigzyober, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunxer, yanbaler, yanbuxler'' :* '''to crowd together''' = ''graotyanser, nyanotyanser, nyanotyanxer'' :* '''to crowd up''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to crowd-source''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to crown king''' = ''edebxer, tebuzuer gel edeb'' :* '''to crown queen''' = ''edeybxer'' :* '''to crown''' = ''tebuzuer, zyuunagber'' :* '''to crucify''' = ''gasinber, xufabxer'' :* '''to cruise''' = ''ifpiper, zyapeper, zyapiper, zyapoper'' :* '''to crumble''' = ''gonesaser, gonesaxer, gosogser, gosogxer, gounser, gounxer, goynser, goynxer, ikyonbyexler, mulogxer, ovolgoser, ovolgoxer, veeybesxer'' :* '''to crumple''' = ''yebarer'' :* '''to crunch''' = ''yanbarer, yigteupixer'' :* '''to crusade''' = ''dopeker'' :* '''to crush''' = ''barer, mekilxer, mulogxer, myekxer, veeybogxer, yonbyexler, yugglalxer, zyobarer'' :* '''to crush into powder''' = ''myekxer'' :* '''to crush to death''' = ''tojbarer'' :* '''to crush together''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to crush up''' = ''ikyonbyexler'' :* '''to cry for joy''' = ''ivteabiler'' :* '''to cry''' = ''gepiader, huhuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to cry out loud''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to cry out''' = ''teuder, uvteuder'' :* '''to crystallize''' = ''mezaxer, yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to cube''' = ''goriwaxer, igarer, ingarer, ingorer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to cuckoo''' = ''mapader'' :* '''to cuddle''' = ''tubyuzer, zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to cudgel''' = ''mufager, pyexarer'' :* '''to cue''' = ''siunarer, taxuer'' :* '''to cull''' = ''kexibler'' :* '''to culminate''' = ''abnoduper'' :* '''to cultivate''' = ''fobyexer, tezber, yexuner'' :* '''to cum''' = ''tiyebiler, twiyubiler'' :* '''to cumber''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to cumulate''' = ''nyanber, nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to cup''' = ''tilsyebsanxer'' :* '''to curate''' = ''gonyanxer'' :* '''to curb''' = ''goyber'' :* '''to curdle''' = ''bilyigser, yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to cure''' = ''byekser, byekxer'' :* '''to curl''' = ''gabzyuper, tayebuzaser, uzyuber'' :* '''to curl one's hair''' = ''tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to curl up''' = ''yabuzser'' :* '''to curlicue''' = ''uzuzsanser, uzuzsanxer'' :* '''to currycomb''' = ''apetayefarer'' :* '''to curse''' = ''fukyeojaxer, fyoder'' :* '''to curtail''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to curve downward''' = ''yobuzaser, yobuzber, yobuzper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to curve inward -- to daunt = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to curve inward''' = ''yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to curve out''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve outward''' = ''oyebuzaser, oyebuzaxer, oyebuzber, oyebuzper'' :* '''to curve to the left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to curve to the right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to curve up''' = ''yabuzaser, yabuzaxer, yabuzber, yabuzper'' :* '''to curve''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer, uzber, uznadxer, uzper'' :* '''to cushion''' = ''suamuer, sumanuer, yukonxer'' :* '''to cuss''' = ''fuduner, fyoduner'' :* '''to customize''' = ''tezyenxer, tyobyenxer, tyodyenxer, yotbyenxer'' :* '''to cut a line''' = ''nadgobler'' :* '''to cut a record''' = ''saxer taxdrun'' :* '''to cut across''' = ''zeygobler, zeynadxer'' :* '''to cut along the edge''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to cut and paste''' = ''gobler ay yaniler'' :* '''to cut and remove''' = ''golober'' :* '''to cut apart''' = ''yongobler'' :* '''to cut at an angle''' = ''gingobler'' :* '''to cut back-and-forth''' = ''zaogobler'' :* '''to cut cleanly''' = ''vyigobler'' :* '''to cut close''' = ''yubgofler'' :* '''to cut costs''' = ''nayxgober'' :* '''to cut down''' = ''doaparer, yopyexer'' :* '''to cut''' = ''goblarer, gobler, gobluner, goler, goxer, tiyugobler, yogxer, yonrer'' :* '''to cut hair''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to cut in four pieces''' = ''uynxer'' :* '''to cut in half''' = ''engobler, eynxer'' :* '''to cut in thirds''' = ''ingobler, iynxer'' :* '''to cut in two''' = ''engobler'' :* '''to cut into a pile''' = ''glalgobler'' :* '''to cut into four pieces''' = ''uyngobler'' :* '''to cut into pieces''' = ''gouner, gounxer'' :* '''to cut into''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to cut meat''' = ''taogobler'' :* '''to cut narrowly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to cut of the penis''' = ''twiyubober'' :* '''to cut off a hunk''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut off''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to cut off one's air supply''' = ''aleber, tiebalyujber'' :* '''to cut open''' = ''yijgobler'' :* '''to cut out''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to cut sharp''' = ''gigobler'' :* '''to cut short''' = ''yoggobler'' :* '''to cut the price''' = ''naxgoxer'' :* '''to cut thickly''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to cut through''' = ''zyegobler'' :* '''to cut to a form''' = ''sangobler'' :* '''to cut to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to shreds''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to cut to the chase''' = ''yogder'' :* '''to cyberbully''' = ''syaagiryovxer'' :* '''to cycle''' = ''enzyukparer, jobzyuser, yuzper, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to cycle through''' = ''zoyjobzyuser'' :* '''to dab''' = ''kyubaleger'' :* '''to dabble''' = ''kyueybser'' :* '''to daddle''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to daguerreotype''' = ''mansin bi dager'' :* '''to dally''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser'' :* '''to dally with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to dam''' = ''milovmasber, mipovmasber, ovmasber'' :* '''to damage''' = ''fluxer, fyunxer, fyuxer, okonuer'' :* '''to damn''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to dampen''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to dance''' = ''dazer'' :* '''to dance naked''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to dandify''' = ''vuutobxer'' :* '''to dandle''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to dandruff''' = ''tayegosuer'' :* '''to dangle''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer, zaobyoser, zaobyoxer, zuibyoser, zuibyoxer'' :* '''to dapple''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to dare say''' = ''vekder'' :* '''to dare''' = ''yifier, yifser, yifuer'' :* '''to darken''' = ''monser, monxer'' :* '''to darn''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to dart''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer'' :* '''to dash ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to dash''' = ''igpaser, pusler, pusper, yogigtyoper, yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to dash one's hopes''' = ''ojfonober, ojfonoyxer'' :* '''to date''' = ''datifper, judrer, yiflier'' :* '''to daunt''' = ''loyifuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dawdle -- to decontrol = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dawdle''' = ''puger, ugpaser, ugper'' :* '''to day-dream''' = ''eyntujer, otepejer, otepzexer, tijdiner'' :* '''to daydream''' = ''tepkyeper'' :* '''to daze''' = ''yoklaxer'' :* '''to dazzle''' = ''teazuer, viruer, yoklaxer'' :* '''to deactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to de-activate''' = ''loaxleaxer, loaxluer, loxenaxer'' :* '''to deaden''' = ''tojyaxer'' :* '''to dead-end''' = ''ujemuper'' :* '''to deafen''' = ''teetyofxer'' :* '''to deal cards''' = ''kebuer ekdrafi'' :* '''to deal crookedly''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to deal''' = ''ebkyaxer, ebnuneker'' :* '''to deal out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to deal secretly''' = ''koebaxler'' :* '''to deal with''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to deallocate''' = ''lobuafxer, logonuer'' :* '''to de-authorize''' = ''loafder, loafxer, lovadeber'' :* '''to debar''' = ''jaofxer, ovarer, ovxer, oyebexler, oyebyujber'' :* '''to debark''' = ''mimpier'' :* '''to debase''' = ''fuyxer, fuzaxer'' :* '''to debate''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dalufeker, ebtexdaler, ovebdaler, yondaler'' :* '''to debauch''' = ''lodofinaxer'' :* '''to debilitate''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to debit''' = ''jonixier, jonixuer, nasyefxer, nixbuer, yefuer, yuvxer'' :* '''to de-bone''' = ''taibober'' :* '''to debrief''' = ''jodider'' :* '''to debug''' = ''funober, funukxer, lofuker'' :* '''to debunk''' = ''kosonober, lokosoner, vyoyeker'' :* '''to decaffeinate''' = ''loselfmulxer'' :* '''to decamp''' = ''koiper, koteatyofwaser'' :* '''to decant''' = ''ilyijber'' :* '''to de-cap''' = ''yujunober'' :* '''to decapitate''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to decay''' = ''fuynser, loganser, oaynser, yonmulser, yonpyoser'' :* '''to decease''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to deceive''' = ''kovyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to deceive oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer, vyotexier'' :* '''to decelerate''' = ''per ga ug, ugaxer, ugper'' :* '''to decentralize''' = ''lozenxer, lozexer'' :* '''to decertify''' = ''lovlader'' :* '''to decide a case''' = ''vaoder yevson'' :* '''to decide''' = ''ebtexder, ebtexer, kyoder, vaoder, yevder'' :* '''to decide in favor of''' = ''avder, avtexder'' :* '''to decide no''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide not''' = ''voebtexder, voebtexer'' :* '''to decide yes''' = ''vaebtexder, vaebtexer'' :* '''to deciding''' = ''yevder'' :* '''to decimate''' = ''aloyngoler, aloynxer'' :* '''to decipher''' = ''lokodrer, lokosagsinxer, okodrenxer'' :* '''to deck out with flowers''' = ''vosber'' :* '''to deck''' = ''tuyebyexer'' :* '''to declaim''' = ''azufdeuder'' :* '''to declare a mistrial''' = ''deler vyodoyevyek'' :* '''to declare bankruptcy''' = ''deler nasvyons, deler nuxyof'' :* '''to declare''' = ''deler, twaxer, vyider'' :* '''to declare free''' = ''yivader'' :* '''to declare innocent''' = ''yavdeler'' :* '''to declare war''' = ''deler dropek'' :* '''to declassify''' = ''lonaabxer'' :* '''to decline a noun''' = ''sananyander'' :* '''to decline an invitation''' = ''vobier updien'' :* '''to decline''' = ''vobier, yobkiser, yoyber, yoyper'' :* '''to de-clutter''' = ''loyujfaxer'' :* '''to decode''' = ''lokodrer'' :* '''to decolonize''' = ''olobdomemxer'' :* '''to decolorize''' = ''lovolzaxer'' :* '''to de-combine''' = ''loyanlaxer'' :* '''to decommission''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to decompile''' = ''loxayaxwaxer'' :* '''to decompose''' = ''loaynser, loganser, oaynser, yanmuloker, yonber'' :* '''to decompress''' = ''loyanbaler, loyuzbarer, oyanbaler, oyuzbarer'' :* '''to de-concentrate''' = ''lozenber'' :* '''to de-confine''' = ''ujnadober'' :* '''to decongest''' = ''loyanbaler'' :* '''to deconstruct''' = ''yonsexer'' :* '''to decontaminate''' = ''baknaxer, lomulvyuxer, lovyumulxer'' :* '''to de-contaminate''' = ''lomulvyuxer'' :* '''to decontract''' = ''lonidgoxer'' :* '''to decontrol''' = ''lovyaber, oizbexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to decorate -- to delight = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to decorate''' = ''viber, viunxer'' :* '''to decouple''' = ''loeonxer, loyanarser, loyanarxer'' :* '''to decoy''' = ''vyobyunxer'' :* '''to decrease''' = ''gayober, goser'' :* '''to decree''' = ''napder'' :* '''to decriminalize''' = ''lodoyovaxer'' :* '''to decry''' = ''fuder, futeuder'' :* '''to decrypt''' = ''lokosagsinxer'' :* '''to dedicate''' = ''dobuer'' :* '''to deduce''' = ''joxtexer, tesier'' :* '''to deduct''' = ''gober, goyxer'' :* '''to deem impossible''' = ''vlotexder'' :* '''to deem unlikely''' = ''ovlader'' :* '''to deem''' = ''yevtexer'' :* '''to deemphasize''' = ''lokyider'' :* '''to de-energize''' = ''azonukxer'' :* '''to deep inside''' = ''bu yibyeb'' :* '''to deep sea dive''' = ''yobmimpusler'' :* '''to deepen''' = ''yebyagser, yebyagxer, yebyibser, yebyibxer, yobyagser, yobyagxer, yobyibser, yobyibxer, zyeyagser, zyeyagxer, zyeyibser, zyeyibxer'' :* '''to deep-fry''' = ''yobmagyeler'' :* '''to de-escalate''' = ''musyoper, omuysaxer, yobmusaxer, yobnogber'' :* '''to deescalate''' = ''musyoper, yobnogber'' :* '''to deface''' = ''vuxer'' :* '''to defalcate''' = ''obgobler, vyobier'' :* '''to defame''' = ''futrawaxer, fyazober, vyofuder'' :* '''to defang''' = ''teupipober'' :* '''to default''' = ''jwonuxer, nuxyofser'' :* '''to defeasance''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to defeat''' = ''akler, dopbier, okluer, yopyexer'' :* '''to defeat easily''' = ''akler yukay'' :* '''to defeat roundly''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to defecate''' = ''tavyuler, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to defect''' = ''ibuzper, mempier, ovkumper, vyoyuxer, yanavpier'' :* '''to defend''' = ''avdaler, avdopeker, avufeker, opyexer, ovmasber, yavankexer'' :* '''to defenestrate''' = ''misoyeber, oyebmispuxer'' :* '''to defer''' = ''zobexer'' :* '''to defile''' = ''lofyaxer, lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanokxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to define''' = ''tesder, ujnadrer, vyakyoxer'' :* '''to deflate''' = ''aloker, logyamalxer, lomaluer, loyazaxer, malgoser, malgoxer, malukxer, oluer, yuzogxer, zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to deflect''' = ''ibkixer, uzber, uzkiser, uzkixer, yobkiber, yobkixer, yobuzaxer'' :* '''to deflower''' = ''lovyizaxer, ovyizaxer, vyizanober'' :* '''to defog''' = ''lomiafxer, mifober'' :* '''to defoliate''' = ''fayebober'' :* '''to deforest''' = ''lofabyanxer, ofabyaner'' :* '''to deform''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to defraud''' = ''kovyoeker, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler'' :* '''to defray''' = ''nuxer'' :* '''to defrock''' = ''doyivober'' :* '''to de-frost''' = ''loyoymxer'' :* '''to defrost''' = ''loyoymxer, yoymober'' :* '''to de-fund''' = ''loyanasuer'' :* '''to defuse''' = ''lomagilber, loyignaxer'' :* '''to defy an order''' = ''ovaxler dir'' :* '''to defy''' = ''ovaxler, ovper'' :* '''to defy the law''' = ''ovper ha dovyab'' :* '''to degauss''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to degenerate''' = ''fubyenser, fulser, futudser, fuynser, fuyser, gosanser, gosanxer, vusaunser'' :* '''to de-globalize''' = ''lozyamerxer'' :* '''to de-gloved''' = ''tuyafober'' :* '''to degrade''' = ''fuynser, fuzaxer, fuzder, gonogser, gonogxer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to degress''' = ''obnagier'' :* '''to degust''' = ''teusifier'' :* '''to dehumanize''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to dehumidify''' = ''oliymxer'' :* '''to dehydrate''' = ''imober, lomilluer'' :* '''to dehydrogenate''' = ''lohelxer'' :* '''to de-ice''' = ''loyomxer, yomober'' :* '''to deify''' = ''totxer'' :* '''to deign''' = ''nazyefatexer'' :* '''to de-install''' = ''oyember'' :* '''to de-intensify''' = ''loazlaxer'' :* '''to deject''' = ''uvlaxer'' :* '''to delay''' = ''jwoser, jwoxer, puguer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to de-legalize''' = ''lodovyabxer'' :* '''to delegate''' = ''dabuber, dobuber, doubler, doyafuer, ubler, yafuer'' :* '''to delete''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to deliberate a case''' = ''vaotexer yevson'' :* '''to deliberate''' = ''doebdaler, ebtexder, ebtexer, vaotexer, yaovtexer'' :* '''to deliberation''' = ''ebdaaler'' :* '''to delight''' = ''fluer, ifluer, ivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to Delighted to make your acquaintance! = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to Delighted to make your acquaintance!''' = ''Ifluwa trier et.'' :* '''to delimit''' = ''kunadber, ujsiynxer, yuznadxer'' :* '''to delineate''' = ''nadrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to deliquesce''' = ''ibilser'' :* '''to de-list''' = ''lodyunyaner, lonyadrer, lonyandrer'' :* '''to deliver a letter''' = ''nyuxer ebdras'' :* '''to deliver a message''' = ''nyuxer ebdres'' :* '''to deliver a package''' = ''nyuxer nyuf'' :* '''to deliver''' = ''izuber, loyuvxer, nyuxer, oyebnyuxer, tuyabeler, tuyabuer, yivaxer, yivxer, zeybuer'' :* '''to deliver mail''' = ''nyuxer ubelunyan'' :* '''to deliver take-out''' = ''nyuxer tamtyal, tamtyaluer'' :* '''to delouse''' = ''kapeltober'' :* '''to delude oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to delude''' = ''uztexuer, vyoteatuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to delve into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to delve''' = ''yebuxer, yebyagser, yebyagxer, yozber, yozper'' :* '''to demagnetize''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demagnify''' = ''lobixfeelkxer'' :* '''to demand''' = ''direr, nier'' :* '''to demarcate''' = ''ujsiynxer'' :* '''to demean''' = ''fuader, fuzaxer, fuzder'' :* '''to demerit''' = ''finoyxer, utnazokuer'' :* '''to demilitarize''' = ''lodopser, lodopxer'' :* '''to de-mist''' = ''miyfober'' :* '''to demobilize''' = ''lodropekxer'' :* '''to democratize''' = ''ditdabaxer, tyodabaxer, tyodabxer'' :* '''to demodulate''' = ''lonagonxer'' :* '''to de-moisturize''' = ''imober'' :* '''to demolish''' = ''otomxer'' :* '''to demonetize''' = ''lonasxer'' :* '''to demonize''' = ''fyotatxer, fyotxer'' :* '''to demonstrate''' = ''izeaxer, nodeaxer, teatuer'' :* '''to demoralize''' = ''lodofizuer'' :* '''to demote''' = ''zoynabxer'' :* '''to demotivate''' = ''lofizfonuer, loyexner'' :* '''to demultiplex''' = ''loglagonber'' :* '''to demur''' = ''kyaotexer, peyser, yufpeser'' :* '''to demystify''' = ''kosonober'' :* '''to demythologize''' = ''lokodintunxer'' :* '''to denationalize''' = ''lodoobxer'' :* '''to denature''' = ''lomolxer'' :* '''to denazify''' = ''lonazixer'' :* '''to denigrate''' = ''fuder, fuzder, ogder, vuder'' :* '''to denigrate oneself''' = ''utvuder'' :* '''to denominate''' = ''dyunuer, yondyuner'' :* '''to denote''' = ''izteser, tesiuner, tesiunxer'' :* '''to denounce''' = ''fudeler, futeuder'' :* '''to dent''' = ''yebukxer, yebzyegxer'' :* '''to de-nuclearize''' = ''lozemulxer'' :* '''to denude''' = ''oytofxer, tofober'' :* '''to denunciate''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to deny a visa''' = ''vobuer besafdren'' :* '''to deny''' = ''koder, vobier, vobuer, vodeler, vodener, voder'' :* '''to deodorize''' = ''futeisober'' :* '''to de-oxygenate''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to de-pant''' = ''tyofober'' :* '''to depart early''' = ''jwapier'' :* '''to depart''' = ''empier, iper, pier'' :* '''to depart late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to departmentalize''' = ''diybaxer'' :* '''to depend''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to depend on''' = ''yuvlaser'' :* '''to depersonalize''' = ''olaotxer'' :* '''to depict''' = ''drasiner, sindrer, sinuer, sinxer'' :* '''to deplane''' = ''mampuroper'' :* '''to deplete''' = ''loikxer, oikxer, oyebukxer, ukxer'' :* '''to deplore''' = ''uvrader, uvrer'' :* '''to deploy''' = ''dopekembier, dopekembuer, loofyujer, nabxer, ofyujober, yember, yixber, yixper, zyaber'' :* '''to deplume''' = ''patayebober'' :* '''to depolarize''' = ''loyibnodxer'' :* '''to depoliticize''' = ''lodabtunxer, lodobtunxer'' :* '''to depopulate''' = ''lotyodikxer, tyodukxer'' :* '''to deport''' = ''memoyeber'' :* '''to depose''' = ''debober, lodeber'' :* '''to deposit a check''' = ''yember nasdref'' :* '''to deposit money''' = ''yember nas'' :* '''to deposit''' = ''yemaber, yember'' :* '''to deprave''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to deprecate''' = ''toyjader, vuder'' :* '''to depreciate''' = ''nazgoser, nazgoxer, nazoker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to depredate -- to dethrone = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to depredate''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to depress''' = ''tipuvxer, uvraxer, yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to depressurize''' = ''obalxer'' :* '''to de-privatize''' = ''loanutxer, loyonutxer'' :* '''to deprive''' = ''boyxer, lobexer, lobuer, obayxer, okuer, oyxer'' :* '''to deprive of emotion''' = ''aztosukxer'' :* '''to deprive of food''' = ''teloyxer, toloyxer'' :* '''to deprive of housing''' = ''tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to deprive of life''' = ''tejoyxer'' :* '''to deprive of power''' = ''yafokxer'' :* '''to deprive of protection''' = ''ovmasober'' :* '''to deprive of pulp''' = ''mulyugober'' :* '''to deprive of shelter''' = ''koamboyxer, vakemober'' :* '''to deprive of taste''' = ''teusoyxer'' :* '''to deprogram''' = ''loextuundrer, lojadrer'' :* '''to depute''' = ''avaxlutxer, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to deputize''' = ''avaxlutxer, doubler, doyafuer, eatxer'' :* '''to dequeue''' = ''ober bi pesnad'' :* '''to deracinate''' = ''fyobober, oyebixrer'' :* '''to derail''' = ''feelkmepoper, naadober, naadoper'' :* '''to derange''' = ''lonabxer, lonapxer'' :* '''to de-regiment''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to deregulate''' = ''lovyabxer'' :* '''to deride''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, ovdizeuder'' :* '''to derive''' = ''byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunxer'' :* '''to derive from''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to derive fun from''' = ''ivier'' :* '''to derive pleasure''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to derive the root of''' = ''gorer'' :* '''to derogate''' = ''fuder, ogder'' :* '''to derringer''' = ''Deringer adopar'' :* '''to desalinate''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalinize''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to desalt''' = ''lomimolxer'' :* '''to descale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to descant''' = ''abdeuzuneser, yagebdaler'' :* '''to descend fast''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to descend''' = ''musyoper, yobnogper, yoper'' :* '''to descend sharply''' = ''giyoper'' :* '''to descend the staircase''' = ''yoper ha mus'' :* '''to descramble''' = ''loyangonxer'' :* '''to describe''' = ''sindrer, singondrer, sinxer'' :* '''to descry''' = ''ijkaxer, lokoxer, teater'' :* '''to de-seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to desecrate''' = ''fyoaxer, lofyaxer, ofyaaxer'' :* '''to desegregate''' = ''loyonnyanxer'' :* '''to desensitize''' = ''lotayotyeaxer, lotosyafxer'' :* '''to de-serialize''' = ''lonabaxer'' :* '''to desert''' = ''opeser'' :* '''to deserve''' = ''fyinier, fyiziyeyfer, nazier, nazyeyfer, nizer, utnazier'' :* '''to desiccate''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to desiderate''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to design''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to designate''' = ''dyunaber, dyunuer, izbuer, izeaxer, yembuer, yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to desire''' = ''fer'' :* '''to desire greatly''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to desire too much''' = ''grafer'' :* '''to desist''' = ''yemoper'' :* '''to deskill''' = ''lotyenxer'' :* '''to de-slum''' = ''lovudoomxer'' :* '''to despair over''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to despise''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to despoil''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to despond''' = ''yifoker'' :* '''to dessicate''' = ''ikumxer'' :* '''to destabilize''' = ''lozebxer, lozepxer, ozepaxer'' :* '''to destine''' = ''kyeojber, pyumxer'' :* '''to de-stress''' = ''lokyibaler'' :* '''to destroy by fire''' = ''maglosexer'' :* '''to destroy''' = ''losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to desynchronize''' = ''loyanjwobxer'' :* '''to detach''' = ''lonyifxer, yonler'' :* '''to detail''' = ''oglunder, oglunxer, ogsunder, ogsunuer, vyavxer'' :* '''to detain''' = ''kyobexer, yovbexer, yuvbexer, zoybexer'' :* '''to detect''' = ''lokoxer'' :* '''to deter''' = ''eber, kubuxer, yibuxer, yofxer'' :* '''to deteriorate''' = ''finoker, fulser, gafuaser, osaibyanser, osaibyanxer'' :* '''to determine''' = ''sankyoxer, ujdeler, ujnadber, vafer, vlakaxer, vyaontixer, vyavder'' :* '''to detest''' = ''ufler, ufrer'' :* '''to dethrone''' = ''edebsimober, lozyuunagber, tebuzober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to detonate -- to disappear = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to detonate''' = ''yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to detour''' = ''izonkyaxer, uzmeper'' :* '''to detoxify''' = ''lobokulxer'' :* '''to detract''' = ''fruder, lovixer, yibixer, yonbixer'' :* '''to devalue''' = ''gofyinuer'' :* '''to devastate''' = ''zyalosexer'' :* '''to develop''' = ''agayser, agayxer, aygaser, aygaxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer, loofyujer, ofyujober, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper, saser, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to deviate''' = ''kuyemper, per uz, uzaser, uziper, uzper, vyomeper, yonuzper'' :* '''to devise''' = ''tepsaxer'' :* '''to devitalize''' = ''lotejayxer, tejoyxer'' :* '''to devolve''' = ''gosanser'' :* '''to devote''' = ''fyabuer, fyayuxer, kyoyuxer'' :* '''to devote oneself''' = ''fiyuxler, utfyabuer'' :* '''to devour''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to diagnose''' = ''xuuntixer'' :* '''to diagram''' = ''exdrasiner'' :* '''to dial a phone''' = ''sagzyiuner yibdalir'' :* '''to dial''' = ''sagzyiuner'' :* '''to dialog''' = ''doebdaler, ebdaler, hyuitdaler, zaodaler'' :* '''to dice''' = ''glalgobler, gounxer, meyfgobler, yagekunnidxer'' :* '''to dichotomize''' = ''enyongonxer'' :* '''to dicker''' = ''ebkyander, nuneker'' :* '''to dictate''' = ''anadeber, durer, dyeder, dyeer, napder, vyadrer, yefder'' :* '''to diddle''' = ''kovyoxer, tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to die early''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to die in one's sleep''' = ''tujtojer'' :* '''to die of hunger''' = ''teleftojer, toleftojer, tujer bi tolef'' :* '''to die of starvation''' = ''toleftojer'' :* '''to die of thirst''' = ''tileftojer'' :* '''to die out''' = ''iktojer'' :* '''to die slowly''' = ''ugtojer'' :* '''to die suddenly''' = ''igtojer, yoktojer'' :* '''to die''' = ''tojer'' :* '''to die unexpectedly''' = ''yoktojer'' :* '''to die young''' = ''jwatojer'' :* '''to differ''' = ''kyaser, logelser'' :* '''to differentiate''' = ''logelaxer, logelxer'' :* '''to diffract''' = ''yuzkixer'' :* '''to diffuse''' = ''yanmulxer, yonzyaber, zyaber, zyauber'' :* '''to dig''' = ''melukxer, melzyegxer, uklaxer'' :* '''to dig up again''' = ''zoymelukxer, zoymelzyegxer'' :* '''to dig up''' = ''kaxer, melukober'' :* '''to dig up secrets''' = ''koskaxer'' :* '''to digest''' = ''tikabier, tikyobuier'' :* '''to digitalize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to digitize''' = ''sagunxer'' :* '''to dignify''' = ''fizuer, utfiyzuer, utfizuer'' :* '''to digress''' = ''gonogser, yonuzper'' :* '''to dilacerate''' = ''yongofrer'' :* '''to dilapidate''' = ''goynser, sexyenoker, tomsanoker'' :* '''to dilate''' = ''zyaxer'' :* '''to dilly-dally''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to dilute''' = ''ilgyoxer'' :* '''to dim''' = ''manoker, manozaser, manozaxer, moynser, moynxer, omaaser, omaaxer'' :* '''to dim the headlights''' = ''ozaxer ha zamanari'' :* '''to dim the light''' = ''manyujber, ozaxer ha man'' :* '''to dimension''' = ''naygxer'' :* '''to diminish''' = ''gloser, gloxer, gober, goser, goxer, ogxer'' :* '''to dine at home''' = ''tamtyaler'' :* '''to dine in public''' = ''domtyalier'' :* '''to dine out''' = ''domtyalier, tyalamper'' :* '''to dine together''' = ''yanteler, yantyaler'' :* '''to dine''' = ''tyaler'' :* '''to ding''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to ding-dong''' = ''seusarager'' :* '''to dip''' = ''fyamilyeber, goyxer, ilpyoyxer, ilyeber, imxer, pyoyser, pyoyxer, yebyober, yobkiser, yokpyoser, yozaser'' :* '''to direct''' = ''dezeber, dyezeber, izber, izonder, vyaber'' :* '''to direct oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to directly apprehend''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to dirty''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to disable''' = ''loyafxer'' :* '''to disabuse''' = ''vyokkader'' :* '''to disadvantage''' = ''loabfinuer'' :* '''to disaffect''' = ''loifuer'' :* '''to disaffiliate''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to disaffirm''' = ''lovabier, voder'' :* '''to disagree''' = ''yontexer'' :* '''to disallow''' = ''loafxer, ofder, ofxer'' :* '''to disambiguate''' = ''loentesaxer, oleontesaxer'' :* '''to disappear''' = ''loteaser, omulser, oseaser, teatyofwaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to disappoint -- to dislodge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to disappoint''' = ''groifxer, uvlaxer, yokuvxer'' :* '''to disapprove of''' = ''fudeler, lofideler, lovader'' :* '''to disarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to disarrange''' = ''lonabxer'' :* '''to disassemble''' = ''loyangounxer, loyanxer, yonbier'' :* '''to disassociate''' = ''lodetxer'' :* '''to disavow''' = ''lovyander'' :* '''to disband''' = ''loaotyanogser, loaotyanogxer'' :* '''to disbar''' = ''dovyabtyenober, logonutxer'' :* '''to disbelieve''' = ''lovatexer'' :* '''to disburden''' = ''belunober, lobelunxer, lokyisuer'' :* '''to disburse cash''' = ''zyanuxer syagnas'' :* '''to disburse''' = ''nuxler, zyanuxer'' :* '''to discard''' = ''lobexler, yipuxer'' :* '''to discern''' = ''ijteatier, vyaoter, yoneater'' :* '''to discharge a duty''' = ''xaler yef'' :* '''to discharge a fine''' = ''nuxer byoyk'' :* '''to discharge a weapon''' = ''puxrer dopar'' :* '''to discharge an employee''' = ''loyixler yixlawat'' :* '''to discharge''' = ''kyisober, lokyisuer, oyebember, puxrer'' :* '''to discipline''' = ''napyenxer, vyabyenuer, vyakxer'' :* '''to disclaim''' = ''lobaysdirer, lobexer, vobier, voteuder'' :* '''to disclose''' = ''kader, katuer, loabaer, loyujber'' :* '''to discolor''' = ''fuvolzaxer'' :* '''to discombobulate''' = ''napuzraxer'' :* '''to discomfit''' = ''loyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to discommode''' = ''oyukomxer'' :* '''to discompose''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to disconcert''' = ''lonapxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to disconnect''' = ''lonyafxer, loyanarer'' :* '''to discontinue''' = ''lojexer, ojexer'' :* '''to discount a theory''' = ''votexer tuin'' :* '''to discount''' = ''losyager, naxgoxer, votexer'' :* '''to discountenance''' = ''bexer ofiava texyen bi, loavder, lobuer bol av, loyifxer, yobnazter'' :* '''to discourage''' = ''lofiyakuer, loyifxer'' :* '''to discourse''' = ''ebekdaler, yagder'' :* '''to discover''' = ''ijkaxer, kaler, kyekaxer, loabaer, yokkaxer'' :* '''to discredit''' = ''finober, vatexyofwaxer'' :* '''to discriminate''' = ''yoneater, yonyevder'' :* '''to discuss''' = ''ebdaler, yandaler'' :* '''to disdain''' = ''fuzeater, uyfer'' :* '''to disembark''' = ''mimpier, oper'' :* '''to disembody''' = ''loyebtabxer'' :* '''to disembowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to disempower''' = ''azonukxer, loyafonuer'' :* '''to dis-empower''' = ''loyafxer, yafober, yofxer'' :* '''to disenchant''' = ''lofyazuer'' :* '''to disencumber''' = ''kyisober, yikonober'' :* '''to disenfranchise''' = ''dokebidyofxer, doteuzofxer, doteuzuyofxer, doyivober, lodokebidyivxer, loyivaxer'' :* '''to disengage''' = ''loyuvlaxer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to disengage oneself''' = ''loyuvlaser, yivlaser'' :* '''to disentangle''' = ''lonyafxer, loyiklaxer'' :* '''to disentitle''' = ''loabdyunuer, lodoyivxer'' :* '''to disestablish''' = ''losyemxer'' :* '''to disesteem''' = ''glonazter'' :* '''to disfavor''' = ''lofiavuer, ovtexder'' :* '''to disfigure''' = ''fusanxer, lovixer'' :* '''to disfranchise''' = ''loyivxer'' :* '''to disgorge''' = ''lobier vofay, tikebiloker'' :* '''to disgrace''' = ''lofizuer'' :* '''to disgruntle''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to disguise''' = ''kotofxer'' :* '''to disgust''' = ''uufxer'' :* '''to dish out''' = ''tuluer'' :* '''to dishearten''' = ''fuyakuer, uvxer'' :* '''to dishevel''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to dishonor''' = ''fuzuer, lofizuer'' :* '''to disincline''' = ''vofxer'' :* '''to disinfect''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to disinherit''' = ''lojoiber'' :* '''to disintegrate''' = ''loaynser, loaynxer'' :* '''to disinter''' = ''lomelukxer'' :* '''to disinvest''' = ''lonasgonuer'' :* '''to disinvite''' = ''loupdier'' :* '''to disjoin''' = ''loyanser, loyanxer, yonaxer'' :* '''to disjoint''' = ''yankober'' :* '''to dislike the most''' = ''gwauyfer'' :* '''to dislike''' = ''uyfer'' :* '''to dislocate''' = ''loember'' :* '''to dislodge''' = ''lokyober, lokyoxer, lotoomxer, yonbuxler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to dismantle -- to divide = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to dismantle''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to dismay''' = ''fuyokxer'' :* '''to dismember''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to dismiss''' = ''lonazder, loyixler, oyebdurer, oyebember, oyeber, ubler, vobier'' :* '''to dismount''' = ''apetsimoper, oper'' :* '''to disobey''' = ''ovaxler, ovyayuvser, oyuvlaser, oyuvser, oyuvteexer'' :* '''to dis-obligate''' = ''loyefxer, yefober'' :* '''to disoblige''' = ''loyefxer'' :* '''to disorganize''' = ''lonaabxer, loxobxer'' :* '''to disorient''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disorientate''' = ''loizontuer, loizonxer'' :* '''to disown''' = ''lobexer'' :* '''to disparage''' = ''fuzder, gronazuer, vuder'' :* '''to dispatch''' = ''iglosexer, iguber, igxaler, ubler'' :* '''to dispel all doubts''' = ''ober hya votexi'' :* '''to dispel''' = ''yibuxer, zyaber'' :* '''to dispense a license''' = ''zyabuer afdras'' :* '''to dispense advice''' = ''tunduer'' :* '''to dispense discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to dispense''' = ''iluer, noyxer, yonbuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to disperse''' = ''yonzyaber'' :* '''to dispirit''' = ''futeypxer, kyitipxer'' :* '''to displace''' = ''emkuber, kunyember, kuyember, loyember, yemkuber, yemober'' :* '''to display merchandise''' = ''sinuer nunyan'' :* '''to display''' = ''sinuer, teatuer'' :* '''to displease''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, uyfueer, uyfxer'' :* '''to disport''' = ''utifxer'' :* '''to dispose''' = ''nabyemxer'' :* '''to dispose of''' = ''loyixer, yibier'' :* '''to dispossess''' = ''boyxer, lobayxer, lobexer, lobexier'' :* '''to dispraise''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to disproof''' = ''vodeler'' :* '''to disprove''' = ''lovyayeker, vyodeler'' :* '''to dispute''' = ''fuebdaler, yontexder'' :* '''to disqualify''' = ''finoyxer, lofinayxer, lofinuer'' :* '''to disquiet''' = ''loboxer, obostepxer, oboxer'' :* '''to disrelish''' = ''vobier gel futeisa'' :* '''to disrespect''' = ''fluzteaxer, fluzuer, fukaxer, loflizuer, oflizuer'' :* '''to disrobe''' = ''tofober'' :* '''to disrupt''' = ''loyanxer, vyonxer, yonapxer, yonbuxer, yonbyexer'' :* '''to diss''' = ''lofuzuer'' :* '''to dissatisfy''' = ''oivlaxer'' :* '''to dissect''' = ''engobler, yongobler'' :* '''to dissemble''' = ''koder, oizdaler'' :* '''to disseminate''' = ''zyauber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to dissent''' = ''ovtoser, yontexder, yontexer, yontosder, yontoser'' :* '''to dissert''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to disserve''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to dissimulate''' = ''teasvyoxer, vyankoxer'' :* '''to dissipate''' = ''azonokxer, iknyoxer, omulser, omulxer, ukxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to dissociate''' = ''lodetser, lodetxer'' :* '''to dissolve''' = ''ilser, ilxer, lomulyanxer, yonmulxer, yonuper'' :* '''to dissuade''' = ''lotexuer, votexuer'' :* '''to distance''' = ''kuyonber, yibnaxer, yibxer, yipaxer'' :* '''to distance oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to distant planet''' = ''oyebmer, yibmer'' :* '''to distend''' = ''lokyiabser, lokyiabxer, yozaser, yozaxer, zyaaser, zyaaxer'' :* '''to distill''' = ''filvyunober'' :* '''to distinguish''' = ''ijteatier, yoneater, yoneaxer, yongelxer, yonsaunxer'' :* '''to distort''' = ''uzraxer, vyosanxer'' :* '''to distract''' = ''ibtebixer, tepkyaxer, tepuzber, yibixer'' :* '''to distress''' = ''oboxer, uvxer'' :* '''to distribute equally''' = ''gezyabuer'' :* '''to distribute''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to distrust''' = ''ovaktexer'' :* '''to disturb''' = ''lonapxer, loteboxer, yopooxer, zyubrer'' :* '''to disunite''' = ''loanxer'' :* '''to disuse''' = ''loyixer'' :* '''to disvalue''' = ''lonazder'' :* '''to dither''' = ''kyaotexer, paysrer'' :* '''to divaricate''' = ''yonguber, yonguper'' :* '''to dive into''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to dive''' = ''milyepuser, milyopler, yepuser, yopler'' :* '''to diverge''' = ''guper, kuyemper, uzber, uzper, yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to diversify''' = ''glasanxer, glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, yonsanser, yonsanxer'' :* '''to diversity''' = ''glasanser'' :* '''to divert attention''' = ''tepuzber'' :* '''to divert''' = ''ivsonuer, ivxer, uzber'' :* '''to divest''' = ''ibnixbuer, lobexer'' :* '''to divide''' = ''goler, gonxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to divide in half -- to dominate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to divide in half''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide in two''' = ''eyngoler'' :* '''to divide three ways''' = ''ingoler'' :* '''to divide up''' = ''ikgoler'' :* '''to divine''' = ''kyeder, tepdyeer, tyezer'' :* '''to divorce''' = ''yoniper, yontadser, yontadxer'' :* '''to divulge''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to divvy up''' = ''goler, gonbuer, zyagonbuer'' :* '''to do a fine-honed search''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to do a gig''' = ''xer dezek'' :* '''to do a good deed''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to do a portrait of''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to do a q&a''' = ''duider'' :* '''to do a roll call''' = ''xer jonapa dyuen'' :* '''to do a stopover''' = ''xer pos'' :* '''to do a survey''' = ''aybteadider'' :* '''to do a tour''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do a wake''' = ''tojbeaxer'' :* '''to do an autopsy''' = ''tabteaxer'' :* '''to do an inventory''' = ''kaxunyanxer, xer nyexunsag'' :* '''to do an official inquiry''' = ''dovyankexer'' :* '''to do as well as possible''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do better''' = ''gafixer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to do black magic''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to do body-building''' = ''tabazaxer'' :* '''to do business''' = ''agebkyaxer, nunuier, yexer'' :* '''to do carpentry''' = ''faobyexer, somsaxer'' :* '''to do comedy''' = ''hihidezer, ifdezer'' :* '''to do damage''' = ''fyuxer'' :* '''to do good''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do gymnastics''' = ''tapyexer'' :* '''to do harm''' = ''fyoxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to do harm to infringe''' = ''fyulxer'' :* '''to do homework''' = ''tamyexer, xer tamtixun'' :* '''to do laundry''' = ''novyilxer'' :* '''to do logging''' = ''faufyexer'' :* '''to do make-believe''' = ''dezer'' :* '''to do nothing''' = ''hyosxer'' :* '''to do odd jobs''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to do one's best''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to do one's duty''' = ''xaler ota doyuv'' :* '''to do penance''' = ''fyuzier, yovbyokier, yovbyokober'' :* '''to do poorly''' = ''fuxer'' :* '''to do punishment''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do push-ups''' = ''xer yaobuxi'' :* '''to do right''' = ''vyaxer'' :* '''to do stand-up comedy''' = ''ifdindezer'' :* '''to do stand-up''' = ''ifdezer'' :* '''to do teleworking''' = ''xer yibyexun'' :* '''to do the circuit''' = ''yuzmeper'' :* '''to do the least''' = ''gwoxer'' :* '''to do the most''' = ''gwaxer'' :* '''to do the same''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to do the same thing''' = ''gelsunxer'' :* '''to do the worst''' = ''gwafuxer'' :* '''to do time''' = ''fyuzier'' :* '''to do tricks''' = ''vyotexeker'' :* '''to do violence''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to do well''' = ''fixer'' :* '''to do without''' = ''xer boy'' :* '''to do woodworking''' = ''faobyexer'' :* '''to do work from home''' = ''xer tamyexun'' :* '''to do worse''' = ''gafuxer'' :* '''to do wrong to somebody''' = ''vyonxer het'' :* '''to do wrong''' = ''vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to do''' = ''xer'' :* '''to dock''' = ''gober'' :* '''to doctor''' = ''kokyaxer, vyoxler'' :* '''to document''' = ''dodreunxer, dreunxer'' :* '''to dodder''' = ''paosler'' :* '''to dodge''' = ''lokexer, uzder, yonbeser, yuziper'' :* '''to doff''' = ''ober'' :* '''to dole''' = ''goynbuer'' :* '''to dole out''' = ''kebuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to doll up''' = ''ekhavser, ekhavxer'' :* '''to dolly''' = ''kyisparer'' :* '''to domesticate''' = ''taamxer, tampetxer, toomxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to domicile''' = ''toemxer'' :* '''to domiciliate''' = ''tamkyoxer, uttamkyoxer'' :* '''to dominate''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to domineer -- to draw water = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to domineer''' = ''abdaber, abdutxer, abyafxer'' :* '''to don''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to donate blood''' = ''ifbuer tiibil'' :* '''to donate''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to doodle''' = ''kyesindrer'' :* '''to dook''' = ''kalepoder'' :* '''to doom''' = ''fukyeojber, fukyeujber, fuujber, kyeujber'' :* '''to Doppler effect''' = ''Doppler ix'' :* '''to dose''' = ''niduer'' :* '''to dot''' = ''drenodxer, nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to dote''' = ''jagyenaxler'' :* '''to dote on''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to dote over''' = ''graifer'' :* '''to double cross''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to double''' = ''eonxer'' :* '''to doubler''' = ''eotxer'' :* '''to doubt''' = ''votexder, votexer'' :* '''to douse''' = ''abmilpuxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer, milpyoxuer'' :* '''to dovetail''' = ''ebnefxer'' :* '''to down a plane''' = ''yobrer mampur'' :* '''to down''' = ''pyoxler, yobeler, yobler, yobrer'' :* '''to downcase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to downgrade''' = ''obnaguer, yobmusesier, yobmusesuer, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to download a file''' = ''kiyunier dreunyeb'' :* '''to download''' = ''kyisier, kyisober'' :* '''to down-phase''' = ''yobnoogxer'' :* '''to downplay''' = ''lokyider, lokyisonxer'' :* '''to downplay the importance of''' = ''glotesaxer, okyisonxer'' :* '''to downpour''' = ''gyimamiler, ilpyoser, ilzyapyoser'' :* '''to downscale''' = ''yobmusber, yobnogser, yobnogxer'' :* '''to downshift''' = ''yobkyaber'' :* '''to downsize''' = ''goxer ha yexutyan, naggoxer'' :* '''to dowse''' = ''milkexer'' :* '''to doze''' = ''eyntujer, kyutujer, tuyjer'' :* '''to doze off''' = ''eyntujper, kyutujper, tujper, tuyjper'' :* '''to draft a law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to draft a plan''' = ''jaexdrer'' :* '''to draft''' = ''dopyebier, dreniver, dresiner, jatexdrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to draft legislation''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to drag behind''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, zobiser, zobixler, zougbixer'' :* '''to drag''' = ''bixler, yagbixer, zobixer'' :* '''to drag down''' = ''yobixler'' :* '''to drag in''' = ''yebixler'' :* '''to drag underwater''' = ''miloybixler'' :* '''to draggle''' = ''meilbixer'' :* '''to dragoon''' = ''azonaber'' :* '''to drain away''' = ''uklaser, uklaxer'' :* '''to drain''' = ''iktilier, ilukber, ilukper, ilukxer, imober, oyebilper, ukber, ukper, ukxer'' :* '''to drain into''' = ''ukper yeb'' :* '''to drain of air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to drain of energy''' = ''azfanukxer'' :* '''to drain of oxygen''' = ''olkukxer'' :* '''to drain of power''' = ''azonukxer, yafonukxer'' :* '''to drain out''' = ''ilukser, oyebukxer'' :* '''to drain the swamp''' = ''ukxer ha miem'' :* '''to dramatize''' = ''vyamdezaxer'' :* '''to drape''' = ''naafber'' :* '''to drat''' = ''fyoder'' :* '''to draw a border around''' = ''yuznadrer'' :* '''to draw a circle''' = ''sindrer zyus'' :* '''to draw a line''' = ''nadrer, sindrer nad'' :* '''to draw a line through''' = ''zyenadrer, zyesindrer'' :* '''to draw an x''' = ''sindrer gasin'' :* '''to draw an x through''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to draw apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to draw attention''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw attention to grab attention''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to draw attention to''' = ''tepzexuer'' :* '''to draw away attention''' = ''tepyibixer'' :* '''to draw back''' = ''zoybiser, zoybixer'' :* '''to draw''' = ''bixer, drarer, drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to draw color''' = ''volzdrer'' :* '''to draw down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to draw from life''' = ''sindrer bi tej'' :* '''to draw in''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to draw looks''' = ''teabixer'' :* '''to draw milk''' = ''bilier'' :* '''to draw near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to draw up''' = ''dresiner'' :* '''to draw water''' = ''bixer mil'' </div>{{small/end}} = to drawl -- to due north = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to drawl''' = ''uygdaler'' :* '''to dread''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to dream''' = ''tepeazer, tujdiner, tujeazer'' :* '''to dreamwalk''' = ''tujeaztyoper'' :* '''to dredge''' = ''myekbarer, yabixurer'' :* '''to dredge up''' = ''yabixler'' :* '''to drench''' = ''ikimxer, imxer, milapyoxer'' :* '''to dress a wound''' = ''bikofaber buk'' :* '''to dress oneself''' = ''uttofaber'' :* '''to dress''' = ''tofaber, tofier, tofuer, toofxer'' :* '''to dress up''' = ''vitofaber'' :* '''to dribble''' = ''milzyunser, teubilokeger, yaopuyxer, zoypuyxer'' :* '''to dribble urine''' = ''tiyabileger'' :* '''to drift apart''' = ''yagyonper'' :* '''to drift''' = ''kyepaser, uziper, yivkyuper, zyaper'' :* '''to drill''' = ''dideger, jatixer, jatuxer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, zyegbarer, zyegber'' :* '''to drill down''' = ''yobzyegarer'' :* '''to drink all the way''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drink''' = ''filier, tiler, tilier'' :* '''to drink in''' = ''ilier'' :* '''to drink moderately''' = ''gletiler'' :* '''to drink sensibly''' = ''ogratiler'' :* '''to drink straight up''' = ''tilier boy mil'' :* '''to drink to death''' = ''tiltojer'' :* '''to drink to excess''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to drink too much''' = ''gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to drink up''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to drip dry''' = ''imober'' :* '''to drip''' = ''ilzyuner, ilzyuneser, miiper, milzyunser, ugiloker'' :* '''to drip with juice''' = ''biiluer'' :* '''to drive a car''' = ''exer pur, purexer'' :* '''to drive a nail into''' = ''buxler suv yeb bu'' :* '''to drive a point home''' = ''vyidxer bekul'' :* '''to drive apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to drive around''' = ''purexer yuz'' :* '''to drive''' = ''azonuer, buxler, exer, izber, pepuer, purer, purexer'' :* '''to drive back''' = ''zoybuxler'' :* '''to drive cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to drive crazy''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to drive nuts''' = ''tepuzraxer'' :* '''to drive off''' = ''obuxler, purexer ib'' :* '''to drive on the left''' = ''zipurexer'' :* '''to drive on the right''' = ''zupurexer'' :* '''to drive out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to drive to the country''' = ''purexer bu meim'' :* '''to drive up''' = ''puer be pur'' :* '''to drivel''' = ''teubilokeger'' :* '''to drizzle''' = ''kyumamiler, ugiluer'' :* '''to drone''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to drool''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to droop''' = ''azonoker, byoyser'' :* '''to drop anchor''' = ''mimgrunyober, pyoxler mimgrun'' :* '''to drop by''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop dead''' = ''tojper, tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop dead unexpectedly''' = ''tojpyoser, yoktojper'' :* '''to drop down''' = ''yobyoser'' :* '''to drop forward''' = ''zaypyoxer'' :* '''to drop in''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop''' = ''lobeler, obeler, pyoser, pyoxer, yoper'' :* '''to drop out''' = ''jwapiler'' :* '''to drop over''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to drop suddenly''' = ''igpyoser, igpyoxer, yokpyoser, yokpyoxer'' :* '''to drop water on''' = ''milapyoxer'' :* '''to drown''' = ''miloybixwer, miloybuxer'' :* '''to drown oneself''' = ''utmiloybuxer'' :* '''to drowse''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to drudge''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to drug''' = ''bekuluer, ifbekuluer'' :* '''to drum''' = ''kaduzarer, yupeder'' :* '''to dry off''' = ''obumxer'' :* '''to dry oneself off''' = ''utumxer'' :* '''to dry out''' = ''ikumxer, umser, yumxer'' :* '''to dry''' = ''umxer'' :* '''to dry up''' = ''ilukser'' :* '''to dry-clean''' = ''umvyixer'' :* '''to dub''' = ''joteuzber'' :* '''to duck''' = ''igyobaser'' :* '''to due east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to due north''' = ''iz zamer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to due south -- to elope = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to due south''' = ''iz zomer'' :* '''to due west''' = ''iz zumer'' :* '''to dull''' = ''lomaynxer, ogixer, omaaxer, zyaginxer'' :* '''to dumb''' = ''dalyofxer, dolyofxer'' :* '''to dumbfound''' = ''yokraxer'' :* '''to dump''' = ''igpyoxer, pyoxer, ukxer'' :* '''to dunk''' = ''ilyeber, miloyber, milpyoxer, milyebuxer, pyoxler, yobler'' :* '''to dupe''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to duplicate''' = ''ensaunxer, gelsaunxer'' :* '''to dust''' = ''mekber, mekobarer, mekober, myekber'' :* '''to dwarf''' = ''ograxer'' :* '''to dwell''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tambexer, toymer, tyemer'' :* '''to dwell on''' = ''kyotexder'' :* '''to dwindle''' = ''gloser, gloxer'' :* '''to dye''' = ''voylzilber'' :* '''to dynamite''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to eak out a living''' = ''kaxer zeyen av yiztejer'' :* '''to earmark''' = ''buafxer, teebsiynxer'' :* '''to earn a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to earn a salary''' = ''nixer yexnux'' :* '''to earn a tribute''' = ''nixer yefbun'' :* '''to earn''' = ''aker, nixer'' :* '''to earn cash''' = ''nixer syagnas'' :* '''to earn little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to Earth''' = ''Imer'' :* '''to earth's crust''' = ''imer abayob'' :* '''to earth's mantle''' = ''imer ebayob'' :* '''to earthward''' = ''ub zimer'' :* '''to ease''' = ''yikonober, yukxer'' :* '''to easily believe''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to east of''' = ''be zimer bi'' :* '''to east''' = ''zimer'' :* '''to eat a lot''' = ''glatilier'' :* '''to eat in''' = ''oyebtyalier, tamtyalier'' :* '''to eat out''' = ''oyebtyalier, telamper'' :* '''to eat outdoors''' = ''oyebtyalier'' :* '''to eat''' = ''telier'' :* '''to eat to satisfaction''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to eat too little''' = ''groteler'' :* '''to eat too much''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to eat up''' = ''gretelier, ikteler'' :* '''to eavesdrop''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to ebb and flow''' = ''iluiper, mimuiper'' :* '''to ebb''' = ''iliper, mimiper, yobnodxer, zoyilper'' :* '''to echo''' = ''gawseuxer, zoyteuzer'' :* '''to eclipse''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to economize''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to edify''' = ''dofintuer'' :* '''to edit''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to editorialize''' = ''agteyxdrer'' :* '''to educate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to educate well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to educe''' = ''izber, oyebuxer, tesier, xuer'' :* '''to eek''' = ''kapeder'' :* '''to efface''' = ''odrer'' :* '''to effect''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to effectuate''' = ''xuer'' :* '''to effervesce''' = ''mailzyuynser'' :* '''to effloresce''' = ''myekser, vosaser, yafikser'' :* '''to effulge''' = ''manadxer'' :* '''to effuse''' = ''agiluer'' :* '''to ejaculate''' = ''tajbuluer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to eject''' = ''opuxer, oyebember, oyepuser, oyepuxer'' :* '''to eke''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to elaborate''' = ''glagonayxer, jayexer, yagbixer, yagder'' :* '''to elapse''' = ''ajper, yizpaser, yizper'' :* '''to elasticize''' = ''buixyeaxer'' :* '''to elate''' = ''akivtosuer, yaber'' :* '''to elbow''' = ''tuibaxer'' :* '''to elect''' = ''dokebier'' :* '''to electioneer''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to electrify''' = ''makxer'' :* '''to electrocute''' = ''makpyuxrer, maktojber, makyokraxer'' :* '''to electroplate''' = ''maknedxer'' :* '''to elevate''' = ''yabler'' :* '''to elicit''' = ''direr, kaduer, oyebixer, zaydyuer'' :* '''to elide''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to eliminate''' = ''oyeber, oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to elongate''' = ''yaygxer, zyagxer'' :* '''to elope''' = ''koyiprer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to elucidate -- to end up in short supply of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to elucidate''' = ''maynxer'' :* '''to elude''' = ''kopier, opixwer'' :* '''to emaciate''' = ''gragyoxer'' :* '''to email''' = ''makebdrer'' :* '''to emanate''' = ''byiser'' :* '''to emancipate''' = ''loyuvratxer, oyuvxer, yivader, yivafxer, yivanuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to emasculate''' = ''twoobyenober'' :* '''to embalm''' = ''yagbexler'' :* '''to embank''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to embark''' = ''aper, mimpuraper'' :* '''to embarrass''' = ''fuebyemxer, ofizaber, ofizaxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to embattle''' = ''dopekyafxer'' :* '''to embed''' = ''sumxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to embellish''' = ''viaxer'' :* '''to embezzle''' = ''kobiler, vyobiler, zeyvyobier'' :* '''to embitter''' = ''teusyigxer, yigazaxer'' :* '''to emblaze''' = ''maavxer'' :* '''to emblazon''' = ''obyexardrer'' :* '''to embodied''' = ''tapuer'' :* '''to embody''' = ''aotxer, saer, tapuer'' :* '''to embolden''' = ''yiflaxer'' :* '''to embosom''' = ''tiabixer, yuzbexer'' :* '''to emboss''' = ''yabwasinaber'' :* '''to embowel''' = ''tikyobober'' :* '''to embower''' = ''fayebkoember'' :* '''to embrace''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbayler, yuzbexer, yuztuber'' :* '''to embrocate''' = ''imapaxler'' :* '''to embroider''' = ''nofsiner, novsiner'' :* '''to embroil''' = ''eybxer'' :* '''to emend''' = ''vyoskyaxer'' :* '''to emerge''' = ''oyebuper'' :* '''to emigrate''' = ''emiper, memiper, oyebmemper'' :* '''to emit a loud noise''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to emit''' = ''oyebnyuer, oyebuber, yebnyuer'' :* '''to emote''' = ''tospaner'' :* '''to emotionalize''' = ''tospanser'' :* '''to empathize''' = ''yantoser'' :* '''to emphasize''' = ''azder, kyider'' :* '''to employ''' = ''yixer, yixler'' :* '''to empower''' = ''azonikxer, debyafxer, yafonuer, yafuer, yafxer'' :* '''to empty out the garbage''' = ''ukxer ha fyumul'' :* '''to empty out''' = ''ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer'' :* '''to empurple''' = ''futipxer, yalzaxer'' :* '''to emulate''' = ''gelaxler'' :* '''to emulsify''' = ''yanbilxer'' :* '''to enable to believe''' = ''vatexyafxer'' :* '''to enable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to enact''' = ''dovyabxer, eker, vyaymxer, xaler'' :* '''to enamor''' = ''ifonuer'' :* '''to encage''' = ''pexnyember'' :* '''to encamp''' = ''tomofemxer'' :* '''to encapsulate''' = ''syebogber, yogsindrer'' :* '''to encase''' = ''yebyujber, yember'' :* '''to enchain''' = ''nyadxer, uzunyanxer'' :* '''to enchant''' = ''fyazuer, ifluer, ivraxer, tyezuer'' :* '''to Enchanted to meet you!''' = ''Ivraxwa trier et!'' :* '''to enchase''' = ''nozber'' :* '''to encipher''' = ''kodrer, kosagxer'' :* '''to encircle''' = ''yuzember, zyusber'' :* '''to enclasp''' = ''yuzbexer'' :* '''to enclose''' = ''yebyujber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to encode''' = ''kodrer'' :* '''to encompass''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to encounter at random''' = ''kyebyuser, kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to encounter''' = ''byuser, kyekaxer, zaeper'' :* '''to encourage''' = ''yifuer, yifxer'' :* '''to encroach''' = ''ofbexwaxer'' :* '''to encrust''' = ''abovolxer, yoymxer'' :* '''to encrypt''' = ''kosagxer'' :* '''to encumber''' = ''kyisaber, kyisonuer, kyisuer, ovunuer, yikonber, yikonuer'' :* '''to encumber oneself''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to encyst''' = ''yebtabnyefber'' :* '''to end bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end happily''' = ''ivujer'' :* '''to end poorly''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to end sadly''' = ''uvujer'' :* '''to end''' = ''ujber, zojer'' :* '''to end up bad''' = ''fukyeujer, fuujer'' :* '''to end up''' = ''byuujer, kaser, kaxwer, ujer, user'' :* '''to end up in short supply of''' = ''kaser bay gron bi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to end up well -- to enter the gates of heaven = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to end up well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to end up with too little''' = ''kaser bay gro'' :* '''to endanger''' = ''vokuer, vokxer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to endear''' = ''ifwaxer'' :* '''to endeavor''' = ''jestyeker, xelfer'' :* '''to endoplanet''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer, yubmer'' :* '''to endorse''' = ''avboler, avdyundrer'' :* '''to endow''' = ''buler, ejbuer, tadbuer'' :* '''to endue''' = ''finuer, sanier, tofaber'' :* '''to endure''' = ''boler, jeser, jesyafer, kyojeser, xoler, yagjeser'' :* '''to energize''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, azonikxer, azuluer'' :* '''to enervate''' = ''iftauxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to enerve''' = ''uftayixer'' :* '''to enfanchise''' = ''doteuzafxer'' :* '''to enfeeble''' = ''ozaxer, yofuer, yofxer'' :* '''to enfold''' = ''yuzbexer, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to enforce''' = ''azonber, azonuer, yefxer'' :* '''to enfranchise''' = ''dokebidyafxer, yivxer'' :* '''to engage in chitchat''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to engage in corruption''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in graft''' = ''doyaffuyixer'' :* '''to engage in sedition''' = ''ovdaybxuler'' :* '''to engage in smalltalk''' = ''ifdaler, ifebdaler'' :* '''to engage in the occult''' = ''fyotezer'' :* '''to engage in violence''' = ''azranxer'' :* '''to engage in''' = ''xeler'' :* '''to engage''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to engender desperation''' = ''ojvatexokuer'' :* '''to engender disbelief''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to engender feelings''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to engender''' = ''ijsanxer, isanxer, tajber'' :* '''to engender resentment''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to engender sorrow''' = ''uvtosuer'' :* '''to engineer''' = ''surtyenxer, yextunsaxer'' :* '''to engorge''' = ''graikper, igtelier'' :* '''to engrave''' = ''dresizer, oybsadrer'' :* '''to engross''' = ''aynnuxbier, nyaxer'' :* '''to engulf''' = ''azyeber, ikyebixer'' :* '''to enhance''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to enjoin''' = ''debder, napder, ofder'' :* '''to enjoy a second course''' = ''etulyaner'' :* '''to enjoy drinking''' = ''iftilier'' :* '''to enjoy''' = ''ifier, ifsonier, ivier, ivsonier, ivxier'' :* '''to enjoy sex''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to enjoy wealth''' = ''nyazifser'' :* '''to enlace''' = ''neefxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enlarge''' = ''agaxer, zyaxer'' :* '''to enlighten''' = ''manuer'' :* '''to enlist''' = ''gonutser, gonutxer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enliven''' = ''tejaxer'' :* '''to enmesh''' = ''ebneafxer, eybxer'' :* '''to ennoble''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to enounce''' = ''deler'' :* '''to enqueue''' = ''nyadgaber'' :* '''to enquire''' = ''dider'' :* '''to enrage''' = ''azraxer, ebyextipuer, frutipuer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to enrapture''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer'' :* '''to enravish''' = ''ifruer'' :* '''to enrich''' = ''ikzaxer, nyazaxer'' :* '''to enrobe''' = ''tafaber, tafuer'' :* '''to enroll''' = ''gonekutxer, vadyundrer, yebdyundrer'' :* '''to enroll in''' = ''dyunyandrer, gonutser, gonutxer'' :* '''to ensanguine''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to ensconce''' = ''vakember, yukomber'' :* '''to enserf''' = ''melyuxruer'' :* '''to enshrine''' = ''fyabexler'' :* '''to enshroud''' = ''tojnofaber'' :* '''to enslave''' = ''yuvraxer, yuxruer'' :* '''to ensnare''' = ''pexaruer'' :* '''to ensue''' = ''jopuer'' :* '''to ensure''' = ''vakder, vakuer, vlatuer'' :* '''to entail''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to entangle''' = ''nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to enter and exit''' = ''aoyeper'' :* '''to enter deployment''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to enter into office''' = ''xabuper'' :* '''to enter one&rsquo;s name''' = ''yeber ota dyun'' :* '''to enter''' = ''per yeb bu, yeber, yeper'' :* '''to enter puberty''' = ''jwetser'' :* '''to enter the gates of heaven''' = ''totemyeper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to enter the house -- to evince = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to enter the house''' = ''yeper ha tam'' :* '''to enter the midst of''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to enter the priesthood''' = ''yeper ha fyaxineban'' :* '''to entertain''' = ''dezer, ifsonuer, ivteuduer, ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to enthrall''' = ''fyazuer, tyezuer'' :* '''to enthrone''' = ''edebsimber'' :* '''to enthuse''' = ''ivraxer, tipazlaxer'' :* '''to entice''' = ''ifbixer'' :* '''to entitle''' = ''abdyunuer, dredyunber, dredyunuer'' :* '''to entomb''' = ''yebmelber'' :* '''to entrain''' = ''yezbixer'' :* '''to entrap''' = ''pexarer'' :* '''to entreat''' = ''azdiler, diler'' :* '''to entrench''' = ''kyovatexuer'' :* '''to entwine''' = ''nifuzaxer'' :* '''to enucleate''' = ''zemulober'' :* '''to enumerate''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to enunciate poorly''' = ''fuseuxder'' :* '''to enunciate''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to envelop''' = ''nidyuzber, yuzofyujber'' :* '''to envenom''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to envisage''' = ''ejeater, ojeater'' :* '''to envision''' = ''ojteater, tepeazer'' :* '''to envy''' = ''akutufer, kofler'' :* '''to enwrap''' = ''nidyuzber'' :* '''to epitomize''' = ''fiksaunser, fiksaunxer'' :* '''to equal''' = ''geber, geser, gexer'' :* '''to equalize''' = ''geaxer'' :* '''to equate''' = ''gexer'' :* '''to equilibrate''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to equip''' = ''nuer, nyanuer, saryanuer, tyenaruer'' :* '''to equivocate''' = ''evder, uizder, uzder, veduer'' :* '''to eradiate''' = ''manaudser'' :* '''to eradicate''' = ''fyobober, ibapaxer, oyebixler, syobober'' :* '''to erase''' = ''droer, ibabaxrer, lodrer, odrer'' :* '''to erase the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to erase the recording of''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to erect a building''' = ''byaxer tom'' :* '''to erect''' = ''byaxer, yablaxer, yaznaxer'' :* '''to erode''' = ''ibabasrer, ibabaxrer, ibteler'' :* '''to erose''' = ''ibtelunser'' :* '''to eroticize''' = ''ebtabifuer, taadifaxer, tapifluer, tapifonuer'' :* '''to err''' = ''uzper, vyokxer, vyomeper, vyoper, vyotexer'' :* '''to eruct''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to eructate''' = ''baloker, tiebaloker'' :* '''to erupt''' = ''yonpyexler'' :* '''to escalate''' = ''musyaper, muysber, muysper, nogyanser, nogyanxer, yabmusaxer, yabmuysber, yabmuysper'' :* '''to escape from prison''' = ''fyuzampiler, vyakxampirer'' :* '''to escape''' = ''igpier, oyeprer, pirer, yiprer, yivigiper'' :* '''to escape stealthily''' = ''kopiler'' :* '''to escarp''' = ''giyobkinuer'' :* '''to eschew''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to escort''' = ''kumpoper'' :* '''to espalier''' = ''vobsanxer'' :* '''to espouse a theory''' = ''tuinier'' :* '''to espouse''' = ''tadier, vabier'' :* '''to espy''' = ''teatier'' :* '''to establish oneself''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to establish''' = ''syember, syemxer'' :* '''to esteem''' = ''fyinder, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to estimate''' = ''fyinder, nazder, nazter'' :* '''to estivate''' = ''jeeber'' :* '''to estop''' = ''eber'' :* '''to estrange''' = ''hyusanxer, oyebsaunxer, yonsanxer'' :* '''to eternize''' = ''otojoaxer, oyjobaxer'' :* '''to etherize''' = ''emalxer'' :* '''to euchre''' = ''yuker ifek'' :* '''to eulogize''' = ''flider'' :* '''to euphemize''' = ''vidunxer'' :* '''to Europeanize''' = ''Uyanmelxer'' :* '''to evacuate''' = ''oyebukser, oyebukxer, yemiper'' :* '''to evade''' = ''igiper, koyiper, pirer, yivigiper, yuziper, zyompiler'' :* '''to evaluate''' = ''finyeker, fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to evanesce''' = ''mifser'' :* '''to evangelize''' = ''fyadinuer'' :* '''to evaporate''' = ''mialser, mialxer'' :* '''to even out''' = ''genedxer, gexer, zyifxer, zyimxer, zyinxer, zyiyaber'' :* '''to even the score''' = ''geeksager, gexer ha eksag'' :* '''to evict''' = ''lotoomxer, oyebember'' :* '''to evince''' = ''teatuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to eviscerate -- to explicate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to eviscerate''' = ''tabosober'' :* '''to evoke''' = ''ajder, heyder'' :* '''to evolve''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to exacerbate''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to exact''' = ''direr'' :* '''to exact revenge''' = ''zoygexer'' :* '''to exaggerate''' = ''grader, graxer'' :* '''to exalt''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to examine aurally''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to examine by microscope''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to examine''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, vyaoyeker, yubkexer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to exasperate''' = ''futipxer, oyakzaxer, pesyafuker, yixrer ha pesyaf bi'' :* '''to excavate''' = ''melzyeger, melzyegurer, yozber'' :* '''to exceed the speed limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to exceed''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to except''' = ''oyebexer, oyebier'' :* '''to excerpt''' = ''goybler, oyebixler'' :* '''to exchange a message''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdres'' :* '''to exchange''' = ''buier, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to exchange mail''' = ''ebkyaxer ebdrasyan'' :* '''to exchange thoughts''' = ''texebkyaxer'' :* '''to exchange words''' = ''ebdaler'' :* '''to excise''' = ''oyebgobler'' :* '''to excite''' = ''paaxer, tippaaxuer, tospaaxer'' :* '''to exclaim''' = ''azteuder, teuder, yokteuder'' :* '''to exclude''' = ''emoyeber, oyebexer, oyebexler, oyebier, oyebrer, oyebyujber, yeboyser'' :* '''to excogitate''' = ''zyetexer'' :* '''to excommunicate''' = ''logonutxer'' :* '''to excoriate''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to excrete''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober'' :* '''to excruciate''' = ''brokxer'' :* '''to exculpate''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavdeler, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yovober'' :* '''to excuse oneself''' = ''hyoyder, utyovober'' :* '''to execrate''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to execute by hanging''' = ''byoxtojber'' :* '''to execute''' = ''dobtojber, xaler, xarer'' :* '''to exemplify''' = ''asaunxer, saungonser, saungonxer'' :* '''to exercise restraint''' = ''xeler zoybex'' :* '''to exercise''' = ''tapaser, tapaxer, tapyexer, xyeler'' :* '''to exert''' = ''azbuxer, paxer'' :* '''to exert power''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exfoliate''' = ''fayebukxer'' :* '''to exhale''' = ''aluer, baluer, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer'' :* '''to exhaust''' = ''azfanukxer, exujber, exyujber, gloxer, loikxer, oyebukxer, uklaxer, ukxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to exhibit might''' = ''yafler'' :* '''to exhibit''' = ''sinuer, teatuer, zyateatuer'' :* '''to exhilarate''' = ''fitosuer'' :* '''to exhort''' = ''funtuer, fyiduer'' :* '''to exhume''' = ''melukober'' :* '''to exile oneself''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to exile''' = ''yibember'' :* '''to exist''' = ''eser'' :* '''to exit''' = ''oyeper, per oyeb'' :* '''to exonerate''' = ''loyovder, yavdeler, yavder, yavxer, yovober'' :* '''to exoplanet''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to exorcise''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to exorcize''' = ''futopober'' :* '''to expand''' = ''nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, nigser, nigxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to expand quickly''' = ''ignidgaser, ignidgaxer'' :* '''to expand violently''' = ''azrazyaser, igzyaser'' :* '''to expatiate''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to expect not''' = ''voyaker'' :* '''to expect''' = ''ojteaxer, ojvatexer, yaker, zayteaxer'' :* '''to expectorate''' = ''teubiloyeber, teubilpuxer, teubiluer'' :* '''to expedite''' = ''iguber, jobuxer, yibuber'' :* '''to expel''' = ''azoyeber, opuxer, oyebember, oyeber, oyebuxer'' :* '''to expend''' = ''noxer'' :* '''to experience apathy''' = ''hyoshotoser'' :* '''to experience''' = ''keser, xoler, zoytejer, zyetejer'' :* '''to experiment''' = ''ayeker, jwayeker, kevyaxer'' :* '''to expiate a punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate one's punishment''' = ''byokyefier'' :* '''to expiate''' = ''yovober'' :* '''to expire''' = ''baluer, ofyiser, oyebtiexer, tiebaluer, tojer, ujper'' :* '''to explain poorly''' = ''futesder'' :* '''to explain''' = ''tesder, testyukxer'' :* '''to explain why''' = ''tesduer, testuer'' :* '''to explain wrongly''' = ''vyotesder'' :* '''to explicate''' = ''tesder, testuer, testyukxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to explode -- to face backwards = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to explode''' = ''yonpaper, yonpyesrer, yonpyexrer'' :* '''to exploit''' = ''yixrer'' :* '''to explore''' = ''kexrer, yuzkexer'' :* '''to exponentiate''' = ''garer'' :* '''to export''' = ''memoyebeler, memuber, oyebeler'' :* '''to expose''' = ''kaber, kadiner, loabaer, ovmasober, oyebeaxer, oyeber, teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to expostulate''' = ''futeaxer'' :* '''to expound''' = ''tudaler'' :* '''to express a belief in''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express a disbelief in''' = ''votexder'' :* '''to express a forceful opinion''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to express agreement''' = ''geltexder, yantexder'' :* '''to express an opinion''' = ''texyender, teyxder'' :* '''to express appreciation''' = ''fitexder'' :* '''to express belief''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express best wishes''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to express circuitously''' = ''yuzder'' :* '''to express condolences''' = ''yanuvtaxder, yanuvtosder'' :* '''to express confidence''' = ''vatexder'' :* '''to express delight''' = ''ivtosder'' :* '''to express disagreement''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to express displeasure''' = ''ufder'' :* '''to express''' = ''dyender, oyebaler, oyebder, oyebeader, oyebeaxer, yijder'' :* '''to express emotion''' = ''tipder'' :* '''to express empathy''' = ''geltosder'' :* '''to express feeling''' = ''tosder'' :* '''to express good feelings''' = ''fitosder'' :* '''to express gratitude''' = ''fitosder, hyayder'' :* '''to express grief''' = ''uvtaxder'' :* '''to express in broad terms''' = ''zyasaunder'' :* '''to express kudos''' = ''hwayder, hyader'' :* '''to express one's embarrassment''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express pleasure''' = ''ifder'' :* '''to express regret''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express remorse''' = ''ajuvtosder, uvtaxder, uvtexder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express resentment''' = ''futexder'' :* '''to express shame''' = ''yovtosder'' :* '''to express sorrow''' = ''uvader, uvtosder, zoyuvtosder'' :* '''to express sympathy''' = ''yantosder'' :* '''to express thanks''' = ''ifder, ivtaxder, ivtexder'' :* '''to express the hope''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express the opinion''' = ''texyender'' :* '''to express the wish''' = ''ojfonder'' :* '''to express willingness''' = ''fonder'' :* '''to express woe''' = ''hyoyder'' :* '''to expropriate''' = ''lobexwaxer'' :* '''to expunge''' = ''taxdroer'' :* '''to expurgate''' = ''vyidroer'' :* '''to exsanguinate''' = ''tiibiloker'' :* '''to exsiccate''' = ''lomilxer, umxer'' :* '''to extemporize''' = ''yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to extend credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to extend''' = ''yagser, yagxer, zyabixer, zyagber, zyagper, zyanser, zyanxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to extenuate''' = ''gyoaxer'' :* '''to exteriorize''' = ''oyebaxer'' :* '''to exterminate''' = ''iktojber, ujber'' :* '''to externalize''' = ''oyebnaxer'' :* '''to extinguish a cigarette''' = ''magujber givomuv'' :* '''to extinguish a fire''' = ''lojexer mag, magpoxrer'' :* '''to extinguish''' = ''lojexer, magujber, manujber, otejaxer, tejober'' :* '''to extirpate''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to extol''' = ''frider'' :* '''to extort''' = ''vyonoxuer, yufbirer'' :* '''to extract a tooth''' = ''oyebier teupib, oyebixer teupib'' :* '''to extract oneself''' = ''oyebiser'' :* '''to extract''' = ''oyebier, oyebixer'' :* '''to extradite''' = ''oyebdoabuer'' :* '''to extrapolate''' = ''yiznazder, yontesier'' :* '''to extreme north''' = ''yibzamer'' :* '''to extreme south''' = ''yibzomer'' :* '''to extricate oneself''' = ''yivraser'' :* '''to extricate''' = ''yivlaxer, yivraxer'' :* '''to extrude''' = ''oyebuxer, oyepuxer'' :* '''to exude''' = ''ugiloker'' :* '''to exult''' = ''akivraser'' :* '''to eye''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to fabricate''' = ''fyeder, saxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to face ahead''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face away''' = ''ibtebsiner'' :* '''to face backwards''' = ''zoytebsiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to face danger -- to fatten = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to face danger''' = ''kyebukier, ojfyunier'' :* '''to face forward''' = ''zaytebsiner'' :* '''to face left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to face right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to face squarely''' = ''iztebzaner'' :* '''to face''' = ''tebsiner, tebzaner, zateaxer, zateber'' :* '''to facilitate''' = ''yukonxer, yukxer'' :* '''to facsimile''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to fact-find''' = ''twaskaxer'' :* '''to factor in''' = ''xustexer'' :* '''to factor''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to factorize''' = ''xuskaxer'' :* '''to fade''' = ''jugser, manoker, volzoker'' :* '''to fag''' = ''bookser, byoyser'' :* '''to fail a test''' = ''oxaler vyanyek, ujoker vyanyek'' :* '''to fail''' = ''fuexer, fuujber, fuujer, fuujper, oexler, oklier, okser, oxaler, ujoker, vyonser, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to fail the bar''' = ''vobiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to fail to act''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to appreciate''' = ''onazter'' :* '''to fail to attend''' = ''oteeper'' :* '''to fail to carry out''' = ''oxaler'' :* '''to fail to comply''' = ''oyuvlaser'' :* '''to fail to comply with the law''' = ''oyuvlaser ha dovyab'' :* '''to fail to contain''' = ''loyebexer'' :* '''to fail to do''' = ''oxer'' :* '''to fail to keep''' = ''obexler'' :* '''to fail to recognize''' = ''otrer'' :* '''to fail to understand''' = ''otester'' :* '''to faint''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to fake''' = ''fyesaxer, ovyamxer, vyolxer, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to fall apart''' = ''yonpyoser'' :* '''to fall asleep''' = ''tujier, tujper'' :* '''to fall back down''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to fall dead''' = ''tojper'' :* '''to fall down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to fall flat''' = ''zyipyoser'' :* '''to fall forward''' = ''zaypyoser'' :* '''to fall from grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to fall in love with''' = ''ifonier, ifrier'' :* '''to fall in''' = ''yepyoser'' :* '''to fall into a trance''' = ''eyntujper'' :* '''to fall into ruin''' = ''oaynser'' :* '''to fall out of love''' = ''ifonukser'' :* '''to fall out''' = ''oyepyoser'' :* '''to fall over''' = ''aypyoser'' :* '''to fall''' = ''pyoser'' :* '''to fall short of''' = ''voy byuxer'' :* '''to fall through''' = ''zyepyoser'' :* '''to fall to pieces''' = ''gounser'' :* '''to falsely imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to falsely malign''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to falsely praise''' = ''vyofider'' :* '''to falsely report''' = ''vyododer, vyoxwader'' :* '''to falsify''' = ''vyokaxer'' :* '''to falter''' = ''kyaoper, paoser, vyoper'' :* '''to familiarize oneself with''' = ''trier'' :* '''to familiarize''' = ''truer, tyenuer'' :* '''to famish''' = ''agtelefer, telefxer'' :* '''to fan''' = ''malxer, mapxarer'' :* '''to fan out''' = ''zyaper gel mapxar'' :* '''to fantasize''' = ''fyetexer, vyomtexer'' :* '''to far above''' = ''bu yibayb'' :* '''to far below''' = ''bu yiboyb'' :* '''to far north''' = ''Yibzamer, yibzamer'' :* '''to far south''' = ''Yibzomer, yibzomer'' :* '''to fare poorly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to fare well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to farm''' = ''fobyexer, melyexer'' :* '''to farm tobacco''' = ''givobyexer'' :* '''to farrow''' = ''tajber yapetudyan'' :* '''to fart''' = ''aloker, tikyebaluer'' :* '''to fascinate''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to fashion''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to fast''' = ''teloxer'' :* '''to fasten''' = ''grunarer, grunber, nyafarer, nyafser, nyafxer'' :* '''to father''' = ''twedxer'' :* '''to fathom''' = ''tester'' :* '''to fatigue''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, grayixer, ozlaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to fatten''' = ''gyaxer, yuzagxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fault -- to fetch = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fault''' = ''funder, yovaber'' :* '''to favor''' = ''abfinuer, avder, avtexer, avunuer, gaifer'' :* '''to fawn over''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to fax''' = ''gelsinxer'' :* '''to faze''' = ''loboxer, yuyfxer'' :* '''to fear monger''' = ''yufzyaber'' :* '''to fear''' = ''yufer'' :* '''to feast''' = ''fyajuber, ifteluer, ivtyaler, vijuber'' :* '''to feast on''' = ''iftelier'' :* '''to feature''' = ''singondrer'' :* '''to fecundate''' = ''tajbuaxer'' :* '''to federalize''' = ''doebyanxer'' :* '''to feed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to feed oneself''' = ''tolier'' :* '''to feed''' = ''teluer, toluer'' :* '''to feel a pining for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel a relationship''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel alienated''' = ''hyutoser'' :* '''to feel aloof''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel antipathetic''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel antipathy toward''' = ''ovtoser'' :* '''to feel at ease''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to feel bad''' = ''futoser, uvtoser'' :* '''to feel bad to the touch''' = ''futayoser'' :* '''to feel certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to feel compassion''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to feel concerned''' = ''vyentoser'' :* '''to feel connected''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel detached''' = ''yibtoser, yontoser'' :* '''to feel different''' = ''ogeltoser'' :* '''to feel dissonance''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel ecstatic''' = ''yizivtoser'' :* '''to feel elated''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to feel emptiness for''' = ''uktoser'' :* '''to feel estranged''' = ''yontoser'' :* '''to feel full''' = ''iktosier'' :* '''to feel good''' = ''fitoser'' :* '''to feel happy''' = ''ivtoser'' :* '''to feel heartache''' = ''tipbyoker'' :* '''to feel homesick''' = ''taamoktoser'' :* '''to feel honor''' = ''fizier'' :* '''to feel inhibited''' = ''oyfer'' :* '''to feel instinctively''' = ''tajtoser'' :* '''to feel jubilant''' = ''tosiflaser'' :* '''to feel miserable''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel nice to the touch''' = ''fitayoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgia''' = ''ajoktoser'' :* '''to feel nostalgic''' = ''tamoktoser'' :* '''to feel of''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to feel one-and-the-same''' = ''geltoser'' :* '''to feel pleasure''' = ''iftayoser'' :* '''to feel rage''' = ''ufektoser'' :* '''to feel relieved''' = ''kyutoser'' :* '''to feel sad''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel sated''' = ''iktoser'' :* '''to feel shame''' = ''yovtoser'' :* '''to feel sorrow''' = ''zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to feel sorry for''' = ''yantipuvier'' :* '''to feel sorry''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to feel strain''' = ''kyiabser'' :* '''to feel''' = ''tayoser, tayoter, tayotier, toser, tosier, tuyuxer'' :* '''to feel the lack of''' = ''boystoser'' :* '''to feel the need''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to feel withdrawn''' = ''yibtoser'' :* '''to feign''' = ''vyoekder, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to feint''' = ''vyoekpyexer'' :* '''to felicitate''' = ''yanivtosder'' :* '''to fell''' = ''pyoxer, yopyexer'' :* '''to fell trees''' = ''pyoxer fabi'' :* '''to fellate''' = ''twiyubier'' :* '''to fence in''' = ''yebmaysber, yuzmaysber, yuzmeysber, yuzyujber'' :* '''to fence out''' = ''ber zo yuzmeys'' :* '''to fend off''' = ''opyexer'' :* '''to feoff''' = ''memyuvdabuer'' :* '''to ferment''' = ''filmekxer, filxer, yapuxeluer'' :* '''to ferry across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to ferry''' = ''belarer, beler, ebeler, zaobeler, zaobier, zaomimparer, zeybeler'' :* '''to fertilize''' = ''glanyuxer, melfyixuler, tajbyafxer, veebuer'' :* '''to fester''' = ''ugsaser'' :* '''to fetch''' = ''biler, ibler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fete -- to firm up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fete''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to fetter''' = ''yuvarer'' :* '''to feud''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to fib''' = ''eynvyodiner, uzder, vyoynder'' :* '''to fibrillate''' = ''kyebaoxer'' :* '''to fictionalize''' = ''vyomdinxer'' :* '''to fiddle''' = ''tuyubaxer, yaduzarer'' :* '''to fiddle with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to fidget''' = ''baoser, baysler, paanser'' :* '''to field a question''' = ''vabier did'' :* '''to fight against''' = ''ovdopeker, ovebyexer, ovyekler'' :* '''to fight alongside''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fight crime''' = ''ovdopeker doyov, ovyekler doyov'' :* '''to fight''' = ''dopeker, ebyexer, paxeker, yekler'' :* '''to fight for''' = ''avdopeker, avebyexer, avyekler'' :* '''to fight off''' = ''obebyexer'' :* '''to fight together''' = ''yandopeker, yanebyexer, yanyekler'' :* '''to fighter''' = ''yekler'' :* '''to figure in''' = ''sagier'' :* '''to figure out''' = ''olonapxer, syaager, tesier, yontixer'' :* '''to figure''' = ''sager, sanser, tesinwer'' :* '''to filch''' = ''kobier'' :* '''to file''' = ''aybgobrarer, dreunyeber, naaber'' :* '''to file down''' = ''zyifarer'' :* '''to fill a position''' = ''yemikber, yemikxer'' :* '''to fill a role''' = ''ikxer exgon'' :* '''to fill a tooth''' = ''pobalkber teupib'' :* '''to fill in a blank''' = ''ikber ukun, ikxer ukun, ikxer unkun'' :* '''to fill in a seam''' = ''moafikxer'' :* '''to fill in''' = ''ikxer, yebikxer'' :* '''to fill in with earth''' = ''melber'' :* '''to fill out a questionnaire''' = ''ikxer didyan'' :* '''to fill out''' = ''iknaxer, ikxer'' :* '''to fill the stomach''' = ''tikebikxer'' :* '''to fill to the max''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to fill up half way''' = ''eynikber'' :* '''to fill up''' = ''ikber, ikiluer, ikper, ikser'' :* '''to fill up with gasoline''' = ''maegiluer'' :* '''to fill up with liquid''' = ''ilikser'' :* '''to fill up with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to fill with contentment''' = ''iftosuer'' :* '''to fill with desire''' = ''flonuer'' :* '''to film''' = ''dyezunxer, nyofarer, pansinxer'' :* '''to filter''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, nefzyiuner, zyober'' :* '''to filtrate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to finagle''' = ''yukxaler'' :* '''to finalize''' = ''ujnaxer'' :* '''to finance''' = ''nasyanuer'' :* '''to find by chance''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to find fault''' = ''funkaxer'' :* '''to find fault with''' = ''funkader, vyonuer'' :* '''to find it difficult''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to find it easy''' = ''yuker'' :* '''to find it hard to believe''' = ''vatexyiker'' :* '''to find it hard to decide''' = ''vaodyiker'' :* '''to find it impossible to believe''' = ''vatexyofer'' :* '''to find''' = ''kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to find oneself''' = ''kaser'' :* '''to find out in advance''' = ''jatier'' :* '''to find out''' = ''kater, tier, yektier'' :* '''to find out the quality of''' = ''finyeker'' :* '''to find wealth''' = ''nyazkaxer'' :* '''to fine''' = ''byoykuer, fyuyzuer, nasbyoykuer'' :* '''to finesse''' = ''tyeneker'' :* '''to fine-tune''' = ''gyuvyanabxer'' :* '''to finger''' = ''tuyubaxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to fingerprint''' = ''tuyubdrurer'' :* '''to finish halfway''' = ''eynujber'' :* '''to finish''' = ''nedvixer, ujber, ujer, ujper, zojber'' :* '''to finish successfully''' = ''fiujber'' :* '''to fire a cannon''' = ''adopirer'' :* '''to fire a gun''' = ''adoparer, puxrer adopar'' :* '''to fire a gun at''' = ''doparer'' :* '''to fire a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxun'' :* '''to fire at''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to fire''' = ''loyixler, magxer, pusrer, puxrer, pyaxer, yexober, yoxluer'' :* '''to fire off''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to fire up''' = ''tipazuer'' :* '''to firebomb''' = ''magpyuxarer'' :* '''to firm up''' = ''azaxer, gyiaxer, gyilxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to fishtail -- to flow = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to fishtail''' = ''pitiyuper'' :* '''to fissure''' = ''yagyonbyexer'' :* '''to fistfight''' = ''tuyebebyexer'' :* '''to fist-fight''' = ''tuyeboveker'' :* '''to fisticuff''' = ''tuyeboveyker'' :* '''to fit''' = ''finagser, finagxer, gwenager, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyanabser, vyatsanser, vyatsanxer'' :* '''to fix a location''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to fix''' = ''fiaxer, funober, gawfiaxer, kyober, kyoxer, lofuexuer, lofuker, oloexer, zoyexuer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to fix in one's memory''' = ''taxkyoxer'' :* '''to fix in place''' = ''kyobexer'' :* '''to fix in time''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to fix one's position''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to fixate on''' = ''kyotexder, kyotexer'' :* '''to fixate''' = ''tepkyoxer be'' :* '''to fizz''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to fizzle''' = ''fuujer, hyosaser, ibtojer, maapiler, malzyuynoger'' :* '''to flabbergast''' = ''ikyokxer'' :* '''to flag''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to flagellate''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to flail''' = ''tubaxer'' :* '''to flake off''' = ''obzyigser, obzyigxer'' :* '''to flake''' = ''zyigser, zyigxer'' :* '''to flame''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to flame out''' = ''magujer'' :* '''to flank''' = ''kugonser, kugonxer, kunadser, kunedxer, kunser'' :* '''to flap''' = ''patubaser'' :* '''to flare at the nostrils''' = ''teibyeger'' :* '''to flare up again''' = ''zoyazmaniger'' :* '''to flare up''' = ''azmaniger, igmavser, mavser'' :* '''to flatten out''' = ''zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatten''' = ''zyiaser, zyiaxer'' :* '''to flatter oneself''' = ''utvider, utvyovider'' :* '''to flatter''' = ''vider, vyovider'' :* '''to flaunt''' = ''zyateaxuer'' :* '''to flavor''' = ''fiteuxer, teuxuer'' :* '''to flay''' = ''tayobober, tayogofler'' :* '''to fleck''' = ''vyunodxer'' :* '''to fledge''' = ''papyafaser, patbikuer, patubier, patubuer'' :* '''to flee for safety''' = ''piler av vak'' :* '''to flee''' = ''igiper, igpier, ipler, piler'' :* '''to flee the country''' = ''mempiler'' :* '''to fleece''' = ''naskobier'' :* '''to fleet''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to flex''' = ''kiser, uzaser, uzaxer, yebkiser, yebkixer'' :* '''to flick''' = ''igtuyupaxer'' :* '''to flicker''' = ''mageser, manyuijer, maoniger'' :* '''to flimflam''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to flinch''' = ''ozbaser, zoybiser'' :* '''to fling''' = ''igpuxer, puxler'' :* '''to flip''' = ''kunkyaxer'' :* '''to flip-flop''' = ''kyepuyser, tepkyaxer'' :* '''to flirt''' = ''ifoneker, ifonteabuer, igpuxer, teabyexer'' :* '''to flit''' = ''igpaser, kyepuyser, kyupuyser, papeger, patuper'' :* '''to flitch''' = ''kugobler'' :* '''to flitter''' = ''igzaopaser, kyepuyser, papeger'' :* '''to float''' = ''abkyuper, epiaper, kyuber, kyuper, milkyuper'' :* '''to float in the air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float in water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to float on air''' = ''malkyuper'' :* '''to float on top''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to float on water''' = ''milkyuper'' :* '''to flock together like birds''' = ''patnyanser'' :* '''to flock together like sheep''' = ''uoetnyanser'' :* '''to flock together''' = ''nyanser'' :* '''to flog''' = ''byokpyexeger'' :* '''to flood''' = ''grailber, grailper, gramilber, ikilper, ikraxer, ilaybaer, ilaybawer, ilikber, ilikper, ilikser, ilikxer, milaybaer, yimser, yimxer'' :* '''to flood-tide''' = ''mimuper'' :* '''to flop''' = ''fuujer, kyepuyser, oklier, ujoker'' :* '''to floss''' = ''teupibniver'' :* '''to flounce''' = ''kyepaser, teaziper, teazpaser'' :* '''to flounder''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to floundering''' = ''kyepuyser, pitpaser'' :* '''to flour''' = ''ovolekber'' :* '''to flourish''' = ''iksaser, vosuer'' :* '''to flout''' = ''ovlaxer, ovper'' :* '''to flow around''' = ''yuzilper'' :* '''to flow back''' = ''zoyilper'' :* '''to flow back-and-forth''' = ''zaoilper'' :* '''to flow down''' = ''yobilper'' :* '''to flow''' = ''ilper, mimuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to flow in -- to force into drudgery = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to flow in''' = ''iluper, yebilper'' :* '''to flow in the opposite direction''' = ''oyvilper'' :* '''to flow like a river''' = ''miper'' :* '''to flow out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebilper'' :* '''to flow through''' = ''zyeilper'' :* '''to flower''' = ''vosuer'' :* '''to flub''' = ''vyoper, vyoser, vyoxer'' :* '''to fluctuate''' = ''ilpaoner, kyaoser, kyeper, pyaonser, yaopaser, zaoilper'' :* '''to fluctuation''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to fluff up''' = ''favofyenxer'' :* '''to flummox''' = ''lovifxer, vyonapxer, yaneaxer'' :* '''to flunk a test''' = ''fuujber vyaoyek'' :* '''to flunk an examination''' = ''okujer vyanyek'' :* '''to flunk''' = ''fuujber, fuujer'' :* '''to fluoresce''' = ''manuber, naudser'' :* '''to fluoridate''' = ''felilkizaxer'' :* '''to flush''' = ''ilukber, ilukper, ilukser, ilukxer, kopapier, teobalzer, ukxer, yokipluxer'' :* '''to flush the toilet''' = ''ukxer ha milufsom'' :* '''to fluster''' = ''baoxer, tepaoxer'' :* '''to flute''' = ''faduzarer, moebyagxer'' :* '''to flutter''' = ''gopelaper, mapeger, papeger, patubaser'' :* '''to fly across''' = ''zeypaper'' :* '''to fly against''' = ''ovpaper'' :* '''to fly all over''' = ''zyapaper'' :* '''to fly apart''' = ''yonpaper'' :* '''to fly around''' = ''yuzpaper'' :* '''to fly away''' = ''papier'' :* '''to fly back''' = ''zoypaper'' :* '''to fly beyond''' = ''yizpaper'' :* '''to fly crooked''' = ''uzpaper'' :* '''to fly down''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to fly far away''' = ''yipaper'' :* '''to fly forward''' = ''zaypaper'' :* '''to fly here and there''' = ''huimpaper'' :* '''to fly in a loop''' = ''zyupaper'' :* '''to fly in out out''' = ''aoyepaper'' :* '''to fly in''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly into''' = ''yepaper'' :* '''to fly''' = ''mamper, paper, papuer'' :* '''to fly near''' = ''yupaper'' :* '''to fly off''' = ''opler, papier'' :* '''to fly out''' = ''oyepaper'' :* '''to fly over''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to fly straight''' = ''izpaper'' :* '''to fly though''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly through''' = ''zyepaper'' :* '''to fly to and fro''' = ''buipaper'' :* '''to fly together''' = ''yanpaper'' :* '''to fly toward''' = ''upaper'' :* '''to fly under''' = ''oypaper'' :* '''to fly up''' = ''yapaper'' :* '''to foam''' = ''mayapulser, mayapulxer'' :* '''to focus attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to focus on''' = ''teazexer be'' :* '''to focus''' = ''teazexer'' :* '''to focus the mind''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to fodder''' = ''poteluer'' :* '''to fog over''' = ''miafser'' :* '''to fog up''' = ''miafxer'' :* '''to foil''' = ''jaeber'' :* '''to foist''' = ''kovabiuxer, koyeber, texuer gel naza'' :* '''to fold around''' = ''yuzofyujber'' :* '''to fold''' = ''ofyujber, ofyujer, yanuzber, yanuzer, yanyujber, yanyujer'' :* '''to fold one's arms''' = ''tubyuzyuber'' :* '''to follow along with''' = ''zobeler'' :* '''to follow discipline''' = ''vyabyenier'' :* '''to follow''' = ''jonaper, joper, jopuer, joser, jouper, joxwer, zoper'' :* '''to follow through with''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to foment''' = ''apaxlofxer, uxrer, xuler, yifuer'' :* '''to foment chaos''' = ''lonaapxer'' :* '''to fondle''' = ''ifabaxer'' :* '''to fool around''' = ''ebtabifeker'' :* '''to fool''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, uztexuer, vyoeker, vyotexuer, vyotuer'' :* '''to fool oneself''' = ''utvyotexuer'' :* '''to footle''' = ''jobnyoxer, otesdaler'' :* '''to foozle''' = ''xer zutay'' :* '''to forage for food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to forbid''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to force''' = ''azbuxer, azonuer, yafluer, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to force into drudgery''' = ''yexruer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to force off -- to frown = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to force off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to force on board''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to force out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to force to labor''' = ''yexluer'' :* '''to force underwater''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to forcibly board''' = ''aber bay azon, abuxer'' :* '''to forebode''' = ''jaizder, jater'' :* '''to forecast''' = ''jader, jatuer, ojder, ojtuer'' :* '''to foreclose on''' = ''jwayujber'' :* '''to foreclose''' = ''zoybexwaxer'' :* '''to foredoom''' = ''jafuujder'' :* '''to foreordain''' = ''jakyeojder'' :* '''to forerun''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to foresake''' = ''lobexler'' :* '''to foresee''' = ''jateater, ojter'' :* '''to foreshadow''' = ''jatyunuer'' :* '''to foreshorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to forestall''' = ''jaeber, japoxer, japuer'' :* '''to foreswear''' = ''fyavobier'' :* '''to foretell''' = ''jader'' :* '''to forewarn''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to forgather''' = ''nyanuper'' :* '''to forge''' = ''amsaxer, feelksanxer'' :* '''to forget about totally''' = ''iktoxer'' :* '''to forget''' = ''toxer'' :* '''to forgive''' = ''nasyefober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober, yovtoxer'' :* '''to forgo''' = ''boypier, lobexler, yibeser, yibuxer, yizper'' :* '''to fork''' = ''pibarer'' :* '''to form a bloc''' = ''nyaunagser, nyaunagxer'' :* '''to form a line''' = ''xer pesnad'' :* '''to form''' = ''saer, sanier, sanser, sanuer, sanxer'' :* '''to formalize''' = ''dosanaxer, sanaxer'' :* '''to format''' = ''kyosanxer, sanyanxer'' :* '''to formulate''' = ''sandrer, sandrunxer'' :* '''to fornicate''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtiyaxer, taadxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to forsake''' = ''lofer, lovader'' :* '''to forswear''' = ''fyalobier, fyavobier, fyavyoder, lofer'' :* '''to fortify''' = ''azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to forward''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to fossilize''' = ''mukzoybesunxer'' :* '''to foster''' = ''tedbikuer'' :* '''to foul''' = ''ovyikaxer'' :* '''to foul up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lovyikxer, vyukxer'' :* '''to found''' = ''amber, asyember, obuner, sexler, syember, syober'' :* '''to fracture''' = ''moyfser, moyfxer, yonbyeser, yonbyexer, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to fragment''' = ''goynesaxer, yonbyexgoser, yongounser, yongounxer'' :* '''to frame''' = ''sinyuzber, yuzkunadxer'' :* '''to franchise''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyivaber'' :* '''to fraternize''' = ''tidxer'' :* '''to fray''' = ''yoniver'' :* '''to frazzle''' = ''tipukxer'' :* '''to freak out''' = ''yokraser, yokraxer'' :* '''to freak''' = ''yizuzraxler'' :* '''to free early''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to freeboot''' = ''yivbirer'' :* '''to freehand''' = ''yivtuyaber'' :* '''to freeload''' = ''hyutafinoxbier'' :* '''to freeze''' = ''yomser, yomxer'' :* '''to French-fry''' = ''Belimagyeler'' :* '''to Frenchify''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to frequent''' = ''glaper, glateaper'' :* '''to freshen''' = ''jwefxer'' :* '''to freshen up''' = ''jwefser, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to fret''' = ''ibtelier, oteboser'' :* '''to fribble''' = ''axler kyutesay, nyoyxer, zaotyoper'' :* '''to friend''' = ''datxer'' :* '''to frig''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to frighten''' = ''yufxer'' :* '''to frisk''' = ''tofkexer'' :* '''to fritter''' = ''nyoyxer'' :* '''to frizz''' = ''tayebuzaser, tayebuzaxer'' :* '''to frizzle''' = ''tayebuzaxer, uzmagyeler'' :* '''to frogmarch''' = ''zayazbuxer'' :* '''to frolic''' = ''ivpyaser, zoyivpyaxer'' :* '''to frolicker''' = ''iveker'' :* '''to front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to frost''' = ''levelabauner'' :* '''to frost over''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to frother''' = ''yukomuer'' :* '''to frown''' = ''abteabyexer, ufteuber, uvteuber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to frown on -- to gatecrash = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to frown on''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to frowst''' = ''aymaniyfer'' :* '''to fructify''' = ''nyuunser'' :* '''to frustrate''' = ''fiyakober, foneber, groifxer, ovaxer'' :* '''to fry''' = ''magyeler'' :* '''to fuck''' = ''tiyubuer, tiyugiber'' :* '''to fudge''' = ''ovyiduder, uzder'' :* '''to fuel''' = ''maagiluer, yafonuluer'' :* '''to fuel up''' = ''maagilier, yafonulier'' :* '''to fulfill a duty''' = ''ikxer yef'' :* '''to fulfill''' = ''ikxer, ujber, xaler'' :* '''to fulgurate''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to fully evolve''' = ''iksaser'' :* '''to fulminate''' = ''apyexdaler, xeusazer'' :* '''to fumble''' = ''kexer zutay, tyoyaxer zutay, vyopyoxer'' :* '''to fume''' = ''moyvuer'' :* '''to fumigate''' = ''movuer, moyvuer'' :* '''to function''' = ''exer'' :* '''to function poorly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to function well''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to fund''' = ''nasyanuer, yanasuer, yannasbuer'' :* '''to fund-raise''' = ''yanasier'' :* '''to furbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to furcate''' = ''pibarxer'' :* '''to furl one's eyebrows''' = ''abteabyexer'' :* '''to furl''' = ''uzyunxer'' :* '''to furlough''' = ''afxer, loyixler, ponjobuer, ponuer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to furnish''' = ''nuer, somber'' :* '''to furrow''' = ''moubxer'' :* '''to fuse''' = ''yanmulxer'' :* '''to fustigate''' = ''yevder yigray, zyuvager'' :* '''to gab''' = ''oxdaler, yagdaler'' :* '''to gabble''' = ''igoxdaler'' :* '''to gag''' = ''daleber, eyntikebiloker, teubyujber, tikebilokuer, vyotexuer'' :* '''to gagged''' = ''teubyujber'' :* '''to gain''' = ''aker'' :* '''to gain another's trust''' = ''yanvatexuer'' :* '''to gain control''' = ''aker izbex'' :* '''to gain energy''' = ''azulaker'' :* '''to gain fortune''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to gain from''' = ''akier'' :* '''to gain honor''' = ''fizaker'' :* '''to gain hope''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to gain notoriety''' = ''fuzyatrawaser'' :* '''to gain power''' = ''yafaker, yafier, yaflaser'' :* '''to gain skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to gain strength''' = ''azonikser, yafaker'' :* '''to gain the power''' = ''yaflier'' :* '''to gain the trust of''' = ''vyatipier'' :* '''to gain trust''' = ''vlatexaker'' :* '''to gain value''' = ''nazaker'' :* '''to gain volume''' = ''nidaker'' :* '''to gain wealth''' = ''nyazaker'' :* '''to gain weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to gainsay''' = ''ovder'' :* '''to gait''' = ''tyopyenuer'' :* '''to gale''' = ''mapazer'' :* '''to gallicize''' = ''Feradxer'' :* '''to gallivant''' = ''apepoper, ifkyepaser'' :* '''to gallop''' = ''apeper, apetigper'' :* '''to galumph''' = ''kyiapeper'' :* '''to galvanize''' = ''makmugmoysber, yokaxluer, zunilkber'' :* '''to gamble''' = ''ekler, eklier, kyeneker, nasvekier, sagvekier, vekeker'' :* '''to gambol''' = ''iveker, zayzyuper'' :* '''to game play a game''' = ''ifeker'' :* '''to gang up against''' = ''yanglatser ov'' :* '''to gang up''' = ''yanglatser'' :* '''to gape''' = ''teubzyayijber, yagteaxer, zyayijber'' :* '''to garble''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to gargle''' = ''zateyobibvyilxer'' :* '''to garner''' = ''aker, ibler, nixer, nyanxer'' :* '''to garnish''' = ''doyevkuber, gabuner, vibuner'' :* '''to garnishee''' = ''doyevkuber'' :* '''to garrote''' = ''teyozyoxrer'' :* '''to gas''' = ''maaluer'' :* '''to gash''' = ''yobgobler, zyagofler'' :* '''to gasify''' = ''maalxer, maegilxer'' :* '''to gasp for air''' = ''igalier'' :* '''to gasp''' = ''igtiexer, tiexyikser'' :* '''to gatecrash''' = ''yeper updiwa'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gather crops -- to get bogged down in = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gather crops''' = ''vobibler'' :* '''to gather information''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to gather intelligence''' = ''kotuunibler'' :* '''to gather together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to gather''' = ''yanibler, yanser, yanxer'' :* '''to gauffer''' = ''neefsanxer'' :* '''to gawk''' = ''yagteaxer'' :* '''to gaze at the stars''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to gaze''' = ''ugteaxer'' :* '''to gazump''' = ''kojabier'' :* '''to gear shift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to gearshift''' = ''zyukigkyaxer'' :* '''to Geiger counter''' = ''Geiger sagdar'' :* '''to gel''' = ''fiyanuper'' :* '''to geld''' = ''tiyubober'' :* '''to geminate''' = ''eonapxer, eonxwer'' :* '''to gender-nullify''' = ''lotoobaxer'' :* '''to generalize''' = ''zyasaunder, zyasaunxer'' :* '''to generate''' = ''ijsanxer, tudxer'' :* '''to gentrify''' = ''lovudoomxer, vityodxer'' :* '''to genuflect''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to germinate''' = ''atobijer, vabijber, vabijer'' :* '''to gerrymander''' = ''gonemgoler'' :* '''to gestate''' = ''tobijbler, uggasanser, uggasanxer'' :* '''to gesticulate''' = ''glabaxer'' :* '''to gesture''' = ''baxer'' :* '''to get a bad feeling about''' = ''futosier'' :* '''to get a bath''' = ''milyebier'' :* '''to get a black eye''' = ''teamolzier'' :* '''to get a demerit''' = ''fyinokier'' :* '''to get a good start off well''' = ''fiijer'' :* '''to get a grade''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a haircut''' = ''xer tayegoblun'' :* '''to get a hairdo''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get a hard-on''' = ''twiyubyaser'' :* '''to get a hold of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to get a laugh''' = ''dizeudier, dizeuduer'' :* '''to get a license''' = ''bier afdras'' :* '''to get a mark''' = ''nogsiynier'' :* '''to get a message''' = ''iber ebdres'' :* '''to get a reward''' = ''fyizier'' :* '''to get a ride off''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to get a scratch''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get a start''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get a table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to get a vibe''' = ''toysier'' :* '''to get a whiff of''' = ''teitier'' :* '''to get aboard''' = ''aper'' :* '''to get accepted to the bar''' = ''vabiwer bu ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to get acculturated''' = ''tezaser'' :* '''to get accustomed''' = ''tezyenser'' :* '''to get across an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to get across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to get adjusted''' = ''vyanabser, vyanapser'' :* '''to get ahead of''' = ''japuer, zapuer'' :* '''to get along well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to get among''' = ''per eyb'' :* '''to get an abortion''' = ''kexer lotajben'' :* '''to get an abrasion''' = ''bukesier'' :* '''to get an award''' = ''fidunier'' :* '''to get an idea''' = ''teyenier'' :* '''to get angry''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, magtipser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get around''' = ''per yuz bi'' :* '''to get aroused''' = ''ebtabifier'' :* '''to get away from''' = ''per ib'' :* '''to get back at''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to get back''' = ''gawbier, per zoy, zoyibler, zoyuper'' :* '''to get back to normal''' = ''zoyegser'' :* '''to get bad grades''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get bad marks''' = ''funogsiynier'' :* '''to get baptized''' = ''fyamilbwer'' :* '''to get beached''' = ''zyimimkumpexwer'' :* '''to get behind''' = ''zoper, zougper'' :* '''to get better''' = ''gafiaser, zoyfiser'' :* '''to get better looking''' = ''viaser'' :* '''to get between''' = ''per eb'' :* '''to get''' = ''bier, biler, iber, kexer, per'' :* '''to get big''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get blood on''' = ''tiibiluer'' :* '''to get bogged down in''' = ''miimogser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get bright -- to get in the way of = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get bright''' = ''maaser, maer, manazaser'' :* '''to get cash''' = ''ibler syagnas'' :* '''to get change''' = ''nasesier, nasmugier'' :* '''to get clean''' = ''vyiser'' :* '''to get cloudy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get comfortable''' = ''yugemser, yukomser'' :* '''to get compensated''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to get crammed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get crowded''' = ''graotyanser'' :* '''to get curly hair''' = ''tayebuzaser'' :* '''to get damp''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get darker''' = ''monser'' :* '''to get deeper''' = ''yobyagser'' :* '''to get depleted''' = ''loikser'' :* '''to get dirt on''' = ''vyusber'' :* '''to get dirty''' = ''vyuser, vyuxer'' :* '''to get divorced''' = ''otadier, yontadser'' :* '''to get done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to get doused''' = ''milabwer, milpyoxier'' :* '''to get down from the saddle''' = ''apetsimoper'' :* '''to get down''' = ''oper, per yob, yoper'' :* '''to get down to''' = ''per yob bu'' :* '''to get down to work''' = ''yexper'' :* '''to get downscaled''' = ''yobmusbwer'' :* '''to get dragged underwater''' = ''miloybixwer'' :* '''to get drenched''' = ''ikilbwer, ikilier, ikimser'' :* '''to get dressed again''' = ''zoytofaber, zoytofier'' :* '''to get dressed''' = ''tofaber, tofier, uttofaber'' :* '''to get drunk''' = ''grafilier, grafiluer, gratiler'' :* '''to get dry''' = ''umser'' :* '''to get electrocuted''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to get engaged''' = ''xojvader'' :* '''to get enraged''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get entangled''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get enthused''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to get even''' = ''zoygexer, zoyyevanier'' :* '''to get excited''' = ''aztosier, grapanser, ivraser, paaser, tayixier, tipazier, tipazlaser, tippaaxier, tospanier'' :* '''to get familiarized in advance''' = ''jatrier'' :* '''to get far away''' = ''per yib'' :* '''to get far from''' = ''per yib bi'' :* '''to get farther away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to get fat''' = ''gyaser, yuzagser'' :* '''to get filled up''' = ''gretelier'' :* '''to get filthy''' = ''vyuser'' :* '''to get fit''' = ''fitapaser'' :* '''to get flooded''' = ''ikraser, ilaybawer'' :* '''to get free''' = ''yivser'' :* '''to get fuel''' = ''azulier, yafonulier'' :* '''to get full''' = ''ikper, telikser'' :* '''to get going again''' = ''oloexer'' :* '''to get going''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to get good grades''' = ''finogsiynier, iber fia nogdruni'' :* '''to get good marks''' = ''finogsiynier'' :* '''to get good use out of''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to get gummed up''' = ''yugsulyenser'' :* '''to get happy''' = ''ivser'' :* '''to get hard''' = ''yigsaser, yigser, yikser'' :* '''to get hazy''' = ''miayfser'' :* '''to get heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to get high''' = ''yabyibser'' :* '''to get hit with a bullet''' = ''zyunogier'' :* '''to get hooked''' = ''grunser'' :* '''to get hot''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hotter''' = ''amser'' :* '''to get hungry''' = ''telefser'' :* '''to get ill''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get illusions''' = ''vyomsinier'' :* '''to get immersed''' = ''milpoysler'' :* '''to get impassioned''' = ''aztosier, tipazier, tippaaxier'' :* '''to get impregnated''' = ''tajboaser'' :* '''to get in a car''' = ''aper pur'' :* '''to get in a row''' = ''uinadser'' :* '''to get in between''' = ''ebyeper'' :* '''to get in line''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get in line up''' = ''nabser, uinadser'' :* '''to get in order''' = ''finapser'' :* '''to get in''' = ''per yeb, yeper'' :* '''to get in the right order''' = ''vyanapser'' :* '''to get in the way of''' = ''eber, ovsyunxer, yofuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get inebriated -- to get pulled apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get inebriated''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to get infected''' = ''bokogrunier'' :* '''to get inflamed''' = ''ambokser'' :* '''to get infuriated''' = ''frutipser, magtipser'' :* '''to get injured''' = ''bukier, bukser'' :* '''to get installed''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get instituted''' = ''syemser'' :* '''to get into better shape''' = ''fisanser'' :* '''to get into debt''' = ''jonixier'' :* '''to get into good physical shape''' = ''tapbakser'' :* '''to get into line up''' = ''nadper'' :* '''to get into rows''' = ''uinabser'' :* '''to get into shape up''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to get inundated''' = ''ilaybawer'' :* '''to get involved''' = ''eybser, eynper'' :* '''to get it off the bat''' = ''iztester'' :* '''to get kicked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knocked off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get knotted''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to get larger''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to get lean''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get lodged''' = ''kyoxwer'' :* '''to get long''' = ''yagser'' :* '''to get loose''' = ''yivlaser'' :* '''to get lost''' = ''bier vyosa mep, mepoker'' :* '''to get louder''' = ''seuxazaser'' :* '''to get lucky''' = ''fikyeojaker'' :* '''to get lukewarm''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to get mad''' = ''futipser, fyuxfaser, tipufraser'' :* '''to get mail''' = ''iber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to get married''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to get messed up''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get moist''' = ''iymser'' :* '''to get moving again''' = ''okyoxer'' :* '''to get muddy''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to get murky''' = ''bilyenser'' :* '''to get naked''' = ''oytofser'' :* '''to get naturalized''' = ''hyimematser'' :* '''to get near to''' = ''per yub bu'' :* '''to get obese''' = ''gyatser'' :* '''to get off a diet''' = ''oper tolvyayab'' :* '''to get off balance''' = ''ozebwaser'' :* '''to get off''' = ''oper, per ob'' :* '''to get old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to get on a bus''' = ''aper yuzdompur'' :* '''to get on a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to get on and off''' = ''aoper'' :* '''to get on''' = ''aper, per ab'' :* '''to get on film''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to get on one's nerves''' = ''tayiboboxer, uftayixer'' :* '''to get on to''' = ''per ab bu'' :* '''to get one's degree''' = ''tyennogier'' :* '''to get one's hair cut''' = ''goblaruxer ota tayeb'' :* '''to get one's hair styled''' = ''tayebsyenxer'' :* '''to get one's jollies''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to get one's money's worth''' = ''iber ota yefwa naz'' :* '''to get onto the saddle''' = ''apetsimaper'' :* '''to get oriented''' = ''izonper'' :* '''to get out fast''' = ''igoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to get out of a bad spot''' = ''oyeper funom'' :* '''to get out of a tight spot''' = ''zyompiler'' :* '''to get out of bed''' = ''sumpier'' :* '''to get out of control''' = ''yonapser'' :* '''to get out of date''' = ''aajaser'' :* '''to get out of debt''' = ''lonasyuvxer, olojbewer'' :* '''to get out of jail''' = ''fyuzamoyeper'' :* '''to get out of order''' = ''funapser, vyonapser'' :* '''to get out of''' = ''per oyeb bi'' :* '''to get out of prison''' = ''fyuzamoyeper, iper bi vyakxam'' :* '''to get out of the way''' = ''yemkuper'' :* '''to get out of tune''' = ''fuseuzaser, seuzoker, vyoduznegser'' :* '''to get out''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to get over''' = ''ayper, per ayb, zeyper'' :* '''to get paid a lot''' = ''glanixer'' :* '''to get past''' = ''yizaxer'' :* '''to get power''' = ''yafier, yafonier'' :* '''to get pregnant''' = ''tajboaser, tajboaxer'' :* '''to get prepared''' = ''jaser'' :* '''to get promoted''' = ''yabnabxwer'' :* '''to get pulled apart''' = ''yonbiser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get punishment -- to get up from one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to get rained on''' = ''mamiluwer'' :* '''to get readjusted''' = ''zoyvyanabser'' :* '''to get ready again''' = ''zoyjweser'' :* '''to get ready''' = ''jaser, jweser, pyafser, utjwaber'' :* '''to get red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to get remarried''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to get respect''' = ''fiyzier'' :* '''to get restored''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to get revenge for''' = ''ajgexer'' :* '''to get revenge''' = ''yevkexer'' :* '''to get rewound''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get rich''' = ''glanasaser, nasikser, nyazaker, nyazaser'' :* '''to get rid of a spot''' = ''vyunober'' :* '''to get rid of''' = ''lobexer, lobexler, ober, okuer, pyoxer'' :* '''to get rid of the flaws''' = ''olikfiasukxer'' :* '''to get rid of weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to get right out''' = ''izoyeper'' :* '''to get right up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to get riled up''' = ''tippaaxier'' :* '''to get run over''' = ''abarwer, aypurwer'' :* '''to get scared''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to get scarred''' = ''jobukser'' :* '''to get seasick''' = ''mimbokser'' :* '''to get short''' = ''yabyogser'' :* '''to get showered''' = ''milpyoxier'' :* '''to get sick again''' = ''zoybokser'' :* '''to get sick''' = ''bokser, fubakser'' :* '''to get skinny''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get smaller''' = ''ogser'' :* '''to get snagged''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get snatched''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get soaked''' = ''ikimser, zyeilbwer, zyeilier'' :* '''to get soft''' = ''yugser'' :* '''to get some rest up''' = ''ponier'' :* '''to get someone interested''' = ''tunefxer'' :* '''to get spotted''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stained''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to get steeper''' = ''ginogser'' :* '''to get strength''' = ''yafier'' :* '''to get strict''' = ''vyabyigser'' :* '''to get strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to get stronger''' = ''yafser'' :* '''to get stuck''' = ''kyoxwer, yanpexwer, yanulbwer'' :* '''to get stuffed''' = ''iklaser'' :* '''to get suited up''' = ''tafaber'' :* '''to get sullied''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tall''' = ''yabyagser'' :* '''to get tangled up''' = ''nyafser, yiklaser'' :* '''to get tarnished''' = ''vyunser'' :* '''to get tattood''' = ''tayodrilier'' :* '''to get the car washed''' = ''vyixuxer ha pur'' :* '''to get the feeling''' = ''tosier'' :* '''to get the hell away''' = ''piler'' :* '''to get the idea''' = ''texier'' :* '''to get the idea to get the notion''' = ''tyunier'' :* '''to get the impression''' = ''dretser, tedrunier'' :* '''to get the sensation''' = ''tayotier'' :* '''to get the wrong idea''' = ''vyotexier'' :* '''to get thick''' = ''gyaser, zyeagser'' :* '''to get thin''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to get thin out''' = ''zyeogser'' :* '''to get thirsty''' = ''tilefser'' :* '''to get thrown off''' = ''opler'' :* '''to get tight''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to get tired''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to get tiresome''' = ''aajsaser'' :* '''to get to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to get to know''' = ''trier'' :* '''to get to reach''' = ''pyuer'' :* '''to get together''' = ''yanser'' :* '''to get trampled''' = ''abarwer'' :* '''to get trapped''' = ''pexwer'' :* '''to get unchained''' = ''loyanarser'' :* '''to get under''' = ''per oyb'' :* '''to get unstuck''' = ''yonilser'' :* '''to get up from a chair''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from a sitting position''' = ''simoper'' :* '''to get up from one's seat''' = ''simpier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to get up from the bed -- to give one the shivers = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to get up from the bed''' = ''sumoper'' :* '''to get up from the table''' = ''sempier'' :* '''to get up''' = ''per yab, sumoper, yaper'' :* '''to get up the courage''' = ''yifier, yifser'' :* '''to get upgraded''' = ''yabnogxwer'' :* '''to get upright''' = ''yablaser'' :* '''to get upset''' = ''loboser, oboser'' :* '''to get used to grow accustomed''' = ''jubyenier, tezyenier, tyodbyenier'' :* '''to get used to habituate oneself''' = ''jubyenser'' :* '''to get vaccinated''' = ''jaovbekier'' :* '''to get washed up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get washed''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to get well''' = ''bakser, fibakser'' :* '''to get wet''' = ''imser'' :* '''to get wide around the girth''' = ''yuzagser'' :* '''to get wider''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to get wind of''' = ''teetier'' :* '''to get with''' = ''per bay'' :* '''to get word''' = ''teetier, tier'' :* '''to get wound up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to get zapped''' = ''makyokraxwer'' :* '''to ghettoize''' = ''vudomgonxer'' :* '''to ghostwrite''' = ''hyudyundrer'' :* '''to gibber''' = ''tapyoder'' :* '''to gibe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to giggle''' = ''dizeudoger, ivteudoger, oghihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to gild''' = ''aulkber'' :* '''to gird''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to girdle''' = ''yuzarer, zetivber'' :* '''to give a bath to''' = ''milyebuer, yebvyilxer'' :* '''to give a black eye to''' = ''teamolzuer'' :* '''to give a break''' = ''ponjobuer, ponjwobuer, ponuer'' :* '''to give a hard-on to''' = ''twiyubyaxer'' :* '''to give a mark''' = ''nogsiynuer'' :* '''to give a name''' = ''dyunuer'' :* '''to give a nickname to nickname''' = ''dyunifuer'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek''' = ''teubayber'' :* '''to give a peck on the cheek to''' = ''teubyuyzer'' :* '''to give a prize to present a prize''' = ''nazunuer'' :* '''to give a quiz to quiz''' = ''didyoguer'' :* '''to give a reason for''' = ''savuer'' :* '''to give a rest to let rest''' = ''ponuer'' :* '''to give a ride to run''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to give a round shape to''' = ''yuzsanxer'' :* '''to give a short address to''' = ''buer yoga dodal bu'' :* '''to give a shot to''' = ''bekulyeber'' :* '''to give a shower''' = ''buer milpyox'' :* '''to give a sponge bath to''' = ''yugovyilxuer'' :* '''to give a survey''' = ''aybteadiduer'' :* '''to give a taste to offer a sample''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to give a washing to launder''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to give advance notice to notify in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to give advice''' = ''fyiduer'' :* '''to give an opportunity''' = ''buer yijmes'' :* '''to give and take''' = ''buier'' :* '''to give away''' = ''ibuer'' :* '''to give away in marriage''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to give''' = ''ayxer, buer, yugsaser'' :* '''to give back''' = ''zoybuer'' :* '''to give birth''' = ''tajber'' :* '''to give care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to give concern''' = ''bikxer'' :* '''to give credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to give due importance to treat seriously''' = ''teskyiaxer'' :* '''to give early notice''' = ''jwatuer'' :* '''to give early warning to''' = ''jwabikuer'' :* '''to give enjoyment''' = ''ifsonuer'' :* '''to give holy testimony''' = ''fyateader'' :* '''to give home care''' = ''tambikuer'' :* '''to give hope''' = ''fiyakuer'' :* '''to give hope to inspire''' = ''ojfonayxer'' :* '''to give joy to''' = ''ivxuer'' :* '''to give life''' = ''tejbuer'' :* '''to give meaning to imbue with sense''' = ''tesayxer'' :* '''to give milk''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to give notice to remark to''' = ''tesiynuer'' :* '''to give off a smell''' = ''teituer'' :* '''to give off''' = ''oyebnyuer'' :* '''to give off smoke''' = ''movuer'' :* '''to give one the shivers''' = ''payxrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to give one's word = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to give one's word''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to give oneself a sponge bath''' = ''yugovyilxier'' :* '''to give out a degree''' = ''tyennoguer'' :* '''to give out''' = ''zyabuer'' :* '''to give peace of mind''' = ''teppooxer'' :* '''to give pleasure to gratify''' = ''ifuer'' :* '''to give pointers to''' = ''fyidaluer'' :* '''to give power to''' = ''yaflaxer'' :* '''to give reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexuer'' :* '''to give refuge to hide away''' = ''koembuer'' :* '''to give respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to give rise to''' = ''ijuer'' :* '''to give shape to lend shape to''' = ''sanuer'' :* '''to give static''' = ''buer yikan'' :* '''to give the advantage to give the edge to''' = ''abfinuer'' :* '''to give the finger to show the middle finger''' = ''ituyuber'' :* '''to give the idea''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to give the illusion''' = ''vyomsinuer, vyotepsinuer'' :* '''to give the impression''' = ''tayotuer, tedrunuer'' :* '''to give the lead to move up front''' = ''zapaxer'' :* '''to give the wrong impression to mislead''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to give to drink''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give to sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to give up''' = ''lobexler, loyeker, obier, okkader, oyeker'' :* '''to give up power''' = ''lodabier'' :* '''to give up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to give value''' = ''fyinuer'' :* '''to give water to ply with drinks''' = ''tiluer'' :* '''to give way''' = ''embuer, obxer'' :* '''to glaciate''' = ''yommelaber, yomxer'' :* '''to glad''' = ''ivlaser'' :* '''to Glad to have made your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva triayer et.'' :* '''to gladden''' = ''ivlaxer, ivxer, iyvser'' :* '''to glamorize''' = ''vrianxer'' :* '''to glance at''' = ''yogteaxer'' :* '''to glance''' = ''igteaxer'' :* '''to glare''' = ''kyoteaxer, ufteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to glaze''' = ''fyelyigber, imaber, imxer, levelabauner, levelimaber, yomyelber, zyefyener'' :* '''to gleam''' = ''kyamanser, manser, maynser, maynxer, mazer'' :* '''to glean''' = ''vabibler'' :* '''to glide''' = ''kibaser, kubaser, malkyuper, yivpaser'' :* '''to glimmer''' = ''kyamanser, manijer'' :* '''to glimpse''' = ''eynteater, igteaxer, ijeater'' :* '''to glisten''' = ''kyamanser, manier, mayzer'' :* '''to glitter''' = ''maozer'' :* '''to glob''' = ''yanglalser'' :* '''to globalize''' = ''zyamirser, zyamirxer, zyuniydxer'' :* '''to glom''' = ''kobier, kyoteaxer'' :* '''to glom onto''' = ''utkyoxer ab bu'' :* '''to glop''' = ''yobkyoteaxer'' :* '''to glorify''' = ''flizder, frizder, frizuer'' :* '''to gloss over''' = ''dolyizber, koder, obikuer'' :* '''to glove''' = ''tuyafaber'' :* '''to glow''' = ''manser, mazer'' :* '''to glower''' = ''uyfteaxer'' :* '''to gloze''' = ''tesoder'' :* '''to glue''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to gluttonize''' = ''gratelier'' :* '''to gnash''' = ''teupixeger'' :* '''to gnaw away''' = ''ibteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw''' = ''kopoxer, ogteler, yagteubixer'' :* '''to gnaw off''' = ''obteubixer'' :* '''to go a roundabout way''' = ''uzmeper'' :* '''to go above''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go abroad''' = ''oyebmemper, yibmemper'' :* '''to go across to''' = ''per zey bu'' :* '''to go across''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to go after''' = ''joper'' :* '''to go against''' = ''ovper, per ov'' :* '''to go ahead''' = ''per zay, zayiper, zayper'' :* '''to go ahead to''' = ''per zay bu'' :* '''to go aimlessly''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go all about''' = ''per zya'' :* '''to go all over''' = ''zyapoper'' :* '''to go along''' = ''bayper, per yez bi, yezper'' :* '''to go amok''' = ''yeper tojbea tepruzan'' :* '''to go among''' = ''eynper'' :* '''to go any which way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go apart''' = ''yoniper, yonuzper'' :* '''to go ape over''' = ''tepoker av'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go arf-arf = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go arf-arf''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go around and around''' = ''per zyuzyu'' :* '''to go around''' = ''per zyu, yuzper, zyuper'' :* '''to go as far as''' = ''per byu'' :* '''to go aside''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go astray''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go away''' = ''iper, yiper'' :* '''to go back around''' = ''per zoy yuz'' :* '''to go back home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to go back to''' = ''per zoy bu'' :* '''to go back to square one''' = ''zoyper ijnod'' :* '''to go back''' = ''zoyiper, zoyper'' :* '''to go back-and-forth''' = ''per zao, zaoper'' :* '''to go backwards''' = ''zoizper'' :* '''to go bad''' = ''fulser, fyuser, oexer'' :* '''to go badly''' = ''fuujper'' :* '''to go bald''' = ''tayeboker, tayeboyser'' :* '''to go ballooning''' = ''kyuzyunper, malzyunper'' :* '''to go bankrupt''' = ''nasokrer, nasvyonser, nuxyofser'' :* '''to go barefoot''' = ''per tyoyaboytofay'' :* '''to go before''' = ''japer'' :* '''to go behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamper'' :* '''to go below''' = ''oyper, yoper'' :* '''to go beserk''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go between''' = ''eper'' :* '''to go beyond''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go blank''' = ''malzaser'' :* '''to go blind''' = ''teatyofser'' :* '''to go blunt''' = ''logiser'' :* '''to go boom''' = ''xeusager'' :* '''to go bow-wow''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to go brain-dead''' = ''tebostojper'' :* '''to go broke''' = ''nasokraser, nasokrer, nasukser, nyazoker, nyozaser'' :* '''to go by air''' = ''mamper'' :* '''to go by''' = ''ajper, per bey'' :* '''to go by bus''' = ''per bey yuzpur'' :* '''to go by foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go by land''' = ''memper'' :* '''to go by moped''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by motorcycle''' = ''enzyukporer'' :* '''to go by scooter''' = ''enzyukpirer'' :* '''to go by sea''' = ''mimper'' :* '''to go by subway''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to go by the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to go by way of''' = ''per bey mep bi'' :* '''to go carrying''' = ''iper belea'' :* '''to go crazy''' = ''tepbokser, teponapser, tepuzaser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go crooked''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to go daffy''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go deaf''' = ''teetyofser'' :* '''to go deep into''' = ''yebyiper'' :* '''to go deep''' = ''yebyoper, yobyagper'' :* '''to go defunct''' = ''toyjaser'' :* '''to go directly''' = ''izper, per iz'' :* '''to go down in cost''' = ''nayxgoser, nayxokser'' :* '''to go down in price''' = ''naxyoper'' :* '''to go down in rank''' = ''obnabier'' :* '''to go down in value''' = ''gofyinier, gofyinser, gonazer'' :* '''to go down the stairs''' = ''musyoper'' :* '''to go down''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downhill''' = ''yobmuysper'' :* '''to go downstairs''' = ''yoper'' :* '''to go downtown''' = ''domzemper, zedomper'' :* '''to go dull''' = ''lomaynser'' :* '''to go easy''' = ''tepyugser'' :* '''to go empty''' = ''ukper'' :* '''to go extinct''' = ''tejiper, tejoker'' :* '''to go far away''' = ''yiper'' :* '''to go fast''' = ''igper'' :* '''to go first''' = ''aaper, anaper'' :* '''to go fishing''' = ''per pitpixen'' :* '''to go flabby''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to go flat''' = ''zyiaser'' :* '''to go for a dip''' = ''xer milyep'' :* '''to go for a jaunt''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to go for''' = ''per av'' :* '''to go forward''' = ''zayper'' :* '''to go forwards''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go free''' = ''yivlaser, yivser'' :* '''to go from door to door''' = ''per bi mes-bu-mes'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go from x to y -- to go shopping = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go from x to y''' = ''per bi x bu y'' :* '''to go get''' = ''per kexer'' :* '''to go gray''' = ''eynmotozer, maolzaser, tayemaolzaser'' :* '''to go grocery shopping''' = ''tolamper, tolnamper'' :* '''to go haywire''' = ''ovyayabser, yonapser'' :* '''to go here-and-there''' = ''huimper'' :* '''to go home''' = ''tamper'' :* '''to go hungry''' = ''telukser, toloyser'' :* '''to go hunting''' = ''per potkexen'' :* '''to go in a forward direction''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to go in exile''' = ''yibemper'' :* '''to go in front of''' = ''per za'' :* '''to go in the direction''' = ''izper'' :* '''to go in the direction of''' = ''per be izom bi'' :* '''to go in the opposite direction''' = ''zoyizonper'' :* '''to go in''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go in-and-out''' = ''aoyeper, per aoyeb, yeboyeper'' :* '''to go indoors''' = ''tamyeper'' :* '''to go insane''' = ''ofitopaser, otepegser, tepbokser, tepolegser, tepuzraser'' :* '''to go inside''' = ''yeper'' :* '''to go into a coma''' = ''kyotujper, tebostujper'' :* '''to go into rapture''' = ''tosifraser'' :* '''to go into shock''' = ''yokraser'' :* '''to go into solitude''' = ''anotser'' :* '''to go into the red''' = ''nasoker'' :* '''to go into use''' = ''yixper'' :* '''to go invalid''' = ''ofyiser'' :* '''to go it alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to go left''' = ''per zu, zuper'' :* '''to go mad''' = ''tepbokser'' :* '''to go made''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go mute''' = ''oteudser'' :* '''to go naked''' = ''oytofer'' :* '''to go near and far''' = ''yuiper'' :* '''to go nude''' = ''otofier, oytofer'' :* '''to go nuts''' = ''tepuzraser'' :* '''to go obliquely''' = ''kimper'' :* '''to go off at an angle''' = ''guper'' :* '''to go off''' = ''iper, pusrer, seuxurer, yiper'' :* '''to go off kilter''' = ''ozeper'' :* '''to go off the rails''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to go off to the side''' = ''kuyemper'' :* '''to go off-center''' = ''obzeper'' :* '''to go on a break''' = ''ponjwobier'' :* '''to go on a honeymoon''' = ''ejnatadpoper'' :* '''to go on a rampage''' = ''azraxler'' :* '''to go on a retreat''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to go on an adventure''' = ''kaper, kyexajper'' :* '''to go on an ocean cruse''' = ''ifmimpoper'' :* '''to go on foot''' = ''tyoper'' :* '''to go on holiday''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to go on''' = ''jeper, jeser, kweser'' :* '''to go on land''' = ''peper'' :* '''to go on leave''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to go on living''' = ''jetejer'' :* '''to go on speaking''' = ''jexer daler'' :* '''to go on to say''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to go on vacation''' = ''ifpoyser, ponjobier'' :* '''to go out''' = ''magujer, oyeper'' :* '''to go out of focus''' = ''teazexoker'' :* '''to go out to''' = ''per oyeb bu'' :* '''to go out with''' = ''datifper'' :* '''to go outdoors''' = ''oyeper, tamoyeper'' :* '''to go outside''' = ''oyeper'' :* '''to go over''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go over the limit''' = ''graigper'' :* '''to go overhead''' = ''ayper'' :* '''to go partying''' = ''yanivper'' :* '''to go past''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to go''' = ''per'' :* '''to go private''' = ''yonotser'' :* '''to go public''' = ''tyoser'' :* '''to go right and left''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to go right in''' = ''izyeper'' :* '''to go right''' = ''per zi, ziper'' :* '''to go right up to''' = ''izyuper'' :* '''to go run after''' = ''joigper'' :* '''to go see''' = ''teaper'' :* '''to go separate''' = ''yonuzper'' :* '''to go shopping''' = ''namper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go sightseeing -- to go wrong = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go sightseeing''' = ''per teasteaten'' :* '''to go slowly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to go sour''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to go splat''' = ''zyipyoseuxer'' :* '''to go straight ahead''' = ''per iz zay, zaizper'' :* '''to go straight back''' = ''per iz zoy'' :* '''to go straight''' = ''bier ha iza mep, izper'' :* '''to go straight for''' = ''per iz av'' :* '''to go straight in''' = ''per iz yeb'' :* '''to go straight out''' = ''izoyeper, per iz oyeb'' :* '''to go straight to''' = ''per iz bu'' :* '''to go straight up''' = ''izyaper'' :* '''to go straight-and-crooked''' = ''per uiz'' :* '''to go the back way''' = ''zomeper'' :* '''to go the opposite way from''' = ''oyvper'' :* '''to go the right way''' = ''vyameper, vyaper'' :* '''to go the wrong way''' = ''per be vyoa mep, per ha vyosa mep, vyomeper'' :* '''to go this way and that way''' = ''kyeper'' :* '''to go through''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to go thump''' = ''kyibyeser'' :* '''to go to a hospital''' = ''bokamper'' :* '''to go to a restaurant''' = ''telamper, tulamper'' :* '''to go to and fro''' = ''buiper'' :* '''to go to bed''' = ''sumper'' :* '''to go to church''' = ''fyaxamper, totiframper'' :* '''to go to college''' = ''itistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to go to heaven''' = ''tatemper, totemper'' :* '''to go to hell''' = ''futatemper'' :* '''to go to jail''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to''' = ''per'' :* '''to go to pieces''' = ''goynser, loaynser'' :* '''to go to prison''' = ''fyuzamper, vyakxamper'' :* '''to go to school''' = ''tistamper'' :* '''to go to sleep''' = ''tujper'' :* '''to go to the back of''' = ''per zo, per zom bi'' :* '''to go to the back''' = ''zoper'' :* '''to go to the beach''' = ''mimkumper'' :* '''to go to the center''' = ''zeper'' :* '''to go to the endpoint''' = ''ujemper'' :* '''to go to the front of''' = ''per zam bi'' :* '''to go to the middle of''' = ''per ze, per zem bi'' :* '''to go to the movies''' = ''dyezper'' :* '''to go to the opposite side''' = ''ovkumper'' :* '''to go to the rest room''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the side of''' = ''per kum bi'' :* '''to go to the toilet''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to the WC''' = ''milufper'' :* '''to go to trial''' = ''yaovyekper'' :* '''to go to vinegar''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to go to waste''' = ''fyuser, nyoser'' :* '''to go to-and-fro''' = ''per bui'' :* '''to go together''' = ''yanper'' :* '''to go to-key''' = ''yopyeder'' :* '''to go toward''' = ''per ub'' :* '''to go traveling''' = ''popier'' :* '''to go unconscious''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to go under''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underground''' = ''mumper'' :* '''to go underneath''' = ''oyper'' :* '''to go underwater''' = ''miloyper'' :* '''to go unnoticed''' = ''koper'' :* '''to go unsteadily''' = ''kyaoper'' :* '''to go up a level''' = ''yabnegser'' :* '''to go up front''' = ''zaiper, zaper'' :* '''to go up in flames''' = ''mavser'' :* '''to go up in price''' = ''naxyaper'' :* '''to go up in rank''' = ''abnabier'' :* '''to go up in value''' = ''gafyinier, gafyinser, ganazer'' :* '''to go up the ladder''' = ''muysper, yabmuysper'' :* '''to go up the stairs''' = ''musyaper'' :* '''to go up''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go up-and-down''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to go upstairs''' = ''yaper'' :* '''to go vacant''' = ''yemukser'' :* '''to go well''' = ''fiper'' :* '''to go wild''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to go with''' = ''bayper'' :* '''to go without''' = ''boyper, per boy'' :* '''to go without food''' = ''toloyser'' :* '''to go wrong''' = ''fuujper, uzper, vyoper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to go yachting -- to grow complication = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to go yachting''' = ''ifmimparer'' :* '''to goad''' = ''buxmufxer, gimufuer'' :* '''to gobble''' = ''ipader'' :* '''to gobble up''' = ''igtelier, iktelier'' :* '''to goffer''' = ''ilpanyenxer'' :* '''to goldbrick''' = ''vyonazbuer'' :* '''to golf''' = ''zyegeker'' :* '''to goof''' = ''xer vyos'' :* '''to gorge''' = ''grateler, gratelier, iktelier'' :* '''to gossip''' = ''yuzdiner'' :* '''to gouge''' = ''glanoxuer, oyevnoxuer, yozber, zyegber'' :* '''to gouge out one's eyes''' = ''teabober'' :* '''to govern''' = ''daber, izber, izdaber'' :* '''to gowk''' = ''tepyofxer'' :* '''to grab''' = ''birer, bixler, tuyabier, tuyabirer'' :* '''to grab onto''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to grab power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to grabble''' = ''biryeker'' :* '''to grace''' = ''fisyenuer, fyazuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to graciously host''' = ''datiber fisyenay, fidatiber'' :* '''to gradate''' = ''nogxer, noyger'' :* '''to grade''' = ''finnoguer, finsiynxer, nogdrer, nogsiynxer, nogxer'' :* '''to graduate''' = ''abnabier, abnogier, abnoguer, gwanogxer, musnogser, noyger, tijes ikxer, tyennogier, tyennoguer, yabmuysper, yabnogper, zanoger'' :* '''to grandstand''' = ''teazuer teeputyan'' :* '''to grant a visa''' = ''buler besafdren'' :* '''to grant''' = ''buer, buler, buner, burer, fibuer, vabuer, vaybuer'' :* '''to grant citizenship''' = ''ditxer'' :* '''to granulate''' = ''mekesaxer, veeybogxer, veeybxer'' :* '''to graph''' = ''xuyudrer'' :* '''to grapple''' = ''azbirer'' :* '''to grasp by the collar''' = ''teyobirer'' :* '''to grasp''' = ''tuyabirer'' :* '''to grate''' = ''glalgobler, mekesaxer, myekxer, neafgobler, veeybogxer'' :* '''to grate on the ears''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to graticule''' = ''nyedxer'' :* '''to gratification''' = ''fyazuer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratify''' = ''fyazuer, ifxer, iktosuer'' :* '''to gratulate''' = ''ivder'' :* '''to gravitate''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to gray''' = ''maolzaser, maolzaxer'' :* '''to graze''' = ''bukesuer, buyker, kyugobler, teubixeger, teyler, ugtelier, vabtelier, yubgofler'' :* '''to grease''' = ''magyelber, yelber'' :* '''to grease up''' = ''mayaber, tayalber'' :* '''to green''' = ''ulzaxer'' :* '''to greenmail''' = ''yefxer zoynuxbier'' :* '''to greet''' = ''datiber, fiupdier, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to grid''' = ''nabyanxer, nyedxer'' :* '''to gride''' = ''abraxeuxer'' :* '''to grieve''' = ''uvlaxer, uvrader, uvraser, uvrer, uvser'' :* '''to grill''' = ''abmagler, mugnefmageler, yijmageler'' :* '''to grimace''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to grime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to grin''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber, vitebsiner'' :* '''to grin widely''' = ''agivteuber, zyaivteuber'' :* '''to grind''' = ''gixer, mekesaxer, myekxer'' :* '''to grind up''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to grip''' = ''abexer, azbexer, patulober, yigbirer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to grip hands''' = ''tuyabexler'' :* '''to gripe''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to groan and moan''' = ''hyuyder'' :* '''to groan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, mipioder, oivlader, ufder, ufseuxer, uvteuder'' :* '''to groom''' = ''javyixer'' :* '''to groove''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to grope''' = ''monmepkexer, tuyabyuxer, vyotuyabyuxer'' :* '''to grouch''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to ground''' = ''makvakxer, syober'' :* '''to group''' = ''anotyanser, anotyanxer, aotyanser, aotyanxer, nyanser, nyanxer, tobnyanser, tobnyanxer'' :* '''to grouse''' = ''ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grovel''' = ''gradiler, pelper, utyaber'' :* '''to grow''' = ''agxer, gaser'' :* '''to grow alike''' = ''geylser'' :* '''to grow angry''' = ''futepyenser, futipser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow anxious''' = ''tepoboser'' :* '''to grow back''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to grow bitter''' = ''yigazaser'' :* '''to grow blunt''' = ''zyagunser'' :* '''to grow bold''' = ''yiflaser'' :* '''to grow bored''' = ''tipozlaser'' :* '''to grow bright''' = ''manazaser'' :* '''to grow complication''' = ''yiklaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to grow dark -- to gyrate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to grow dark''' = ''monser'' :* '''to grow dim''' = ''moynser'' :* '''to grow distant''' = ''yibser'' :* '''to grow drowsy''' = ''eyntujier'' :* '''to grow dull''' = ''omaaser, zyaginser'' :* '''to grow enfeebled''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow enraged''' = ''tipufraser, tipyigraser'' :* '''to grow exasperated''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow fatigued''' = ''bookser, ozlaser'' :* '''to grow frightened''' = ''yufser'' :* '''to grow furious''' = ''tipazraser'' :* '''to grow gloomy''' = ''uvraser'' :* '''to grow graver''' = ''kyilaser'' :* '''to grow green again''' = ''zoyulzaser'' :* '''to grow hard''' = ''yikser'' :* '''to grow harsh''' = ''yigraser'' :* '''to grow heavy''' = ''kyiaser'' :* '''to grow horny''' = ''tapiflanayser'' :* '''to grow ill''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow impassioned''' = ''ivraser'' :* '''to grow impatient''' = ''oyakzaser'' :* '''to grow in intensity''' = ''azlaser'' :* '''to grow in size''' = ''agaser'' :* '''to grow infirm''' = ''bokser'' :* '''to grow interested in''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow interested''' = ''tunefser'' :* '''to grow irate''' = ''flutipser'' :* '''to grow light-headed''' = ''kyutebser'' :* '''to grow milder''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to grow muddled''' = ''vyufser'' :* '''to grow nervous''' = ''tayixier'' :* '''to grow old''' = ''aajaser, jagser'' :* '''to grow pale''' = ''atoozaser, atoozer, maylzaser, oyvolzaser'' :* '''to grow powerful''' = ''azonikser, azraser'' :* '''to grow pungent''' = ''yigzaser'' :* '''to grow red''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to grow sad''' = ''uvser'' :* '''to grow soggy''' = ''imkyiser'' :* '''to grow stale''' = ''jwofser'' :* '''to grow stiff''' = ''yigsaser'' :* '''to grow strong''' = ''azaser'' :* '''to grow tall''' = ''yabagser'' :* '''to grow tense''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to grow tepid''' = ''eynamser'' :* '''to grow thin down''' = ''gyoaser'' :* '''to grow tired''' = ''ozlaser, tabozaser, yixrawer'' :* '''to grow up''' = ''agser, jwotser, yabyagser'' :* '''to grow violent''' = ''azraser'' :* '''to grow weak''' = ''yofser'' :* '''to grow weaker''' = ''ozaser'' :* '''to grow wide''' = ''zyaser'' :* '''to grow yellow''' = ''ilzaser'' :* '''to growl''' = ''epyoder, gapyoder, kipoder, tepyoder, ufseuxer, yufteuder'' :* '''to grub''' = ''telekler'' :* '''to grub up''' = ''fyobyabixer'' :* '''to grumble''' = ''olivlader, ufseuxer, ufteuder'' :* '''to grump''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to grunt''' = ''napeder, yapeder'' :* '''to guarantee in writing''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to guarantee''' = ''ojvader, vakder, vlader'' :* '''to guard against''' = ''ovbeaxer'' :* '''to guard''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, vakbexer'' :* '''to guess''' = ''javeder, kyeder, vetexder'' :* '''to guffaw''' = ''aghihider, agivteuder, agjhihider, azdizeuder, azivteuder, dizeudazer'' :* '''to guide''' = ''izayber, izber, izember, izpaxer, mepteaxuer, tuyxer, vyaber, vyanadxer'' :* '''to guide oneself''' = ''izemper'' :* '''to guilder''' = ''gilder'' :* '''to gull''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to gulp down''' = ''igteubier, igtilier'' :* '''to gulp''' = ''iktilier'' :* '''to gum up''' = ''yugsulyenser, yugsulyenxer'' :* '''to gun down''' = ''adopartujber, ikadoparer'' :* '''to gurgle''' = ''mieper'' :* '''to gush''' = ''grailper, grailuer, igilper, igmiper, iloyepuser, iloyepuxer, ilpyaser, ilpyaxer'' :* '''to gust''' = ''maiper, mapiger'' :* '''to gut''' = ''tikebyijber'' :* '''to guzzle''' = ''agtilier'' :* '''to gybe''' = ''mimofkyaxer'' :* '''to gyp''' = ''kolobexer, konunuer'' :* '''to gyrate''' = ''zyuper, zyuser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to gyve -- to have a bad dream = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to gyve''' = ''tyoyuvarer'' :* '''to ha seuxnid retune the volume''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to habilitate''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to habituate''' = ''jubyenxer, tezyenser, tezyenxer, toomxer'' :* '''to hack''' = ''aztiebukxer, faogoblarer, faogobler, gobrer, gopyexler, kyigoblarer, kyigobler'' :* '''to haggle''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer'' :* '''to hail a cab''' = ''dyuer noxpur, heyder noxpur'' :* '''to hail from''' = ''pyiser'' :* '''to hail''' = ''fyader, fyazder, heyder, mamyomer'' :* '''to hailstorm''' = ''yommapiler'' :* '''to haler''' = ''haler'' :* '''to half-swallow''' = ''eynteubier'' :* '''to hallow''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to hallucinate''' = ''vyotepsiner'' :* '''to halt''' = ''poxer'' :* '''to halve''' = ''engobler, eyngoler, eyngoyner, eynxer, eyonxer'' :* '''to ham''' = ''yizdezer'' :* '''to hammer''' = ''apyexrarer, apyexreger, muvabarer, pyexluarer'' :* '''to hamper''' = ''ovoyner'' :* '''to hamstring''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to hand out''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand over''' = ''tuyabuer'' :* '''to hand-carry''' = ''tuyabeler'' :* '''to handcuff''' = ''tuyoyuvarer'' :* '''to handhold''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to handicap''' = ''loyafxer, oyafxer'' :* '''to handle''' = ''tuyaber, tuyabexer, xaler'' :* '''to handpick''' = ''kebier bikay, tuyabibler'' :* '''to hang by a noose''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang by the neck''' = ''teyobyoxer'' :* '''to hang''' = ''byoser, byoxer, tojbyoxer'' :* '''to hang down''' = ''yobyoser, yobyoxer'' :* '''to hang loose''' = ''yivbyoser, yivbyoxer'' :* '''to hang off''' = ''obyoser'' :* '''to hang on''' = ''abyoser, yakzaser'' :* '''to hang onto''' = ''abyoser'' :* '''to hang up''' = ''abyoxer, yabyoxer, yujber'' :* '''to hang up the phone''' = ''yujber ha yibdalir'' :* '''to hangdog''' = ''kopaser, yovpaser'' :* '''to hank''' = ''meysyanyifxer, yuzunxer'' :* '''to hanker''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to happen''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to happen next''' = ''jokyeser, joxwer'' :* '''to happen to find''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to happen to meet''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to happen to see''' = ''kyeteater'' :* '''to Happy to make your acquaintance.''' = ''Iva trier et.'' :* '''to harangue''' = ''gradaler, yagdodaler'' :* '''to harass''' = ''dureger, oboxeger'' :* '''to harbor''' = ''bexer, midomber'' :* '''to harbor ill feelings toward''' = ''bexer fua tosi ub, futexer ub'' :* '''to harden''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to hardly get back''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to harken''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to harm''' = ''bukxer, fuaxer, fyunxer, okonxer'' :* '''to harmonize''' = ''yanbyenser, yanbyenxer, yandeuzer, yanseuzaxer, yanseuzer'' :* '''to harness''' = ''fyisaxer, petber'' :* '''to harp on''' = ''zoytepuer'' :* '''to harrow''' = ''melyonxarer'' :* '''to harry''' = ''frunxer, oboxer, zoy-apyexer'' :* '''to harvest data''' = ''tuunibler'' :* '''to harvest grapes''' = ''ibler vafeybi'' :* '''to harvest''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to harvest tobacco''' = ''ibler givob'' :* '''to hash''' = ''gwofrer'' :* '''to hassle''' = ''oboxer'' :* '''to hasten''' = ''iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igser, igxer, jobuxer'' :* '''to hatch''' = ''patijber, patijoyeper'' :* '''to hatchet''' = ''kyigoblarer'' :* '''to hate the worst''' = ''gwaufer'' :* '''to hate''' = ''ufer'' :* '''to haul across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to haul away''' = ''yibler'' :* '''to haul''' = ''beler'' :* '''to haul down''' = ''yobeler'' :* '''to haul out''' = ''oyebeler'' :* '''to haul up-and-down''' = ''yaobeler'' :* '''to haunt''' = ''ajembier'' :* '''to have a bad accident''' = ''fuxajer'' :* '''to have a bad dream''' = ''futujdiner'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have a bug -- to have the impression that = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have a bug''' = ''boykser'' :* '''to have a chance encounter with''' = ''kyepyeser, kyeyanuper'' :* '''to have a drive''' = ''fizkexer'' :* '''to have a duty''' = ''yeyfer'' :* '''to have a flat tire''' = ''xoler zyia zyug'' :* '''to have a good time''' = ''ivsonier, xer ivson'' :* '''to have a grip on''' = ''bexrer'' :* '''to have a gut feeling''' = ''iztoser, tajtoser'' :* '''to have a hard time answering''' = ''dudyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time explaining''' = ''testuyiker, yiker testuer'' :* '''to have a hard time hearing''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time sleeping''' = ''tujyiker'' :* '''to have a hard time understanding''' = ''testiyiker, yiker testier'' :* '''to have a hard time walking''' = ''tyopyuker'' :* '''to have a hard time''' = ''yiker'' :* '''to have a headache''' = ''tebbyoyker'' :* '''to have a home''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to have a near-death experience''' = ''xoler yuba toj'' :* '''to have a need for''' = ''efer'' :* '''to have a nightmare''' = ''futujdiner, futujeazer'' :* '''to have a part''' = ''gonbexer'' :* '''to have a seat oneself''' = ''simper'' :* '''to have a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to have a share''' = ''bexer nasgon'' :* '''to have a snack''' = ''ebtyalier, igtulier, tyalogier'' :* '''to have a stuffed-up nose''' = ''bexer mulikxwa teib'' :* '''to have a tantrum''' = ''teaxer frutip'' :* '''to have advance knowledge of''' = ''jater'' :* '''to have affection for''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to have an accident''' = ''xoler fikyes'' :* '''to have an appetite''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to have an impression of''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to have an indispensable need for''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to have an instinct''' = ''tooser'' :* '''to have an interest in''' = ''ser eybxwa bey, ser trefuwa bey, trefer'' :* '''to have an unpleasant exchange''' = ''ovebdaler'' :* '''to have an urge''' = ''eyfer'' :* '''to have an urgent need for''' = ''efler'' :* '''to have''' = ''basyser, bayser, bexer'' :* '''to have breakfast''' = ''atyalier'' :* '''to have compassion''' = ''ebuvlaser'' :* '''to have confidence in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have contempt for''' = ''ufrer'' :* '''to have difficulty breathing''' = ''tiexyiker, tiexyikser'' :* '''to have dinner''' = ''ityalier'' :* '''to have faith in''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to have foreknowledge of''' = ''jater, ojter'' :* '''to have fun''' = ''ifsonier, ivsonier, ivxer'' :* '''to have hope for''' = ''fiyaker'' :* '''to have hope''' = ''ojfonayser'' :* '''to have illusion''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to have illusions''' = ''ovyamteater, vyomsiner'' :* '''to have import''' = ''tesager'' :* '''to have intercourse''' = ''ebtabifer, taadifxer'' :* '''to have lunch''' = ''etyalier'' :* '''to have malice toward''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to have meaning''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to have mercy on''' = ''tipuvier, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to have mercy''' = ''yanuvtoser'' :* '''to have no clothes on''' = ''obexer toof'' :* '''to have no interest in''' = ''otrefer, ser otrefuwa bey, voy eybser'' :* '''to have no involvement with''' = ''voy eybser'' :* '''to have on clothes''' = ''abexer toof'' :* '''to have one's eye on''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to have permission to intromit''' = ''afer'' :* '''to have permission to vote''' = ''dokebidafer'' :* '''to have pity on''' = ''bloktipuer, tipuvier'' :* '''to have power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to have qualms about''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to have qualms''' = ''veotexer'' :* '''to have reason to suspect''' = ''fuvetexier'' :* '''to have relevance to''' = ''vyelier'' :* '''to have run''' = ''ifaxler'' :* '''to have sex''' = ''ebtabifeker, ebtabifer, ebtiyaxer, eotifxer, eotxer, taadifxer, taadxer'' :* '''to have someone do something''' = ''uxer het xer hes'' :* '''to have something done''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to have supper''' = ''utyalier'' :* '''to have take-out at home''' = ''tamtyalier'' :* '''to have the impression''' = ''dreter, tayotier'' :* '''to have the impression that''' = ''bexer ha tepulxen van'' </div>{{small/end}} = to have the opinion -- to hire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to have the opinion''' = ''texyener'' :* '''to have the power to''' = ''yafer'' :* '''to have the quality''' = ''finayser'' :* '''to have the right to vote''' = ''dokebidyiver'' :* '''to have the right''' = ''yiver'' :* '''to have to do with''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to have too much to drink''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to have variable meaning''' = ''kyateser'' :* '''to having an interest in''' = ''eybxwer be'' :* '''to hawk''' = ''donixbuer, yapyatkexer'' :* '''to hazard a guess''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to hazard''' = ''kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to haze''' = ''ijutyekuer, kofyaxeluer'' :* '''to haze over''' = ''moavser'' :* '''to haze up''' = ''miayfxer'' :* '''to head a household''' = ''taameber'' :* '''to head''' = ''bumper, izemper'' :* '''to head for''' = ''byuper, izper, pyuser'' :* '''to head forward''' = ''zaizper'' :* '''to headhunt''' = ''yexutkexer'' :* '''to headline''' = ''abdrenadxer, agabdrer, agdrezer'' :* '''to heal''' = ''bakser, bakxer, byekser, byekxer, fibakser, fibakxer'' :* '''to heap honor on''' = ''fizuer'' :* '''to heap''' = ''yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to hear a case''' = ''teexer doyevson, teexer yevson, yevsonteexer'' :* '''to hear confession''' = ''frunteexer, fyoxunteexer'' :* '''to hear''' = ''dinier, doyaovyeker, doyevyeker, teeter, teetier, yaovyeker, yekteexer'' :* '''to hearken''' = ''ajder, teexer'' :* '''to hearten''' = ''tipazaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to heat up''' = ''amser, amxer'' :* '''to heave''' = ''kyiyabler, yaaber, yaaper, yaober, yaoper, yazaxer'' :* '''to heckle''' = ''hwoyder, hwoydeuxer'' :* '''to hedge''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to hedgehop''' = ''paper yub bi ha mem'' :* '''to heed''' = ''bikier, tepbiker, tepbikier'' :* '''to heehaw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to hee-haw''' = ''ipweder'' :* '''to hegemonize''' = ''abyafonuer'' :* '''to he-haw''' = ''ipeder'' :* '''to heighten''' = ''gayaber, yabagxer, yabnaxer, yabxer, yabyagxer, yabyibxer'' :* '''To hell with you!''' = ''Pu fyomir!'' :* '''to help''' = ''avaxler, avber, fyiser, sarser, yuxer, yuyxer'' :* '''to help move''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help out''' = ''fiyuxer'' :* '''to help relocate''' = ''tamkyaxer'' :* '''to help succeed''' = ''fiujuer'' :* '''to hemorrage''' = ''tiibilper'' :* '''to hemorrhage''' = ''tiibililper, tiibiloker'' :* '''to henpeck''' = ''taydurer'' :* '''to herd animals''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to herd goats''' = ''yopetyanizber'' :* '''to herd''' = ''potnyaner'' :* '''to herd swine''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to herd together''' = ''nyanagser, nyanagxer'' :* '''to here''' = ''bu hem'' :* '''to herniate''' = ''zyeyazaser'' :* '''to heroically defeat''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to hesitate''' = ''kyaotexer, paoser, peyser, vaoltoser, yayker, yufpeser'' :* '''to hew''' = ''faogoblarer, faogobler, gobler'' :* '''to hex''' = ''fyofonuer'' :* '''to hibernate''' = ''jeuber, jeubtujer'' :* '''to hiccough''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hiccup''' = ''hikxer'' :* '''to hide''' = ''kober, koler, koper, koxer'' :* '''to hide like a hermit''' = ''fyakoser'' :* '''to hide oneself''' = ''koser'' :* '''to hide the fact''' = ''koder'' :* '''to highjack''' = ''purbixler'' :* '''to highlight''' = ''zamanxer'' :* '''to hightail''' = ''ikigiper, ikigpaser'' :* '''to hijack''' = ''apuser, purkobier, puryovbier, yipixrer'' :* '''to hike''' = ''yagtyoper'' :* '''to hinder''' = ''ovlaxer, ovoyner, ovxer, oyuxer, zober'' :* '''to hinge on''' = ''syoiber'' :* '''to hinny''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to hint''' = ''kuder, ozduer, tesuer, uztesuer, yubder'' :* '''to hinter''' = ''uztesuer'' :* '''to hiphop''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hire a rental car''' = ''yixler jobyixpur'' :* '''to hire''' = ''yixler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hiss -- to hoodwink = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hiss''' = ''hwoydeuxer, sopyeder'' :* '''to hit a ball''' = ''pyexer zyun'' :* '''to hit a home run''' = ''xer taampen pyex'' :* '''to hit a homerun''' = ''pyexer tamigpen'' :* '''to hit directly''' = ''izpyexer, izpyuxer'' :* '''to hit head on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit head-on''' = ''izzapyexer'' :* '''to hit one's head on''' = ''ota teb pyexwer ov hes'' :* '''to hit''' = ''pyexer'' :* '''to hit the ball out of the park''' = ''pyexer ha zyun oyebbi ha ifekem'' :* '''to hit the bullseye''' = ''pyexer ha byunzenod'' :* '''to hitch''' = ''grunber, yangrunxer, yanxarer, yanxer'' :* '''to hitchhike''' = ''purpixer'' :* '''to hoard''' = ''yonotnyanxer'' :* '''to hoarsen''' = ''teuzyigfaser, teuzyigfaxer'' :* '''to hoax''' = ''vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to hobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuityoper, paosper, tyopyuker, tyoyakyeper'' :* '''to hobnail''' = ''muvyogber'' :* '''to hobnob''' = ''yantiler'' :* '''to hock''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to hod''' = ''yaoper'' :* '''to hoe''' = ''melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to hog''' = ''grabier'' :* '''to hog-tie''' = ''untyoyabnyafxer, yofxer'' :* '''to hoise''' = ''yabixer, yablarer'' :* '''to hoist''' = ''yaber'' :* '''to hoke''' = ''vyofinuer'' :* '''to hold a grudge''' = ''ajtutoser'' :* '''to hold a place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to hold a share''' = ''nasgonbexer'' :* '''to hold accountable''' = ''dudyefuer'' :* '''to hold apart''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold aside''' = ''kubexer'' :* '''to hold back''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to hold''' = ''bexer'' :* '''to hold close to ones chest''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to hold close''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold down''' = ''yobexer'' :* '''to hold fast''' = ''azbexer'' :* '''to hold for a long time''' = ''yagbexer'' :* '''to hold forth''' = ''yagder'' :* '''to hold hands''' = ''tuyabexer'' :* '''to hold in advance''' = ''jabexer'' :* '''to hold in place''' = ''embexer'' :* '''to hold in''' = ''yebexer'' :* '''to hold near''' = ''yubexer'' :* '''to hold off for the future''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to hold off''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to hold office''' = ''bexer dabexgon, dabexgonbexer'' :* '''to hold on''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold on one's shoulders''' = ''tuabexer'' :* '''to hold ones' head high''' = ''yabteber'' :* '''to hold oneself up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to hold onto''' = ''abexer'' :* '''to hold out no hope''' = ''ojvotexer'' :* '''to hold out''' = ''oyebexer'' :* '''to hold power''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold ransom''' = ''zoynixuer'' :* '''to hold responsible''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to hold separate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to hold steady''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold still''' = ''kyobeser, kyobexer'' :* '''to hold sway''' = ''yafbexer'' :* '''to hold the record''' = ''bexer ha akea taxdin'' :* '''to hold tight''' = ''azbexer, bexrer, yigbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to hold together''' = ''yanbexer'' :* '''to hold up''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to holler''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to hollow out''' = ''uklaxer, yozber, zyegxer'' :* '''to home in on''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to homogenize''' = ''gelsaunxer, hyisaunxer'' :* '''to homologize''' = ''gelvyenxer'' :* '''to hone''' = ''gixarer'' :* '''to hone in on''' = ''gineaxer'' :* '''to honeycomb''' = ''tumyanxer'' :* '''to honk a horn''' = ''seuxer teyub'' :* '''to honk''' = ''gapiader, jwadseuxer, purseuxer, seuxirer, tapiader, upader'' :* '''to honor''' = ''fizaxer, fizuer'' :* '''to hoodwink''' = ''vyotexuer, vyotuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hook -- to hyphenate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hook''' = ''efkyoxer, grunxer, gumuvber, gumuvxer'' :* '''to hook up''' = ''yangrunxer'' :* '''to hoot''' = ''jwadseuxer, seuxrarer, yepyader'' :* '''to hop across''' = ''zeypuyser'' :* '''to hop all over''' = ''zyapuyser'' :* '''to hop along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to hop around''' = ''yuzpuyser'' :* '''to hop away''' = ''ipuyser'' :* '''to hop back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to hop down''' = ''yopuyser'' :* '''to hop in''' = ''yepuyser'' :* '''to hop in-and-out''' = ''aopuyser'' :* '''to hop left''' = ''zupuyser'' :* '''to hop like a rabbit''' = ''yupeper'' :* '''to hop off''' = ''opler, opuyser'' :* '''to hop on''' = ''apetsimaper, apuyser'' :* '''to hop out''' = ''oyepuyser'' :* '''to hop over''' = ''aypuser, aypuyser'' :* '''to hop''' = ''puyser, pyayser, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to hop right''' = ''zipuyser'' :* '''to hop through''' = ''zyepuyser'' :* '''to hop under''' = ''oypuyser'' :* '''to hop up again''' = ''zoyyapuyser'' :* '''to hop up''' = ''igpyaser, yapuyser'' :* '''to hop up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyser'' :* '''to hop with joy''' = ''zoyivpuyser'' :* '''to hope for the worst''' = ''fuyaker'' :* '''to hope''' = ''ojfer, yakler'' :* '''to hornswoggle''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to horrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to horse around''' = ''apeteker'' :* '''to hospitalize''' = ''bokamber'' :* '''to host''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to host to a feast''' = ''ifteluer'' :* '''to hound''' = ''kyokexer'' :* '''to house''' = ''embesuer, tambuer, tamuer'' :* '''to house hunt''' = ''tamkexer'' :* '''to housebreak''' = ''tampetxer'' :* '''to houseclean''' = ''tamyyixer'' :* '''to hover in the air''' = ''malbaer'' :* '''to hover''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to How long does it take to get there?''' = ''Duhogla job efxe puer hum?'' :* '''to howl''' = ''fiteuder, mapeuser, poder, upyoder'' :* '''to howl with laughter''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to huck''' = ''puxler, yagpuxer'' :* '''to huddle''' = ''ebdalyanuper, gyinyanser, kyenyanxer, potnyanser, potnyanxer'' :* '''to huff''' = ''azaluer, ufaluer'' :* '''to hug tight''' = ''zyoyuztuber'' :* '''to hug''' = ''tubyuzer, yuzbaer, yuzbexer, zyobexer'' :* '''to huller''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to hum''' = ''deuyzer, gupoder, yujdeuzer'' :* '''to humanize''' = ''tobxer'' :* '''to humble oneself''' = ''yovlaser'' :* '''to humble''' = ''yovlaxer'' :* '''to humidify''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to humiliate''' = ''fuzuer, yavlanyober, yovlaxer'' :* '''to humor''' = ''bostepxer'' :* '''to hunger''' = ''telefer'' :* '''to hunker''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to hunt''' = ''kexer, potkexer, pottojber'' :* '''to hurdle''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to hurl abuse''' = ''fuduner'' :* '''to hurl oneself''' = ''pusper'' :* '''to hurl''' = ''puxrer'' :* '''to hurry along''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurry this way''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to hurry up''' = ''igpaser, igpaxer, pigser, pigxer'' :* '''to hurrying away''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to hurt''' = ''byoker, byokier, fyunxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to hurt slightly''' = ''byoyker'' :* '''to hurtle''' = ''igpaser, yoprer'' :* '''to hush up''' = ''doler, doluer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to hustle''' = ''yanbuxler, yoveker'' :* '''to hybridize''' = ''ebmulxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to hydrate''' = ''miluer'' :* '''to hydrogenate''' = ''helxer'' :* '''to hydrolyze''' = ''milyongonser'' :* '''to hydroplane''' = ''milnedper'' :* '''to hyperventilate''' = ''igraalier'' :* '''to hyphenate''' = ''naydsiynxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to hypnotize -- to impose a duty = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to hypnotize''' = ''tujduler, tujuer'' :* '''to hypostatize''' = ''yonsunxer'' :* '''to hypothecate''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to hypothesize''' = ''veonder, veontexer, vetexder'' :* '''to I am bound to leave now.''' = ''At yuve iper hij.'' :* '''to I am honored to be here.''' = ''At se fizuwa ser him.'' :* '''to I cannot afford this house.''' = ''At yofe utafxer hia tam.'' :* '''to I can't wait to see it.''' = ''At pesyike teater is.'' :* '''to I should leave now.''' = ''At yefu iper hij., At yeyfe iper hij., At yuyve iper hij.'' :* '''to I would like to become a teacher.''' = ''At fu aser tuxut.'' :* '''to ice''' = ''imaber, levelabauner'' :* '''to ice skate''' = ''yomkyuparer'' :* '''to ice up''' = ''yomser'' :* '''to iconify''' = ''fyasinxer'' :* '''to I'd like to introduce you to my friend...''' = ''At fu truer et ata dat...'' :* '''to idealize''' = ''fikder, firzaxer'' :* '''to identify''' = ''getxer'' :* '''to identify with''' = ''geltoser bay, yantoser bay'' :* '''to idle by''' = ''yexuyfer'' :* '''to idle''' = ''jobnyoxer, kyepeser, ukexer'' :* '''to idolize''' = ''fyaifrunxer, fyasunifrer, fyasunxer, totsinifrer'' :* '''to ignite''' = ''ijber, magijber, magijer'' :* '''to ignore an order''' = ''oxaler dir'' :* '''to ignore''' = ''ibteaxer, lotrer, oter, oxaler'' :* '''to illegalize''' = ''odovyabxer'' :* '''to ill-inform''' = ''futuer'' :* '''to illuminate''' = ''manikxer, manuer, manxer, manyijber'' :* '''to illumine''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to illustrate''' = ''drasiner, sindrer'' :* '''to imagine''' = ''tepsinier'' :* '''to imagine wrongly''' = ''vyotepsinier'' :* '''to imbibe''' = ''tiler, tilier'' :* '''to imbricate''' = ''ebmefser, ebmefxer, pityebxer'' :* '''to imbrue''' = ''vyuber'' :* '''to imbrute''' = ''yigraxer'' :* '''to imbue''' = ''ilikxer'' :* '''to imbue with charm''' = ''fyazuer'' :* '''to imbue with meaning''' = ''tesikxer'' :* '''to imbue with power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to imbue with strength''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to imbue with taste''' = ''teusikxer'' :* '''to imitate''' = ''gelaxler, gelenxer, seuxgelxer'' :* '''to imitate the sound of''' = ''seuxgelxer'' :* '''to immerge''' = ''ilyeber, ilyeper'' :* '''to immerse''' = ''ilpyoxer, ilyeber'' :* '''to immerse oneself''' = ''ilpyoser, ilyeper'' :* '''to immigrate''' = ''emuper, memuper, yebmemper'' :* '''to immobilize''' = ''kyapyofxer, okyapaxer, paskyoaxer, pasyofxer, paxkyoaxer'' :* '''to immolate''' = ''fyatojber, utmagtojber'' :* '''to immortalize''' = ''otojuaxer'' :* '''to immunize''' = ''bokogrunvakuer'' :* '''to immure''' = ''zomasber'' :* '''to impair''' = ''gafuaxer, ozaxer'' :* '''to impale''' = ''yebgixer'' :* '''to impanel''' = ''dodyundrer'' :* '''to impart a skill''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to impart blame''' = ''vyonuer'' :* '''to impart''' = ''buer'' :* '''to impart wisdom''' = ''ajtuer, vyatuer'' :* '''to impassion''' = ''ifronuer, tippaaxuer'' :* '''to impaste''' = ''gyavolzber'' :* '''to impawn''' = ''ojvadnuxer'' :* '''to impeach''' = ''doyafober, doyovader'' :* '''to impede''' = ''ebler, ovbexer, ovsyunxer, ovunxer, ovxer'' :* '''to impel''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to impell''' = ''buxler'' :* '''to impend''' = ''kyesoaser'' :* '''to imperil''' = ''bukyafxer, fyukyeaxer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, kyefyunuer, lovakuer, ojfyunuer, vebukuer, vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to impersonate''' = ''aotdezer'' :* '''to impinge''' = ''ebaxler'' :* '''to implant''' = ''fyobxer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to implement''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to implicate''' = ''eybxwader'' :* '''to implode''' = ''yanpyexrer, yepyexrer'' :* '''to implore''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to imply''' = ''tesuer'' :* '''to import''' = ''memiber, memyebeler, yebeler'' :* '''to importune''' = ''oboxeger'' :* '''to impose a debt on''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' :* '''to impose a duty''' = ''yefaber, yefuer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to impose a fine -- to infest = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to impose a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, noyxaber, noyxuer'' :* '''to impose a hardship on''' = ''yikanuer'' :* '''to impose a hazard''' = ''aber vokun'' :* '''to impose a limit''' = ''aber ujnad, ujnadber'' :* '''to impose a penalty''' = ''aber byoyk, byoykuer'' :* '''to impose a punishment''' = ''aber byok, byokyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tariff''' = ''aber nuxyef, nuxyefaber, nuxyefuer'' :* '''to impose a tax''' = ''aber dobnix, dobnixaber, dobnixuer'' :* '''to impose''' = ''abemer, aber, abuxer, yebuxer'' :* '''to impose discipline''' = ''vyabyenuer'' :* '''to impose oneself''' = ''utaber'' :* '''to impound''' = ''yujember'' :* '''to impoverish''' = ''nasefxer, nyozaxer, ukzaxer'' :* '''to impoverishing''' = ''nasefxer'' :* '''to imprecate''' = ''fyodyuer'' :* '''to impregnate''' = ''tajboaxer, tobijber, tobijuer'' :* '''to impress''' = ''dretxer, tedruner, tepuxler, yebaler'' :* '''to impress on''' = ''tayotuer'' :* '''to imprint''' = ''sansiynxer'' :* '''to imprison''' = ''fyuzamber, vyakxamber'' :* '''to improve''' = ''fiaxer, gafiaser, gafiaxer, gafixer, zoyfiaxer, zoyfiser'' :* '''to improvise''' = ''ojatixer, yokder, yokdezer'' :* '''to impugn''' = ''apyexer dalay, ovdaler'' :* '''to impute''' = ''yovder'' :* '''to inactivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to inaugurate''' = ''ijxeler, xabupxeler'' :* '''to inbreed''' = ''yebtajnadxer'' :* '''to incapacitate''' = ''azonukxer, loyafxer, oyafxer, yafonukxer, yofxer'' :* '''to incarcerate''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to incarnate''' = ''taobser'' :* '''to incense''' = ''frutipxer'' :* '''to inch''' = ''inonakper'' :* '''to incinerate''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to incise''' = ''yebgobler'' :* '''to incite''' = ''durer, paxluer, uxrer, xuler'' :* '''to incline''' = ''baer, kiser, kixer, yebkiser, yebkixer, yoybler'' :* '''to incline upward''' = ''yabkiser, yabkixer'' :* '''to include''' = ''emyeber, yebayser, yebexer, yebexler, yebier, yebyujber'' :* '''to incommode''' = ''yikomxer'' :* '''to inconvenience''' = ''oyukonxer, yikyenxer'' :* '''to incorporate''' = ''yantabxer, yebnyanber'' :* '''to increase exponentially''' = ''garser, garxer'' :* '''to increase''' = ''gaser, gaxer'' :* '''to incriminate''' = ''doyovuer'' :* '''to incubate''' = ''fiagxer'' :* '''to inculcate''' = ''tuuxer'' :* '''to inculpate''' = ''loyovxer, yovaber, yovdeler'' :* '''to incur a fine''' = ''iber nasbyok, xoler nasbyok'' :* '''to incur damage''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur harm''' = ''fyunier'' :* '''to incur''' = ''iber, kyexer, xoler'' :* '''to incurvate''' = ''yebuzaser'' :* '''to indebt''' = ''nasyuvxer'' :* '''to indemnify''' = ''ovoknasuer'' :* '''to indent''' = ''ijkuniggaxer, yebteupiber, yebukxer, yebzyegxer, yozaser, yozaxer, yozber'' :* '''to index''' = ''napxarer, sagmusber'' :* '''to indicate''' = ''etuyuber, izder, izeader, izteatuer, siunxer, tuyubizder, tuyubizeaxer'' :* '''to indicate in advance''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to indict''' = ''veyovder'' :* '''to indispose''' = ''boykxer, finoyxer, futipxer, lofuer'' :* '''to individualize''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to individuate''' = ''aotxer'' :* '''to indoctrinate oneself''' = ''tinier'' :* '''to indoctrinate''' = ''tinuer, tuxer, vyatuxer'' :* '''to induce itching''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer'' :* '''to induce pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to induce sleep''' = ''tujuer'' :* '''to induce''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to induce weeping''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to induct''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to indulge''' = ''iftilier, tepyugser'' :* '''to indurate''' = ''yigser, yigxer'' :* '''to industrialize''' = ''tyenyanxer, yaxunyanxer'' :* '''to indwell''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to inebriate''' = ''grafiluer'' :* '''to infatuate''' = ''ifluer, ifruer'' :* '''to infect''' = ''bokmulber, bokogrunuer, vyusber'' :* '''to infer''' = ''tesier'' :* '''to infer wrongly''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to infest''' = ''bokzyaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to infiltrate -- to intellectualize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to infiltrate''' = ''koyizyeper'' :* '''to infix''' = ''yebdungaber, zedungaber, zegaber'' :* '''to inflame''' = ''ambokxer, igmavxer, mavxer'' :* '''to inflate''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, malgaser, malgaxer, malikxer, maluer, yuzagser, yuzagxer'' :* '''to inflate suddenly''' = ''igzyaser'' :* '''to inflect a wound''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to inflect major damage''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to inflect''' = ''yebkiser, yebkixer, yebuzaser, yebuzaxer, yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to inflict a wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict''' = ''fubuer'' :* '''to inflict harm''' = ''bukuer, fyunuer'' :* '''to inflict injury''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to inflict pain''' = ''byokuer'' :* '''to inflict suffering on''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to influence''' = ''iluper, uxlenuer, uxler'' :* '''to influence intellectually''' = ''tepuxler'' :* '''to infold''' = ''yebofyujer'' :* '''to inform''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to infringe''' = ''fuxer, yeprer'' :* '''to infuriate''' = ''frutipxer, fyuxfaxer, magtipxer, tipufraxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to infuse''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to ingest alcohol''' = ''filier'' :* '''to ingest poison oneself''' = ''bokulier'' :* '''to ingest''' = ''telier, tikebier, tikyobier'' :* '''to ingratiate''' = ''fyazier, ifsyenuer'' :* '''to ingurgitate''' = ''ikteubier'' :* '''to inhabit''' = ''embeser, embexer, tambexer, yebtejer'' :* '''to inhale''' = ''alier, iktelier, malyebier, tiebalier, yebtiexer'' :* '''to inhere''' = ''gonser'' :* '''to inherit''' = ''joiber'' :* '''to inhibit''' = ''oyfxer'' :* '''to inhume''' = ''melukber'' :* '''to initial''' = ''ijdresiyner'' :* '''to initialize''' = ''dresiynijber, ijaxer, ijnaxer'' :* '''to initiate''' = ''aaxer, ijber, ijnaxer, ijtuxer'' :* '''to inject''' = ''bekuluer, giber, yebaler, yebuxer, yepuxer'' :* '''to injure''' = ''bukuer, bukxer, fyuxer'' :* '''to ink''' = ''drilarer, volzdriler'' :* '''to inlay''' = ''sinyeber'' :* '''to innervate''' = ''tayibuer'' :* '''to innovate''' = ''ijsaxer'' :* '''to inoculate''' = ''giber, zyegber'' :* '''to inosculate''' = ''ebyanxer, ejeaxer, gesaunxer, yebyijer'' :* '''to input''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to inquire''' = ''dodider, vyandider, yektier'' :* '''to inscribe''' = ''abdrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to inseminate''' = ''bijuer, tiyebiluer, vabijuer, veebuer, veebyeluer'' :* '''to insert and extract''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to insert''' = ''izyeber, yeber, yebuxer, yembuxer, zyebuxer'' :* '''to inset''' = ''yebkyoxer'' :* '''to insinuate oneself''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to insinuate''' = ''sopyeper, uztesuer'' :* '''to insist''' = ''duler'' :* '''to insolate''' = ''maruer'' :* '''to inspect''' = ''vyabeaxer, vyaleaxer, yebteaxer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to inspire''' = ''fiyakuer, malyebier, tosuer'' :* '''to inspire the concept''' = ''tyunuer'' :* '''to inspirit''' = ''azaxer, tipuer'' :* '''to install glass''' = ''zyefber'' :* '''to install in office''' = ''xabuber'' :* '''to install''' = ''izaber, nember, syember, yebuxer'' :* '''to install on the throne''' = ''edebsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to install oneself''' = ''yemper'' :* '''to instantiate''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to instate''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to instigate''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to instill an interest in''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to instill despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to instill''' = ''finuer, milzyunuer'' :* '''to instill pride in''' = ''yavlanuer, yavluer'' :* '''to instill talent''' = ''tuzuer'' :* '''to institute''' = ''dosyemxer, sexler, seyxler, syember'' :* '''to institutionalize''' = ''dosyember'' :* '''to instruct''' = ''extuer'' :* '''to instrument''' = ''duzarer, ijsaxer, nagaraber'' :* '''to insulate''' = ''ilokeber'' :* '''to insult''' = ''apyexer, fluder, fuader, fulduner, fyuder, pyexder, vuder'' :* '''to insure''' = ''ojokvakuer, vakder, vakdrer, vlaxer'' :* '''to integrate''' = ''angonxer, aynmulxer, aynxer, hyaikser, hyaikxer'' :* '''to intellectualize''' = ''tyepxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to intend -- to involve oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to intend''' = ''byunxer, dwafer, ojtexer, tepfer, vafer, vateser'' :* '''to intend to''' = ''byuntexer'' :* '''to intensify''' = ''azlaxer, yignaser, yignaxer'' :* '''to inter''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to interact''' = ''ebaxler, ebeker'' :* '''to interbreed''' = ''ebtajnadxer'' :* '''to intercalate''' = ''ebgaber'' :* '''to intercede''' = ''eper'' :* '''to intercept''' = ''epixer'' :* '''to interchange''' = ''ebkyaser, ebuier'' :* '''to intercommunicate''' = ''ebyandaler'' :* '''to interconnect''' = ''ebnyafxer, ebyanber'' :* '''to interdict''' = ''ofder'' :* '''to interest''' = ''eybxer, tisefxer'' :* '''to interfere''' = ''eber, ebteiber, oveper'' :* '''to interfile''' = ''ebdreunyeber'' :* '''to interfuse''' = ''ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to interject''' = ''epuxer, zeder'' :* '''to interlace''' = ''ebnyiver'' :* '''to interleave''' = ''ebdrayefxer'' :* '''to interlink''' = ''ebyanxer'' :* '''to interlock''' = ''azebyanser, azebyanxer'' :* '''to interlope''' = ''zeprer'' :* '''to intermarry''' = ''ebtadier'' :* '''to intermeddle''' = ''ebzeprer'' :* '''to intermingle''' = ''ebyanmulxer, eybxer'' :* '''to intermix''' = ''ebyanmulser, ebyanmulxer'' :* '''to intern''' = ''tisjober, tyenijer, yebember, yebyember, yexyenijer'' :* '''to internalize''' = ''yebnaxer'' :* '''to internationalize''' = ''ebdoobxer'' :* '''to interoperate''' = ''ebexer'' :* '''to interpellate''' = ''ebdyunuer'' :* '''to interplay''' = ''ebeker'' :* '''to interpolate''' = ''ebdunuer, ebnazuer'' :* '''to interpose''' = ''eber'' :* '''to interpret''' = ''ebtestier, ebtestuer'' :* '''to interrelate''' = ''ebvyeser, ebvyexer'' :* '''to interrogate at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to interrogate''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to interrupt''' = ''eber, lojexer, loyanxer, yonbyexer, zepoxer'' :* '''to intersect''' = ''ebgobler, zyenodxer'' :* '''to intersperse''' = ''ebnapxer, ebzyaber, napkyaxer, zyaveeber'' :* '''to intertwine''' = ''ebniyfxer, eonyifxer'' :* '''to intertwist''' = ''ebniyfxer, ebuzyuxer'' :* '''to intervene''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, eper'' :* '''to interview''' = ''ebdider'' :* '''to interview with''' = ''ebdidier'' :* '''to interweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to interwork''' = ''ebyexer'' :* '''to intimate''' = ''olizder, tesuer, yubder'' :* '''to intimidate''' = ''yuyfxer'' :* '''to intonate''' = ''deuxer, solfader'' :* '''to intonation''' = ''solfader'' :* '''to intone''' = ''deuxer'' :* '''to intoxicate''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to intrigue''' = ''trefuer'' :* '''to introduce''' = ''ijduner, truer, yeber, yebuxer'' :* '''to introspect''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to intrude''' = ''azyeper, izyeper, koyeper, ofyepler, ovunser, yepler, yepuser, zyepler'' :* '''to intubate''' = ''malayxarer, muyfyegyeber'' :* '''to intude''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to intuit''' = ''iztester, iztier'' :* '''to inundate''' = ''gramiluer, ilaybaer, ilikxer'' :* '''to inure''' = ''jobyigxer'' :* '''to invade''' = ''azyeper, ofyeper, vyozyeper, yepler, zyepler'' :* '''to invalidate''' = ''azvoder, lonazvyabxer, ofyinxer, ofyixer, onazvyaber, ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to inveigh''' = ''deuder, fuduner'' :* '''to inveigle''' = ''vyotexbirer'' :* '''to invent''' = ''ijkaxer, ijsaxer'' :* '''to inventory''' = ''neunyansagder, nunsyager, nunyandrer, nyexundrer, nyexunsager'' :* '''to invert''' = ''oyvaxer'' :* '''to invest''' = ''nasgonuer, nasyember'' :* '''to investigate''' = ''dovyankexer, kadier, twaskexer, vyakexer, vyankexer, vyayeker, yektier'' :* '''to invigilate''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to invigorate''' = ''azfanikxer, azfaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to invite''' = ''updier'' :* '''to invocate''' = ''udyuer'' :* '''to invoke''' = ''dyuer, udyuer'' :* '''to involve''' = ''eybxer, ketuer'' :* '''to involve oneself''' = ''eybser, eybxwer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to inweave -- to judge negatively = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to inweave''' = ''ebneafxer'' :* '''to iodize''' = ''ilkizaxer'' :* '''to ionize''' = ''mulonxer, peamulser, peamulxer'' :* '''to irk''' = ''loboxer, oboxer'' :* '''to iron''' = ''novzyiarer, zyiaxarer'' :* '''to irradiate''' = ''manadxer, naudazonxer, naudber'' :* '''to irrigate''' = ''ilbuer, memilber, miluer'' :* '''to irritate''' = ''loifuer, loifxer, tayiboboxer, tepvuloxer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to irrupt''' = ''yeprer'' :* '''to Islamify''' = ''Islamaxer'' :* '''to isolate''' = ''anlaxer, anotxer, yonbexer'' :* '''to isolate oneself''' = ''anlaser, anotser, yonbeser'' :* '''to issue a demerit''' = ''fyinokuer'' :* '''to issue a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to issue''' = ''buer, oyebuer, yebnyuer, zyabuer'' :* '''to italicize''' = ''kindesiynxer'' :* '''to itch all over''' = ''hyamtayopelper'' :* '''to itch''' = ''tayopelper, tuloxefwer'' :* '''to itemize''' = ''aunxer, sunyanesber'' :* '''to iterate''' = ''aunjoaunxer'' :* '''to jab''' = ''gibaer, giber, yebuxer'' :* '''to jabber''' = ''daliger'' :* '''to jack up''' = ''yablarer'' :* '''to jackknife''' = ''ofyujgoblarer'' :* '''to jackrabbit''' = ''yuepoper'' :* '''to jail''' = ''fyuzamber'' :* '''to jam communications''' = ''eber ebtuien'' :* '''to jam''' = ''gumber, gwaikxer'' :* '''to jam packing''' = ''yanbarer'' :* '''to jam together''' = ''yanbaler, yuzbarer'' :* '''to jam up''' = ''iklaser, iklaxer'' :* '''to jam-pack''' = ''nyaunxer'' :* '''to jangle''' = ''mugseuxer'' :* '''to jar''' = ''elzyeber, gibyexer'' :* '''to jaunt''' = ''iftyoper'' :* '''to jaw''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to jaywalk''' = ''zemeper'' :* '''to jeer''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jell''' = ''leveyelser, leveyelxer, yelser, yelxer'' :* '''to jeopardize''' = ''vokuer, vokxer'' :* '''to jerk''' = ''buixer, igbaser, igbaxer, yokpaser'' :* '''to jerk forward''' = ''igzaybaser'' :* '''to jest''' = ''yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to jet''' = ''ilpyaser'' :* '''to jet ski''' = ''milkyupirer'' :* '''to jet-propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to jettison''' = ''opuxer, oyepuxer, yipuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to jibe''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to jiggle''' = ''igbaoser, igbaoxer'' :* '''to jilt''' = ''loifer'' :* '''to jingle''' = ''zyevseuxer'' :* '''to jinx''' = ''fukyeujuer'' :* '''to jitter''' = ''baoser, paysrer'' :* '''to jive''' = ''dazer, tyoazyuber, vyotexuer'' :* '''to jog''' = ''tapifektyoper'' :* '''to joggle''' = ''ozbyaxler'' :* '''to join a team up''' = ''ifekutyanser'' :* '''to join''' = ''anxer, eynper, gonekutser, yanarser, yanarxer, yanaxer, yanber, yankser, yankxer, yanper, yanxer'' :* '''to join hands''' = ''tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to join in solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to join together''' = ''yanaxer'' :* '''to join up''' = ''gonutser, yanaser, yanser'' :* '''to joke around''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizer, hihidiner, ifder, ifdezer, ifdiner, ifuunder'' :* '''to jollify''' = ''ivraxer'' :* '''to jolt''' = ''azigbyexrer, igpyexer'' :* '''to jolter''' = ''azigbyexrer'' :* '''to josher''' = ''ifdaler'' :* '''to jostle''' = ''buyxer, zaobuxer, zaobyuxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to jot down''' = ''siyndrer'' :* '''to jot''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to jounce''' = ''yaobyexrer'' :* '''to journalize''' = ''jubdyesdrer'' :* '''to journey''' = ''poper'' :* '''to joust''' = ''uifdopeker'' :* '''to jubilate''' = ''ifler'' :* '''to judder''' = ''azpaoser, paoser'' :* '''to judge adversely''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to judge''' = ''doyevder, yaovtexer, yevder, yevtexer'' :* '''to judge negatively''' = ''fufinyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to judge well -- to key = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to judge well''' = ''fiyevder'' :* '''to juggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to jugulate''' = ''teyobgobler'' :* '''to juice''' = ''biilxer'' :* '''to jumble''' = ''vyonapxer, yongounxer'' :* '''to jump across''' = ''zeypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump ahead''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump around''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to jump aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to jump away''' = ''ipuser, ipyaser'' :* '''to jump back in''' = ''zoyyepuser'' :* '''to jump back''' = ''zoypuser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to jump back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuser, zaopyaser'' :* '''to jump bail''' = ''ovxer vaknasdref'' :* '''to jump between''' = ''epuser'' :* '''to jump down''' = ''opyaser, oypuser, yopuser, yopyaser'' :* '''to jump forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to jump in''' = ''yepuser'' :* '''to jump into the water''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to jump off''' = ''opuser, opyaser'' :* '''to jump on''' = ''apuser, apyaser'' :* '''to jump onto''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to jump out''' = ''oyepuser, oyepyaser'' :* '''to jump over''' = ''aypuser, zeypyaser'' :* '''to jump''' = ''puser'' :* '''to jump the tracks''' = ''feelkmepoper'' :* '''to jump through''' = ''zyepuser, zyepyaser'' :* '''to jump under''' = ''oypuser'' :* '''to jump up and down''' = ''yaopuser, yaopyaser'' :* '''to jump up''' = ''pyaser, yapuser'' :* '''to jump with a start''' = ''yokpuser, yokpyaser'' :* '''to jump with joy''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to junk''' = ''lobexer, ofyinxer, zoylobexer'' :* '''to Jupiter''' = ''Yomer'' :* '''to justify''' = ''izaxer, vyatder, vyatxer, yevader, yevxer'' :* '''to jut out''' = ''seibser, yazper'' :* '''to jut''' = ''seiber'' :* '''to juxtapose''' = ''kumbaykumber'' :* '''to keck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to keelhaul''' = ''mimparbyokuer'' :* '''to keep a mystery''' = ''dolsonxer'' :* '''to keep a promise''' = ''bexler ojvad'' :* '''to keep an eye on''' = ''teabexler'' :* '''to keep apart''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexer'' :* '''to keep at a distance''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep at bay''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to keep away''' = ''yibexer'' :* '''to keep back''' = ''zoybexler'' :* '''to keep behind''' = ''zobeser, zobexer'' :* '''to keep busy''' = ''xeunikxer, xeunuer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep calm''' = ''beser teypbona'' :* '''to keep centered''' = ''zebexer'' :* '''to keep distant''' = ''yibxer'' :* '''to keep going''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to keep hidden''' = ''koder'' :* '''to keep in mind''' = ''tepier'' :* '''to keep in ones memory''' = ''taxier'' :* '''to keep in''' = ''yebexler'' :* '''to keep''' = ''kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to keep near''' = ''yubexler'' :* '''to keep occupied''' = ''xeunikxer, yaxuer'' :* '''to keep on''' = ''jeser, jexer'' :* '''to keep one's eyes fixed on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to keep out''' = ''oyebexler, yebofer, yepofxer'' :* '''to keep safe''' = ''bukyofxer, vakbexler'' :* '''to keep score''' = ''aoksagder'' :* '''to keep secret''' = ''kodbexer, koder, kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep separate''' = ''yonbeser, yonbexler'' :* '''to keep silent''' = ''oder'' :* '''to keep the books''' = ''syagdraver'' :* '''to keep together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to keep under wraps''' = ''kodwaxer'' :* '''to keep up''' = ''bexler, fibexler'' :* '''to keep up the lawn''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to keep warm''' = ''ayma bexler'' :* '''to keep watch''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to keratinize''' = ''tulobulxer'' :* '''to kettle''' = ''syeber'' :* '''to key''' = ''byuxarer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to kibble -- to lambaste = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to kibble''' = ''gyamekxer'' :* '''to kibitz''' = ''buer oefwa fyid'' :* '''to kick apart''' = ''yonbyuxrer'' :* '''to kick aside''' = ''kutyobyexer'' :* '''to kick away''' = ''ibtyobyexer, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick''' = ''byuxrer, tyobyexer'' :* '''to kick down''' = ''yobyuxrer'' :* '''to kick in''' = ''yebyuxrer'' :* '''to kick off''' = ''obler, obyuxrer'' :* '''to kick out''' = ''oyebeler, oyebtyoper, oyebyuxrer, yibler'' :* '''to kick up dust''' = ''obyaler mek'' :* '''to kick up''' = ''yabyuxrer'' :* '''to kidnap''' = ''kopixler, tobpixler, tudetpixler, yipixrer'' :* '''to kill one another''' = ''hyuittojber'' :* '''to kill one's father''' = ''twedtojber'' :* '''to kill one's sibling''' = ''tidtojber'' :* '''to kill oneself''' = ''uttojber'' :* '''to kill out of hate''' = ''uftojber'' :* '''to kill''' = ''tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to kill with a gun''' = ''tojdoparer'' :* '''to kill with gunfire''' = ''adopartujber'' :* '''to kindle''' = ''ijagser, magijber'' :* '''to kiss''' = ''teubaber, teubyuzer'' :* '''to kite''' = ''igyaber'' :* '''to knap''' = ''gibyexer'' :* '''to knead''' = ''abaxrer, leovoler, meugxer, myeikxer'' :* '''to knead bread''' = ''meugxer ovol'' :* '''to knee''' = ''tyoibaxer'' :* '''to kneel''' = ''tyoibuzer'' :* '''to knick''' = ''nedgoybler'' :* '''to knife''' = ''goblarer, yonarer, yonrarer'' :* '''to knight''' = ''fizapetaputxer'' :* '''to knit''' = ''nefxer'' :* '''to knock''' = ''byexer'' :* '''to knock dead''' = ''tojbyexer'' :* '''to knock down''' = ''yobrer, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock knees''' = ''ebtyoiber'' :* '''to knock off''' = ''obler'' :* '''to knock out cold''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knock out''' = ''teptujber, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock over''' = ''yobler, yobyexer'' :* '''to knock unconscious''' = ''tujbyexer'' :* '''to knot''' = ''nyafxer, yanyafxer'' :* '''to knot up''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to know a lot''' = ''glater'' :* '''to know about''' = ''ter ayv'' :* '''to know by face''' = ''trer'' :* '''to know consciously''' = ''tijter'' :* '''to know everything''' = ''hyaster'' :* '''to know for sure''' = ''vater, vlater'' :* '''to know how to play piano''' = ''tyer eker raduzar'' :* '''to know how''' = ''tyer'' :* '''to know in advance''' = ''jater'' :* '''to know one's destiny''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know one's fortune''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to know right from wrong''' = ''vyaoter'' :* '''to know''' = ''ter'' :* '''to know the meaning of''' = ''tester'' :* '''to know to be true''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to know well''' = ''fiter'' :* '''to know without telling''' = ''koter'' :* '''to kowtow''' = ''utoybdaber'' :* '''to kvetch''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to label''' = ''abdrer, nunsiynuer'' :* '''to labor''' = ''azyexer, yexer, yexler, yigyexer'' :* '''to lace up''' = ''nyiver'' :* '''to lacerate''' = ''bukgobler, ijbuker, yigfagofler, zyagofler'' :* '''to lack''' = ''boyser, obexer'' :* '''to lack focus''' = ''otepzexer'' :* '''to lack meaning''' = ''tesoyser'' :* '''to lack order''' = ''napoyser'' :* '''to lack shelter''' = ''koamboyser'' :* '''to lacquer''' = ''fyelyiguer'' :* '''to lactate''' = ''biluer'' :* '''to lade''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to ladle out''' = ''tilaraguer'' :* '''to lag behind''' = ''jwopuer, jwoser, ugjoper'' :* '''to lag''' = ''tibuper, tiyufxer, ugser, zobeser, zoper, zougper'' :* '''to lam''' = ''byexrer'' :* '''to lambaste''' = ''azfuyevder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lame -- to lean away = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lame''' = ''tyopyofxer'' :* '''to lament loudly''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to lament''' = ''uvdier, uvlader, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to laminate''' = ''goler bu zyomoysi, sazulayefber, zyomoysaxer'' :* '''to lampoon''' = ''dizapyexer vitepay'' :* '''to lance''' = ''puxgibarer'' :* '''to lancinate''' = ''dopmufxer, puxgibarer'' :* '''to land''' = ''meelpuer'' :* '''to land on the moon''' = ''amurpuer'' :* '''to languish''' = ''futejer, ozaser, ugzayper'' :* '''to lap''' = ''abofyujer, ovilper, yuzber'' :* '''to lariat''' = ''yuznyifxer'' :* '''to laser''' = ''izmanarer'' :* '''to lash''' = ''pyexegarer'' :* '''to lasso''' = ''nyifpixer, pixnyifxer, yuznyifxer, zyugyanifxer'' :* '''to last forever''' = ''ujukjeser'' :* '''to last''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to last long''' = ''yagjeser'' :* '''to last no time''' = ''hyojeser'' :* '''to latch''' = ''gumuvber'' :* '''to latch onto''' = ''birer, kexer ay bexler'' :* '''to lather''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to Latinize''' = ''Latodxer'' :* '''to laud''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to laugh''' = ''dizeuder, hihider, ivseuxer, ivteuder'' :* '''to laugh like a hyena''' = ''yepyoder'' :* '''to laugh out loud''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh raucously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh riotously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to laugh snidely''' = ''fudizeuder, fuhihider, fuivteuder'' :* '''to laugh uproariously''' = ''azdizeuder, azhihider, azivteuder'' :* '''to launch a coup''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to launch a coup d'etat''' = ''ijber dabpyox'' :* '''to launch a missile''' = ''pyaxer pyaxmufyeg'' :* '''to launch an arrow''' = ''pyaxer izmuf'' :* '''to launch''' = ''pyaxer'' :* '''to launder''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to lave''' = ''glabuer, ilier, ilser'' :* '''to lavish''' = ''glabuer, grailuer'' :* '''to lay a mine''' = ''oybdopyunber'' :* '''to lay''' = ''aber, ber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay an egg''' = ''patijber'' :* '''to lay aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to lay asphalt''' = ''megyelber'' :* '''to lay back''' = ''zoyyezber'' :* '''to lay brick''' = ''mefber'' :* '''to lay down''' = ''abemer, sumber, yezber, yeznaxer'' :* '''to lay down arms''' = ''doparkuber, kuber dopari'' :* '''to lay down cobblestone''' = ''mepmegber'' :* '''to lay down concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to lay down flooring''' = ''mosber'' :* '''to lay down tile''' = ''unkumegber'' :* '''to lay down turf''' = ''vabyember'' :* '''to lay flat''' = ''yezper, zyiber, zyiper'' :* '''to lay off''' = ''loyixler'' :* '''to lay out flat''' = ''yezber, zyixer'' :* '''to lay out in rows''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to lay out''' = ''nabyanxer, nabyemxer, yezber, zyiaber'' :* '''to lay palms on''' = ''tuyibaber'' :* '''to lay pipe''' = ''mufyegber'' :* '''to lay stone''' = ''megber'' :* '''to lay tile''' = ''abmefber'' :* '''to lay to rest''' = ''ujponember, ujponuer'' :* '''to lay waist to plunder''' = ''fulxer'' :* '''to lay waste''' = ''ikfluxer'' :* '''to layer''' = ''absunxer, abunber, fayefaber, gyomoysber, moysber, sayebxer, zyisber'' :* '''to laze''' = ''jobnyoxer, okyiabser, oyexer'' :* '''to leach''' = ''ilyonxarer, mulyonxer'' :* '''to lead a double life''' = ''kexer eona tej, kotejer'' :* '''to lead back''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to lead cattle''' = ''potnyanizber'' :* '''to lead''' = ''deber, izayber, izaypier, izber, pler, zaper'' :* '''to lead one to doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to lead the church''' = ''fyaxineber'' :* '''to leaf''' = ''fayefaber'' :* '''to leaf through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to leak''' = ''iloker, iloyeper, oker, oyebilper, ugiloker'' :* '''to lean against''' = ''ovbaer'' :* '''to lean apart''' = ''yonbaer'' :* '''to lean away''' = ''ibkiser, yibaer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lean back -- to level out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lean back''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to lean''' = ''baer, kiser'' :* '''to lean down''' = ''yobaer, yobkiser'' :* '''to lean forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean forwards''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to lean in''' = ''yebaer, yebkiser'' :* '''to lean into''' = ''yebaer'' :* '''to lean left''' = ''zubaer'' :* '''to lean near''' = ''yubaer'' :* '''to lean on''' = ''abaer'' :* '''to lean out''' = ''oyebaer, oyebkiser'' :* '''to lean over''' = ''aybaer, yopler'' :* '''to lean right''' = ''zibaer'' :* '''to lean to the side''' = ''kubaer'' :* '''to lean together''' = ''yanbaer'' :* '''to lean under''' = ''oybaer'' :* '''to leap aside''' = ''kupyaser'' :* '''to leap forward''' = ''zaypuser'' :* '''to leap out front''' = ''zapyaser'' :* '''to leap out''' = ''oyepyaser'' :* '''to leap''' = ''puser, pyaser'' :* '''to leap suddenly''' = ''igpyaser'' :* '''to learn a skill''' = ''tuzier'' :* '''to learn from the past''' = ''ajtier'' :* '''to learn''' = ''tier, tiser'' :* '''to lease''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, jonixuer, nasyefier, ojbier, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to leash''' = ''yanyifxer'' :* '''to leave again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to leave ajar''' = ''eynyijber, eynyujber'' :* '''to leave alone''' = ''anlafxer'' :* '''to leave behind''' = ''zoylobexer'' :* '''to leave''' = ''empier, iper, lobexer, oyeper, pier, piler'' :* '''to leave home''' = ''tamiper, tampier'' :* '''to leave in ones will''' = ''tojbuler'' :* '''to leave late''' = ''jwopier'' :* '''to leave office''' = ''xabiper'' :* '''to leave one's position''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to leave open''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leave secretly''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to leave the country''' = ''memiper'' :* '''to leave the door open for''' = ''lobexer ha mes ija av'' :* '''to leave the stage''' = ''iper ha dezmos'' :* '''to leave undecided''' = ''yijbexer'' :* '''to leaven''' = ''filmekxer'' :* '''to lecture''' = ''dyeder, tuxer'' :* '''to leer''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to legalize''' = ''dovyabxer'' :* '''to legislate''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to legitimatize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to legitimize''' = ''dovyaybxer'' :* '''to lemmatize''' = ''vyabdunxer'' :* '''to lend gravity to''' = ''kyitesuer'' :* '''to lend import to make a big deal out of''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to lend''' = ''ojbuer'' :* '''to lengthen''' = ''yagaxer, yagxer'' :* '''to lessen''' = ''gober, goxer'' :* '''to let by''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let continue''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to let down''' = ''yober'' :* '''to let fall''' = ''pyoxer'' :* '''to let go free''' = ''yivafxer'' :* '''to let go''' = ''lobexer, lobirer, lopexer, loyuvbexer'' :* '''to let in''' = ''yebafxer'' :* '''to let it be heard''' = ''teetuer, teexuer'' :* '''to let''' = ''jobnixer, jobnuxyafwa, nasyefuer, ojbiyafwa, ojbuer, ojnuxier'' :* '''to let know''' = ''tuer'' :* '''to let loose''' = ''lopexer, yivlaxer'' :* '''to let out''' = ''oyebafer, oyuzbaer'' :* '''to let out the air''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to let past''' = ''yizafxer'' :* '''to let rest''' = ''boysafxer'' :* '''to let see''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to let the air out of''' = ''logyamalxer'' :* '''to let the cat out of the bag''' = ''jakader, kokader'' :* '''to let through''' = ''zyeafer'' :* '''to lethargize''' = ''tujifxer'' :* '''to letter''' = ''dresiynber'' :* '''to level''' = ''negxer, yabzamxer'' :* '''to level off''' = ''yabzamser'' :* '''to level out''' = ''genedxer, negser, zyimxer, zyinaser, zyinxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to level-out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to level-out''' = ''zyiyaber'' :* '''to levigate''' = ''genegxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to levitate''' = ''kyuper'' :* '''to levogyrate''' = ''mernodzuber'' :* '''to levy a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to levy a fine''' = ''byoknoyxuer, nasbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a penalty''' = ''yovbyokuer'' :* '''to levy a tariff''' = ''nuxyefaber'' :* '''to levy a tax''' = ''dobnixuer'' :* '''to levy''' = ''aber'' :* '''to lexicalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to liaise with''' = ''nyafser'' :* '''to liaise''' = ''yaneser'' :* '''to libel''' = ''fyuder, vyofuder'' :* '''to liberalize''' = ''yivifaxer, yivinxer'' :* '''to liberate''' = ''oyuvxer, yivxer'' :* '''to license''' = ''afder, afdrer, yivder'' :* '''to lick''' = ''teubaxer'' :* '''to lie down''' = ''sumper, yeznaser, zyiper'' :* '''to lie flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie next to''' = ''yubsumper, yubzyiper'' :* '''to lie out flat''' = ''zyiper'' :* '''to lie''' = ''uzder, vyodiner, vyonder'' :* '''to lift back up''' = ''gawbyaler, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to lift''' = ''kyiyabler, kyuxer'' :* '''to lift off''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to lift the blockade''' = ''olovmasber'' :* '''to lift up''' = ''byaler, yabler'' :* '''to lift weights''' = ''yabler kyisuni'' :* '''to ligate''' = ''nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to light a fire''' = ''ijber mag, magijber'' :* '''to light a match''' = ''magijber magmufog'' :* '''to light an oven''' = ''magijber ummagelar'' :* '''to light''' = ''manarer, manyijber'' :* '''to light up a cigar''' = ''magijber givomuf'' :* '''to light up''' = ''manijber, manser, manxer'' :* '''to lighten''' = ''maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to lighten up''' = ''kyuser, kyuxer, maynser, maynxer'' :* '''to like best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to like''' = ''ifier, iyfer'' :* '''to like the best''' = ''gwaiyfer'' :* '''to liken''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to lilt''' = ''ivdeuzer'' :* '''to limit''' = ''goyber, kunadber, yuznadxer'' :* '''to limn''' = ''manber, sindrer, ujnadrer'' :* '''to limp''' = ''azonoker, kiper, kuibaser, kuiper, tyopyiker'' :* '''to line''' = ''obkofxer'' :* '''to line up''' = ''annadser, nabper, nabxer, nadber, nadser, nadxer, pesnadxer, uinabxer, uinadxer'' :* '''to linearize''' = ''nadaxer'' :* '''to linger''' = ''besler, ugtojer, yizpeser'' :* '''to link together''' = ''yanarer, yankxer'' :* '''to link up with''' = ''yankser'' :* '''to link up''' = ''yanarer, yankser'' :* '''to lionize''' = ''fitrawader'' :* '''to lipread''' = ''teubyuzdyeer'' :* '''to lip-synch''' = ''teubyuzgeljober'' :* '''to liquefy''' = ''ilser, ilxer, imilxer'' :* '''to liquidate''' = ''loxer, syagnasxer'' :* '''to liquidize''' = ''imilxer, nasigxer'' :* '''to lisp''' = ''vyosoder'' :* '''to list''' = ''aonyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to listen closely''' = ''yubteexer'' :* '''to listen in on''' = ''koteexer'' :* '''to listen''' = ''teexer'' :* '''to listen to again''' = ''zoyteexer'' :* '''to listen to confession''' = ''kadier'' :* '''to lithograph''' = ''megdrurer'' :* '''to litigate''' = ''doyaovyeker, doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to litter''' = ''zyapuxer fyus'' :* '''to live a mean existence''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to live''' = ''beser, embeser, tambeser, tejer, tyemer'' :* '''to live in hiding''' = ''kotejer'' :* '''to live long''' = ''yagtejer'' :* '''to live the good life''' = ''fitejer, vitejer'' :* '''to live through''' = ''zyetejer'' :* '''to live together''' = ''yantambeser'' :* '''to live well''' = ''fitejer'' :* '''to liven up''' = ''tejaser, tejaxer, tejikser, tejikxer'' :* '''to lixiviate''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to load''' = ''belunaber, kyisaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to loaf -- to lose blood = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to loaf''' = ''jobnyoxer, ugbaser, yoxer'' :* '''to loan''' = ''nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to loath''' = ''ufler'' :* '''to lob''' = ''puxer yobay'' :* '''to lobby''' = ''utfyinaveker'' :* '''to lobotomize''' = ''zatebosober'' :* '''to localize''' = ''emxer, nemaxer'' :* '''to locate''' = ''bember, ember, emkaxer, emnodxer, emxer, kateaxer, kaxer'' :* '''to locate oneself''' = ''bemper'' :* '''to lock out''' = ''oyebrer, oyebyujler'' :* '''to lock up''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yebrer, yujlarer, yujlarumber'' :* '''to lock''' = ''yujler'' :* '''to lodge''' = ''kyober, kyoxer, tambeser, tambuer'' :* '''to log''' = ''faufyexer, kyesdrer'' :* '''to log in''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to log off''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to log on''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logarithmize''' = ''garsager'' :* '''to login''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to logoff''' = ''hoydrer'' :* '''to logon''' = ''haydrer'' :* '''to loiter''' = ''kyebeser, oxbeser'' :* '''to loll''' = ''teubabyoxer, yivbyoser, zyiser tapugay'' :* '''to lollygag''' = ''yexufer, yoxer'' :* '''to long for''' = ''fler, yagfer, yakfer'' :* '''to longe''' = ''apetyuzbixer'' :* '''to look across''' = ''zeyteaxer'' :* '''to look ahead''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look alike''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look all about''' = ''zyateaxer'' :* '''to look around''' = ''yuzkexer, yuzteaxer'' :* '''to look askance at''' = ''kiteaxer'' :* '''to look at directly''' = ''izteaxer'' :* '''to look at head-on''' = ''zateaxer'' :* '''to look at one another''' = ''hyuitteaxer'' :* '''to look at''' = ''teaxer, teaxier'' :* '''to look at with pity''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look away''' = ''ibteaxer'' :* '''to look back''' = ''zoyteaxer'' :* '''to look between''' = ''ebteaxer'' :* '''to look closely at''' = ''yubteaxer'' :* '''to look different''' = ''hyuteaser'' :* '''to look down at''' = ''fuzteaxer'' :* '''to look down on''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to look down''' = ''yobteaxer'' :* '''to look for''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to look forward to''' = ''zayteaxer'' :* '''to look good''' = ''fiteaser'' :* '''to look hard''' = ''kexer jestay'' :* '''to look in''' = ''yebteaxer'' :* '''to look left''' = ''zuteaxer'' :* '''to look like''' = ''gelteaser, teaser'' :* '''to look meanly at''' = ''ufteaxer'' :* '''to look near and far''' = ''yuibteaxer'' :* '''to look out for''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to look out''' = ''oyebteaxer'' :* '''to look right''' = ''ziteaxer'' :* '''to look similar''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to look through''' = ''zyeteaxer'' :* '''to look up''' = ''kexer, yabteaxer'' :* '''to look up to''' = ''fizteaxer'' :* '''to look up to respect''' = ''hwayteaxer'' :* '''to loom''' = ''pyaer'' :* '''to loop''' = ''neyofxer, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzunxer, zyuisber'' :* '''to loosen''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvser, loyuvxer, okyoxer, oyuzbaer, vyabyugxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to loosen up''' = ''gyufser, gyufxer, yivlaser, yivlaxer, yugsaser'' :* '''to loot''' = ''kobirer, yivbirer'' :* '''to lop off''' = ''gonober, obgobler'' :* '''to lope''' = ''yagapeper, yopeger'' :* '''to lord over''' = ''abdaber, abyafser, tamagweber, tamweber, yedweber'' :* '''to lose a husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose a job''' = ''yexoker'' :* '''to lose a parent''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose a point''' = ''oker eknod'' :* '''to lose a prize''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose a seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose a spouse''' = ''tadoker'' :* '''to lose a wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose an award''' = ''nazunoker'' :* '''to lose blood''' = ''oker tiibil, tiibiloker'' </div>{{small/end}} = to lose color -- to maintain well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to lose color''' = ''volzoker'' :* '''to lose consciousness''' = ''oker teptijan'' :* '''to lose control of''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to lose control''' = ''oker izbex'' :* '''to lose earnings''' = ''nixoker'' :* '''to lose energy''' = ''azuloker'' :* '''to lose faith''' = ''fyavatexoker, oker favyat, vatexoker'' :* '''to lose faith in''' = ''vatexoker'' :* '''to lose grace''' = ''fyazoker'' :* '''to lose grip''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose grip of''' = ''obirer'' :* '''to lose hair''' = ''tayeboker'' :* '''to lose honor''' = ''fizoker'' :* '''to lose hope''' = ''ojfonoyser, ojvatexoker'' :* '''to lose''' = ''lobewer, oker, vyoember'' :* '''to lose money''' = ''nasoker, nixoker'' :* '''to lose one's husband''' = ''twadoker'' :* '''to lose one's mind''' = ''tepoker'' :* '''to lose one's parents''' = ''tedoker'' :* '''to lose one's seat''' = ''simoker'' :* '''to lose one's train of thought''' = ''oker ota texnad'' :* '''to lose one's virginity''' = ''vyizanoker'' :* '''to lose ones way''' = ''mepoker'' :* '''to lose one's way''' = ''mepoker, oker ota mep'' :* '''to lose one's wife''' = ''taydoker'' :* '''to lose ones youth''' = ''joganoker'' :* '''to lose power''' = ''yafoker, yofser'' :* '''to lose quality''' = ''finoker'' :* '''to lose shape''' = ''sanoker'' :* '''to lose strength''' = ''azanoker, yafoker'' :* '''to lose structure''' = ''sexyenoker'' :* '''to lose the ability to smell''' = ''teityofser'' :* '''to lose track of''' = ''texoker'' :* '''to lose trust''' = ''vatexoker, vlatexoker'' :* '''to lose value''' = ''nazoker'' :* '''to lose vigor''' = ''azonoker'' :* '''to lose volume''' = ''nidoker'' :* '''to lose wealth''' = ''nyazoker'' :* '''to lose weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to lounge''' = ''ugbaser, yagper, zyiser'' :* '''to lour''' = ''ufteuber, uvteuber'' :* '''to love''' = ''ifer'' :* '''to love one another''' = ''hyuitifer'' :* '''to love passionately''' = ''amifer'' :* '''to low''' = ''eopeder, potyader'' :* '''to lower the curtain''' = ''yober ha dezof, yober ha misof'' :* '''to lower the volume''' = ''yober ha seuzneg'' :* '''to lower''' = ''yober'' :* '''to lowercase''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to lubricate''' = ''mayaber'' :* '''to lucubrate''' = ''mojtixer'' :* '''to lug''' = ''beler, kyibeler, ugbeler'' :* '''to luge''' = ''igkyupirer'' :* '''to lull''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to lumber along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to lumber''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to lump''' = ''glalxer'' :* '''to lump together''' = ''yanglalser, yanglalxer'' :* '''to lunge into''' = ''yepusler'' :* '''to lunge''' = ''pusler'' :* '''to lurch''' = ''igzaybaser, paoper, paosper'' :* '''to lure''' = ''kyobixer, ubixer, yupexer'' :* '''to lurk''' = ''kopeser'' :* '''to lust after''' = ''taadifrer, tapfler, tapiflier'' :* '''to lust for''' = ''frer, tapiflier'' :* '''to luxuriate''' = ''ikzaser, nyazifser, vitejbyeer, vitejer, vizyener, vlianier, vriaser'' :* '''to lynch''' = ''oyevtojber'' :* '''to macadamize''' = ''mepnedxer'' :* '''to macerate''' = ''ilyonxer'' :* '''to machinate''' = ''koexdrer'' :* '''to machine''' = ''sirsaxer'' :* '''to machine-gun''' = ''igdopirer'' :* '''to madden''' = ''ebyextipuer, futipuer, uftosuer'' :* '''to magnetize''' = ''bixfeelkxer'' :* '''to magnify''' = ''agaxer'' :* '''to mail a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to mail''' = ''vyedrer, yibnyuxer'' :* '''to maim''' = ''bruker'' :* '''to maintain''' = ''bexler, exbexler, fibexer, fibexler, jexer, kyobexer, yagbexer'' :* '''to maintain well''' = ''fibexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to major planet -- to make depressed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to major planet''' = ''agala mer'' :* '''to make a beeline''' = ''izmeper'' :* '''to make a big deal out of''' = ''glatesaxer'' :* '''to make a celebrity''' = ''fizyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make a cross''' = ''gabsinxer'' :* '''to make a film''' = ''saxer dyezun'' :* '''to make a first attempt''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make a full cycle''' = ''ikzyuper'' :* '''to make a game out of''' = ''ifekxer'' :* '''to make a gesture''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to make a girl''' = ''tobeytxer'' :* '''to make a long face''' = ''uvteuber'' :* '''to make a member''' = ''gonutxer'' :* '''to make a mental note''' = ''tesiyner'' :* '''to make a minor distinction''' = ''yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to make a mistake''' = ''vyoker, vyokxer, xer vyok'' :* '''to make a motion''' = ''baser'' :* '''to make a movie of''' = ''dyezunxer'' :* '''to make a nest''' = ''vubsumxer'' :* '''to make a note of''' = ''taxier, tesiynier'' :* '''to make a phone call''' = ''xer yibdalun'' :* '''to make a piercing sound''' = ''giseuxer'' :* '''to make a point''' = ''xer vlatexuus'' :* '''to make a pounding noise''' = ''pyexleuxer'' :* '''to make a profit''' = ''nixer nasak'' :* '''to make a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to make a sad face''' = ''uvteubsiner'' :* '''to make a sarcastic remark''' = ''fuhihider'' :* '''to make a sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to make a square''' = ''ungegunxer'' :* '''to make a star''' = ''dezdebxer, dyezdebxer'' :* '''to make a sudden move''' = ''yokpaser'' :* '''to make a surplus''' = ''nasaker'' :* '''to make a tool''' = ''sarsaxer'' :* '''to make a video of''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to make accountable''' = ''dudyefxer'' :* '''to make allies''' = ''yandatxer'' :* '''to make amends''' = ''xer zoyaynx'' :* '''to make an adult''' = ''grejagatxer, jwotxer'' :* '''to make an effort''' = ''xelfer'' :* '''to make an enemy of''' = ''ovdatxer'' :* '''to make an expression''' = ''teubsiner'' :* '''to make an impression on''' = ''dretxer'' :* '''to make an initiative''' = ''ijyeker'' :* '''to make angry''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make anxious''' = ''oboxer, opooxer'' :* '''to make arduous''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make astringent''' = ''teusyigxer'' :* '''to make attempts to''' = ''xer yeki av'' :* '''to make available''' = ''ayxer, baysuwaxer, baysyafwaxer, beuwaxer, eseaxer'' :* '''to make aware''' = ''tijtuer, tuer'' :* '''to make''' = ''axer, nixer, saxer, xer'' :* '''to make bad''' = ''fuaxer'' :* '''to make bald''' = ''tayeboyxer'' :* '''to make blush''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make bread''' = ''ovolxer'' :* '''to make brutish''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make bulge''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make by hand''' = ''tuyasaxer'' :* '''to make capable''' = ''yafxer'' :* '''to make carpets''' = ''masofsaxer'' :* '''to make change''' = ''nasesuer, nasmuguer'' :* '''to make clear''' = ''vyider'' :* '''to make clothes''' = ''tafsaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to make cognizant''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to make come true''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make comfortable''' = ''yugemxer, yukbyenxer, yukomxer, yukyenxer'' :* '''to make common''' = ''yansaunxer'' :* '''to make communist''' = ''yanotinxer'' :* '''to make comply''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make compulsory''' = ''yefwaxer'' :* '''to make conform''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to make confusing''' = ''testyikwaxer'' :* '''to make connections''' = ''xer anyafxeni'' :* '''to make constant''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make content''' = ''ivlaxer'' :* '''to make crazy''' = ''tepbokxer, teponapxer, tepuzaxer, tepuzraxer'' :* '''to make cry''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make dependent''' = ''obyoseaxer, oybyuvxer'' :* '''to make depressed''' = ''tipuvxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make despair -- to make merry = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make despair''' = ''fuyakuer'' :* '''to make difficult''' = ''yiksonxer, yikxer'' :* '''to make disappear''' = ''oseaxer, teasober, teatyofxwaxer'' :* '''to make dizzy''' = ''tepyoklaxer'' :* '''to make doubt''' = ''votexuer'' :* '''to make drab''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make drowsy''' = ''tujefxer'' :* '''to make dull''' = ''logixer, lomaanxer'' :* '''to make easy''' = ''yukxer'' :* '''to make ecstatic''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to make effective''' = ''vyaymxer'' :* '''to make even''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make evident''' = ''vraxer'' :* '''to make eyes at''' = ''ifonteabuer'' :* '''to make famous''' = ''glatrawaxer, yibtrawaxer'' :* '''to make fast''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to make feel full''' = ''iktosuer'' :* '''to make feel''' = ''tayotuer, tosuer'' :* '''to make firm''' = ''gyilxer'' :* '''to make first''' = ''aaxer'' :* '''to make frail''' = ''gyorxer'' :* '''to make frown''' = ''ufteubuer'' :* '''to make fun''' = ''ifekxer, ifsonuer, ivxer'' :* '''to make fun of''' = ''fuifder, fuivteuder, ifekxer, ovifdiner, ovivxuer, vudizeudier'' :* '''to make furniture''' = ''somsaxer'' :* '''to make glass''' = ''zyefsaxer, zyevxer'' :* '''to make gloomy''' = ''uvraxer'' :* '''to make go bang''' = ''yonpapuer'' :* '''to make go haywire''' = ''yonapxer'' :* '''to make go up in value''' = ''gafyinuer'' :* '''to make good''' = ''fiaxer'' :* '''to make good use of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make grave''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make great strides''' = ''xer gla zaynogi, yibzoyper'' :* '''to make grin''' = ''ivteubuer'' :* '''to make groan''' = ''ufteuduer, uvteuduer'' :* '''to make happen''' = ''xexer'' :* '''to make happy''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make hard to understand''' = ''testyikxer'' :* '''to make hard''' = ''yikxer'' :* '''to make haste''' = ''jobuxer'' :* '''to make heavy''' = ''kyiaxer'' :* '''to make heterogeneous''' = ''hyusaunxer'' :* '''to make history''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to make homeless''' = ''tamoyxer'' :* '''to make horny''' = ''tapiflanuer'' :* '''to make hungry''' = ''telefxer'' :* '''to make ill''' = ''bokxer, fubakxer'' :* '''to make impatient''' = ''oyakzaxer'' :* '''to make important''' = ''tesagxer'' :* '''to make impossible''' = ''oyafwaxer, yofwaxer'' :* '''to make impossible to understand''' = ''testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make impotent''' = ''ebtabifyofxer'' :* '''to make inaudible''' = ''teetyofwaxer'' :* '''to make incomprehensible''' = ''testyikwaxer, testyofwaxer'' :* '''to make independent''' = ''olobyoseaxer, oyuvxer'' :* '''to make insane''' = ''otepegxer, tepolegxer'' :* '''to make into crust''' = ''abovolxer'' :* '''to make invisible''' = ''teayofwaxer'' :* '''to make it harder for''' = ''yofuer'' :* '''to make itch''' = ''obostayotuer, peltayosuer, tayopelpuer, tuloxefxer'' :* '''to make it's way''' = ''meaper'' :* '''to make jiggle''' = ''igbaoxer'' :* '''to make jubilant''' = ''tosiflaxer'' :* '''to make lackluster''' = ''lomaanxer'' :* '''to make last forever''' = ''ujukjexer'' :* '''to make late''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer'' :* '''to make laugh''' = ''hihiduer, ivseuxuer, ivteudxer'' :* '''to make lazy''' = ''tapugxer'' :* '''to make level''' = ''zyinxer'' :* '''to make light of''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to make little''' = ''glonixer'' :* '''to make lose faith''' = ''vatexokxer'' :* '''to make louder''' = ''seuxazaxer'' :* '''to make love''' = ''ebtabifer'' :* '''to make lukewarm''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make mad''' = ''futipxer, fyuxfaxer'' :* '''to make main''' = ''agnaxer'' :* '''to make merriment''' = ''ivxer'' :* '''to make merry''' = ''ivzaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make minor -- to make tired = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make minor''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to make moan''' = ''uvteuduer'' :* '''to make more pliable''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make necessary''' = ''efxer'' :* '''to make nervous''' = ''tayixuer'' :* '''to make noise''' = ''fuseuxer'' :* '''to make note of''' = ''igder'' :* '''to make notorious''' = ''fuzyatrawaxer'' :* '''to make obese''' = ''gyatxer'' :* '''to make obey''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to make obligatory''' = ''yefwaxer, yeyfwaxer'' :* '''to make old''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to make one curious''' = ''trefxer'' :* '''to make one's hair go gray''' = ''tayemaolzaxer'' :* '''to make one's head spin''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make one's way''' = ''meper'' :* '''to make out''' = ''eynteater, yoneater'' :* '''to make painful''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make pale''' = ''maylzaxer'' :* '''to make pastry''' = ''leovoler'' :* '''to make pay up''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to make peace''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to make permanent''' = ''kyojaxer'' :* '''to make possible''' = ''veaxer, yafwaxer'' :* '''to make president''' = ''ditdebxer'' :* '''to make profitable''' = ''nixakyafwaxer'' :* '''to make proper again''' = ''vyalaxer'' :* '''to make protrude''' = ''yazaxer'' :* '''to make proud''' = ''yavlaxer'' :* '''to make public''' = ''dodxer'' :* '''to make ready''' = ''jaber, jwaber, pyafxer'' :* '''to make real''' = ''vyamxer'' :* '''to make red''' = ''alzaxer'' :* '''to make resentful''' = ''futosuer'' :* '''to make revolution''' = ''ovdober'' :* '''to make rich''' = ''glanasaxer'' :* '''to make rise''' = ''yapuxer'' :* '''to make robust''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make room for''' = ''nigxer'' :* '''to make round out''' = ''zyuaxer'' :* '''to make round''' = ''yuzaxer'' :* '''to make sad''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to make safe''' = ''obukxer, vakxer'' :* '''to make seasick''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to make sense''' = ''tesayser'' :* '''to make serious''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to make shallow''' = ''yobyubxer'' :* '''to make shudder''' = ''payxrer'' :* '''to make sick''' = ''fubakxer'' :* '''to make similar''' = ''geylxer'' :* '''to make simple to understand''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to make sleepy''' = ''tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to make smaller''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to make smile''' = ''ivteubxer'' :* '''to make soggy''' = ''imkyixer'' :* '''to make somber''' = ''omaaxer'' :* '''to make some space in-between''' = ''ebnigxer'' :* '''to make someone happy''' = ''axer het iva'' :* '''to make someone worried''' = ''fyutexuer'' :* '''to make sore''' = ''byokxer'' :* '''to make stick together''' = ''yankyoxer'' :* '''to make strict''' = ''vyabyigxer'' :* '''to make sturdy''' = ''yikraxer'' :* '''to make suffer''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to make supple''' = ''yugsaxer'' :* '''to make sure''' = ''vlaxer'' :* '''to make sweet-smelling''' = ''fiteisaxer'' :* '''to make swerve''' = ''uzkixer'' :* '''to make swoon''' = ''kyutebxer'' :* '''to make tasty''' = ''teusayxer'' :* '''to make tender''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to make tense''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to make tepid''' = ''eynamxer'' :* '''to make the bed''' = ''jwaber ha sum'' :* '''to make the best''' = ''gwafiaxer'' :* '''to make the best of it''' = ''gwafixer'' :* '''to make the best of''' = ''yixfiaxer'' :* '''to make think''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to make thirsty''' = ''tilefxer'' :* '''to make tired''' = ''tabozaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to make toil -- to mass = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to make toil''' = ''yexruer'' :* '''to make tremble''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make ugly''' = ''vuaxer, vuxer'' :* '''to make unavailable''' = ''asyofwaxer'' :* '''to make unclear''' = ''ovyidxer'' :* '''to make uncomfortable''' = ''oyukomxer, yikomxer'' :* '''to make understand''' = ''testuer'' :* '''to make uniform''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to make unnecessary''' = ''loefwaxer, olefxer'' :* '''to make unrecognizable''' = ''tryofwaxer'' :* '''to make unsecure''' = ''lovakxer'' :* '''to make unstable''' = ''ozepaxer'' :* '''to make up for''' = ''zoybuner'' :* '''to make up''' = ''fyeder, vyomxer, vyosaxer'' :* '''to make use of''' = ''fyixer, sarxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to make useful''' = ''fyisaxer, fyixer'' :* '''to make vertical''' = ''aonadxer'' :* '''to make vibrate''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make violent''' = ''azraxer'' :* '''to make visible''' = ''teatyafwaxer'' :* '''to make war''' = ''dropeker'' :* '''to make waves''' = ''pyaonxer'' :* '''to make way for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to make wealthy''' = ''nasikxer, nyazayaxer'' :* '''to make weep''' = ''uvteabiluer, uvteabilxer'' :* '''to make well again''' = ''zoybakxer'' :* '''to make well''' = ''bakxer, fibakxer'' :* '''to make whole''' = ''aynxer'' :* '''to make wiggle''' = ''baosuxer'' :* '''to make woozy''' = ''tebuzraxer'' :* '''to make worried''' = ''obostepxer'' :* '''to make worse''' = ''gafuaxer'' :* '''to maladjust''' = ''vyonadber, vyonadxer'' :* '''to maladminister''' = ''fudiber'' :* '''to malfunction''' = ''fuexer, oexer'' :* '''to malign''' = ''fuader, fuder, vuder'' :* '''to malinger''' = ''bokvyoeker'' :* '''to malt''' = ''veyebxer, yoogxer'' :* '''to maltreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to man''' = ''tobuer'' :* '''to manage''' = ''diyber, izdiyber'' :* '''to mandate''' = ''axlafxer, debder, direr, dodirer, yefder'' :* '''to manducate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to maneuver''' = ''gyuexer, izbyener, nappaxer, yikexer'' :* '''to mangle''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to manhandle''' = ''tuyapaxer, yigpyexler'' :* '''to manhunt''' = ''tobkexer'' :* '''to manifest itself''' = ''oyebteaxuwer'' :* '''to manifest''' = ''oyebteaxuer'' :* '''to manipulate''' = ''tuyabexer, yikexer'' :* '''to manufacture''' = ''nunsaxer, saxer'' :* '''to manumit''' = ''loyuxlutxer, yivxer'' :* '''to manure''' = ''melyexer, tavyuluer'' :* '''to map''' = ''mepdrafxer, mersindrafxer'' :* '''to map out''' = ''drafxer, jayexer'' :* '''to mar''' = ''loviber, lovixer'' :* '''to maraud''' = ''huimpoper av ukxen ay soxen, soxper'' :* '''to marble''' = ''meagxer, meazer'' :* '''to marbleize''' = ''meazaxer'' :* '''to march''' = ''doptyoper, nyadtyoper'' :* '''to march on''' = ''zaynyadtyoper, zayper'' :* '''to marginalize''' = ''kunigxer, kuyember'' :* '''to marinate''' = ''yigvafilber'' :* '''to mark down''' = ''naxgoxer, yobnixbuer'' :* '''to mark''' = ''finsiynxer, siynber, siynxer'' :* '''to mark off''' = ''nodxer, yonsiynxer'' :* '''to mark up''' = ''naxgaber'' :* '''to market''' = ''ebkyaxer, nasbuier, nunuer'' :* '''to maroon''' = ''ukxwember'' :* '''to marry again''' = ''zoytadier'' :* '''to marry early''' = ''jwatadier'' :* '''to marry late''' = ''jwotadier'' :* '''to marry off''' = ''taduer'' :* '''to marry''' = ''tadier, tadxer'' :* '''to Mars''' = ''Umer'' :* '''to marshal''' = ''yannabxer'' :* '''to marvel''' = ''teazier, virader, virier'' :* '''to mash''' = ''gounbyexrer, mekilxer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to mask''' = ''lotruer, teuvuer, tryofwaxer'' :* '''to mass''' = ''graotyanser, nyanagser, nyanagxer, nyaunser, nyaunxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to massacre -- to mewl = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to massacre''' = ''nyantojber'' :* '''to massage''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to mast''' = ''tabpyoxwasteluer'' :* '''to master''' = ''abdutxer, taameber, tameber, tyenier'' :* '''to masticate''' = ''teubixer'' :* '''to masturbate''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to match''' = ''fiyanber, fiyanper, gelfinser, gelfinxer, geser, vyafsanser, vyafsanxer, vyegeler'' :* '''to mate''' = ''eotser, eotxer, taadser, taadxer, yanatser, yandetser, yantadser, yantadxer'' :* '''to materialize''' = ''mulser, sunser, sunxer'' :* '''to matriculate''' = ''tistamper, tutaymper'' :* '''to matter a lot''' = ''gla teser'' :* '''to matter greatly''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to matter''' = ''kyiteser, teser'' :* '''to matter little''' = ''glo teser'' :* '''to matter not''' = ''hyosteser, tesoyser'' :* '''to maturate''' = ''jagxer'' :* '''to mature''' = ''jagser, jwogser, jwotser'' :* '''to maul''' = ''kyituyaber, pyotuloxer'' :* '''to maunder''' = ''otesdaler, zaotyoper'' :* '''to max out''' = ''gwaikser'' :* '''to maximize''' = ''gwaaxer, gwanogxer'' :* '''to may''' = ''afer'' :* '''to mean a lot''' = ''glateser'' :* '''to mean''' = ''dwafer, tepfer, teser, vafer'' :* '''to mean ill''' = ''fufer'' :* '''to mean little''' = ''gloteser, teser glos'' :* '''to mean nothing''' = ''hyosteser, teser hos'' :* '''to mean something different''' = ''hyuteser, ogeteser'' :* '''to mean the same''' = ''geteser, hyiteser'' :* '''to mean well''' = ''fifer'' :* '''to mean whatever''' = ''kyesteser'' :* '''to meander''' = ''kyepaser, kyetyoper, miper'' :* '''to measure''' = ''nagder, nager, nagxer'' :* '''to measure up''' = ''nagser'' :* '''to mechanize''' = ''sirxer'' :* '''to meddle''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to mediate''' = ''ebuper, ebutser, zetobaxler'' :* '''to medicate''' = ''bekuluer'' :* '''to medicate oneself''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to meditate''' = ''yagtexer'' :* '''to meet by chance''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to meet''' = ''byuser, yanper, yanser, yanuper'' :* '''to meld''' = ''glananxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to meliorate''' = ''zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to mellow out''' = ''yugraser'' :* '''to mellow''' = ''yugraxer'' :* '''to melodramatize''' = ''tipamdezaxer'' :* '''to melt''' = ''ilser, ilxer, yugxer'' :* '''to memorialize''' = ''taxxeler'' :* '''to memorize''' = ''taxier, taxkyoxer'' :* '''to menace''' = ''jayufsonuer, yufsunuer'' :* '''to mend''' = ''aynxer, ejsafxer, jwesafer'' :* '''to menialize''' = ''oogxer'' :* '''to menstruate''' = ''jibiler, tiyuybiler'' :* '''to mentally attract''' = ''tepbixer'' :* '''to mention''' = ''igder, tepuer, texder'' :* '''to meow''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mercerize''' = ''favobbeker'' :* '''to merchandize''' = ''nuier'' :* '''to Mercury''' = ''Amer'' :* '''to merge''' = ''yananxer, yanaynxer'' :* '''to merit belief''' = ''vatexnazer'' :* '''to merit''' = ''fyinier, nazier, utnazier'' :* '''to mesh''' = ''neafser, neafxer'' :* '''to mesmerize''' = ''bixfeelkxer, kozuer'' :* '''to mess up''' = ''fukxer, funapxer, lonapxer, lovyikxer, napoyxer, napuzraxer, onapxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mess up the hair''' = ''tayebonapxer'' :* '''to message''' = ''dunuiber, ebdrasuber, ebdrasuer'' :* '''to metabolize''' = ''yizkyaser, yizkyaxer, zeysanser, zeysanxer'' :* '''to metamorphose''' = ''sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to metastasize''' = ''bokzyaper, finkyaser, fukyaser'' :* '''to mete''' = ''nager'' :* '''to mete out''' = ''naguer, zyabuer'' :* '''to mete out punishment''' = ''fyuzuer'' :* '''to meter''' = ''nagaraber, nagarer, nagder'' :* '''to methylate''' = ''cainhelkxer'' :* '''to metricate''' = ''nagader, nagaxer'' :* '''to metricize''' = ''nagaxer'' :* '''to mew''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to mewl''' = ''ozuvteuder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to micromanage -- to misrepresent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to micromanage''' = ''ogladiyber'' :* '''to microminiaturize''' = ''oglogxer'' :* '''to micronize''' = ''amloynminakxer, oglaxer'' :* '''to microstore''' = ''oglanyexer'' :* '''to microwave''' = ''oglapyaonxer'' :* '''to might''' = ''yayfer'' :* '''to migrate''' = ''emiper, emuiper, memkyaxer, memuiper'' :* '''to militarize''' = ''dopser, dopxer'' :* '''to militate''' = ''uxler'' :* '''to mimeograph''' = ''geldrurer'' :* '''to mimic''' = ''gelxer'' :* '''to mince''' = ''gyobler, zotiubaxler'' :* '''to mind''' = ''bikser, bikxwer, oboxwer, ovduer'' :* '''to mine''' = ''mukibler'' :* '''to mine-hunt''' = ''oybdopyunkexer'' :* '''to mineralize''' = ''mukxer'' :* '''to mingle''' = ''eybser, eybxer, yanmulxer'' :* '''to miniate''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to miniaturize''' = ''oglaxer, oglunxer'' :* '''to minimize''' = ''gwoaxer, gwoder, gwonogxer'' :* '''to minister''' = ''diyber'' :* '''to minor''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to minoring''' = ''gotixer'' :* '''to mint''' = ''nasmugxer'' :* '''to Miradify''' = ''Miradxer'' :* '''to mire''' = ''meyilber'' :* '''to mirror''' = ''gelxer, sinyefser, sinzyefxer, zoysiner'' :* '''to misaddress''' = ''vyoemtuundrer, vyomepsagdrer, vyouyber'' :* '''to misalign''' = ''vyonadxer'' :* '''to misanthropize''' = ''tobufer'' :* '''to misapply''' = ''vyoaber'' :* '''to misapportion''' = ''vyogonuer'' :* '''to misapprehend''' = ''vyotester, vyotier'' :* '''to misappropriate''' = ''vyobexwaxer, vyobier, vyobiler'' :* '''to misbehave''' = ''fuaxler, vyokaxler'' :* '''to misbelieve''' = ''vyovatexer'' :* '''to misbrand''' = ''funundyunuer, vyonundyunuer'' :* '''to miscalculate''' = ''vyosyaager'' :* '''to miscall''' = ''fudyuer, vyodyuer'' :* '''to miscarry''' = ''vyotajber'' :* '''to miscast''' = ''fudezgonuer'' :* '''to mis-communicate''' = ''vyoebtuier, vyovyedeler'' :* '''to miscomprehend''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misconceive''' = ''vyotyunxer'' :* '''to misconstrue''' = ''vyotester, vyotestier, vyotier'' :* '''to miscount''' = ''vyosyager'' :* '''to miscue''' = ''vyoduer, vyopyexer'' :* '''to misdeal''' = ''vyokebuer'' :* '''to misdiagnose''' = ''vyoxuuntixer'' :* '''to misdial''' = ''vyosagzyiuner'' :* '''to misdirect''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to misdivide''' = ''vyogoler'' :* '''to misdo''' = ''fuxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to misfile''' = ''vyodreunyeber, vyonaaber'' :* '''to misfire''' = ''vyopuxrer'' :* '''to misgovern''' = ''vyodaber'' :* '''to misguide''' = ''vyoizber, vyotuer'' :* '''to mishandle''' = ''futuyaber, futuyaxer, fuxaler, vyotuyaxer'' :* '''to mishear''' = ''vyoteeter'' :* '''to misidentify''' = ''vyogetxer'' :* '''to misinform''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to misinterpret''' = ''vyoebtestier'' :* '''to misjudge''' = ''vyoyevder'' :* '''to mislabel''' = ''vyoabdrer'' :* '''to mislay''' = ''vyober'' :* '''to mislead''' = ''vyoizber, vyoktuer, vyoteatuer'' :* '''to mismanage''' = ''vyodiyber'' :* '''to mismatch''' = ''vyogelfinser'' :* '''to misname''' = ''vyodyunuer'' :* '''to misnumber''' = ''vyosagxer'' :* '''to misperceive''' = ''vyoteatier'' :* '''to misplace''' = ''vyober, vyoember'' :* '''to misplay''' = ''vyoeker'' :* '''to misprint''' = ''vyodrurer'' :* '''to misprogram''' = ''vyoextuundrer'' :* '''to mispronounce''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to misquote''' = ''vyogeder'' :* '''to misread''' = ''vyodyeer'' :* '''to misreport''' = ''vyovyender'' :* '''to misrepresent''' = ''vyoavembier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to misroute -- to mourn = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to misroute''' = ''vyomepxer'' :* '''to misrule''' = ''fudaber'' :* '''to miss a ball''' = ''opixer zyun'' :* '''to miss a bus''' = ''opixer yuzpur'' :* '''to miss a class''' = ''oteeper tisun'' :* '''to miss a target''' = ''obyuxer byun, oxler byun'' :* '''to miss''' = ''boyser, obyunxer, oktoser, opixer, oxler, oyker, ujoker, uktoser boy, vyobunxer, yizafxer, yizbyunxer, yonuvser'' :* '''to miss the past''' = ''oktoser ha aj'' :* '''to misshape''' = ''fusanxer'' :* '''to missort''' = ''vyonapxer'' :* '''to misspeak''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to misspell''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to misspend''' = ''vyonoxer'' :* '''to misstate''' = ''vyodeler'' :* '''to misstep''' = ''vyonogper, vyoper'' :* '''to mist up''' = ''miayfser, miayfxer, mifser, miyfser'' :* '''to mistake for''' = ''vyoker av'' :* '''to mistime''' = ''vyojobdrer'' :* '''to mistranslate''' = ''vyoebtestuer'' :* '''to mistreat''' = ''fubeker, vyobeker'' :* '''to mistrust''' = ''lovaktexer, ovakbuer, ovaktexer'' :* '''to mistype''' = ''vyodrirer'' :* '''to misunderstand''' = ''vyotester'' :* '''to misuse''' = ''vyoyixer'' :* '''to misvalue''' = ''vyonazder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to mitigate''' = ''goxer, kyuxer'' :* '''to mix''' = ''ebmulxer, yanbaoser, yanbaoxer, yangonxer, yanmulxer, yanunxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to mix in''' = ''eybmulxer, eybyanber, yanyeper, yebaoxer'' :* '''to mix up''' = ''ebnapxer, funapxer, napkyaxer, napuzraxer, vyonapxer'' :* '''to mizzle''' = ''mamilmifer'' :* '''to moan''' = ''azuvteuder, hyuyder, ozuvteuder, ufder, uvdier, uvlader, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to moan softly''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to mobilize''' = ''kyapaser, kyapaxer, pasyafser'' :* '''to mock''' = ''fuhihider, fuivder, huhider'' :* '''to model after''' = ''asaunxer'' :* '''to model''' = ''fiksaunxer'' :* '''to moderate''' = ''ezaxer, zenagser, zenagxer, zetipxer'' :* '''to moderate oneself''' = ''zetipser'' :* '''to modernize''' = ''ejobxer, ejyenxer'' :* '''to modify''' = ''gawsanxer'' :* '''to modularize''' = ''ebexgonxer'' :* '''to modulate''' = ''nagonxer'' :* '''to moil''' = ''vyuxer, yexler, zyupler'' :* '''to moisten''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to moisturize''' = ''iymxer'' :* '''to mold''' = ''uksanxer'' :* '''to Moldavian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to Moldovan''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to molest''' = ''fubeker, oboxer'' :* '''to mollify''' = ''yugzaxer'' :* '''to mollycoddle''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to monetize''' = ''nasaxer'' :* '''to monitor''' = ''beaxer, teabexler, zyateaxer'' :* '''to monkey''' = ''ebaxler, tapoxer'' :* '''to monopolize''' = ''annunutyanxer'' :* '''to monospace''' = ''annigxer'' :* '''to moo''' = ''eopeder, epeder'' :* '''to mooch''' = ''hyutasbier, kobier, nasdiler'' :* '''to moon''' = ''zotiubsinuer'' :* '''to moonlight''' = ''kuyexer'' :* '''to moonwalk''' = ''amurtyoper'' :* '''to moor''' = ''nyanufber'' :* '''to mop''' = ''mekobarer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer'' :* '''to mope''' = ''uvaxler, uvteuber'' :* '''to moped user''' = ''tipoyxer'' :* '''to moralize''' = ''dofinder, dofinxer, fyabyender'' :* '''to morph''' = ''gawsanser, gawsanxer'' :* '''to mortify''' = ''ovfizuer'' :* '''to mosey''' = ''ugpaser'' :* '''to mothball''' = ''loaxleaxer, oyixber'' :* '''to mother''' = ''teydxer'' :* '''to motivate''' = ''teppaxer, uxler, uxner, yifuer'' :* '''to motor''' = ''purexer'' :* '''to motorize''' = ''suruer'' :* '''to mottle''' = ''kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to moult''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to mount a horse''' = ''apetaper'' :* '''to mount''' = ''aper, yapler'' :* '''to mountaineer''' = ''gimelper, yazmeltyoper'' :* '''to mourn''' = ''jouvder, uvdier, uvlader, uvlaxer, uvraser, uvser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to move ahead -- to natter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to move ahead''' = ''zayber, zaypaxer'' :* '''to move all about''' = ''zyapaser'' :* '''to move apart''' = ''kuyonbaser, kuyonbaxer'' :* '''to move around''' = ''yuzpaser, yuzpaxer'' :* '''to move aside''' = ''kuber, kupaser, kupaxer'' :* '''to move away''' = ''ipaser, ipaxer, yibaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move back''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move back-and-forth''' = ''zaopaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to move backward''' = ''zoypaser, zoypaxer'' :* '''to move close by''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move close''' = ''yupaser, yupaxer'' :* '''to move down''' = ''yopaser, yopaxer'' :* '''to move''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, kyaber, kyaemper, kyaper, paser, paxer, tospanuer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to move far away''' = ''yipaser, yipaxer'' :* '''to move forward''' = ''zayber, zaypaser'' :* '''to move in and out''' = ''somuiper'' :* '''to move in front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move in''' = ''somuper, tamkyoxer, yepaser, yepaxer'' :* '''to move off''' = ''opaser, opaxer'' :* '''to move on''' = ''empier'' :* '''to move on the hips''' = ''tyoaper'' :* '''to move onto''' = ''apaser'' :* '''to move out''' = ''kyaember, oyepaser, oyepaxer, somiper'' :* '''to move out of the way''' = ''kuyonber, yemkuber'' :* '''to move sluggishly''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to move this way and that''' = ''kyeper, zaopaser'' :* '''to move to the back''' = ''zopaser, zopaxer'' :* '''to move to the middle''' = ''zepxer'' :* '''to move toward the middle''' = ''zepser'' :* '''to move under''' = ''oypaser, oypaxer'' :* '''to move up a grade in school''' = ''tisnegyaper'' :* '''to move up front''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to move up''' = ''yapaser, yapaxer'' :* '''to mow''' = ''vabgobler'' :* '''to muckrake''' = ''fuskexer'' :* '''to muddle''' = ''lovyisaxer, ovyidxer, ovyifxer, ovyikaxer, testyikxer, vyudxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muddy''' = ''meiller, meilxer, ovyikaxer, vyufxer'' :* '''to muffle''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to mug''' = ''koapyexer, ufteuber, yovapyexer'' :* '''to mulct''' = ''nasbyokuer'' :* '''to mull''' = ''amtolmekuer, myekxer, tepyexer'' :* '''to multiply''' = ''galer'' :* '''to multitask''' = ''glayeyxer'' :* '''to multi-track''' = ''glanaedxer'' :* '''to mumble''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mummify''' = ''zotejfyelber'' :* '''to munch''' = ''teubiyxer, ugtelier'' :* '''to mung''' = ''fyixer, losexer'' :* '''to murder''' = ''tobtojber'' :* '''to murmur''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to muscle up''' = ''taebxer'' :* '''to muse''' = ''texder, texokser'' :* '''to mush''' = ''mekilxer'' :* '''to mushroom''' = ''igagser'' :* '''to muss''' = ''lonapxer'' :* '''to must not''' = ''ofer'' :* '''to muster''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to mutate''' = ''gawsanser, kyasrer, sankyaser, sankyaxer, suankyaxer'' :* '''to mute''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, dolyofxer, oteudxer'' :* '''to mutilate''' = ''bruker, brukgobler'' :* '''to mutter''' = ''ozdaler'' :* '''to mutter something''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to muzzle''' = ''dalyofxer, doluer, poteifber, teufuer'' :* '''to mystify''' = ''testyofxer, vyaotexuer'' :* '''to mythologize''' = ''fyediynxer, totdinxer'' :* '''to nab''' = ''birer, pixler'' :* '''to nag''' = ''jeduler'' :* '''to nail''' = ''muvaber'' :* '''to name''' = ''dyuer'' :* '''to name-drop''' = ''hyattrawader'' :* '''to nanoprogram''' = ''goryuextuunxer'' :* '''to nap''' = ''eyntujer, tujoger, tuyjer'' :* '''to nappy''' = ''ilbiovber'' :* '''to narcotize''' = ''byoktojbuluer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to narrate''' = ''ajdinder, dinder'' :* '''to narrow down''' = ''gyoser'' :* '''to narrow''' = ''zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to nasalize''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to nationalize''' = ''doobxer'' :* '''to natter''' = ''yoxdaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to naturalize -- to obfuscate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to naturalize''' = ''ditxer, hyimematxer, molxer'' :* '''to nauseate''' = ''mimbokxer'' :* '''to navigate''' = ''mimpurer, mimpurizber, papuer'' :* '''to near planet''' = ''yubmer'' :* '''to neaten''' = ''napizaxer, vyikser, vyixer'' :* '''to neaten up''' = ''finapxer, napizaser, vyikxer'' :* '''to necessitate''' = ''efwaxer'' :* '''to neck''' = ''teyobaxer'' :* '''to need sleep''' = ''tujefer'' :* '''to need to''' = ''efer'' :* '''to needle''' = ''nifaruer, vuloxer'' :* '''to negate''' = ''voaxer, voxer'' :* '''to neglect''' = ''obiker'' :* '''to negotiate''' = ''ebkyander, nunebder, nunebyexer, nuneker, nunuier'' :* '''to neigh''' = ''apeder'' :* '''to neighbor''' = ''yubemser'' :* '''to nest''' = ''vubsumer'' :* '''to nestle''' = ''kyoember yukomay'' :* '''to net''' = ''vyifnixer'' :* '''to nettle''' = ''vulobuer'' :* '''to network''' = ''ebmepyanier, ebmepyanuer, ebyexer'' :* '''to neuter''' = ''otoobaxer'' :* '''to neutralize''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to nibble''' = ''ogteler, ogteupixer, telogier, teyler'' :* '''to nick''' = ''golesber, oggobler'' :* '''to nickel-plate''' = ''niilkber'' :* '''to nictate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to nictitate''' = ''teabyuijer'' :* '''to niff''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to niggle''' = ''yiksonoger'' :* '''to nip''' = ''goyfler, ogtayepixer, ogtilier'' :* '''to nitpick''' = ''kapeltibler, vocogkaxer'' :* '''to nix''' = ''hyosunxer, lojudrer, loxer, onaxer'' :* '''to no extent''' = ''duhogla, hyonog, logla'' :* '''to nob''' = ''pyexer ha teb'' :* '''to nobble''' = ''bukxer'' :* '''to noctambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to nod "maybe so"''' = ''vetebbaxer'' :* '''to nod no''' = ''votebbaxer, votebsiuner'' :* '''to nod off''' = ''tujier'' :* '''to nod''' = ''tebbaxer, tebsiuner'' :* '''to nod yes''' = ''vatebbaxer, vatebsiuner'' :* '''to noddle''' = ''tebbaxeger'' :* '''to nominalize''' = ''sundunxer'' :* '''to nominate''' = ''dyunuer, dyunxer'' :* '''to normalize''' = ''egsaunxer, egser, egxer, zegxer'' :* '''to north''' = ''zamer'' :* '''to north-east''' = ''zaimer'' :* '''to north-west''' = ''zaumer'' :* '''to nose in''' = ''ebteiber'' :* '''to nose-dive''' = ''igpyoser, teipyoser'' :* '''to not exist''' = ''oleser'' :* '''to not have''' = ''obexer'' :* '''to not know''' = ''oter, otrer'' :* '''to not last''' = ''ojeser'' :* '''to notable''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to notarize''' = ''doteader'' :* '''to notate''' = ''drer, siyndrer'' :* '''to notch''' = ''gingobler, golesber, gugobler'' :* '''to notch up''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to note''' = ''dreser, siyndrer, texder'' :* '''to notice''' = ''kyeteater, teatier, tesiyner'' :* '''to notify''' = ''teetuer, tuer'' :* '''to nourish oneself''' = ''toylier'' :* '''to nourish''' = ''toluer'' :* '''to nowhere''' = ''bu hom'' :* '''to nuance''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyologelxer, yonsaunogxer'' :* '''to nuclearize''' = ''zemulxer'' :* '''to nucleate''' = ''zemulser'' :* '''to nudge''' = ''buyxer, tuibaxer'' :* '''to nullify''' = ''ounxer'' :* '''to numb''' = ''tayosober, tayotyofxwaxer, tosyofxer'' :* '''to number''' = ''sagder, sager'' :* '''to numerate''' = ''sagder'' :* '''to nurse''' = ''bikuer, biluer, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to nurture''' = ''agxuer, toluer'' :* '''to nutate''' = ''zaobaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to nuzzle''' = ''teibaxer'' :* '''to obey''' = ''vyayuvser, yuvlaser, yuvser, yuvteexer'' :* '''to obfuscate''' = ''lovyidxer, mafxer, molzaxer, vyankoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to obiter -- to orient oneself = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to obiter''' = ''obiter'' :* '''to object''' = ''ovder, ovduer'' :* '''to objectify''' = ''syunxer, vyesyunxer'' :* '''to objurgate''' = ''azfunkader'' :* '''to obligate''' = ''yefxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to oblige''' = ''yefxer, yeyfxer'' :* '''to obliterate''' = ''ikbarer, yosunxer'' :* '''to obscure''' = ''futeasaxer, lovyder, monxer, teatyikwaxer'' :* '''to obsecrate''' = ''diiler'' :* '''to observe a holiday''' = ''xeler fyajub'' :* '''to observe etiquette''' = ''yuvser vyaxyen'' :* '''to observe''' = ''jeteaxer, kuder, kuteaxer, teaxier, xeler, yuvser'' :* '''to obsess over''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to obsolesce''' = ''loyixwaser'' :* '''to obstruct''' = ''ebler, ujbler, yujfaxer, yujrer'' :* '''to obtain''' = ''biler, yekbier'' :* '''to obtrude''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to obturate''' = ''ujbler'' :* '''to obviate''' = ''olefxer'' :* '''to occasion''' = ''kyexer'' :* '''to Occident''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to occlude''' = ''yijeber'' :* '''to occupy a dwelling''' = ''tambier'' :* '''to occupy a seat oneself''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to occupy''' = ''embexer, embier, jabier, membier, yaxuer, yemikxer'' :* '''to occupy oneself''' = ''yaxier'' :* '''to occupy the throne''' = ''fyasimper'' :* '''to occur''' = ''kyeser, xwer'' :* '''to offend''' = ''abyexer, apyexer, fuader, fuxer, vyonxer, vyoxer'' :* '''to offend verbally''' = ''pyexder'' :* '''to offer a lift''' = ''ifbuer pepuun'' :* '''to offer a room''' = ''timuer'' :* '''to offer a sample''' = ''saungoynuer'' :* '''to offer a seat''' = ''ifbuer sim, simbuer, yembuer'' :* '''to offer alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to offer as a pretext''' = ''vyotesyober'' :* '''to offer as an excuse''' = ''vyoxwader'' :* '''to offer the opportunity''' = ''yukonuer'' :* '''to offer to taste''' = ''teutuer'' :* '''to offer up''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer'' :* '''to offer up willingly''' = ''ifburer'' :* '''to officiate at a marriage''' = ''taduer, xaber be taduen'' :* '''to officiate''' = ''diber, diyber, xaber, xeler'' :* '''to off-load''' = ''belunober, kyisober'' :* '''to ogle''' = ''ifteaxer'' :* '''to oil''' = ''magyelber, tayalber, yelber, yeluer'' :* '''to oink''' = ''yapeder'' :* '''to omit''' = ''oyepier'' :* '''to on-load''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to ooze''' = ''iloyeper, ugiloker, ugzyelper'' :* '''to open and close''' = ''yuijer'' :* '''to open and shut''' = ''yuijber'' :* '''to open halfway''' = ''eynyijber'' :* '''to open''' = ''kajber, kajer, yijber'' :* '''to open the path for''' = ''yijmepxer'' :* '''to open up''' = ''yijer'' :* '''to open wide''' = ''zyaijber, zyayijber, zyayijer'' :* '''to operate a lawn mow''' = ''vabgoblirer'' :* '''to operate against''' = ''ovexer'' :* '''to operate''' = ''exer'' :* '''to operate precisely''' = ''exer vyavay'' :* '''to operate secretly''' = ''koexer'' :* '''to operate smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to opine''' = ''texkinder, texyender'' :* '''to oppose''' = ''hyukumper, hyukumxer, ovber, ovbuxer, ovdaler, ovder, ovgelser, ovkumser, ovper, ovtexer, ovufeker'' :* '''to oppress''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to oppugn''' = ''ovder, vyanduder'' :* '''to opt for''' = ''avder, kebier'' :* '''to optimize''' = ''gwafinxer'' :* '''to or''' = ''eyxer'' :* '''to orate''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to orbit''' = ''moper'' :* '''to orchestrate''' = ''duzardrer, nabxer'' :* '''to ordain''' = ''dabder, napder'' :* '''to order''' = ''axlafxer, debder, durer, napder, nyixer'' :* '''to organize a union''' = ''gonyanxer yaxutyan, naabxer yaxutyan'' :* '''to organize''' = ''gonyanser, gonyanxer, naabxer, xobser, xobxer'' :* '''to orgasm''' = ''ifginser'' :* '''to orient''' = ''izontuer, izonxer, izpaxer, izyember, mepxer, zimer'' :* '''to orient oneself''' = ''byuper, izonser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to orientate -- to overbrim = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to orientate''' = ''izontuer, izonxer'' :* '''to originate''' = ''asaunxer, byimser, byimxer, byiper, byiser, byixer, ijemser, ijemxer, ijsaunser, ijsaunxer, pyiser'' :* '''to orphan''' = ''tedokxer'' :* '''to oscillate''' = ''baoser, pyaonser'' :* '''to osculate''' = ''teubaber, yanbyuxer'' :* '''to ossify''' = ''taibser'' :* '''to ostracize''' = ''oyebdotxer'' :* '''to ought''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to our own planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to oust from power''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to oust from the membership''' = ''lotupxer'' :* '''to oust''' = ''oyebeler, oyebemuber, oyeber, oyebuxer, oyebuxler, oyebyuxrer, xabober, yexober, yibler'' :* '''to out''' = ''tyoxer'' :* '''to outargue''' = ''dalakler'' :* '''to outbalance''' = ''gazeber'' :* '''to outbid''' = ''zoynaxbuer'' :* '''to outboast''' = ''gautfrider'' :* '''to outbreathe''' = ''gramalier'' :* '''to outclass''' = ''yiztyanxer'' :* '''to outdistance''' = ''zoyyiper'' :* '''to outdo''' = ''gafixer'' :* '''to outdraw''' = ''gabixer'' :* '''to outface''' = ''yifzateber'' :* '''to outfight''' = ''yizdopeker'' :* '''to outfit''' = ''tafuer'' :* '''to outflank''' = ''kunyuzper'' :* '''to outfox''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outgo''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to outgrow''' = ''yizagxer'' :* '''to outguess''' = ''tyepaker'' :* '''to outhit''' = ''yizpyexer'' :* '''to outlast''' = ''yizjeser'' :* '''to outlaw''' = ''doofxer, ovdovyabder'' :* '''to outline''' = ''oyebnadrer, yuzdrer, yuznadrer'' :* '''to outlive''' = ''yiztejer'' :* '''to outmaneuver''' = ''yizizbyener'' :* '''to outmatch''' = ''yizper ha fin bi'' :* '''to outnumber''' = ''yizsager'' :* '''to outpace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outperform''' = ''yizxaler'' :* '''to outplay''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outpoint''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outpour''' = ''oyebiluer, oyebnyuer'' :* '''to outproduce''' = ''yiznuer'' :* '''to outrace''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to outrage''' = ''frutipxer, tipyigraxer'' :* '''to outrank''' = ''yiznaber'' :* '''to outride''' = ''yizapeper'' :* '''to outroot''' = ''obfyober'' :* '''to outrun''' = ''yizigper, zaigper'' :* '''to outscore''' = ''yizeksager'' :* '''to outsell''' = ''yiznixbuer'' :* '''to outshine''' = ''xer ga fi vyel, yizmanser'' :* '''to outshout''' = ''yizteuder'' :* '''to outsit''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outsize''' = ''iznagser'' :* '''to outsleep''' = ''yiztujer'' :* '''to outsmart''' = ''tyepaker, yiztexer'' :* '''to outsource''' = ''exoyeber'' :* '''to outspend''' = ''yiznoxer'' :* '''to outspread''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstay''' = ''yizbeser'' :* '''to outstep''' = ''yiztyonoger'' :* '''to outstretch''' = ''oyebzyaxer'' :* '''to outstrip''' = ''japuer, yizper, zapuer'' :* '''to outvalue''' = ''yiznazier'' :* '''to outvie''' = ''yizeker'' :* '''to outvote''' = ''yizdoteuzuer'' :* '''to outwear''' = ''yizjeser, yiztafaber, yiztejer'' :* '''to outweigh''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to outwit''' = ''yiztexer'' :* '''to outwork''' = ''yizyexer'' :* '''to overachieve''' = ''graujaker'' :* '''to overact''' = ''graaxler'' :* '''to overarch''' = ''uzayber'' :* '''to overawe''' = ''fiyufxer'' :* '''to overbalance''' = ''yizkyinxer'' :* '''to overbid''' = ''gradurer'' :* '''to overbook''' = ''graneler'' :* '''to overbrim''' = ''bielper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to overbuild -- to over-satiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to overbuild''' = ''grasexer'' :* '''to overburn''' = ''gramagxer'' :* '''to overbuy''' = ''granuxbier'' :* '''to overcapitalize''' = ''granasyanxer'' :* '''to overcare''' = ''grabikuer'' :* '''to overcharge''' = ''granoxuer, granoyxuer, granuxuer'' :* '''to overcloud''' = ''mafabawaser'' :* '''to overcome addition''' = ''yizaxer efkyox'' :* '''to overcome''' = ''akler, yizaxer'' :* '''to overcompensate''' = ''graovokuer'' :* '''to over-consume''' = ''granier'' :* '''to overcook''' = ''gramageler'' :* '''to overcrop''' = ''gramelyexer'' :* '''to overcrowd''' = ''granyaunxer'' :* '''to overdecorate''' = ''graviber'' :* '''to overdevelop''' = ''gragasanxer'' :* '''to overdo''' = ''graxer'' :* '''to over-dose''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-dramatize''' = ''gratesaxer'' :* '''to overdraw''' = ''gramiloyebixer'' :* '''to overdress''' = ''gratafer'' :* '''to over-drink''' = ''gratelier, gratiler, gratilier'' :* '''to overdub''' = ''engonuer'' :* '''to over-eat''' = ''grateler, gratelier'' :* '''to overemphasize''' = ''grakyider'' :* '''to overestimate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overexcite''' = ''grapaaxer, gratospanuer'' :* '''to overexercise''' = ''gratapyexer'' :* '''to overexert''' = ''graazbuxer, grapaxer'' :* '''to overexpose''' = ''grakaber'' :* '''to overextend''' = ''grayagxer'' :* '''to overfeed''' = ''grateluer'' :* '''to over-fertilize''' = ''gratajbuaxer'' :* '''to overfill''' = ''graikser, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow''' = ''graikser, grailper, gwaikxer'' :* '''to overflow with words''' = ''grailper bay duni'' :* '''to overfly''' = ''aypaper'' :* '''to overfreight''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overgeneralize''' = ''grazyasaunder'' :* '''to overgraze''' = ''gravabuer'' :* '''to overgrow''' = ''graagser, graagxer'' :* '''to overhaul''' = ''ejnaxer, hyazoysaxer'' :* '''to overhear''' = ''koteeter'' :* '''to overheat''' = ''graamxer'' :* '''to overindulge''' = ''grabier, gratilier'' :* '''to overink''' = ''gradriluer'' :* '''to overlap''' = ''nigyanxer'' :* '''to overlay''' = ''aybaer'' :* '''to overleap''' = ''zeypuser'' :* '''to overlie''' = ''aybyezper'' :* '''to overlive''' = ''tejer gra ig, yiztejer'' :* '''to overload''' = ''grakyisuer'' :* '''to overlook''' = ''abteaxer, obiker, obikier'' :* '''to overmaster''' = ''aybyafer'' :* '''to overmatch''' = ''yabtaadxer'' :* '''to overmedicate''' = ''grabekulier, grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate''' = ''grabekuluer'' :* '''to over-medicate oneself''' = ''grabekulier'' :* '''to over-mine''' = ''gramukibler'' :* '''to overpay''' = ''granuxer'' :* '''to overplay''' = ''eker graxag, graaxler, graeker, graxer'' :* '''to overpopulate''' = ''gratyodikxer'' :* '''to over-pour''' = ''grailuer'' :* '''to overpower''' = ''yafaber'' :* '''to overpraise''' = ''grafider'' :* '''to over-prescribe''' = ''grabekuldrer'' :* '''to overpress''' = ''grabaler'' :* '''to overpressure''' = ''yabaluer'' :* '''to overprice''' = ''granayxuer'' :* '''to overprint''' = ''gradrurer'' :* '''to overproduce''' = ''granuer'' :* '''to overprotect''' = ''graovmasber'' :* '''to overrate''' = ''granazder'' :* '''to overreach''' = ''yizbyuxer'' :* '''to overreact''' = ''grazoyaxler'' :* '''to override''' = ''ovaxler'' :* '''to overrule''' = ''ovvaoder'' :* '''to overrun''' = ''ikraser, ikraxer'' :* '''to oversalt''' = ''gramimoluer'' :* '''to over-satiate''' = ''graivlaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to oversee -- to paralyze = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to oversee''' = ''abeater, aybteaxer'' :* '''to oversell''' = ''grafider, granixbuer, yabnayxuer'' :* '''to overshadow''' = ''abdaber, ogteasaxer'' :* '''to overshoot''' = ''yizbyunxer, yizper'' :* '''to oversimplify''' = ''graansunxer, grayuklaxer'' :* '''to oversing''' = ''yizdeuzer'' :* '''to oversleep''' = ''gratujer, yiztujer'' :* '''to overslip''' = ''oteater, yizkyuper'' :* '''to overspecialize''' = ''grazyosaunxer'' :* '''to overspend''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to overspill''' = ''grailnyoxer, graokxer'' :* '''to overstate''' = ''gradeler'' :* '''to overstay''' = ''grabeser'' :* '''to overstep''' = ''yizper'' :* '''to overstimulate''' = ''gratospanuer, graxuler'' :* '''to overstock''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to overstrain''' = ''grakyibaler'' :* '''to overstrike''' = ''aybaler, ayber'' :* '''to oversubscribe''' = ''gragonutxer'' :* '''to oversupply''' = ''granyuxer'' :* '''to overtake''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to overtask''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overtax''' = ''gradobnixuer'' :* '''to overthrow a regime''' = ''yobyexer dob'' :* '''to overthrow government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow''' = ''lobyaxer, napkyaxer, obler, ovdaber, yobyexer'' :* '''to overthrow the government''' = ''dabyobyexer'' :* '''to overtip''' = ''grayuxnasuer'' :* '''to overtire''' = ''grabookser, grabookxer'' :* '''to overtoil''' = ''grabookxer, grayexuer'' :* '''to overturn''' = ''lonaber, napkyaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yonabxer'' :* '''to over-use''' = ''grayixer'' :* '''to overvalue''' = ''grafyinder'' :* '''to overwhelm''' = ''napkyaxer, yokbirer, yonaber, yonabxer'' :* '''to overwinter''' = ''jeper ha jeub, jeuber'' :* '''to overwork''' = ''grayexuer'' :* '''to overwrite''' = ''aybtaxdrer, droer, gradrer'' :* '''to ovulate''' = ''tobijber, tobijer'' :* '''to owe money''' = ''nasyefer'' :* '''to owe''' = ''ojbexer, yefer, yeyfer'' :* '''to owercome''' = ''yizyapler'' :* '''to own a house''' = ''tambexer'' :* '''to own a slave''' = ''bexer yuxrut'' :* '''to own''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to oxidate''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxidize''' = ''olkizaxer'' :* '''to oxygenate''' = ''olkuer'' :* '''to pace''' = ''nogxer, tyonoger'' :* '''to pacify''' = ''pooxer'' :* '''to pack''' = ''gwaikxer, ikxer, nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to pack the bags''' = ''nyusber ha ponyefi'' :* '''to package''' = ''nyufxer, nyusber'' :* '''to packed''' = ''ikxer, nyufber'' :* '''to pad''' = ''gyosuemxer, suemxer'' :* '''to paddle''' = ''mifuber, zyifuber'' :* '''to padlock''' = ''vakyujarer, yujlarer, zabyosyujlarer'' :* '''to page through''' = ''drever, zyedrever'' :* '''to paginate''' = ''drevsagber, zyedrever'' :* '''to pain''' = ''uvuxer'' :* '''to paint''' = ''sizer, sizilber, volzber, volzilarer'' :* '''to pair up''' = ''eotser, eotxer'' :* '''to palatalize''' = ''teumibxer'' :* '''to palliate''' = ''lobukxer'' :* '''to palm off''' = ''tuyibuer'' :* '''to palm''' = ''tuyibaber, tuyibier'' :* '''to palpate''' = ''tayoxer, tuyubaber, tuyuxer'' :* '''to palpitate''' = ''igbyexer'' :* '''to palter''' = ''vyodaler'' :* '''to pamper''' = ''fibeker, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to pan''' = ''fuyevder, tolyebkexer, zuiuzber'' :* '''to pander''' = ''fufonyuxer, ifonnuer'' :* '''to panel''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to panhandle''' = ''gosdiler, nasdier'' :* '''to pant''' = ''igaluier, igtiexer'' :* '''to paper over''' = ''abdrefxer'' :* '''to parachute''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to parade''' = ''naptyoper, nyadper, nyadtyoper, nyadtyopuer'' :* '''to parallel''' = ''yanizonser'' :* '''to parallelize''' = ''yanizonxer'' :* '''to paralyze''' = ''pasyofbokxer, pasyofxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to parameterize -- to pay late = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to parameterize''' = ''yonsinuarer'' :* '''to parametrize''' = ''kyenazaxer'' :* '''to paraph''' = ''obdyunviber'' :* '''to paraphrase''' = ''kyadyanxer'' :* '''to parboil''' = ''eynmamiler'' :* '''to parcel up''' = ''nyufber'' :* '''to parch''' = ''amumxer, umlaxer, yumxer'' :* '''to pardon''' = ''loyovder, ofizober, vyonober, yavder, yefober, yovober'' :* '''to pare''' = ''aybgobler'' :* '''to parent''' = ''tedser'' :* '''to parenthesize''' = ''uzkusiyner'' :* '''to parget''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to park a car''' = ''kyoember pur'' :* '''to park''' = ''kyober, kyoember, purkyoember'' :* '''to parlay''' = ''zayvekeker'' :* '''to parley''' = ''ebodatdaler'' :* '''to parody''' = ''dizgelxer'' :* '''to parole''' = ''jwayivxer'' :* '''to parrot''' = ''tapader, tepader'' :* '''to parry''' = ''opyexer, yibexer'' :* '''to parse''' = ''sunyantixer, yubteaxer'' :* '''to part again''' = ''zoypier'' :* '''to part''' = ''goler, gonber, gonper'' :* '''to partake''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to partially close''' = ''eynyujber'' :* '''to participate''' = ''gonbier, gonutser'' :* '''to particularize''' = ''yonsaunxer'' :* '''to partition''' = ''ebmasber, gonxer, maysber, yonmasber'' :* '''to partner with''' = ''detser'' :* '''to party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to pass a test''' = ''fiujber vyaoyek, ujaker vyaoyek'' :* '''to pass''' = ''ajber, ajper, fiujber, ujaker, yizber'' :* '''to pass an act''' = ''yizber dovyabdras'' :* '''to pass away''' = ''tojer, yizper'' :* '''to pass on a cold''' = ''yizber tiebboyk'' :* '''to pass out''' = ''teptujper'' :* '''to pass over''' = ''aybyizper, ayper, zeyper'' :* '''to pass through''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to pass under''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass underneath''' = ''oybyizber, oybyizper, oyper'' :* '''to pass up''' = ''ajber, ovabier'' :* '''to passivate''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to pass-over''' = ''aybyizper'' :* '''to paste''' = ''myeikber, yanulber, yanyelber'' :* '''to paste together''' = ''yanulber'' :* '''to pasteurize''' = ''amvyixer, pasteurxer'' :* '''to pat''' = ''abaxer, tuyibabaxer'' :* '''to patch up''' = ''bikofaber, goufber'' :* '''to patent''' = ''nundoyivdrefuer'' :* '''to paternoster''' = ''pasternoster'' :* '''to patrol''' = ''vakbeaxper, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to patronize''' = ''avboler, nasyuxer'' :* '''to patter''' = ''kapetyoper'' :* '''to pattern''' = ''ijsaunxer, jasaunxer'' :* '''to pauperize''' = ''glonasaxer'' :* '''to pause''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to pave''' = ''megyelber, mepmegber'' :* '''to pave with gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to pave with stone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to paw''' = ''potuber, potuyaxer, pyotuyaber'' :* '''to pawl''' = ''izonpixarer'' :* '''to pawn''' = ''ojvadebkyaxer'' :* '''to pay a debt''' = ''nuxer nasyef'' :* '''to pay a fine''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuyzier, nasbyokober, nuxer nasbyok'' :* '''to pay a penalty''' = ''byoknoyxier, byokyefier, fyuzier'' :* '''to pay at the door''' = ''nuxer be ha mes, nuxer je yep'' :* '''to pay attention''' = ''tepzexer'' :* '''to pay back''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to pay cash''' = ''nuxer syagnas'' :* '''to pay early''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay fairly''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay for a crime''' = ''nuxer doyov'' :* '''to pay homage''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to pay in advance''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay in full''' = ''iknuxer'' :* '''to pay in installments''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay in part''' = ''gonnuxer'' :* '''to pay interest''' = ''asoynuxer'' :* '''to pay just the right amount''' = ''grenuxer'' :* '''to pay late''' = ''jwonuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pay -- to perpetuate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pay''' = ''nuxer, yexnuxer'' :* '''to pay off a penalty''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay off''' = ''iknuxer, nasyefober, noyxuer, nuxler'' :* '''to pay out a pension''' = ''dobnuxuer'' :* '''to pay out''' = ''nuyxer'' :* '''to pay out social security''' = ''dotnuxuer'' :* '''to pay over time''' = ''jobnuxer'' :* '''to pay promptly''' = ''jwanuxer'' :* '''to pay the bill''' = ''nuxer ha naxdref'' :* '''to pay the price''' = ''yovbyokober'' :* '''to pay time''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to pay tribute''' = ''nuxer yefbun'' :* '''to pay tribute to''' = ''fitexbuer'' :* '''to pay well''' = ''finuxer'' :* '''to peak''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser'' :* '''to peal''' = ''seusarer'' :* '''to pebblestone''' = ''megogber'' :* '''to peck at''' = ''ogteler'' :* '''to peck''' = ''pateuxer'' :* '''to peculate''' = ''nasvyobier'' :* '''to pedal''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to peddle''' = ''tambutam nixbuer'' :* '''to pedestrianize''' = ''tyoputaxer'' :* '''to pee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to peek''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to peel a potato''' = ''fayobober lavol'' :* '''to peel an onion''' = ''fayobober sevol, fayobober sevol'' :* '''to peel''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to peep''' = ''gixeuxer, ifkoteaxer, koteaxler, kozyeteaxer, pader, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to peer into the future''' = ''ojteaxer'' :* '''to peer''' = ''kozyoteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to peg''' = ''fuyvaber, kyoxarer, mufesaber'' :* '''to pelletize''' = ''zyunogxer'' :* '''to pelt''' = ''pyuxunuer'' :* '''to pen''' = ''drilarer'' :* '''to penalize''' = ''byoykuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to pencil''' = ''drarer'' :* '''to pendulate''' = ''zaopyoser'' :* '''to penetrate''' = ''yebyiper, yepler, zyebuxer, zyeper, zyepler'' :* '''to pepper''' = ''sifolber'' :* '''to pepper with questions''' = ''dideger'' :* '''to perambulate''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to perceive''' = ''teatier, tosier, toysier'' :* '''to perch''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to percolate''' = ''ilyonxarer'' :* '''to peregrinate''' = ''yibmempoper, zyapoper, zyepoper'' :* '''to perfect''' = ''fikxer'' :* '''to perforate''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to perform a body search''' = ''xer tabkex'' :* '''to perform a favor for''' = ''ifaxuer'' :* '''to perform a holy rite''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform a miracle''' = ''fyateazer'' :* '''to perform a sacred function''' = ''fyaxer'' :* '''to perform a secret rite''' = ''kofyaxer'' :* '''to perform a skit''' = ''dizeker, dizunxer'' :* '''to perform a stunt''' = ''xaler teazpas'' :* '''to perform an autopsy''' = ''xaler jotoja vyavyek'' :* '''to perform circus''' = ''podizer'' :* '''to perform comedy''' = ''agivdezer, dizeker, hihidezer'' :* '''to perform''' = ''dezer, eker, xaler, xer'' :* '''to perform hieromancy''' = ''fyatyezer'' :* '''to perform in a circus''' = ''podizeker'' :* '''to perform in a movie''' = ''dyezeker'' :* '''to perform magic''' = ''tyezer'' :* '''to perform music''' = ''duzeker, eker duz'' :* '''to perform occult''' = ''kotezer'' :* '''to perform priestly duties''' = ''fyatezeber'' :* '''to perform the liturgy''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to perform ventriloquy''' = ''tiubdaler'' :* '''to perform witchcraft''' = ''fyotyezer'' :* '''to perfume''' = ''teizber, viteisuer'' :* '''to perish''' = ''tejoker, yonmulser'' :* '''to perjure oneself''' = ''dovyonder'' :* '''to perk''' = ''mulyonxer'' :* '''to perm''' = ''tayebambeker'' :* '''to permeate''' = ''zyeber, zyeper'' :* '''to permit''' = ''afder, afxer'' :* '''to permute''' = ''napkyaxer, yemkyaxer'' :* '''to perpetrate''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to perpetuate''' = ''jexrer, ujukjexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to perplex -- to pirouette = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to perplex''' = ''dudyikxer'' :* '''to persecute''' = ''ufkexer'' :* '''to persevere''' = ''jetejer, jetxer'' :* '''to persist''' = ''jeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to personalize''' = ''aotxer, utxer'' :* '''to personify''' = ''aotuer'' :* '''to perspire''' = ''tayobiler'' :* '''to persuade''' = ''tepkyaxer, texuer, vatexuer'' :* '''to pertain''' = ''vyeler'' :* '''to perturb''' = ''oboxer, paaxer'' :* '''to peruse''' = ''yuzkexer, zyeteaxer'' :* '''to pervade''' = ''hyamzyaper'' :* '''to pervert''' = ''vyoaxer, vyoizber'' :* '''to pester''' = ''biyxer, dureger, ufkexer'' :* '''to pet''' = ''abaxer, ifoneker'' :* '''to petition''' = ''dodildrer'' :* '''to petrify''' = ''megser, megxer, yufxer'' :* '''to pettifog''' = ''gratexer, sonogpexwer'' :* '''to phase downward''' = ''yobnoogser'' :* '''to phase in''' = ''yebnoogser, yebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase''' = ''noogser, noogxer'' :* '''to phase out''' = ''onoogxer, oyebnoogser, oyebnoogxer'' :* '''to phase up''' = ''yabnoogser, yabnoogxer'' :* '''to philander''' = ''toybifoneker'' :* '''to philosophize''' = ''textunder'' :* '''to philter''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to philtre''' = ''ifontiluer'' :* '''to phonate''' = ''teuzer'' :* '''to phone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to phosphoresce''' = ''manuber'' :* '''to photoduplicate''' = ''mansingelxer'' :* '''to photoengrave''' = ''mandresizer'' :* '''to photograph''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to photo-project''' = ''manpuxer'' :* '''to photoset''' = ''mansinyanber'' :* '''to photosynthesize''' = ''mansuanyanxer'' :* '''to phrase''' = ''dyender'' :* '''to physically feel''' = ''tayoter'' :* '''to picaroon''' = ''mimfutaxler'' :* '''to pick a pocket''' = ''kobier tuyafyem'' :* '''to pick flowers''' = ''ibler vosi'' :* '''to pick grapes''' = ''vafeybibler'' :* '''to pick''' = ''kebier, vobibler, yanbier, zyegarer'' :* '''to pick up a signal''' = ''iber siun'' :* '''to pick up''' = ''baysupler, iber, ibler, siber, zoyaysupler'' :* '''to pick up energy''' = ''azulier'' :* '''to pick up the tab''' = ''nuxer ha ujna naxdref'' :* '''to picket''' = ''melmufyujber, yexemovdaler'' :* '''to pickle''' = ''miolbeker, yigzaxer'' :* '''to pickpocket''' = ''tuyafyembirer'' :* '''to picnic''' = ''vabemtyaler, yijmemtyaler'' :* '''to picture''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to piddle''' = ''fyuexer, tiyebiler'' :* '''to piece together''' = ''yangounxer'' :* '''to pierce''' = ''giber, zyegber, zyegler'' :* '''to pig out''' = ''gratelier, telier gel yapet'' :* '''to pigeonhole''' = ''kyosaunxer'' :* '''to pigment''' = ''voylzilber, voylziler'' :* '''to pile''' = ''byeber, nyaunxer'' :* '''to pile up''' = ''byebwer, nyaber, nyanber, nyanunser, nyanunxer, nyanxer, nyaser, nyaunser, nyaxer, nyeser, nyexer, yanunser, yanunxer'' :* '''to pilfer''' = ''gosyovbier, kobireger, kobirer'' :* '''to pillage''' = ''doppixler'' :* '''to pilot a plane''' = ''exer mampur, izber mampur, mampurexer'' :* '''to pilot a ship''' = ''exer mimpur, izber mimpur, mimpurexer'' :* '''to pilot a spaceship''' = ''exer mompur, izber mompur, mompurexer, mompurizber'' :* '''to pilot''' = ''exer, izber, mampurizber'' :* '''to pilot remotely''' = ''yibexer, yibizber'' :* '''to pin''' = ''muvesber, muyvaber, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pin remover''' = ''muyvober'' :* '''to pinch''' = ''yuzbalarer, yuzbaler'' :* '''to pine''' = ''byokyagfer'' :* '''to pinpoint''' = ''nodkyoxer, zyokexer'' :* '''to pioneer''' = ''ijkexler'' :* '''to pip''' = ''akler, pyexer'' :* '''to pipe down''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to pipe''' = ''mufyeguber, vapader'' :* '''to pipette''' = ''ilzeybarer'' :* '''to pique''' = ''tippaaxuer, yavlanbukuer, yavlier'' :* '''to pirate''' = ''kobirer, ofbier, ofgelxer'' :* '''to pirouette''' = ''tyoyuzyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to piss off -- to plug a leak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to piss off''' = ''fupixer'' :* '''to piss''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to pistol whip''' = ''adoparpyexer'' :* '''to pit-a-pat''' = ''byexerer'' :* '''to pitch a tent''' = ''byaxer tamof'' :* '''to pitch''' = ''avdaler, byaxer, puxer, zapyaoser'' :* '''to pitch in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to pity''' = ''tipuvier, tipuvser, yantipuvier, yantipuvser'' :* '''to pivot''' = ''zyupnodxer'' :* '''to pixilate''' = ''sinnodxer, sinsuanxer'' :* '''to placate''' = ''bostepxer, ifxer, poosaxer, pooxer'' :* '''to place a bet''' = ''vekeker'' :* '''to place an order''' = ''xer nyix'' :* '''to place''' = ''ber, ember, emxer, nember, yember'' :* '''to place up front''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to plagiarize''' = ''kogeldrer, vyogeldrer, vyogelxer'' :* '''to plague''' = ''bokzyaber'' :* '''to plan''' = ''drafxer, exdrer, ojtexer'' :* '''to planet in our own solar system''' = ''yebamaryana mer, yebmer'' :* '''to planet''' = ''mer'' :* '''to planet outside our solar system''' = ''oyebamaryana mer, oyebmer'' :* '''to planetesimal''' = ''jamer'' :* '''to planish''' = ''mugzyifarer'' :* '''to plant''' = ''kyober, vober'' :* '''to plant tobacco''' = ''givober'' :* '''to plap''' = ''zyiseuxer'' :* '''to plash''' = ''zyibyexer'' :* '''to plaster daub''' = ''masazulber'' :* '''to plasticize''' = ''sazulaber, sazulxer'' :* '''to plate''' = ''mugabaunxer'' :* '''to play a bad joke''' = ''fuifdineker'' :* '''to play a number''' = ''eker duzun'' :* '''to play a part''' = ''eker exgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a phonograph''' = ''eker duzur'' :* '''to play a prank''' = ''fuifdineker, fuifeker, yepyatsinzyefeker'' :* '''to play a role''' = ''eker dezgon, goneker'' :* '''to play a ruse on''' = ''tepvyoxer'' :* '''to play a walk-on part''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to play against''' = ''yoneker'' :* '''to play an impostor''' = ''kovyoeker'' :* '''to play an instrument''' = ''duzarer, eker duzar'' :* '''to play ball''' = ''eker zyun'' :* '''to play cards''' = ''eker drafi'' :* '''to play catch''' = ''pixeker'' :* '''to play''' = ''eker'' :* '''to play fair''' = ''yeveker'' :* '''to play hopscotch''' = ''puyseker'' :* '''to play music''' = ''duzeker, duzer'' :* '''to play pranks''' = ''tobyoger'' :* '''to play sports''' = ''tapifeker'' :* '''to play the clarinet''' = ''fiduzarer'' :* '''to play the flute''' = ''faduzarer'' :* '''to play the harp''' = ''buduzarer'' :* '''to play the lottery''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the numbers''' = ''sagvekeker'' :* '''to play the odds''' = ''eker ha kyensagi, kyeneker'' :* '''to play the organ''' = ''ruduzarer'' :* '''to play the piano''' = ''raduzarer'' :* '''to play the stock market''' = ''eker nasgon ebkyax'' :* '''to play tug-o-war''' = ''buixufeker'' :* '''to play video games''' = ''pansinifeker'' :* '''to playact''' = ''dezeker, vyamdezer'' :* '''to play-act''' = ''dezer, vyamdezer'' :* '''to plead''' = ''diler, yaovkader'' :* '''to plead guilty''' = ''yovkader'' :* '''to plead innocence''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to plead innocent''' = ''yavkader'' :* '''to pleasantly surprise''' = ''ivyokuer'' :* '''to please''' = ''ifsonuer, ifuer, ifxer'' :* '''to Pleased to meet you!''' = ''Ifxwa trier et!'' :* '''to pleat''' = ''ofyujber'' :* '''to pledge''' = ''fyaojvader'' :* '''to plod''' = ''kyiper, ugpaser'' :* '''to plop down''' = ''kyipyoxer'' :* '''to plop''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to plot''' = ''drafxer, jayexer, kojadrer, nodxer, yankoaxler, yannapnoder'' :* '''to plow''' = ''melyexirer'' :* '''to pluck fruit''' = ''ibler vebi'' :* '''to pluck''' = ''ibler'' :* '''to plug a leak''' = ''yujber ilok'' </div>{{small/end}} = to plug -- to postprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to plug''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to plug in''' = ''nyifujyeber'' :* '''to plug up''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to plumb''' = ''pyoxler'' :* '''to plummet''' = ''igpyoser, pyosler'' :* '''to plunder''' = ''doppixler, kobirer'' :* '''to plunge a sword''' = ''puxler zyigiar'' :* '''to plunge deep into''' = ''yebyober, yepuxler'' :* '''to plunge''' = ''igyoper, ilpyosler, ilpyoxler, milpyoxler, milyepuxer, pusler, puxler, pyosler, pyoxler, yebyiber, yobyagper, yoprer, yopuser'' :* '''to plunging''' = ''milyepuser'' :* '''to pluralize''' = ''glagonxer, glasagxer, glasunaxer, glasunxer, yansagxer'' :* '''to Pluto''' = ''Yimer'' :* '''to ply''' = ''kixer, sazulxer'' :* '''to ply with alcohol''' = ''filuer'' :* '''to poach''' = ''maygiler, potkobier'' :* '''to pocket''' = ''tuyafyember'' :* '''to pockmark''' = ''zyegsiynxer'' :* '''to poeticize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to poetize''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to point at''' = ''izeaxuer'' :* '''to point''' = ''etuyuber, izbaxer'' :* '''to point forward''' = ''zayizber, zayiztuyuxer'' :* '''to point out''' = ''izder, izeaxer, izeaxuer, izteatuer, iztuyuxer, siunxer, teexuer, tepuer'' :* '''to point the way''' = ''izontuer'' :* '''to point to''' = ''izeaxuer, iztuyuxer'' :* '''to point to show''' = ''izeaxer'' :* '''to poison''' = ''bokuluer'' :* '''to poison oneself''' = ''utbokuluer'' :* '''to poke along''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to poke''' = ''gibaer, giber, nivarer, tuyugiber, zyegler'' :* '''to poker''' = ''poker ifek'' :* '''to polarize''' = ''mernodxer, ujnodxer, yibnodxer'' :* '''to pole-dance''' = ''myufdazer'' :* '''to police''' = ''donapuer, dovakuer'' :* '''to polish off''' = ''iktelier'' :* '''to polish''' = ''yugfarer, yugfaxer, yugfyeluer, zyifarer, zyifxer'' :* '''to politicize''' = ''dabtyenxer'' :* '''to poll''' = ''doteuzsagder, tyodider'' :* '''to pollinate''' = ''veeybyanuer'' :* '''to pollute''' = ''mulvyuxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to pomatum''' = ''tayefyeluer'' :* '''to ponder''' = ''kyitexer, vyetexer'' :* '''to ponder the aftermath of''' = ''jotexer'' :* '''to pontificate''' = ''afyaxebder, daler gel afyaxeb, efyaxeber'' :* '''to poof''' = ''mafseuxer'' :* '''to pool''' = ''miyomser, miyomxer'' :* '''to poop out''' = ''bookser'' :* '''to poop''' = ''tavyuluer'' :* '''to pop a blister''' = ''ukber tayozyun'' :* '''to pop out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to pop up''' = ''igpyaser, kaxwer'' :* '''to pop''' = ''yonpyesler, yonpyexler'' :* '''to popover''' = ''popover'' :* '''to popple''' = ''milyaoper'' :* '''to popularize''' = ''tyodifwaxer'' :* '''to populate''' = ''tyodikxer, tyodxer'' :* '''to portend''' = ''jaizder'' :* '''to portray''' = ''tazer'' :* '''to pose a danger for''' = ''ber kyebuk av'' :* '''to pose a danger''' = ''yufsunuer'' :* '''to pose a problem''' = ''ber yikson'' :* '''to pose a problem for''' = ''ber yikson av'' :* '''to pose a risk to''' = ''kyenuer'' :* '''to pose a risk''' = ''vekuer'' :* '''to pose''' = ''ber'' :* '''to posit''' = ''veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to position''' = ''byember, byemxer'' :* '''to position oneself''' = ''byemper'' :* '''to position to the left''' = ''zuber, zubyember'' :* '''to possess''' = ''basyser, bexer'' :* '''to possess insight''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to post a letter''' = ''ebdrasuer'' :* '''to post''' = ''abkyober, ebdrasuer, nundeler, yibnyuxer, zyadrer, zyadrunber'' :* '''to post-comment''' = ''joder'' :* '''to postdate''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to post-date''' = ''jojudrer'' :* '''to post-mark''' = ''josiyner'' :* '''to postmark''' = ''judrer, judsiynber'' :* '''to postpone''' = ''jojudrer, zoyber'' :* '''to postprocess''' = ''joexler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to post-record = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to post-record''' = ''jotaxdrer'' :* '''to postulate''' = ''dildrer, vyabier'' :* '''to posture''' = ''ebyemxer'' :* '''to posture oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to potentiate''' = ''yafuer'' :* '''to pother''' = ''paanxer'' :* '''to pouf''' = ''tayebyazaxer'' :* '''to pounce on''' = ''apuser'' :* '''to pound hard''' = ''azpyexluer'' :* '''to pound''' = ''kyibyexer, pyexler, tuyepexler'' :* '''to pound the table''' = ''pyexler ha sem'' :* '''to pound with the fist''' = ''tuyebyexler'' :* '''to pour concrete''' = ''megyelyigber'' :* '''to pour fast''' = ''igpyoxer'' :* '''to pour''' = ''ilaber, ilaper, ilbuer, ilnyuer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, iluer, ilyijber, ilyijer, noyxer, nyuer'' :* '''to pour in''' = ''yebiluer'' :* '''to pour out''' = ''iloyeper, oyebiluer'' :* '''to pour quickly''' = ''igiluer, igilyijer'' :* '''to pour salt''' = ''mimoluer'' :* '''to pour slowly''' = ''ugiluer'' :* '''to pour to the brim''' = ''ikiluer'' :* '''to pour too much''' = ''gratiluer'' :* '''to pouring fast''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to pout''' = ''uvodaler, uvteuber, uvteubsiner'' :* '''to powder''' = ''myekber'' :* '''to powder one's nose''' = ''myekber ota teib'' :* '''to power off''' = ''yafonyujber'' :* '''to power on''' = ''yafonyijber'' :* '''to power with electricity''' = ''makyafonuer'' :* '''to power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to practice''' = ''fyaxeler, jatixer, jatyenier, jatyenuer, kyaxeler, tyenier, xeler, xetyener, xetyer'' :* '''to practice law''' = ''xeler dovyab'' :* '''to practice magic''' = ''fyezer, xeler fyez'' :* '''to practice occult''' = ''kofyexer, xeler kofyez'' :* '''to practice religion''' = ''fyatezer, fyaxiner, xeler fyaxin'' :* '''to practice sex work''' = ''xeler ebtabifyex'' :* '''to practice terrorism''' = ''xeler yufrin, yufrinxer'' :* '''to practice witchcraft''' = ''fyotyexer, kofyezer, xeler fyotyez'' :* '''to praise''' = ''fider, fiteuder, fiyevder'' :* '''to prance''' = ''apepuyser, igyapuyser, ivtyoper'' :* '''to prattle''' = ''tobetdaler'' :* '''to pray''' = ''fyadiler'' :* '''to pray to the devil''' = ''fyodiler'' :* '''to preach dogma''' = ''fyadaler tin, zyadaler tin'' :* '''to preach''' = ''fyadaler, fyadalzyaber, fyateader, zyadaler'' :* '''to preallocate''' = ''jabuafxer'' :* '''to pre-allocate''' = ''jagonuer'' :* '''to preapprove''' = ''jafivader'' :* '''to pre-approve''' = ''javader'' :* '''to prearrange''' = ''janabxer, janapder, janapxer'' :* '''to pre-assess''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to preassign''' = ''jayefdyuer'' :* '''to pre-authorize''' = ''jaafder'' :* '''to prebind''' = ''jayefxer'' :* '''to precancel''' = ''jalojudrer'' :* '''to precede''' = ''anaper, japer, japuer, jauper'' :* '''to pre-certify''' = ''javlader'' :* '''to precipitate''' = ''igraser, puxrer, pyoxer'' :* '''to precision''' = ''vyafxer'' :* '''to preclude''' = ''javoder'' :* '''to pre-coat''' = ''jaabsuner'' :* '''to precode''' = ''jadovyayabxer'' :* '''to precompute''' = ''jasyaager'' :* '''to preconceive''' = ''jatexier'' :* '''to precondition''' = ''javensonxer'' :* '''to pre-consign''' = ''jayemayber'' :* '''to precook''' = ''jamageler'' :* '''to predate''' = ''jajudrer'' :* '''to pre-decease''' = ''jatojer'' :* '''to pre-declare''' = ''jadeler'' :* '''to pre-define''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to predesignate''' = ''jayembuer'' :* '''to predestinate''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predestine''' = ''jakyeojber'' :* '''to predetermine''' = ''javlakaxer'' :* '''to predial''' = ''jasagzyiuner'' :* '''to predicate''' = ''syobder'' :* '''to predict''' = ''jader, ojtuer'' :* '''to predigest''' = ''jatikabier'' :* '''to predispose''' = ''jaubkixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to predominate -- to prevail over = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to predominate''' = ''jaabdaber'' :* '''to pre-empt''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to preen''' = ''utvixer'' :* '''to preexist''' = ''jaeser'' :* '''to prefabricate''' = ''jasaxer'' :* '''to preface''' = ''jadiner'' :* '''to pre-familiarize''' = ''jatruer'' :* '''to prefer''' = ''gafer, gaifer, gwafer, ifkeiber'' :* '''to prefer the most''' = ''gwaifer'' :* '''to prefigure''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prefix''' = ''zadungaber, zagaber'' :* '''to preform''' = ''jasanxer'' :* '''to pre-heat''' = ''jaamxer'' :* '''to preinitialize''' = ''jaijaxer'' :* '''to prejudge''' = ''jayevder'' :* '''to prelect''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to prelist''' = ''janyadrer'' :* '''to preload''' = ''jabelunaber, jakyisuer'' :* '''to premeditate''' = ''jatexer, jayagtexer'' :* '''to premix''' = ''jayanmulxer'' :* '''to premonish''' = ''jwader'' :* '''to prenotify''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to preoccupy''' = ''jaembier, tepoboxer'' :* '''to preoccupy oneself''' = ''yaxer'' :* '''to preordain''' = ''jadabder, janapder'' :* '''to prepackage''' = ''janyufber'' :* '''to prepare food''' = ''tulxer'' :* '''to prepare''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer, pyafxer'' :* '''to prepare oneself''' = ''pyafser, utjaber, utpyafxer'' :* '''to prepay''' = ''januxer'' :* '''to prepend''' = ''zagaber'' :* '''to prepossess''' = ''jaembier'' :* '''to pre-punch''' = ''jazyegxer'' :* '''to pre-purchase''' = ''januxbier'' :* '''to preread''' = ''jadyeer'' :* '''to pre-record''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to preregister''' = ''jadyunnadrer'' :* '''to pre-reveal''' = ''jakader'' :* '''to presage''' = ''jater, kyeojter'' :* '''to pre-screen''' = ''jamaysuer, javyayeker'' :* '''to prescribe''' = ''duldrer'' :* '''to preselect''' = ''jakebier'' :* '''to present a prize''' = ''fidunuer'' :* '''to present a puzzle''' = ''didekuer'' :* '''to present''' = ''buer, ejber, ejbuer, ejeatuer, ejeaxer, teasuer, tuyabuer, zayber, zaybuer'' :* '''to present oneself''' = ''utejber, zaypuer'' :* '''to pre-sequence''' = ''jajoupnadxer'' :* '''to preserve''' = ''bexrer, ojbexer, vakbexer, yagbexer, yagbexler, yizbexer'' :* '''to pre-set''' = ''jaber'' :* '''to preset''' = ''jwaber'' :* '''to preshrink''' = ''nidgoxer'' :* '''to preside''' = ''aybsimper, ditdeber, tyodeber'' :* '''to preside over a case''' = ''doyevsimper, yevsondeber'' :* '''to presort''' = ''jasaunapxer'' :* '''to pre-specify''' = ''javyakyoxer'' :* '''to press against''' = ''ovbaler'' :* '''to press apart''' = ''yonbaler'' :* '''to press''' = ''baler, novzyiarer'' :* '''to press down''' = ''yobaler, yobuxer'' :* '''to press in''' = ''yebaler'' :* '''to press out''' = ''oyebaler'' :* '''to press tight''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to press together''' = ''yanbaler'' :* '''to pressurize''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to prestidigitate''' = ''tuyubigeker'' :* '''to prestore''' = ''janyexer'' :* '''to presume''' = ''javatexer, vayaker'' :* '''to presuppose''' = ''jwavabier'' :* '''to pre-take''' = ''jabier'' :* '''to pre-tape''' = ''jataxdrer'' :* '''to pre-taste''' = ''jateuxer'' :* '''to pretend''' = ''dezer, tepfer, tepsinuer, tepuxler, vatexuer, vlader, vyoekder'' :* '''to pretermit''' = ''loxaler, oteaxer, oxaler'' :* '''to pretest''' = ''jafinyeker'' :* '''to pre-test''' = ''jafinyeker, javyayeker'' :* '''to pre-think''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to prettify''' = ''viyaxer'' :* '''to pretypify''' = ''jasaunxer'' :* '''to prevail''' = ''abyafser, hyameser'' :* '''to prevail over''' = ''abdaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to prevaricate -- to prosecute = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to prevaricate''' = ''uzder, vyonder'' :* '''to prevent''' = ''jaeber, jaofxer, jaovber'' :* '''to preview''' = ''jateater, jateaxer'' :* '''to prey''' = ''potkexer'' :* '''to price-fix''' = ''naxkyober'' :* '''to price-gouge''' = ''granoxuer'' :* '''to prick''' = ''gibaer, nivarer, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to prick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to prickle''' = ''nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to pride oneself on''' = ''utflizier bi, yavlaser bi'' :* '''to prime''' = ''jaabsuner, jatuer'' :* '''to primp''' = ''utviyxer'' :* '''to prink''' = ''grautfider, utvitofaber'' :* '''to print''' = ''dodrurer, drurer, izdrer'' :* '''to prioritize''' = ''janapxer'' :* '''to privatize''' = ''yonotxer'' :* '''to prize highly''' = ''glanazter'' :* '''to prize''' = ''naxter, nazuer'' :* '''to probe''' = ''finyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to proceed''' = ''jeper, zayper'' :* '''to process an instruction''' = ''exler iztuun'' :* '''to process''' = ''exler'' :* '''to proclaim''' = ''doteuder, dotuer'' :* '''to procrastinate''' = ''zajuber'' :* '''to procreate''' = ''ojsaxer, tudxer'' :* '''to procure''' = ''nuer, suer'' :* '''to prod''' = ''azbuxer, durer, gimufuer, uxrer'' :* '''to produce a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to produce''' = ''nuer, nyuer'' :* '''to produce offspring''' = ''tudxer'' :* '''to produce power''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to produce twins''' = ''eonatxer'' :* '''to profess''' = ''dovadeler, fyadeler, yuvdeler'' :* '''to professionalize''' = ''xyenaxer'' :* '''to proffer''' = ''ifbuer'' :* '''to profile''' = ''aottuunyandrer'' :* '''to profit''' = ''nasaker, nixaker'' :* '''to profiteer''' = ''funixaker, granixaker'' :* '''to prognosticate''' = ''jatuer, ojtuer'' :* '''to program''' = ''extuundrer, jadrer'' :* '''to progress''' = ''zapaser, zaypaser'' :* '''to prohibit''' = ''dovodebder, ofder, ofxer, vodebder'' :* '''to prohibit from voting''' = ''dokebidofxer'' :* '''to prohibit in writing''' = ''ofdrer'' :* '''to project an image''' = ''mansinuer'' :* '''to project''' = ''ojter, ojtexer, ojxer, yazaser, zaypuxer'' :* '''to prolapse''' = ''oyepaser'' :* '''to proliferate''' = ''zyaglaser, zyaglaxer'' :* '''to prolong''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to prolongate''' = ''yagaxer'' :* '''to promenade''' = ''daztyoper, iftyoper'' :* '''to promise''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to promote''' = ''zaynabxer, zaypaxer'' :* '''to prompt''' = ''baxer, ijduer, jwatuer, jweder, jwetuer, tijtuer'' :* '''to promulgate''' = ''dotuer, xaler'' :* '''to pronominalize''' = ''avdunxer'' :* '''to pronounce a decision''' = ''dodeler vaodud'' :* '''to pronounce a verdict''' = ''dodeler yaovdud'' :* '''to pronounce correctly''' = ''vyakseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce''' = ''dodeler, seuxder'' :* '''to pronounce judgment''' = ''dodeler yevden'' :* '''to pronounce well''' = ''fiseuxder'' :* '''to pronounce wrongly''' = ''vyoseuxder'' :* '''to proof''' = ''drevyakxer'' :* '''to proofread''' = ''drevyakxer, vyokober'' :* '''to prop up''' = ''boler, byaxer, yaboler'' :* '''to propagandize''' = ''tinzyader, zyadaler, zyadodaler'' :* '''to propagate''' = ''glaxer, zyabeler, zyader, zyatuer'' :* '''to propel''' = ''zaypuxer'' :* '''to prophesy''' = ''fyajader'' :* '''to propitiate''' = ''fitepkixer, poosaxer'' :* '''to proportion''' = ''vyegonuer'' :* '''to propose''' = ''avder, budeler, duer'' :* '''to propose marraige''' = ''duer tadien'' :* '''to proposition''' = ''vyaodider'' :* '''to propound''' = ''doduer'' :* '''to prorate''' = ''gegonxer'' :* '''to prorogue''' = ''jojuder'' :* '''to proscribe''' = ''ofxer'' :* '''to prosecute''' = ''doyevkexer, joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to proselytize -- to pull on = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to proselytize''' = ''tepkyaxer'' :* '''to prospect''' = ''muzkexer'' :* '''to prosper''' = ''fiper, fitejer, fiujer, nyazaker, nyazaser, yagtejer'' :* '''to prostitute oneself''' = ''uttabnunxer'' :* '''to prostrate oneself''' = ''yeznaser, yobzyiaser'' :* '''to protect''' = ''beaxer, bukyofxer, kovuer, obyexer, ovabauner, ovarer, ovmasber, zamasber'' :* '''to protect oneself''' = ''ovmasbier, utobyexer'' :* '''to protest''' = ''azovder, azovduer, ovdaler'' :* '''to prototype''' = ''jwasaunxer'' :* '''to protract''' = ''yagbixer, zaybixer'' :* '''to protrude''' = ''seibser, yazaser, yazper'' :* '''to prove a case''' = ''vyayeker yevson'' :* '''to prove adequate''' = ''greser'' :* '''to prove beyond a doubt''' = ''vyayeker yiz vetex'' :* '''to prove false''' = ''vyoyeker'' :* '''to prove guilty''' = ''vayovder'' :* '''to prove innocent''' = ''vayavder'' :* '''to prove one's point''' = ''vyayeker ota avdalnod'' :* '''to prove right''' = ''ujer gel vyaka'' :* '''to prove someone guilty''' = ''vyayeker heta yovan'' :* '''to prove someone innocent''' = ''vyayeker heta yavan'' :* '''to prove the contrary''' = ''vyayeker ha ovson'' :* '''to prove the truth of''' = ''vyayeker ha vyan bi'' :* '''to prove''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to prove wrong''' = ''ujer gel vyosa'' :* '''to provender''' = ''teluer'' :* '''to proverbialize''' = ''ajdunxer, vyandunxer'' :* '''to provide a benefit''' = ''nuer fyis, suer fyis'' :* '''to provide a means''' = ''nuer zeyen, suer zeyen'' :* '''to provide aid''' = ''nuer yux, suer yux'' :* '''to provide an alibi for''' = ''nuer hyumdin av'' :* '''to provide''' = ''beuwaxer, nuer, suer'' :* '''to provide care''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to provide comfort''' = ''yukyenxer'' :* '''to provide cover''' = ''kovuer'' :* '''to provide firepower''' = ''nuer dopyafon, suer dopyafon'' :* '''to provide fuel''' = ''azuluer'' :* '''to provide housing''' = ''tambuer'' :* '''to provide money for''' = ''nuer nas av'' :* '''to provide needed funds''' = ''nuer efwa nasyani'' :* '''to provide oxygen''' = ''nuer olk'' :* '''to provide refuge''' = ''koembuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide shelter''' = ''koambuer, vakembuer'' :* '''to provide training''' = ''nuer tyenuen'' :* '''to provide with arms''' = ''nuer dopari'' :* '''to provision''' = ''neunxer'' :* '''to provoke an engagement''' = ''uxrer dopek'' :* '''to provoke''' = ''durer, uxrer'' :* '''to provoke fear''' = ''uxrer yuf, yufxer'' :* '''to provoke laughter''' = ''dizeuduer, uxrer dizeud'' :* '''to provoke thought''' = ''texuer, uxrer tex'' :* '''to prowl''' = ''kozyakexer'' :* '''to prune''' = ''fyusgobler'' :* '''to pry''' = ''kotixer, yubketeaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to pry open''' = ''azyijarer, azyijber'' :* '''to psychoanalyze''' = ''tepyontixer'' :* '''to publicize''' = ''dodrer, doutxer, tyodeler, tyoxer, zyatruer, zyatyuer'' :* '''to publish''' = ''dodrurer'' :* '''to pucker''' = ''yanyigxer, yanyujber teubobi, zyoyujber teubobi'' :* '''to puddle up''' = ''miyamser'' :* '''to puff''' = ''maaper, maiper, mapuer'' :* '''to puff up''' = ''grafider, maipuer'' :* '''to pug''' = ''imyanmulxer'' :* '''to puke''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to pule''' = ''apaytogder, uvdeuzer'' :* '''to pull a switch''' = ''bixer kyayxar'' :* '''to pull across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to pull apart''' = ''yonbixer'' :* '''to pull aside''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull away''' = ''ibixer, yibiser, yibixer'' :* '''to pull back''' = ''biser, zoybixer'' :* '''to pull''' = ''bixer'' :* '''to pull down''' = ''yobixer'' :* '''to pull forth''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull forward''' = ''zaybixer'' :* '''to pull hard''' = ''azbixer'' :* '''to pull in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to pull near''' = ''yubixer'' :* '''to pull off''' = ''obixer'' :* '''to pull on''' = ''abixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to pull out -- to push up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to pull out''' = ''oyebiser, oyebixer'' :* '''to pull over''' = ''aybixer'' :* '''to pull straight''' = ''izbixer'' :* '''to pull the strings''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to pull through''' = ''zyebixer'' :* '''to pull tight''' = ''zyobixer'' :* '''to pull to the left''' = ''zubixer'' :* '''to pull to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to pull to the side''' = ''kubixer'' :* '''to pull together''' = ''yanbixer'' :* '''to pull toward the middle''' = ''zebixer'' :* '''to pull toward''' = ''ubixer'' :* '''to pull under''' = ''oybixer'' :* '''to pull underwater''' = ''miloybixer'' :* '''to pull up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to pull up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to pullulate''' = ''iggarer, ser ikxwa bay, vabijer'' :* '''to pulp''' = ''faobyugxer, faomekarer, faomekxer, yugglalxer, yugmulxer'' :* '''to pulsate''' = ''byexeser'' :* '''to pulverize''' = ''mulogxer, myekxer'' :* '''to pummel''' = ''apyexreger, pyexegarer, pyexleger'' :* '''to pump air''' = ''buxrer mal'' :* '''to pump blood''' = ''buxrer tiibil'' :* '''to pump''' = ''buxrer'' :* '''to pump fuel''' = ''azuluer, buxrer azul'' :* '''to pump gas''' = ''buxrer maegil, maegiluer'' :* '''to pump in''' = ''yebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out''' = ''oyebuxrer'' :* '''to pump out the air''' = ''oyebuxrer ha mal'' :* '''to pump the stomach''' = ''tikebukxer'' :* '''to pump up with air''' = ''malikxer'' :* '''to pump water''' = ''buxrer mil'' :* '''to pun''' = ''duneker'' :* '''to punch''' = ''giber, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to punctuate''' = ''nodrer, nodxer'' :* '''to puncture''' = ''ginxer, nodber, uknodxer, yijunxer, zyegxer'' :* '''to punish''' = ''byokuer, fyuzuer, yovbyokuer, yovokuer'' :* '''to punish in return''' = ''zoybyokuer'' :* '''to punt''' = ''mufbuxer, pyoxtyopyexer, ugduder'' :* '''to puppeteer''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to purchase''' = ''nunier, nuxbier'' :* '''to purfle''' = ''kunviber'' :* '''to purge''' = ''aynmulxer, magvyixer, vyizaxer'' :* '''to purify''' = ''aynmulxer, vyilxer, vyirxer, vyizaxer, vyusober'' :* '''to purl''' = ''nofkunviber'' :* '''to purloin''' = ''doyovbier, kobiler, kolobexer'' :* '''to purport''' = ''tesuer, vateser'' :* '''to purpose''' = ''byuonxer'' :* '''to purr''' = ''yipeder'' :* '''to purse''' = ''yanyujber'' :* '''to pursue''' = ''avper, kexer, yeker, zoigper'' :* '''to pursue doggedly''' = ''kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to purvey''' = ''nuer'' :* '''to push across''' = ''zeybuxer'' :* '''to push against''' = ''ovbuxer'' :* '''to push ahead''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push and pull''' = ''buixer'' :* '''to push apart''' = ''yonbuxer'' :* '''to push around''' = ''zuibuxer'' :* '''to push aside''' = ''kubuxer'' :* '''to push away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to push back''' = ''zoybuxer'' :* '''to push back-and-forth''' = ''zaobuxer'' :* '''to push''' = ''buxer'' :* '''to push closer''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push down''' = ''yobuxer'' :* '''to push forward''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to push hard''' = ''azbuxer'' :* '''to push in''' = ''yebuxer'' :* '''to push near''' = ''yubuxer'' :* '''to push off''' = ''obuxer'' :* '''to push on''' = ''abuxer'' :* '''to push out''' = ''oyebuxer'' :* '''to push over''' = ''aybuxer'' :* '''to push overboard''' = ''miloybuxer'' :* '''to push through a bill''' = ''zyeber dovyabdras'' :* '''to push through''' = ''zyebuxer'' :* '''to push together''' = ''yanbuxer'' :* '''to push under''' = ''oybuxer'' :* '''to push up''' = ''yabuxer, yapuxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to push up-and-down = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to push up-and-down''' = ''yaobuxer'' :* '''to pussyfoot''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to pustulate''' = ''tayobyazer'' :* '''to put a belt around''' = ''yuzarer'' :* '''to put a ceiling on''' = ''syaber'' :* '''to put a high price on''' = ''glanazuer'' :* '''to put a hit out on''' = ''ubler nuxtojbut ov'' :* '''to put a hole through''' = ''zyegber'' :* '''to put a lean on''' = ''jonixuer'' :* '''to put a lid on''' = ''abaarer, absyeber'' :* '''to put a limit on''' = ''kunadber'' :* '''to put a line through''' = ''zyenadber'' :* '''to put a screen''' = ''maysber'' :* '''to put a stamp onto a letter''' = ''ber balsiyn ab bu ebdras'' :* '''to put a top on''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to put a wall in front''' = ''zamasber'' :* '''to put and end to quench''' = ''ujber'' :* '''to put aside''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put asunder''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to put at ease''' = ''tepboxer, yukbyenxer'' :* '''to put at risk''' = ''ekluer, fyukyeaxer, fyunxyafwaxer, kyebukuer, vekuer'' :* '''to put away''' = ''ibember'' :* '''to put back in order''' = ''olonapxer'' :* '''to put back on the calendar''' = ''zoyjudarer'' :* '''to put back together''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to put back''' = ''zoyber'' :* '''to put behind a cell''' = ''pexumber'' :* '''to put behind bars''' = ''yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put''' = ''ber'' :* '''to put chains on''' = ''yanzyusber'' :* '''to put clothes back on''' = ''zoytofaber'' :* '''to put clothes on again''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to put clothes on''' = ''tofuer'' :* '''to put down deep''' = ''yobyagber'' :* '''to put down gravel''' = ''megyogber'' :* '''to put down''' = ''ober, oybdaber, yobeler, yober'' :* '''to put down soil''' = ''melber'' :* '''to put in a box''' = ''nyember'' :* '''to put in a corner''' = ''gumber'' :* '''to put in a foul mood''' = ''futipxer'' :* '''to put in chains''' = ''nyadber'' :* '''to put in danger''' = ''lovakkuer'' :* '''to put in first place''' = ''anapxer'' :* '''to put in good order''' = ''finapxer'' :* '''to put in order''' = ''nabxer, napxer'' :* '''to put in place''' = ''nember'' :* '''to put in power''' = ''dabuer'' :* '''to put in prison''' = ''fyuzamyeber, yovbyokamber'' :* '''to put in storage''' = ''mosnyexumber'' :* '''to put in the back''' = ''zober'' :* '''to put in the poor house''' = ''nyozaxer'' :* '''to put in the right order''' = ''vyanapxer'' :* '''to put in''' = ''yeber'' :* '''to put into a bad situation''' = ''fuebyemxer'' :* '''to put into a coma''' = ''kyotujber, tebostujber'' :* '''to put into a row''' = ''uinabxer'' :* '''to put into a trance''' = ''eyntijber, eyntujber'' :* '''to put into an envelope''' = ''dresyeber'' :* '''to put into store''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to put into use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put off''' = ''ober, ojber, zoyber'' :* '''to put off to the side''' = ''kuber'' :* '''to put on a carnival''' = ''popdezer'' :* '''to put on a hat''' = ''aber tef'' :* '''to put on a mask''' = ''teuvier'' :* '''to put on a party''' = ''yanivxer'' :* '''to put on a play''' = ''dezber'' :* '''to put on a pretty face''' = ''vitebsiner'' :* '''to put on a roster''' = ''dyunnyadrer'' :* '''to put on a scale''' = ''kyinarer'' :* '''to put on a shelf''' = ''aber sammoys'' :* '''to put on a ventilator''' = ''malayxarer'' :* '''to put on a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to put on''' = ''aber, tofaber'' :* '''to put on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to put on clothes''' = ''aber toof, tafier, tofier'' :* '''to put on credit''' = ''ojnuxuer'' :* '''to put on film''' = ''pansinuer'' :* '''to put on gloves''' = ''tuyafaber, tuyofaber'' :* '''to put on shoes''' = ''tyoyafaber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to put on the brakes -- to radiate light = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to put on the brakes''' = ''ugarer'' :* '''to put on the calendar''' = ''judarer'' :* '''to put on the lid''' = ''yujunaber'' :* '''to put on the shelf''' = ''sammoysaber'' :* '''to put on the throne''' = ''debsimber, fyasimber'' :* '''to put on weight''' = ''kyinaker'' :* '''to put out a bulletin''' = ''dodrer'' :* '''to put out a fire''' = ''magpoxrer, magujber, ujber mag'' :* '''to put out a story''' = ''dinuer'' :* '''to put out of commission''' = ''loaxleaxer'' :* '''to put out''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put outside''' = ''oyeber'' :* '''to put the brakes on''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to put the lid on''' = ''kovaber'' :* '''to put through''' = ''zyeber'' :* '''to put to bed''' = ''sumber'' :* '''to put to death''' = ''dotojber, tojber'' :* '''to put to good use''' = ''fiyixer'' :* '''to put to rest''' = ''ponuer, poysaxer'' :* '''to put to shame''' = ''ofizaxer, yovlaxer'' :* '''to put to sleep''' = ''tujber, tujefxer, tujuer'' :* '''to put to the side''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to put to the test''' = ''yekuer, yekunuer'' :* '''to put to use''' = ''yixber'' :* '''to put to work''' = ''yexber'' :* '''to put together''' = ''yaanber, yanber'' :* '''to put underground''' = ''mumber'' :* '''to put up a poster''' = ''aber sindrof'' :* '''to put up an obstacle''' = ''yikonber'' :* '''to put up''' = ''datiber, yaber'' :* '''to putrefy''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer'' :* '''to putt''' = ''ozbyexer'' :* '''to putter''' = ''surseuxeger, ugyexer'' :* '''to putty''' = ''myeikber'' :* '''to puzzle over''' = ''didekwer, dudyiker, tepyekier'' :* '''to quack''' = ''epader, gipiader'' :* '''to quadruple''' = ''ugaler'' :* '''to quaff''' = ''glatilier, iftiler, iftilier'' :* '''to quake''' = ''baoser'' :* '''to qualify''' = ''finayxer, finier, finuer'' :* '''to quantify''' = ''glander, glanxer'' :* '''to quantize''' = ''glanxer'' :* '''to quarantine''' = ''yulojubyonxer'' :* '''to quarrel''' = ''daldopeker, dalebyexer, dopeker, ebufeker, ebyexer, ufeker'' :* '''to quarrel verbally''' = ''dalufeker, ovebdaler'' :* '''to quarry''' = ''megibler'' :* '''to quarter''' = ''ungoler, uyngobler, uynxer'' :* '''to quash''' = ''ondeler, ondener'' :* '''to quaver''' = ''zaobrasder, zaobraser'' :* '''to quell''' = ''boxer, teppooxer'' :* '''to quench''' = ''ikber, poxer'' :* '''to quench one's thirst''' = ''tilefober'' :* '''to quern''' = ''megmyekxer'' :* '''to query''' = ''dider'' :* '''to question at length''' = ''yagdider'' :* '''to question''' = ''dider, kexdier, ventexer, vyandider'' :* '''to queue up''' = ''aotnadser, pesnadser'' :* '''to quibble''' = ''ogovder, ogovteuder'' :* '''to quick start''' = ''igijber'' :* '''to quicken''' = ''igxer'' :* '''to quicklime''' = ''ocaalxer'' :* '''to quickly swallow''' = ''igteubier'' :* '''to quiesce''' = ''boser'' :* '''to quiet''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to quieten''' = ''boser, boxer'' :* '''to quip''' = ''diger'' :* '''to quit functioning''' = ''exujer'' :* '''to quit''' = ''piler, ujber, yempier'' :* '''to quit work''' = ''yexpiler'' :* '''to quitclaim''' = ''utdirlobexer'' :* '''to quiver''' = ''baosrer, paysrer, zaopaysler'' :* '''to quiz''' = ''diyder'' :* '''to quote''' = ''geder, teeder'' :* '''to rabbet''' = ''zoyzyogobler'' :* '''to race''' = ''igpeker'' :* '''to race on foot''' = ''igtyopeker'' :* '''to rack''' = ''blokuer, yannabxer'' :* '''to racketeer''' = ''yoveker'' :* '''to raddle''' = ''alzber, ebnefxer, ugyexer, zyinarer'' :* '''to radiate light''' = ''manaudxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to radiate -- to razee = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to radiate''' = ''naudxer'' :* '''to radiate with joy''' = ''naudxer ivan'' :* '''to radicalize''' = ''fyobinxer'' :* '''to radio''' = ''nauduber'' :* '''to radiolocate''' = ''naudkexer'' :* '''to radioteletype''' = ''naudyibdrer'' :* '''to raff''' = ''yanapaxlarer, yanbixer'' :* '''to raffle''' = ''nazunkyebixer'' :* '''to raid''' = ''yokapyexer'' :* '''to rail''' = ''azuvteuder, fuduner'' :* '''to railroad''' = ''igzyeber'' :* '''to rain cats and dogs''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain down''' = ''ilpyoser'' :* '''to rain hard''' = ''mamilazer'' :* '''to rain''' = ''ilzyapyoser, mamiler, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to rain on''' = ''ilpyoxer'' :* '''to rainproof''' = ''mamilvakaxer'' :* '''to raise''' = ''agxer, gayaber, jwotxer, obyaler, teder, tuyxer, yaber'' :* '''to raise and lower''' = ''yaober'' :* '''to raise animals''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise birds''' = ''patagxer'' :* '''to raise cattle''' = ''petagxer'' :* '''to raise children''' = ''tudagxer'' :* '''to raise pigs''' = ''yapetagxer'' :* '''to raise poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' :* '''to raise the curtain''' = ''yaber ha dezof'' :* '''to raise the level''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to raise the value up''' = ''gafyinxer'' :* '''to raise the volume''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha nid'' :* '''to raise to the hundredth power''' = ''asogarer'' :* '''to raise to the power of''' = ''garer'' :* '''to raise to the third power''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to raise to the thousandth power''' = ''arogarer'' :* '''to raise up''' = ''yabixer'' :* '''to raise well''' = ''fituuxer'' :* '''to rake in''' = ''ibiarer, ibier'' :* '''to rake''' = ''vabibiarer'' :* '''to rally''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to ram''' = ''zyepyexer'' :* '''to ramble''' = ''huimper, kyedaler, kyepaser'' :* '''to ramble on''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to ramify''' = ''fubser, fubxer'' :* '''to ramp up''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to rampage''' = ''zyafunapxer'' :* '''to ranch''' = ''melyexdoumxer'' :* '''to randomize''' = ''kyeaxer, kyesaunxer'' :* '''to range''' = ''nabser, nabyanser'' :* '''to rank above''' = ''abdonabser, abdonabxer'' :* '''to rank''' = ''donabser, donabxer, nabder'' :* '''to rank first''' = ''anabser, anabxer'' :* '''to rank high''' = ''yabnabser, yabnabxer'' :* '''to rankle''' = ''yigtosuer'' :* '''to ransack''' = ''hyamkexer, yokbirer'' :* '''to rant''' = ''yagufdeuder'' :* '''to rap''' = ''byexer, igbyexer, tuyubyexer'' :* '''to rape''' = ''pixrer'' :* '''to rappel''' = ''zoydyuer'' :* '''to rare''' = ''byaser'' :* '''to rarefy''' = ''loglaxer'' :* '''to rasp''' = ''yugfarer'' :* '''to rat out''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to rataplan''' = ''kaduzarer'' :* '''to ratchet up''' = ''yabnegxer'' :* '''to rate poorly''' = ''funazder, glofyinder'' :* '''to rate''' = ''vyesager'' :* '''to rather''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to ratify''' = ''dovadeler'' :* '''to ratiocinate''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to ration''' = ''vyegonbuer'' :* '''to rationalize''' = ''savuer, savxer, syobxer, tesduer, tesyobxer, vyatepxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to rattan''' = ''byefabmufxer'' :* '''to rattle''' = ''baosler, baoxler, pasrer, paxrer'' :* '''to rattle the nerves''' = ''tayipaxrer'' :* '''to ravage''' = ''bixrer, ikfluxer, zyabukuer'' :* '''to rave''' = ''hyamojdazer, tepyigraxler, yizfidaler'' :* '''to ravel''' = ''lonyafxer, nyafxer, yiklaxer'' :* '''to raven''' = ''rapatbirer'' :* '''to ravish''' = ''ifraxer, ifruer, pixrer'' :* '''to raze''' = ''byunedgobler, hyosunxer, losexer, tayegoblarer'' :* '''to razee''' = ''abmosgobler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to razz -- to recase = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to razz''' = ''ifteuduer'' :* '''to re''' = ''zoyabixer'' :* '''to reabsorb''' = ''gawilier'' :* '''to reach adulthood''' = ''grejagaser, grejagatser, grejagser'' :* '''to reach''' = ''byuser, pyuxer'' :* '''to reach for''' = ''pyuser'' :* '''to reach out and feel''' = ''tayoxer'' :* '''to reach out and touch''' = ''byuxer'' :* '''to reacquaint''' = ''zoytrawaxer'' :* '''to reacquire''' = ''gawyekbier'' :* '''to react''' = ''gawaxler, joder, zoyaxler'' :* '''to reactivate''' = ''gawaxleaxer'' :* '''to read''' = ''dyeer'' :* '''to read for the bar''' = ''tixer av ha dovyabtyen'' :* '''to read in Arabic''' = ''Aradyeer'' :* '''to read lead''' = ''malzyilebber'' :* '''to read minds''' = ''tepdyeer'' :* '''to read palms''' = ''tuyibdyeer'' :* '''to readapt''' = ''gawgelsanxer'' :* '''to readdress''' = ''zoyemdyunber'' :* '''to readjust''' = ''gawvyatxer, zoyvyanabser, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to readmit''' = ''gawyebafxer, zoyafer'' :* '''to readopt''' = ''gawifbiteder'' :* '''to ready again''' = ''zoypyafxer'' :* '''to ready''' = ''jaber, jaxer, jwexer'' :* '''to reaffirm''' = ''zoyvaader, zoyvaduder'' :* '''to real palms''' = ''tyuyibdyeer'' :* '''to realign''' = ''zoynadxer'' :* '''to realize''' = ''kater, sunxer, testier, tier, vyamxer'' :* '''to reallocate''' = ''gawgonuer, gawnasbuer'' :* '''to reanalyze''' = ''zoyyontixer'' :* '''to reanimate''' = ''gawtejuer'' :* '''to reap an award''' = ''ibler nazun'' :* '''to reap''' = ''ibler, vabibler, vobibler'' :* '''to reappear''' = ''gawteaser'' :* '''to reapply''' = ''gawabaler, gawaber'' :* '''to reappoint''' = ''gawdodyunuer, gawyembuer'' :* '''to reappointment''' = ''gawdodyunuer'' :* '''to reapportion''' = ''gawvyegonuer'' :* '''to reappraise''' = ''gawnazder'' :* '''to rear''' = ''agxer, tuuxer'' :* '''to rearm''' = ''gawdoparuer'' :* '''to rearrange''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rearrest''' = ''gawdopoxer'' :* '''to reascend''' = ''zoyyalper'' :* '''to reason''' = ''tesyobxer, vyatexer'' :* '''to reassemble''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to reassert''' = ''gawvlader'' :* '''to reassess''' = ''gawnazder, zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reassign''' = ''gawembuer, gawyefdyuer'' :* '''to reassure''' = ''gawvakuer'' :* '''to reattach''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to reattain''' = ''gawbyuer'' :* '''to reattempt''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to reauthorize''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to reave''' = ''lobexer, ukxer, vyobier'' :* '''to reawaken''' = ''gawtijber'' :* '''to rebaptize''' = ''zoyfyamilber'' :* '''to rebel''' = ''ovdraber'' :* '''to rebid''' = ''gawdurer'' :* '''to rebind''' = ''gawdyesanxer'' :* '''to reblend''' = ''gawyanmulxer'' :* '''to reboil''' = ''gawmagiler'' :* '''to reboot''' = ''zoyijber'' :* '''to rebound''' = ''zoypuser, zoypuyser, zoypyaser'' :* '''to rebroadcast''' = ''zoyzyadeler, zoyzyauber'' :* '''to rebuff''' = ''kubuxer, yibuxer'' :* '''to rebuild''' = ''gawtomxer'' :* '''to rebuke''' = ''yigfuyevder'' :* '''to rebury''' = ''gawmumber'' :* '''to rebut''' = ''ovduder'' :* '''to recalculate''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to recalibrate''' = ''zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to recall''' = ''ajtaxer, taxer, taxier, tepier, tepuer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to recall jointly''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to recant''' = ''lodeler, loder'' :* '''to recap''' = ''zoyabauner'' :* '''to recapitulate''' = ''gawyogder'' :* '''to recapture''' = ''gawpixer'' :* '''to recase''' = ''yebabnyeber, zoyaogxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to recast -- to redact = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to recast''' = ''zoydezgonuer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to recede''' = ''zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to receipt''' = ''ibundrasuer'' :* '''to receive a bill''' = ''iber naxdras'' :* '''to receive a fine''' = ''nasbyokier'' :* '''to receive a guest''' = ''datiber'' :* '''to receive a license''' = ''iber afdras'' :* '''to receive a phone all''' = ''iber yibdalun'' :* '''to receive a prize''' = ''iber nazun, nazunier'' :* '''to receive a report''' = ''dodinier, iber dodin'' :* '''to receive a salary''' = ''iber yexnux, yexnixer'' :* '''to receive a wound''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to receive an award''' = ''finakier, finsizier, iber finak, iber finsuz, nazunier'' :* '''to receive damages''' = ''ovokunier'' :* '''to receive''' = ''iber, nixer'' :* '''to receive the death penalty''' = ''iber ha yovbyok bi toj'' :* '''to receive the wrong meaning''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to recess''' = ''poynier, zoybixer, zoyper'' :* '''to recharge''' = ''gawkyisuer'' :* '''to recharter''' = ''zoyyivdrafuer'' :* '''to recheck''' = ''gawvyayeker'' :* '''to rechristen''' = ''gawayixer, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to reciprocate''' = ''hyuitxer, hyuixer'' :* '''to recirculate''' = ''gawyuzber, gawyuzper'' :* '''to recite''' = ''dodyer, gawdyunder'' :* '''to reckon''' = ''sagier, texer, ujzeber, vyatexer'' :* '''to reclaim''' = ''gawvadier'' :* '''to reclassify''' = ''gawnaaber, gawsaunxer'' :* '''to recline''' = ''sumper, zoper, zoybaer, zoykiser, zyiper, zyiser'' :* '''to reclothe''' = ''gawtofuer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reclothe oneself''' = ''zoytofier'' :* '''to recode''' = ''gawdovyayabxer'' :* '''to recognize''' = ''ijteatier, trer, zoytrer'' :* '''to recoil''' = ''gawbaser, zoypuyser, zoyzyuser'' :* '''to recollect''' = ''ajtaxer, taxier'' :* '''to recolonize''' = ''zoyobdomemxer'' :* '''to recolor''' = ''zoyvolzber'' :* '''to recombine''' = ''gawyanlaxer, zoyyanker'' :* '''to recommence''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to recommend''' = ''fiader'' :* '''to recommit''' = ''zoyxaler'' :* '''to recompense''' = ''akbuer'' :* '''to recompile''' = ''gawyanunxer'' :* '''to recompose''' = ''zoyyanber'' :* '''to recompute''' = ''gawsyaager'' :* '''to reconcile''' = ''ebvader, gawpooxer, vaeyber'' :* '''to recondition''' = ''zoyhobyenxer'' :* '''to reconfigure''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanyanxer'' :* '''to reconfirm''' = ''zoyazvader'' :* '''to reconnect''' = ''gawanyafser, zoyanyafxer'' :* '''to reconnoiter''' = ''jakexer, jatrier, yuzteaxer, yuzteaxpurer'' :* '''to reconquer''' = ''gawakler'' :* '''to reconsecrate''' = ''gawfyaaxer'' :* '''to reconsider''' = ''zoytepier'' :* '''to reconsign''' = ''gawyemayber'' :* '''to reconstitute''' = ''zoyyansanxer'' :* '''to reconstruct''' = ''gawsexer, gawtomxer, zoytomsaxer'' :* '''to recontact''' = ''gawbyuxer'' :* '''to recontaminate''' = ''gawmulvyixer'' :* '''to reconvene''' = ''zoyyanuper'' :* '''to reconvert''' = ''gawkyaxler, zoykyasler'' :* '''to recook''' = ''gawmageler'' :* '''to recopy''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to record''' = ''drer, pansinier, seuxdrer, taxdrer'' :* '''to record history''' = ''ajdindrer'' :* '''to recount''' = ''ajder, ajdinder, dinder, gawsyager'' :* '''to recoup''' = ''zoybexer, zoynixer'' :* '''to recover''' = ''byekser, gawabaer, gawbakser, gawbier, zoynixer'' :* '''to recreate''' = ''gawijsaxer, gawsaxer, ifier'' :* '''to recriminate''' = ''gawveyovder'' :* '''to recross''' = ''zoyzeyper'' :* '''to recrudesce''' = ''zoytejper'' :* '''to recruit''' = ''dopikber, dopyebier, ejnagonutxer'' :* '''to recrystallize''' = ''zoymezaxer'' :* '''to rectify''' = ''vyatxer'' :* '''to recuperate''' = ''byekser'' :* '''to recur''' = ''gawkyeser, gawxwer, zoyxwer'' :* '''to recurse''' = ''gawubduer'' :* '''to recycle''' = ''zoyjobzyuser, zoyzyuxer'' :* '''to redact''' = ''vaokyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to redden -- to reform = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to redden''' = ''alzaser'' :* '''to redeclare''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to redecorate''' = ''gawviber'' :* '''to rededicate''' = ''gawdobuer, gawfyabuer, zoyifbuler'' :* '''to redeem''' = ''zoynixer'' :* '''to redefine''' = ''gawtesder, gawujnadrer, gawvyakyoxer'' :* '''to redeliver''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to redeploy''' = ''zoydopekyemier'' :* '''to redeposit''' = ''gawnasyember, zoyyemaber'' :* '''to redesign''' = ''gawdresiner'' :* '''to redesignate''' = ''gawdyunaber, gawdyunuer'' :* '''to redetermine''' = ''gawvlakaxer'' :* '''to redevelop''' = ''gawgasanxer, zoygasanser'' :* '''to redial''' = ''zoysagziuner'' :* '''to redintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer, zoyaynser'' :* '''to redirect''' = ''zoyizber'' :* '''to rediscover''' = ''gawaakaxer, gawijkaxer'' :* '''to redisplay''' = ''gawsinuer'' :* '''to redissolve''' = ''gawyonmulxer'' :* '''to redistribute''' = ''zoyzyabuer'' :* '''to redistrict''' = ''zoydomgonxer'' :* '''to redivide''' = ''gawgoler'' :* '''to redline''' = ''zoyxuwasiyner'' :* '''to redo''' = ''gaxer'' :* '''to redouble''' = ''eonagser, eonagxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redoubt''' = ''azwamxer'' :* '''to redound''' = ''zoyilpaner'' :* '''to redraft''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to redraw''' = ''gawdrasiner'' :* '''to redress''' = ''gawnapxer, zoytofaber'' :* '''to reduce''' = ''goxer'' :* '''to reduce the cost''' = ''nayxgoxer'' :* '''to reduce the size of''' = ''ogxer'' :* '''to reduce the swelling''' = ''goxer ha yazen'' :* '''to reduce to ashes''' = ''mogxer'' :* '''to reduplicate''' = ''galer, gaxer, zoyleonxer'' :* '''to redye''' = ''zoynovolzilber'' :* '''to reecho''' = ''zoyteuzer'' :* '''to reeden''' = ''saxer bi luvobi'' :* '''to reedit''' = ''gawdrevyaker'' :* '''to reeducate''' = ''zoytuuxer'' :* '''to reek''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to reel in''' = ''yebixer, yebzyukxer, yebzyuyker'' :* '''to reel''' = ''uizper, uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyufxer, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to reelect''' = ''gawdokebier'' :* '''to reembark''' = ''zoymimpuer'' :* '''to reembody''' = ''gawtapuer'' :* '''to reemerge''' = ''zoyoyebuper'' :* '''to reemphasize''' = ''gawkyider'' :* '''to reemploy''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to reenact''' = ''gawaxler'' :* '''to reenergize''' = ''gawazonikxer, gawyexazonuer'' :* '''to reenforce''' = ''gawazonuer'' :* '''to reengage''' = ''gawyuvlaxer'' :* '''to reenlist''' = ''zoygonutser'' :* '''to reenter''' = ''zoyyeper'' :* '''to reequip''' = ''gawsaryanuer'' :* '''to reestablish''' = ''gawsyemxer'' :* '''to reevaluate''' = ''zoyfyinder'' :* '''to reexamine''' = ''gawyubteaxer'' :* '''to reexperience''' = ''zoyoxer'' :* '''to reexplain''' = ''gawtesder'' :* '''to reexport''' = ''zoymemuber'' :* '''to reface''' = ''zoynedxer'' :* '''to refasten''' = ''gawgrunarer, gawnyafxer'' :* '''to refer''' = ''ubduer'' :* '''to refile''' = ''gawnaaber'' :* '''to refill''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to refinance''' = ''zoynasyanuer'' :* '''to refine''' = ''aynmulxer, mulvyixer'' :* '''to refinish''' = ''gawnedvixer'' :* '''to refit''' = ''gawfinagxer'' :* '''to reflate''' = ''zoyyuzagxer'' :* '''to reflect''' = ''ajtexer, gawmanser, gawmanxer, kumanser, kumanxer, teyxer, yagtexer, zoykixer, zoysiner, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to reflect on''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to refocus''' = ''gawteazexer'' :* '''to refold''' = ''gawofyujber'' :* '''to reforest''' = ''zoyfabyaner'' :* '''to reforge''' = ''gawamsaxer'' :* '''to reform''' = ''fisanser, fisanxer, gawsanser, gawsanxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reformat -- to relapse = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reformat''' = ''gawkyosanxer, gawsanxer'' :* '''to reformulate''' = ''gawsandrer, zoykyosaunxer'' :* '''to refortify''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to refract''' = ''mankixer, zoyyanxer'' :* '''to refragment''' = ''gawgonesaxer'' :* '''to refrain''' = ''utugxer'' :* '''to refreeze''' = ''zoyyomxer'' :* '''to refresh''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, gawjwexer, jogxer, joygxer, jwefxer, oymxer, zoyjwefxer'' :* '''to refrigerate''' = ''omxer'' :* '''to refuel''' = ''gawazuluer, maagilier, zoyazulier, zoymaagilier, zoymagyeluer, zoyyafuluer'' :* '''to refund''' = ''gawyannasbuer, zoybuner, zoynuxer'' :* '''to refurbish''' = ''zoyfinxer'' :* '''to refurnish''' = ''gawnuer'' :* '''to refuse a demand''' = ''vobuer dur'' :* '''to refuse''' = ''ipuxer, vobier, vobuer'' :* '''to refute''' = ''ovder, vyokdeler'' :* '''to regain''' = ''gawaker, zoynixer'' :* '''to regain one's color''' = ''zoytozaker'' :* '''to regain one's sanity''' = ''tepizraser'' :* '''to regale''' = ''ivuer, ivxer'' :* '''to regard poorly''' = ''fukaxer'' :* '''to regard''' = ''teaxer'' :* '''to regard with shame''' = ''hwoyteaxer'' :* '''to regather''' = ''zoyibler'' :* '''to regenerate''' = ''gawtudxer'' :* '''to regiment''' = ''naapxer'' :* '''to register''' = ''dravagber, dyunnyadrer, yebdrer'' :* '''to regorge''' = ''gawteubier, tikebiloker'' :* '''to regrade''' = ''gawnogxer'' :* '''to regress''' = ''gawsanser, zoynogser, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to regret''' = ''uvlaxer, uvtaxder, zoyuvtoser'' :* '''to regrind''' = ''zoymyekxer'' :* '''to regroup''' = ''gawaotyanxer'' :* '''to regrow''' = ''gawagxer'' :* '''to regularize''' = ''vyabaxer'' :* '''to regulate''' = ''vyaber'' :* '''to regurgitate''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to rehabilitate''' = ''gawtyenuer'' :* '''to rehang''' = ''gawpyoxer'' :* '''to rehash''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reheadline''' = ''gawaagdrezer'' :* '''to rehear''' = ''gawyevanyeker'' :* '''to rehearse''' = ''jatixer, teexeger, zoyder'' :* '''to reheat''' = ''gawamxer'' :* '''to rehire''' = ''gawyixler'' :* '''to rehouse''' = ''gawembuer, zoytaamuer'' :* '''to reign''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to reign supreme''' = ''aybraser'' :* '''to reignite''' = ''zoymakijber'' :* '''to reimburse''' = ''ovoknasuer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to reimpose''' = ''gawaber'' :* '''to reincarnate''' = ''zoytaobxer'' :* '''to reincorporate''' = ''gawyantabxer'' :* '''to reinfect''' = ''gawbokogrunuer'' :* '''to reinforce''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to reinitialize''' = ''zoyijnaxer'' :* '''to reinitiate''' = ''gawaaxer'' :* '''to reinoculate''' = ''zoybekulyeber'' :* '''to reinsert''' = ''gawyeber'' :* '''to reinspect''' = ''gawvyabeaxer'' :* '''to reinstate''' = ''gawdabuer'' :* '''to reinstill''' = ''gawmilzyunuer'' :* '''to reinstitute''' = ''gawdosyemxer'' :* '''to reintegrate''' = ''gawaynxer'' :* '''to reinterpret''' = ''gawebtestuer'' :* '''to reintroduce''' = ''gawtruer, gawyeber'' :* '''to reinvent''' = ''gawakaxer'' :* '''to reinvigorate''' = ''zoyazlaxer'' :* '''to reissue''' = ''gawoyebuer'' :* '''to reiterate''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to reject''' = ''fuder, fuvader, gawafxer, ipuxer, kupuxer, lofer, lovabier, opuxer, oyebuxer, vobier, yibuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to rejig''' = ''gawnapxer'' :* '''to rejoice''' = ''ivier, ivtoser'' :* '''to rejoin''' = ''gawyanxer, zoyyanber, zoyyanser'' :* '''to rejudge''' = ''zoyyevder'' :* '''to rejuvenate''' = ''ejnaxer, gawjogxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rekey''' = ''yijlarkyaxer'' :* '''to rekindle''' = ''zoymagijber'' :* '''to relabel''' = ''gawabdrer, gawnunsiyner'' :* '''to relapse''' = ''zoypyoser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to relate a myth -- to remove makeup = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to relate a myth''' = ''fyediynxer, vyeder fyedin'' :* '''to relate''' = ''dinder, diynder, vyeder, vyender'' :* '''to relate to''' = ''vyentoser, vyeser, vyexer'' :* '''to relaunch''' = ''zoypyaxer'' :* '''to relax''' = ''ifpoyser, yugsaser, yugsaxer'' :* '''to relay''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to relearn''' = ''gawtiser'' :* '''to release from prison''' = ''yivxer bi doyovbyokam, yivxer bi vyakxam'' :* '''to release''' = ''lobexer, lopexer, yivafxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to release on bail''' = ''yivxer be vaknas'' :* '''to relegate''' = ''gaber, yiber'' :* '''to relegate to the past''' = ''ajber'' :* '''to relent''' = ''ozlaser, ugser'' :* '''to relieve''' = ''kyutosuer, kyuxler, lokyixer, poyxer, teppoyxer'' :* '''to relieve of command''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to relieve pain''' = ''byokober'' :* '''to relieve the pressure''' = ''kyuxler ha bal'' :* '''to relight''' = ''gawmanxer, zoymanijber'' :* '''to religionize''' = ''fyaxinxer, totinvader, totinxer'' :* '''to reline''' = ''gaber nadi bu, gawobkofxer'' :* '''to relink''' = ''zoyyanarer'' :* '''to relinquish''' = ''lovabier, obier'' :* '''to relinquish power''' = ''dabobier'' :* '''to relinquish the throne''' = ''debsimoper'' :* '''to relive''' = ''zoytejer'' :* '''to reload''' = ''gawbelunaber, gawkyisuer'' :* '''to relocate''' = ''emkyaser, emkyaxer, gawember, kyaember'' :* '''to relocate oneself''' = ''kyaemper'' :* '''to relock''' = ''gawyujlarer'' :* '''to rely on''' = ''vatexier'' :* '''to remagnify''' = ''gawagaxer'' :* '''to remain''' = ''beser, gawjeser, kyojeser, kyoper, zoybeser'' :* '''to remain fixed''' = ''kyobeser, kyoser'' :* '''to remain open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to remain seated''' = ''simbeser'' :* '''to remake''' = ''gawsaxer'' :* '''to remand''' = ''gawuber'' :* '''to remap''' = ''gawdrafxer'' :* '''to remark''' = ''kuder, siynder, texder'' :* '''to remarry''' = ''zoytadier, zoytadser'' :* '''to remeasure''' = ''gawnager'' :* '''to remedy''' = ''byekxer'' :* '''to remelt''' = ''gawilxer'' :* '''to remember fondly''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remember''' = ''taxer, taxier'' :* '''to remember together''' = ''yantaxer'' :* '''to remember well''' = ''fitaxer'' :* '''to remigrate''' = ''gawemiper'' :* '''to remilitarize''' = ''gawdopxer'' :* '''to remind oneself''' = ''uttexuer'' :* '''to remind''' = ''taxuer'' :* '''to reminisce''' = ''ajtaxer'' :* '''to remit''' = ''ojber'' :* '''to remodel''' = ''gawasanxer'' :* '''to remold''' = ''gawasanxer, gawuksanxer'' :* '''to remonstrate''' = ''ovder dosanay'' :* '''to remount''' = ''gawaper, gawyaper, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to remove a bandage''' = ''bikofober'' :* '''to remove a cap''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to remove a defect''' = ''fuynober'' :* '''to remove a difficulty''' = ''yikonober'' :* '''to remove a hazard''' = ''ober vokun'' :* '''to remove a head''' = ''tebober'' :* '''to remove a limb''' = ''tupober'' :* '''to remove a nail. unnail''' = ''muvober'' :* '''to remove a part''' = ''gonober'' :* '''to remove a staple''' = ''ugumuvober, uzmuvober'' :* '''to remove a stress mark''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove a tariff''' = ''nuxyefober, ober nuxyef'' :* '''to remove a threat''' = ''loyufsunuer, ovakober, yufsunober'' :* '''to remove a weapon''' = ''doparober'' :* '''to remove an accent''' = ''kyidsiynober'' :* '''to remove an obligation''' = ''yefober'' :* '''to remove forcibly''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to remove from office''' = ''xabober'' :* '''to remove from power''' = ''lodabuer'' :* '''to remove from service''' = ''loexeaxer'' :* '''to remove from the schedule''' = ''ojdrafober'' :* '''to remove handcuffs''' = ''ober tuyoyuvar'' :* '''to remove makeup''' = ''vixulober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to remove -- to reprocess = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to remove''' = ''ober, obler, yiber'' :* '''to remove one's shoes''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to remove oneself''' = ''yipaser, yiper'' :* '''to remove pounds''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to remove stains''' = ''ovyunxer, vyunober, vyusober'' :* '''to remove the color''' = ''volzober'' :* '''to remove the risk''' = ''bukyafober'' :* '''to remove the taste''' = ''teusukxer'' :* '''to remove weight''' = ''kyinober'' :* '''to remunerate''' = ''yevnuxer'' :* '''to rename''' = ''gawdyunuer'' :* '''to rend''' = ''naidgofler'' :* '''to render a verdict''' = ''deler yaovdud, yaovder, yaovduder'' :* '''to render''' = ''axer, zoybuer'' :* '''to render comprehensible''' = ''testyukxer'' :* '''to render dependent''' = ''yuvlaxer'' :* '''to render homeless''' = ''tamukxer'' :* '''to render impossible to understand''' = ''testyofxer'' :* '''to render in lowercase letters''' = ''ogdresiynxer'' :* '''to render incapable of speaking''' = ''dalyofxer'' :* '''to render incapable''' = ''yofxer'' :* '''to render meaningful''' = ''tesayxer, tesikxer'' :* '''to render meaningless''' = ''tesoyxer, tesukxer'' :* '''to render tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofxer'' :* '''to render unconscious''' = ''teptujber'' :* '''to render undecipherable''' = ''lokosagsinxyafwaxer'' :* '''to render useless''' = ''oyixfiaxer'' :* '''to renege''' = ''ojvadoxaler'' :* '''to renegotiate''' = ''gawnuneker'' :* '''to renew''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer, jwesaxer, zoyejnaxer'' :* '''to renominate''' = ''gawdyunxer'' :* '''to renormalize''' = ''gawzegxer'' :* '''to renounce''' = ''lofer, lovabier, lovader'' :* '''to renovate''' = ''ejnaxer, ejsaxer, jogxer'' :* '''to rent a car''' = ''jobyixer pur'' :* '''to rent an apartment''' = ''jobnuxer tomaun'' :* '''to rent''' = ''jobnuxer, jobyixer, nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to rent out''' = ''jobnuxuer, nasyefuer, ojbuer'' :* '''to renumber''' = ''zoysagber'' :* '''to reoccupy''' = ''gawmembier'' :* '''to reoccur''' = ''gawkyeser'' :* '''to reopen''' = ''gawkajer, gawyijber, zoyyijer'' :* '''to reorder''' = ''gawnyixer, olonapxer'' :* '''to reorganize''' = ''zoynaabxer, zoyxobser, zoyxobxer'' :* '''to reorient''' = ''gawizonxer'' :* '''to repack''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repackage''' = ''gawnyufxer'' :* '''to repaint''' = ''gawsizer, zoyvolzilber'' :* '''to repair''' = ''funober, gafiaxer, gawaynxer, gawfiaxer, jwesaxer, oloexer, zoyfiaxer'' :* '''to repatriate''' = ''hyumemuber, zoymemuber, zoymemuper'' :* '''to repave''' = ''gawmegyelber'' :* '''to repay''' = ''zoynuxer'' :* '''to repeal''' = ''lonazaxer, loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to repeat''' = ''gaxer, zoyder'' :* '''to repel''' = ''ovbuxer, yibuxer, zoybuxer, zoypuxer'' :* '''to repent''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to rephotograph''' = ''zoymansinier'' :* '''to rephrase''' = ''zoydyaner'' :* '''to replace''' = ''gawyember, nyemier, yembier'' :* '''to replant''' = ''gawvober'' :* '''to replay''' = ''gaweker'' :* '''to replenish''' = ''zoyikber'' :* '''to replicate''' = ''gelsanxer'' :* '''to reply affirmatively''' = ''vaduder'' :* '''to reply''' = ''duder'' :* '''to repopulate''' = ''gawtyodxer'' :* '''to report''' = ''dedrer, dinuer, dodinuer, dodrer, dotuer, teedrer, vyeder, vyender, xwader, zyader, zyadinuer, zyakader'' :* '''to repose''' = ''ponser'' :* '''to reposition''' = ''gawember'' :* '''to repossess''' = ''zoybexier'' :* '''to reprehend''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to represent''' = ''avaxler, avembier, ubwer, utejeaser, yembier'' :* '''to repress''' = ''gawbaler'' :* '''to reprice''' = ''zoynaxuer'' :* '''to reprieve''' = ''fyuzpoxer'' :* '''to reprimand''' = ''dofunkader, doyovdeler, fudaler, fuyevder'' :* '''to reprint''' = ''gawdrurer'' :* '''to reproach''' = ''fludaler, fuyevder, yovdaler'' :* '''to reprobate''' = ''fyuvader'' :* '''to reprocess''' = ''zoyexleer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reproduce -- to resubscribe = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reproduce''' = ''gawnuer, gesaunxer, tudxer'' :* '''to reprogram''' = ''gawextuundrer'' :* '''to reprove''' = ''fudeler'' :* '''to republish''' = ''gawdodrurer'' :* '''to repudiate''' = ''lofer, lovabier'' :* '''to repulse''' = ''yibuxer, zoybuxer'' :* '''to repurchase''' = ''zoynuxbier'' :* '''to request a visa''' = ''dier besafdren'' :* '''to request''' = ''dier, efder'' :* '''to requestion''' = ''gawdider'' :* '''to requeue''' = ''zoyuinadxer'' :* '''to require''' = ''direr, efxer, yefder, yefxer'' :* '''to requisition''' = ''nyixer'' :* '''to requite''' = ''lofuxer, zoygefuxer'' :* '''to reread''' = ''gawdyeer'' :* '''to rerecord''' = ''gawtaxdrer'' :* '''to reregister''' = ''gawgonutxer, zoydravagder'' :* '''to reroute''' = ''gawmepxer'' :* '''to re-scale''' = ''gawmusber'' :* '''to reschedule''' = ''zoyjudarer, zoyjudrer, zoyojdrafber'' :* '''to rescind''' = ''loxer, onaxer, zoydyuer'' :* '''to rescue''' = ''igvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to reseal''' = ''gawvakyujber'' :* '''to research''' = ''kexler, tunkexer, vyakexer, vyantixer'' :* '''to research the facts''' = ''vyantixer ha xwasi'' :* '''to resect''' = ''gawgobler'' :* '''to reseed''' = ''gawvabijuer'' :* '''to reselect''' = ''gawkebier, zoykebier'' :* '''to resell''' = ''gawnixbuer, gawnunuer'' :* '''to resemble''' = ''gelser, gelteaser'' :* '''to resent''' = ''futoser'' :* '''to reserve a seat''' = ''simbexer'' :* '''to reserve a table''' = ''neler sem'' :* '''to reserve''' = ''embexer, jabexer, kuber, kubexer, neler, nyexer, ojber'' :* '''to reset''' = ''gawaber, gawember'' :* '''to resettle''' = ''gawember, gawtambuer, tamiper, zoytambier, zoytamper'' :* '''to resew''' = ''gawnofyanxer'' :* '''to reshape''' = ''fisanxer'' :* '''to resharpen''' = ''zoygiaxer'' :* '''to reship''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to reshow''' = ''gawteatuer, gawteaxuer'' :* '''to reshuffle''' = ''yexkyaxer, zoylosaunnapxer, zoynapkyaxer'' :* '''to reside in''' = ''beser, tambeser, tyemer, yembeser'' :* '''to resign''' = ''lodabier, yempier, yexpiler, yoxler'' :* '''to resist''' = ''ovbyaser, ovbyexer, ovpaxer, zoybexer'' :* '''to reskill''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to resole''' = ''zoytyoyofxer'' :* '''to resolve''' = ''kaxoner, lonyafxer, loyiksonxer, vafer, vlater, yiksonober, yonyafer'' :* '''to resonate''' = ''zoyseuzer'' :* '''to resort to''' = ''efper'' :* '''to resound''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to resow''' = ''gawveeber'' :* '''to respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to respect one another''' = ''hyuitflizuer'' :* '''to respell''' = ''gawdreder'' :* '''to respirate''' = ''baluer'' :* '''to respire''' = ''aluier, aoyebtiexer, baluier, tiebaluier'' :* '''to respond affirmatively''' = ''vaduer'' :* '''to respond''' = ''duder'' :* '''to respond inconclusively''' = ''veduer'' :* '''to respond negatively''' = ''voduer'' :* '''to respray''' = ''gawmialber'' :* '''to ressemble''' = ''gelteaser'' :* '''to rest''' = ''poyser, poyxer'' :* '''to restaff''' = ''gaber ejna yixlawati'' :* '''to restart''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to restate''' = ''gawdeler'' :* '''to restitch''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to restock''' = ''zoynyexer'' :* '''to restore''' = ''gawsyemxer, zoybuer, zoybuner, zoybyaxer'' :* '''to restore public order''' = ''zoysyemxer donap'' :* '''to restrain''' = ''zyobexer'' :* '''to restrengthen''' = ''gawazaxer'' :* '''to restrict''' = ''goyber, zyoafxer, zyober, zyobuxer, zyoxer'' :* '''to restring''' = ''zoynyivxer'' :* '''to restructure''' = ''gawsexyenxer'' :* '''to restudy''' = ''gawtixer'' :* '''to restyle''' = ''gawsyenxer'' :* '''to resubmit''' = ''gawejbuer'' :* '''to resubscribe''' = ''gawoybdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to result in -- to rewed = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to result in''' = ''ixer'' :* '''to resume''' = ''jexer'' :* '''to resupply''' = ''gawnyuxer'' :* '''to resurface''' = ''zoynedser'' :* '''to resurge''' = ''gawyaper, zoyazaser'' :* '''to resurrect''' = ''zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to resurvey''' = ''gawaybteaxer'' :* '''to resuscitate''' = ''zoytejber'' :* '''to reswipe''' = ''gawigapaxler'' :* '''to resynchronize''' = ''zoyyanjwobxer'' :* '''to retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to retain''' = ''yebexer, yebexler, zoybexer, zoybexler'' :* '''to retaliate''' = ''zoygefuxer'' :* '''to retard''' = ''jwoxer, uglaxer, ugxer'' :* '''to retch''' = ''tikebilokyeker'' :* '''to reteach''' = ''gawtuxer'' :* '''to retell''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to retest''' = ''gawvyaoyeker'' :* '''to rethink''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to reticulate''' = ''nyedser, nyedxer'' :* '''to retie''' = ''gawyanifxer'' :* '''to retire''' = ''biser, sumper, yexbiser, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to retitle''' = ''gawdyudrer, zoyabrer'' :* '''to retool''' = ''gawsexer, gawvyatxer, gwafiaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to retouch''' = ''funober, gawbyuxer'' :* '''to retrace''' = ''zoypensiner'' :* '''to retract''' = ''gawdeler, lodeler, nidyogser, nidyogxer, yibiser, zoybixer, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to retrain''' = ''gawtyenier, gawtyenuer'' :* '''to retranslate''' = ''gawebtestuer, zoyhyudalzeynuer'' :* '''to retransmit''' = ''gawebzyaber, gawuber'' :* '''to retread''' = ''zoyzyugnedxer'' :* '''to retreat''' = ''zouper, zoybiser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrench''' = ''gobler, loyixler, zyoxer'' :* '''to retribute''' = ''zoybyokuer, zoygefuxer, zoynuxer'' :* '''to retrieve''' = ''gawaker, gawbier, zoybeler'' :* '''to retroact''' = ''ajaxler'' :* '''to retrocede''' = ''gawbiafxer, zoybuer'' :* '''to retrofire''' = ''gawmagxer'' :* '''to retrofit''' = ''ejyenxer, zoynabxer'' :* '''to retrogress''' = ''zoynogser, zoyper'' :* '''to retrospect''' = ''ajteaxer'' :* '''to retry''' = ''gawyaovyeker, gawyeker'' :* '''to retune''' = ''gawseuzaxer, zoyvyanabxer'' :* '''to return''' = ''gawuber, zayuper, zoyber, zoybuer, zoyiper, zoyper, zoyuper'' :* '''to return home''' = ''zoytamper'' :* '''to retype''' = ''gawdrirer'' :* '''to reunify''' = ''gawanaxer'' :* '''to reunite''' = ''gawanxer, zoyyanser'' :* '''to reupholster''' = ''gawsuemxer'' :* '''to reuse''' = ''gawyixer'' :* '''to rev up''' = ''zoyazonier'' :* '''to revalue''' = ''gafyinuer, gawnazder'' :* '''to revamp''' = ''zoyejnaxer, zoysomxer'' :* '''to reveal everything''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to reveal''' = ''kader, katuer, kovober, lokover, lokoxer, loyujber'' :* '''to reveal secretly''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to revel''' = ''akivtoser'' :* '''to reverberate''' = ''bexer jesea ix, gawmanser, gawseuser, zoyuber kun bu kun'' :* '''to revere''' = ''fiyzuer, ifrer'' :* '''to reverify''' = ''gawvyavyeker'' :* '''to reverse direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, oyvper'' :* '''to reverse''' = ''gawbaser, gawbaxer, lonaber, oyvaxer, oyvber, yobaxer, yobyexer, zoizber, zoizper, zoymber, zoypaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revert''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper, oyvaser, zoyper'' :* '''to revet''' = ''nedaber'' :* '''to review''' = ''joteaxer, jotexer, zoyteaxer'' :* '''to revile''' = ''fruder, ufuer, vukaxer'' :* '''to revise''' = ''gawdrer, kyayxer'' :* '''to revisit''' = ''gawdatuper'' :* '''to revitalize''' = ''gawtejaxer, jigxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to revive''' = ''tejber, zoytejber, zoytejper'' :* '''to revivify''' = ''gawtejaxer'' :* '''to revoke''' = ''lonazvyaber'' :* '''to revolt''' = ''dobovper, doboyvaxer'' :* '''to revolutionize''' = ''doboyvaxeaxer, ikkyaxer, lobyaxer'' :* '''to revolve''' = ''zoyzyuper, zyuper'' :* '''to reward''' = ''akbuer, akuer, fyinuer, fyizuer'' :* '''to rewarm''' = ''gawaymxer'' :* '''to rewash''' = ''gawvyilxer'' :* '''to reweave''' = ''gawnofxer'' :* '''to rewed''' = ''zoytadier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to reweigh -- to roll one's eyes = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to reweigh''' = ''gawkyinxer'' :* '''to rewind''' = ''gawuzyuber'' :* '''to rewire''' = ''zoynyifber'' :* '''to reword''' = ''gawoyebder'' :* '''to rework''' = ''zoyyexer'' :* '''to rewrite''' = ''gawdrer'' :* '''to rezone''' = ''zoymeumxer'' :* '''to rhapsodize''' = ''yizivtosder'' :* '''to rhyme''' = ''gelseuxer'' :* '''to rib''' = ''ifder, tibaibuer'' :* '''to ricochet''' = ''kyepuyseger'' :* '''to rid''' = ''lobexer, yivxer'' :* '''to riddle''' = ''mulyonxarer'' :* '''to ride a scooter''' = ''uigparer'' :* '''to ride across''' = ''zeypeper'' :* '''to ride along''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ride an animal''' = ''petaper'' :* '''to ride over''' = ''aypeper'' :* '''to ride the waves''' = ''pyaonper'' :* '''to ride together''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to ridicule''' = ''fuivteuder, hihider, ivseuxuer, ovifdiner, vudizeuder'' :* '''to riff''' = ''obrer'' :* '''to rifle''' = ''edoparer'' :* '''to rift''' = ''yonbyeser, yonbyexer'' :* '''to right''' = ''byaxer, vyaber'' :* '''to right to bear arms''' = ''doyiv bi beler dopari'' :* '''to right to vote''' = ''doyiv bi dokebier, doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to righten''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to rightsize''' = ''vyanagxer'' :* '''to rigidify''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to rile''' = ''baaxer, loboxer'' :* '''to rile up''' = ''tipyigraxer'' :* '''to rim''' = ''meubogxer'' :* '''to rim with steel''' = ''feelkber'' :* '''to rime''' = ''yoymser, yoymxer'' :* '''to ring a bell''' = ''exer seusar'' :* '''to ring out''' = ''seuxager'' :* '''to ring''' = ''seusarer, seuser, seuxer, yuznadxer, yuzunxer, zyuesber'' :* '''to ring true''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to rinse''' = ''abilovober, ibvyilxer, obvyilxer'' :* '''to rinse off''' = ''vyixyelober'' :* '''to riot''' = ''dolobooxer, zyafunapxer'' :* '''to rioter''' = ''dolobooxer'' :* '''to rip apart''' = ''nofyonxer, yonbixrer, yongofler'' :* '''to rip asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to rip''' = ''bixrer, gofler, yonofer'' :* '''to rip finely''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to rip in two''' = ''engofler'' :* '''to rip off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to rip out''' = ''oyebgofler, oyebixrer'' :* '''to rip to pieces''' = ''gofluner'' :* '''to rip up''' = ''ikgofler, yongofler, yongounxer'' :* '''to rip wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to ripen''' = ''jwegser, jwegxer, jwosaser'' :* '''to riposte''' = ''dudiger'' :* '''to ripple''' = ''ilpanoger, milyazoger, moufxer, pyaonogser'' :* '''to rise early''' = ''jwatijier'' :* '''to rise''' = ''sumpier, yaper'' :* '''to rise to the surface''' = ''abemper'' :* '''to rise up in in insurrection''' = ''ovdaber'' :* '''to risk''' = ''eker, ekler, vokier'' :* '''to risk money''' = ''nasvekier'' :* '''to risk one's life''' = ''vekier ota tej'' :* '''to rival''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to rive''' = ''mikumper'' :* '''to rivet''' = ''epiyeder, zyusebmuvber'' :* '''to roam''' = ''kyepaser, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to roar''' = ''apyoder, poder, yufteuder'' :* '''to roast''' = ''izummagler, magler'' :* '''to rob''' = ''kobier, obayxer, obrer, ofbier, vyobier, vyoboyxer, vyolobexer, yovbier'' :* '''to rob of meaning''' = ''tesoyxer'' :* '''to robotize''' = ''sirtobxer, utexirxer'' :* '''to rock''' = ''zaobaser, zaobaxer'' :* '''to rocket''' = ''pyaxarer'' :* '''to roil''' = ''baoxer, tipufxer'' :* '''to roister''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to role-play''' = ''dezgoneker, exgoneker'' :* '''to roll back''' = ''zoyuzyuber'' :* '''to roll into a ball''' = ''zyunxer'' :* '''to roll one's eyes''' = ''teabuzyuber, uzyuber ota teabi'' </div>{{small/end}} = to roll out pasta -- to run apart = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to roll out pasta''' = ''oyebuzyunxer leovol'' :* '''to roll over''' = ''aybyuzyuper'' :* '''to roll up''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufxer, uzyuper, zyunser, zyunxer, zyuyuzber, zyuyuzper'' :* '''to roll''' = ''uzyuber, uzyufser, uzyuper, uzyuser, uzyuxer, zyuber, zyumufxer, zyuper'' :* '''to rollerskate''' = ''zyuykkyuparer'' :* '''to rollick''' = ''ifekeger'' :* '''to romance''' = ''ifonkexer'' :* '''to Romanize''' = ''Latodreyenxer'' :* '''to romanize''' = ''romanaxer'' :* '''to romanticize''' = ''ifondinxer'' :* '''to romp''' = ''igrifeker, yukaker'' :* '''to roof''' = ''abmasber'' :* '''to room''' = ''timbeser'' :* '''to roost''' = ''tujyemer'' :* '''to root for''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to root''' = ''fyobxer'' :* '''to root out''' = ''oyebixler'' :* '''to rope''' = ''nyifpixer, nyifxer'' :* '''to rot''' = ''furser, furxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, yonmulser'' :* '''to rotate fast''' = ''zyuigper'' :* '''to rotate''' = ''zyuber, zyuper, zyuser, zyuxer'' :* '''to rotograph''' = ''zyudrurer'' :* '''to rough it''' = ''vutejer'' :* '''to rough''' = ''yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughen''' = ''ozyifxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to roughhouse''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to round up''' = ''nyaber'' :* '''to rouse''' = ''baoxer, obyaler, paaxer, tijber'' :* '''to roust''' = ''azber, fubeker, sumober'' :* '''to rout''' = ''akrer, poputyanxer'' :* '''to route''' = ''mepxer'' :* '''to routinize''' = ''mepyenxer'' :* '''to rove''' = ''kozyakexer, kyepaser, kyeper'' :* '''to row''' = ''mifuber, miparesper'' :* '''to rub against''' = ''ovabasrer'' :* '''to rub''' = ''apaxrer'' :* '''to rub away''' = ''ibabaxrer'' :* '''to rub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to rub down''' = ''abaxrer'' :* '''to rub in''' = ''yebabaxrer'' :* '''to rub lotion on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to rub salve on''' = ''yugyelber'' :* '''to rub up against''' = ''ovapaxrer'' :* '''to rubberize''' = ''yugsulxer'' :* '''to rubberneck''' = ''uzper ay kyoteaxer'' :* '''to rubber-stamp''' = ''dosiyner'' :* '''to rubricate''' = ''alzabdunxer'' :* '''to rue''' = ''uvtoser'' :* '''to ruffian''' = ''vyabyofutaxler'' :* '''to ruffle''' = ''futayebarer, otayebarer'' :* '''to ruin''' = ''fukxer, fulxer, ikfyuxer, loaynxer, losexer, lotomxer'' :* '''to rule as a dictator''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule as an autocrat''' = ''anaotdeber'' :* '''to rule''' = ''debeler'' :* '''to rule out''' = ''javoder, ojvoder, vloder, voonder, yonkuber'' :* '''to rumba''' = ''rumbadazer'' :* '''to rumble''' = ''koyovkaxer, yobkyiseuxer'' :* '''to ruminate''' = ''teubixeger'' :* '''to rummage''' = ''kyekexer, zyakexer, zyekexer'' :* '''to rumor''' = ''yuzdiner, zyateetuer'' :* '''to rumple''' = ''moufxer'' :* '''to run a fever''' = ''ambokser, bayser ambok'' :* '''to run a race''' = ''xer igpek'' :* '''to run a risk''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''to run a stoplight''' = ''yizper mansiun'' :* '''to run a temperature''' = ''bayser amnag'' :* '''to run a traffic signal''' = ''vyoyizper uipen siunar'' :* '''to run about''' = ''huimigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run across''' = ''kyekaxer, zeyigper, zeyper'' :* '''to run across the fence to''' = ''igper zay ha meys bu'' :* '''to run after''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run against''' = ''yaneker ov'' :* '''to run''' = ''agilyoper, diyber, dodrurer, exer, goflawer, igper, igtyoper, iloker, ilper, jesilper, meper, xeber, zyailser'' :* '''to run aground''' = ''kyobxwer be ha mem, puxwer ov ha mimkum'' :* '''to run ahead''' = ''jaigper'' :* '''to run along''' = ''pier'' :* '''to run amok''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run an errand''' = ''xer efpop, xer igpoyp'' :* '''to run apart''' = ''yonigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to run around wild -- to rush after = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to run around wild''' = ''pyoper'' :* '''to run around''' = ''yuzigper, zyaigper'' :* '''to run as fast as possible''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run ashore''' = ''pyuxler mimkun'' :* '''to run askew''' = ''guigper'' :* '''to run aslant''' = ''kikigper'' :* '''to run at''' = ''igapyexer'' :* '''to run at the nose''' = ''teibiler, teibiloker'' :* '''to run away''' = ''ibigper, igpier'' :* '''to run away with''' = ''agaker'' :* '''to run back and forth''' = ''zaotyoper'' :* '''to run back''' = ''zoyigper'' :* '''to run back-and-forth''' = ''zaoigper'' :* '''to run badly''' = ''fuexer'' :* '''to run beyond''' = ''yizigper'' :* '''to run by''' = ''teatuer'' :* '''to run counter to run foul of''' = ''ovper'' :* '''to run directly''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run down''' = ''azonukser, gloser, igpexer, yiixwer, yobigper'' :* '''to run down the middle''' = ''zeigper'' :* '''to run dry''' = ''ilujer, ilukper, ilukser'' :* '''to run far''' = ''igyiper'' :* '''to run fast and slow''' = ''uigper'' :* '''to run for office''' = ''doexdier, doxabkexer, exdier, kexer dabexgon'' :* '''to run for one's life''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run forward''' = ''zayigper'' :* '''to run guns''' = ''vyoyizper dopari, zyapaxer dopari'' :* '''to run here and there''' = ''huimigper'' :* '''to run high''' = ''tipazier'' :* '''to run in a race''' = ''igper be yanek'' :* '''to run in back''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in front''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the lead''' = ''zaigper'' :* '''to run in the rear''' = ''zoigper'' :* '''to run in''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run inside''' = ''yebigper'' :* '''to run into again''' = ''zoykyeyanuper'' :* '''to run into''' = ''kyeyanuper, pyexrer, pyuxer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to run into one another''' = ''kyeyanuper'' :* '''to run its course''' = ''joper hasa jes'' :* '''to run late''' = ''jwoper'' :* '''to run left''' = ''zuigper'' :* '''to run like a horse''' = ''apetigper'' :* '''to run like hell''' = ''gwaigper'' :* '''to run low on power''' = ''azonukser'' :* '''to run low on''' = ''yuper iluj bi'' :* '''to run near''' = ''yubigper'' :* '''to run off''' = ''drurer, obilper'' :* '''to run off-center''' = ''uzigper'' :* '''to run on''' = ''exwer bey, jeser, jexer daler'' :* '''to run one's life''' = ''daber ota tej'' :* '''to run one's mouth''' = ''gladaler'' :* '''to run out''' = ''gloser, igoyeper, ilukser, loikser, oikser, ujper, uklaser'' :* '''to run out of fuel''' = ''ukxwer bi yofunul, yafonulukxwer'' :* '''to run out of''' = ''kaser boy, loikser, ukser'' :* '''to run out of town''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to run out on''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to run outside''' = ''oyebigper'' :* '''to run over''' = ''abarer, aybarer, aypeper, aypurer, gawdyeer, purbarer, yizper, zoyteexer'' :* '''to run past''' = ''yizigper, yizper za'' :* '''to run right''' = ''ziigper'' :* '''to run riot''' = ''ovdotser'' :* '''to run short of''' = ''groikser'' :* '''to run smoothly''' = ''fiexer'' :* '''to run straight''' = ''izigper'' :* '''to run the risk of''' = ''vekier'' :* '''to run through''' = ''kyaxeler, zyeber, zyeigper, zyeper'' :* '''to run to and fro''' = ''buiigper'' :* '''to run to the side''' = ''kuigper'' :* '''to run together''' = ''yanigper'' :* '''to run toward''' = ''ubigper'' :* '''to run under''' = ''oybigper'' :* '''to run up''' = ''igyaprer, yabigper, yabuxer'' :* '''to run up to''' = ''byuigper, igpuer'' :* '''to run up to rush up''' = ''iguper'' :* '''to run up-and-down''' = ''yaobigper'' :* '''to run wild''' = ''yigraxler'' :* '''to running late''' = ''uglaser'' :* '''to rupture''' = ''yonbyexer'' :* '''to rush after''' = ''joigper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to rush down -- to say in Apache = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to rush down''' = ''igyoper'' :* '''to rush''' = ''igilper, iglaser, iglaxer, igpaser, igpaxer, igper, igraser, igraxer, igser, igtyoper, igxer, pigxer, pusler, pusper'' :* '''to rush in''' = ''azoyeper, igyeper'' :* '''to rush out''' = ''igoyeper'' :* '''to rush up''' = ''igyaper'' :* '''to rush up to''' = ''igyuper, puler'' :* '''to rust''' = ''feelkalzaser, feelkalzaxer, ibtelunser'' :* '''to rusticate''' = ''meimxer, yigfaxer'' :* '''to rustle''' = ''baoxer, eopetkobirer'' :* '''to rustproof''' = ''feeklalzvakuer'' :* '''to rut''' = ''ebtaadxer, eotser'' :* '''to saber''' = ''doaparer'' :* '''to sabotage''' = ''koloexer, lonaapxer, naaploxer'' :* '''to sack''' = ''loyixler, oyepuxer'' :* '''to sacrifice''' = ''fyabuer, ifbuer, okbuer'' :* '''to sadden''' = ''uvxer'' :* '''to saddle up''' = ''apetsimber'' :* '''to safeguard''' = ''vakbeaxer, vakbexler, vakuer'' :* '''to sag''' = ''byoyser, uzaser'' :* '''to sail around''' = ''yuzpiper'' :* '''to sail in''' = ''mimpuer'' :* '''to sail''' = ''mimofper, mimper, mimpoper, mimpurer, mimpurizber, piper'' :* '''to sail off''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to sailboard''' = ''mimoffaofper'' :* '''to salinize''' = ''mimolxer'' :* '''to salivate''' = ''teubiler'' :* '''to sally forth''' = ''popier'' :* '''to sally''' = ''igapyexer, igzayper'' :* '''to salt''' = ''mimolber'' :* '''to salute''' = ''dotsiner, fyader, fyazder, hayder'' :* '''to salvage''' = ''gawvakxer, lovokuer, vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sample''' = ''saunesier, teutier'' :* '''to sanctify''' = ''fyaaxer, fyader'' :* '''to sanction''' = ''fyavader, fyavyabxer, yovbuxer, yovbyokuer'' :* '''to sandblast''' = ''miekilpyuxler'' :* '''to sanitize''' = ''baakxer'' :* '''to sap''' = ''exujber, yozber'' :* '''to sash''' = ''zetivber'' :* '''to sashay''' = ''daztyoper, teaxtyoper'' :* '''to sass''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to sate''' = ''telikxer'' :* '''to satiate''' = ''greteluer, grexer, iktosuer'' :* '''to satirize''' = ''fuivteuder'' :* '''to satisfy''' = ''grexer, iktosuer, ikxer, ivlaxer'' :* '''to satisfy one's hunger''' = ''telefober, telikxer'' :* '''to saturate''' = ''graivlaxer, ikraxer, volzikxer, yanlikxer'' :* '''to Saturn''' = ''Yamer'' :* '''to saunter''' = ''ugbaser, ugpaser, ugper, ugtyoper'' :* '''to saut&eacute;''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to saut&eacute;e''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to sautee''' = ''igmagyeler'' :* '''to save a life''' = ''tejvakuer'' :* '''to save''' = ''lovokuer, nexer, nyexer, obukxer, vakuer, vakxer, yivber'' :* '''to save up''' = ''nexer'' :* '''to savor''' = ''ifier, teitier, teleuxer'' :* '''to saw''' = ''goypirer, yaozgoblarer, yaozgobler'' :* '''to saw in half''' = ''eynyaozgoblarer, eynyaozgobler'' :* '''to say a benediction''' = ''fyadunder'' :* '''to say again''' = ''zoyder'' :* '''to say aye''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to say bravo''' = ''hwayder'' :* '''to say bye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say''' = ''der'' :* '''to say for sure''' = ''vatwader'' :* '''to say good day''' = ''fijubder, fimajder'' :* '''to say good evening''' = ''fimajujder'' :* '''to say goodbye''' = ''hoyder'' :* '''to say goodnight''' = ''fimojder'' :* '''to say grace''' = ''fibunder'' :* '''to say hello''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say hi''' = ''hayder'' :* '''to say I'm sorry''' = ''ajuvtosder'' :* '''to say in Abkhazian''' = ''Abakider'' :* '''to say in Afar''' = ''Aader'' :* '''to say in Afrikaans''' = ''Aferoder'' :* '''to say in Akan''' = ''Akader'' :* '''to say in Albanian''' = ''Alibader'' :* '''to say in Aleut''' = ''Aleder'' :* '''to say in Amharic''' = ''Amiheder'' :* '''to say in Apache''' = ''Apoder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Arabic -- to say in Kwanyama = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Arabic''' = ''Arader'' :* '''to say in Aragonese''' = ''Anider, Arogeder'' :* '''to say in Armenian''' = ''Aromider'' :* '''to say in Assamese''' = ''Asomider'' :* '''to say in Avaric''' = ''Avader'' :* '''to say in Avestan''' = ''Aveder'' :* '''to say in Aymara''' = ''Ayumider'' :* '''to say in Azerbaijani''' = ''Azeder'' :* '''to say in Bambara''' = ''Bamider'' :* '''to say in Bashkir''' = ''Bajider'' :* '''to say in Basque''' = ''Baqoder'' :* '''to say in Belarusian''' = ''Baliroder'' :* '''to say in Bengali''' = ''Bagedider'' :* '''to say in Bislama''' = ''Bisomider'' :* '''to say in Bosnian''' = ''Biheder'' :* '''to say in Breton''' = ''Bareder'' :* '''to say in Bulgarian''' = ''Bageroder'' :* '''to say in Burmese''' = ''Mimiroder'' :* '''to say in Cambodian''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Catalan''' = ''Catoder'' :* '''to say in Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemider'' :* '''to say in Chamorro''' = ''Cahader'' :* '''to say in Chechen''' = ''Cahoder'' :* '''to say in Chichewa''' = ''Niyader'' :* '''to say in Chinese''' = ''Cahider'' :* '''to say in Chuvash''' = ''Cahevuder'' :* '''to say in Cornish''' = ''Coroder'' :* '''to say in Corsican''' = ''Cosoder'' :* '''to say in Cree''' = ''Careder, Caroder'' :* '''to say in Croatian''' = ''Herovuder'' :* '''to say in Czech''' = ''Cazeder'' :* '''to say in Danish''' = ''Danikider'' :* '''to say in Dutch''' = ''Nilidader'' :* '''to say in Dzongkha''' = ''Dazuder'' :* '''to say in English''' = ''Enigeder'' :* '''to say in Esperanto''' = ''Epoder'' :* '''to say in Estonian''' = ''Esotoder'' :* '''to say in Ewe''' = ''Eweder'' :* '''to say in Faroese''' = ''Faoder, Feroder'' :* '''to say in Fijian''' = ''Fejider'' :* '''to say in Finnish''' = ''Finider'' :* '''to say in French''' = ''Ferader'' :* '''to say in Fulah''' = ''Fulider'' :* '''to say in Galician''' = ''Geligeder'' :* '''to say in Ganda''' = ''Lugeder'' :* '''to say in Georgian''' = ''Geoder'' :* '''to say in German''' = ''Deuder'' :* '''to say in Greek''' = ''Gerocader'' :* '''to say in Greenlandic''' = ''Garolider'' :* '''to say in Guarani''' = ''Geronider'' :* '''to say in Gujarati''' = ''Gujider'' :* '''to say in Hausa''' = ''Hauder'' :* '''to say in Hebrew''' = ''Hebader'' :* '''to say in Herero''' = ''Heroder'' :* '''to say in Hindi''' = ''Henider'' :* '''to say in Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemider'' :* '''to say in Hungarian''' = ''Hunider'' :* '''to say in Icelandic''' = ''Isolider'' :* '''to say in Ido''' = ''Idader'' :* '''to say in Igbo''' = ''Iboder'' :* '''to say in Indonesian''' = ''Inidader'' :* '''to say in Interlingua''' = ''Iader'' :* '''to say in Inuktitut''' = ''Ikider'' :* '''to say in Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokider'' :* '''to say in Irish''' = ''Irolider'' :* '''to say in Italian''' = ''Itader'' :* '''to say in Japanese''' = ''Jiponider'' :* '''to say in Javanese''' = ''Javuder'' :* '''to say in Kannada''' = ''Kanider'' :* '''to say in Kanuri''' = ''Kauder'' :* '''to say in Kashmiri''' = ''Kasoder'' :* '''to say in Kazakh''' = ''Kazuder'' :* '''to say in Kikuyu''' = ''Kikider'' :* '''to say in Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowuder'' :* '''to say in Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazuder'' :* '''to say in Komi''' = ''Komider'' :* '''to say in Kongo''' = ''Kigeder'' :* '''to say in Korean''' = ''Koroder'' :* '''to say in Kurdish''' = ''Kuroder'' :* '''to say in Kwanyama''' = ''Kuader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Lao -- to say in Tswana = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Lao''' = ''Laoder'' :* '''to say in Latin''' = ''Latoder'' :* '''to say in Latvian''' = ''Livader'' :* '''to say in Limburgish''' = ''Limider'' :* '''to say in Lingala''' = ''Linider'' :* '''to say in Lithuanian''' = ''Lituder'' :* '''to say in Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liuder'' :* '''to say in Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxuder'' :* '''to say in Macedonian''' = ''Mikidader'' :* '''to say in Malagasy''' = ''Miligader'' :* '''to say in Malay''' = ''Mayuder'' :* '''to say in Malayalam''' = ''Malider'' :* '''to say in Maldivian''' = ''Midavuder'' :* '''to say in Maltese''' = ''Milotoder'' :* '''to say in Manx''' = ''Gelivuder'' :* '''to say in Maori''' = ''Maoder'' :* '''to say in Marathi''' = ''Maroder, Miroder'' :* '''to say in Marshallese''' = ''Mihelider'' :* '''to say in Mirad''' = ''Mirader'' :* '''to say in Modovan''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Moldavian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Mongolian''' = ''Minigeder'' :* '''to say in Nauru''' = ''Nauder'' :* '''to say in Navajo''' = ''Navuder'' :* '''to say in Ndonga''' = ''Nidoder'' :* '''to say in Nepali''' = ''Nipoder'' :* '''to say in North Ndebele''' = ''Nideder'' :* '''to say in Northern Sami''' = ''Soeder'' :* '''to say in Norwegian''' = ''Noroder'' :* '''to say in Occidental''' = ''Ieder'' :* '''to say in Occitan''' = ''Ocaider'' :* '''to say in Ojibwa''' = ''Ojider'' :* '''to say in Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Cauder'' :* '''to say in Oriya''' = ''Orider'' :* '''to say in Oromo''' = ''Oromider'' :* '''to say in Ossetian''' = ''Ososoder'' :* '''to say in Pali''' = ''Palider'' :* '''to say in Pashto''' = ''Pusoder'' :* '''to say in Persian''' = ''Peroder'' :* '''to say in Portuguese''' = ''Portoder, Potoder'' :* '''to say in Punjabi''' = ''Panider'' :* '''to say in Quechua''' = ''Queder'' :* '''to say in Romanian''' = ''Rouder'' :* '''to say in Romansh''' = ''Roheder'' :* '''to say in Romany''' = ''Romider'' :* '''to say in Rundi''' = ''Runider'' :* '''to say in Russian''' = ''Rusoder'' :* '''to say in Samoan''' = ''Wusomider'' :* '''to say in Sango''' = ''Sageder'' :* '''to say in Sanskrit''' = ''Sanider'' :* '''to say in Sardinian''' = ''Sorodader'' :* '''to say in Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelider'' :* '''to say in Serbian''' = ''Sorobader'' :* '''to say in Shona''' = ''Sonader'' :* '''to say in Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiider'' :* '''to say in Sindhi''' = ''Sobidader'' :* '''to say in Sinhalese''' = ''Sinider'' :* '''to say in Slovak''' = ''Sovukider'' :* '''to say in Slovenian''' = ''Sovunider'' :* '''to say in Somali''' = ''Somider'' :* '''to say in South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalider'' :* '''to say in Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotoder'' :* '''to say in Spanish''' = ''Esopoder'' :* '''to say in Sudanese''' = ''Sodader'' :* '''to say in Sundanese''' = ''Soudanider, Sunider'' :* '''to say in Swahili''' = ''Sowader'' :* '''to say in Swati''' = ''Sosowuder'' :* '''to say in Swedish''' = ''Sowedader'' :* '''to say in Tagalog''' = ''Tolgelider'' :* '''to say in Tahitian''' = ''Taheder'' :* '''to say in Tajik''' = ''Tojikider'' :* '''to say in Tamil''' = ''Tamider'' :* '''to say in Tatar''' = ''Tatoder'' :* '''to say in Telugu''' = ''Telider'' :* '''to say in Thai''' = ''Tohader'' :* '''to say in Tibetan''' = ''Tibader'' :* '''to say in Tigrinya''' = ''Tiroder'' :* '''to say in Tonga''' = ''Tonider, Tooder'' :* '''to say in Tsonga''' = ''Tosoder'' :* '''to say in Tswana''' = ''Tosonider'' </div>{{small/end}} = to say in Turkish -- to scope out = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to say in Turkish''' = ''Turoder'' :* '''to say in Turkmen''' = ''Tokimider'' :* '''to say in Twi''' = ''Towider'' :* '''to say in Uighur''' = ''Uigeder'' :* '''to say in Ukrainian''' = ''Ukiroder'' :* '''to say in Urdu''' = ''Urodader'' :* '''to say in Uzbek''' = ''Uzubader'' :* '''to say in Venda''' = ''Vubider'' :* '''to say in Vietnamese''' = ''Vuinimider, Vunimider'' :* '''to say in Vlaams''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volider'' :* '''to say in Walloon''' = ''Wulinider'' :* '''to say in Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to say in West Flemish''' = ''Vulisoder'' :* '''to say in Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyuder'' :* '''to say in Wolof''' = ''Wolider'' :* '''to say in Xhosa''' = ''Xuhoder'' :* '''to say in Yiddish''' = ''Yidader'' :* '''to say in Yoruba''' = ''Yoroder'' :* '''to say in Zhuang''' = ''Zuhader'' :* '''to say in Zulu''' = ''Zulider'' :* '''to say indirectly''' = ''uzder'' :* '''to say mass''' = ''fyaxeler'' :* '''to say maybe''' = ''veder, veduer'' :* '''to say no''' = ''voder'' :* '''to say opening''' = ''yijder'' :* '''to say out loud''' = ''azder'' :* '''to say please''' = ''hyeyder'' :* '''to say Polish''' = ''Polider'' :* '''to say softly''' = ''ozder'' :* '''to say specifically''' = ''zyosaunder'' :* '''to say thank-you''' = ''hyayder'' :* '''to say this-and-that''' = ''huisder'' :* '''to say to one another''' = ''hyuitder'' :* '''to say what happened''' = ''xwader'' :* '''to say yes or no''' = ''vaoder'' :* '''to say yes''' = ''vader'' :* '''to scab''' = ''bukyujunser, bukyujunxer'' :* '''to scald''' = ''amilbuker'' :* '''to scale back''' = ''yobmusaxer'' :* '''to scale down''' = ''gloxer, yobmuysber, yobnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale up''' = ''glaxer, yabmuysber, yabnogyanxer'' :* '''to scale''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scalp''' = ''abtebober, tayebobunober'' :* '''to scam''' = ''vyotexuer'' :* '''to scamper''' = ''igpaser, igyaprer, ipler'' :* '''to scamper off''' = ''pirer'' :* '''to scan for''' = ''keteaxer'' :* '''to scan''' = ''keaxer, yuzkexer, zyakexer, zyateaxer'' :* '''to scandalize''' = ''dofuuzaxer'' :* '''to scansion''' = ''deupxer'' :* '''to scar''' = ''jobukser, jobuksiynser, jobuksiynxer, jobukxer, tayobuker'' :* '''to scare easily''' = ''igyufer'' :* '''to scare''' = ''yufser, yufxer'' :* '''to scarf''' = ''igtelier'' :* '''to scarify''' = ''kyugoblunxer'' :* '''to scarp''' = ''moobxer'' :* '''to scat''' = ''igpier, kyedeuzer'' :* '''to scathe''' = ''bukuer, nyoxer'' :* '''to scatter to the wind''' = ''mapzyaber'' :* '''to scatter''' = ''yonzyaber, zyapuxer'' :* '''to scavage''' = ''taibvyixer, telkexer'' :* '''to scavenge''' = ''taibvyixer, telekler, telkexer'' :* '''to scepter''' = ''edebmuvuer'' :* '''to schedule''' = ''jobdrafxer, judarer'' :* '''to scheme''' = ''kojadrer'' :* '''to schlep''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schlepp''' = ''yikbeler'' :* '''to schmear''' = ''kobuer, konuxer, zyageler'' :* '''to schmooze''' = ''leveldaler'' :* '''to school''' = ''tuxer, tyenuer'' :* '''to schuss''' = ''izyobkimper'' :* '''to scintillate''' = ''manigeser'' :* '''to scissor''' = ''goflarer, nofyonarer'' :* '''to scoff at''' = ''fuifder'' :* '''to scold''' = ''funkader'' :* '''to scoop up''' = ''ibier'' :* '''to scoop''' = ''yozulier'' :* '''to scoot''' = ''igpaser, uigper'' :* '''to scope out''' = ''keaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to scorch -- to second = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to scorch''' = ''nedmagxer'' :* '''to score a home run''' = ''aker taampyux'' :* '''to score a tie''' = ''aker geeksag'' :* '''to score high''' = ''yabeksager'' :* '''to score low''' = ''yobeksager'' :* '''to score''' = ''nadrer, nodsager'' :* '''to scorn''' = ''ufteuder, uftoser, vobier, voder, vuder'' :* '''to scour''' = ''hyamkexer, vyiabaxrer'' :* '''to scout out an actor''' = ''dezutkexer'' :* '''to scout out''' = ''izonkexer, jatrier'' :* '''to scout''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to scow''' = ''beler bey zyiobem mimpar'' :* '''to scowl''' = ''ufteuder'' :* '''to scrabble''' = ''aztuloxer, igibler, zaobaxer'' :* '''to scrag''' = ''oboxer, tojber'' :* '''to scram''' = ''piler'' :* '''to scramble''' = ''kyenapxer, kyeyanmulxer, lonapxer, losyanesber, pirer'' :* '''to scramble up''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to scrap''' = ''ikgofler'' :* '''to scrape''' = ''azapaxrer, ibaxrer, nedgobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch''' = ''bukesuer, kyugobler, tuloxer'' :* '''to scratch out''' = ''lodrer'' :* '''to scrawl''' = ''drer dyeyofway, igdrer'' :* '''to screak''' = ''giteuder, giyufteuder'' :* '''to scream''' = ''azteuder, epyader, giteuder, repader'' :* '''to scree''' = ''megyogkimper'' :* '''to screech''' = ''apayeder, eyepyader, giteuder'' :* '''to screen in''' = ''yebmaysber'' :* '''to screen''' = ''maysuer, sinuarer'' :* '''to screw up''' = ''fukxer, napuzraxer'' :* '''to screw''' = ''uzyumuvaber, uzyumuvarer, uzyuper'' :* '''to scribble''' = ''igdrer'' :* '''to scrimp''' = ''graogxer, grayogxer, gronoxer'' :* '''to scrimshaw''' = ''teibsezer'' :* '''to script''' = ''jadrer, jwadrer'' :* '''to scroll''' = ''dreuzyufxer'' :* '''to scrooch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scroop''' = ''tulobseuxer'' :* '''to scrootch''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrouge''' = ''yobtibser'' :* '''to scrounge for food''' = ''tolzyakexer'' :* '''to scrounge off''' = ''iber ogun bi'' :* '''to scrounge''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to scrub''' = ''apaxrarer, apaxrer'' :* '''to scrub clean''' = ''vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub down''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub hard''' = ''azabaxrer'' :* '''to scrub off''' = ''obapaxrer'' :* '''to scrub totally''' = ''ikapaxrer'' :* '''to scrunch''' = ''zyobaler'' :* '''to scrutinize''' = ''yubkexer, yubteaxer, yubtixer, zyakexer'' :* '''to scuba dive''' = ''oybmilarer'' :* '''to scuddle''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to scuff''' = ''tyoyafibaxrer'' :* '''to scull''' = ''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'' :* '''to sculp''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to sculpt''' = ''sangobler, sazer, sezer'' :* '''to scumble''' = ''moylzyomyelber'' :* '''to scurry''' = ''igpaser, kapeper'' :* '''to scutter''' = ''igtyopeger'' :* '''to scuttle''' = ''losexdirer, misesber'' :* '''to seal''' = ''vakyujber, yujler'' :* '''to seam''' = ''yanifnadxer, yanifxer'' :* '''to sear''' = ''izmageler, maygxer'' :* '''to search ahead''' = ''zaykexer'' :* '''to search around''' = ''yuzkexer'' :* '''to search for antiquities''' = ''ajunkexer'' :* '''to search high and low''' = ''huimkexer, hyamkexer'' :* '''to search''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to search narrowly''' = ''zyokexer'' :* '''to search near and far''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to search one's memory''' = ''taxkexer'' :* '''to search widely''' = ''zyakexer'' :* '''to season''' = ''teusgaber, tolgaber, tolmekber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to seat at the table''' = ''sember'' :* '''to seat oneself''' = ''utsimber, utyember, yemper'' :* '''to seat''' = ''tyoaxer, yember, yoznaxer'' :* '''to secede''' = ''yonper, yonser'' :* '''to seclude''' = ''obyujber, oyebyujber, yonbexler'' :* '''to second''' = ''eatder'' </div>{{small/end}} = to second moon around Jupiter -- to send back = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to second moon around Jupiter''' = ''Yomer emur'' :* '''to secrete''' = ''ilbier, koxer'' :* '''to secretly inform''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to secretly know''' = ''koter'' :* '''to secretly persuade''' = ''kotexuer'' :* '''to section''' = ''goynber, goynxer'' :* '''to section off''' = ''yongounxer'' :* '''to secularize''' = ''ofyaxinxer, ototinxer'' :* '''to secure in place''' = ''vakember'' :* '''to secure''' = ''vakuer, vakxer'' :* '''to sediment''' = ''sankyoser'' :* '''to seduce''' = ''ifluer, yovbixer'' :* '''to see again''' = ''gawteater'' :* '''to see into the future''' = ''ojteater'' :* '''to see keenly''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to see on board''' = ''mimparaber'' :* '''to see one another again''' = ''hyuitzoyteater'' :* '''to see poorly''' = ''futeater'' :* '''to see''' = ''teater'' :* '''to see the future''' = ''kyeojter'' :* '''to see things''' = ''vyomteater'' :* '''to see through things''' = ''vyater'' :* '''to see through''' = ''zyeteater'' :* '''to see well''' = ''fiteater'' :* '''to seed an idea''' = ''teyenuer'' :* '''to seed the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to seed''' = ''vabijber, vabijer, veeber'' :* '''to seek a public office''' = ''doxabkexer'' :* '''to seek a toned body''' = ''vitapyeker'' :* '''to seek advice''' = ''fyidier'' :* '''to seek an explanation''' = ''tesdier'' :* '''to seek asylum''' = ''kexer vakem'' :* '''to seek counsel''' = ''kexer vyatuun'' :* '''to seek food''' = ''tolkexer'' :* '''to seek help''' = ''kexer yux, yuxdier'' :* '''to seek justice''' = ''kexer yevan, yevkexer'' :* '''to seek''' = ''kexer'' :* '''to seek office''' = ''doexdier, kexer xab'' :* '''to seek pleasure''' = ''ifkexer'' :* '''to seek power''' = ''kexer yafon'' :* '''to seek refuge''' = ''vakier'' :* '''to seek revenge''' = ''kexer ajbukgexen'' :* '''to seek riches''' = ''kexer nyaz'' :* '''to seek safety''' = ''kexer vakan'' :* '''to seek shelter''' = ''vakembier'' :* '''to seek the presidency''' = ''kexer ha dityandeban'' :* '''to seek the truth''' = ''vyayeker'' :* '''to seek votes''' = ''dokebidyeker'' :* '''to seek wealth''' = ''nyazkexer'' :* '''to seem real''' = ''vyamteaser'' :* '''to seem''' = ''teaser'' :* '''to seem true''' = ''vyamteaser, vyateaser'' :* '''to seep through''' = ''yagzyeilper'' :* '''to seep''' = ''ugiloker, ugzyelper, zyeilper'' :* '''to seesaw''' = ''yaopsimer'' :* '''to seethe''' = ''azmagiler, magiler, tepoboser'' :* '''to segment''' = ''goblunxer'' :* '''to segregate oneself''' = ''yonbeser, yonnyanser'' :* '''to segregate''' = ''yonbexer, yonnyanxer'' :* '''to segue''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to seine''' = ''pitnefxer'' :* '''to seize''' = ''azbirer, birer, pixler'' :* '''to seize by surprise''' = ''yokbirer'' :* '''to seize power''' = ''yafbirer'' :* '''to seize the opportunity''' = ''birer ha yijmes, yukonier'' :* '''to select''' = ''asunder, kebier, kyebier'' :* '''to self-steer''' = ''utizber'' :* '''to sell a share''' = ''nixbuer nasgon'' :* '''to sell at a reduced price''' = ''yobnixbuer'' :* '''to sell directly''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to sell''' = ''nixbuer, nunuer'' :* '''to sell retail''' = ''iznunuer'' :* '''to send a letter''' = ''uber ebras'' :* '''to send a message''' = ''uber ebdres'' :* '''to send abroad''' = ''hyumemuber'' :* '''to send across''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send ahead''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to send away''' = ''ibuber'' :* '''to send back''' = ''gawuber, zoyubeler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to send down -- to set off on a trip = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to send down''' = ''yobuber'' :* '''to send flying''' = ''papuer'' :* '''to send for''' = ''ubdier'' :* '''to send forth''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send in''' = ''yebuber'' :* '''to send into rapture''' = ''tosifraxer'' :* '''to send mail''' = ''uber ebdrasyan'' :* '''to send off''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to send on a mission''' = ''ubler'' :* '''to send on''' = ''zayuber'' :* '''to send out''' = ''oyebemuber, oyebnyuer, oyebuber'' :* '''to send over''' = ''zeyuber'' :* '''to send quickly''' = ''iguber'' :* '''to send to college''' = ''tutaymber'' :* '''to send to heaven''' = ''tatember, totember'' :* '''to send to hell''' = ''futatember'' :* '''to send to prison''' = ''vyakxamuber'' :* '''to send''' = ''uber'' :* '''to send up''' = ''yabuber'' :* '''to sensationalize''' = ''tosagaxer, yoksonaxer, yoksonxer'' :* '''to sense''' = ''tayoser, tayotier, tayoxer, toser, tosier'' :* '''to sensitize''' = ''tosuer'' :* '''to sensualize''' = ''iftayosaxer'' :* '''to sentence to death''' = ''yevduler bu toj'' :* '''to sentence to life in prison''' = ''yevduler bu tej be vyakxam'' :* '''to sentence to time served''' = ''yevduler bu job yuxlawa'' :* '''to sentence''' = ''yevduler, yovbyokder'' :* '''to sentient''' = ''teptijay tayotier'' :* '''to sentimentalize''' = ''tipaxler, tipder, tiptyentexer, tipyenxer'' :* '''to separate''' = ''kuyonber, yonber, yonser, yonxer'' :* '''to sepulcher''' = ''fyamelukber'' :* '''to sequence''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer'' :* '''to sequentialize''' = ''jonapaxer, yanarnadxer'' :* '''to sequester a jury''' = ''yonbexer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to sequester''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to sequestrate''' = ''yonbexer'' :* '''to serialize''' = ''anyanxer, asyanxer'' :* '''to sermonize''' = ''fyadaler'' :* '''to serrate''' = ''yaozaxer'' :* '''to serve a sentence''' = ''nuxer yovbyok'' :* '''to serve a snack''' = ''igtuluer'' :* '''to serve a warrant''' = ''vladrefuer'' :* '''to serve as an example''' = ''yuxler gel asaun'' :* '''to serve as patriarch''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as pope''' = ''afyaxeber'' :* '''to serve as president''' = ''tyodeber'' :* '''to serve breakfast''' = ''atyaluer'' :* '''to serve dinner''' = ''ityaluer, tyaluer'' :* '''to serve faithfully''' = ''vyayuxler'' :* '''to serve''' = ''fiser, fyiser, tuluer, yuxler'' :* '''to serve God''' = ''totyuxler'' :* '''to serve lunch''' = ''etyaluer'' :* '''to serve poorly''' = ''fuyuxler'' :* '''to serve punishment''' = ''yovnuxier'' :* '''to serve supper''' = ''utyaluer'' :* '''to serve time''' = ''doyovbyokier'' :* '''to serve under''' = ''oybuxlbuxler'' :* '''to serve well''' = ''fiyuxler'' :* '''to set a clock''' = ''ber jwobir'' :* '''to set a condition''' = ''venber'' :* '''to set a goal''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to set a price''' = ''naxber'' :* '''to set a record''' = ''ajdinxer'' :* '''to set a trap''' = ''ber pexar'' :* '''to set ablaze''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set adrift''' = ''yivkyuber'' :* '''to set aflame''' = ''mavxer'' :* '''to set apart''' = ''yonber'' :* '''to set aside''' = ''kuber, yonkuber'' :* '''to set back''' = ''jwoxer, zober, zoyber'' :* '''to set back upright''' = ''zoybyaxer'' :* '''to set behind''' = ''zober'' :* '''to set''' = ''ber, ember, jwaber, nember'' :* '''to set down''' = ''abemer, ober, zyiber'' :* '''to set fire to set on fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to set forward''' = ''zayber'' :* '''to set free again''' = ''gawyivxer'' :* '''to set free''' = ''yivber, yivlaxer, yivxer'' :* '''to set in motion''' = ''panxer'' :* '''to set off on a trip''' = ''popier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to set on -- to shingle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to set on''' = ''aber'' :* '''to set one's sights on''' = ''teabyunxer'' :* '''to set out flat''' = ''zyiber'' :* '''to set out''' = ''pier'' :* '''to set sail''' = ''mimpier, pipier'' :* '''to set the table''' = ''jwaber ha sem'' :* '''to set to the left''' = ''zuber'' :* '''to set to the right''' = ''ziber'' :* '''to set type''' = ''drursiynnadber'' :* '''to set up a stage''' = ''byaxer dezmos'' :* '''to set up''' = ''byaxer, izaber, syemxer'' :* '''to set up front''' = ''zaber'' :* '''to set upright''' = ''byaxer, izaber, yablaxer'' :* '''to settle a case''' = ''yaovder yevson'' :* '''to settle''' = ''bemper, embesier, emuper, iknuxer, kyoember, kyoser, nasyefober, sankyoser, tambier, tambuer, tamkyoxer, yaovder, yember, yembuer'' :* '''to settle down''' = ''kyotambier'' :* '''to settle in''' = ''emkyoser'' :* '''to sever''' = ''obgobler'' :* '''to severely criticize''' = ''azfuyevder'' :* '''to severely injure''' = ''fyunaguer'' :* '''to sew''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to sexualize''' = ''ebtabifxer, eotifaxer, taadifaxer, tapiflanxer'' :* '''to sexually arouse''' = ''eotifuer'' :* '''to shackle''' = ''yanzyuxer, yuvarer'' :* '''to shade''' = ''moynarer, moynxer, zoylzber'' :* '''to shadow''' = ''monsanxer'' :* '''to shadowbox''' = ''jatixer, uktuyebyexer'' :* '''to shag''' = ''ebtabifer, zaobasler'' :* '''to shake back-and-forth''' = ''baoxer'' :* '''to shake''' = ''baoser, baxrer, byaoser, pasler, pasrer, paxler'' :* '''to shake down''' = ''uzebkyaxer'' :* '''to shake hands''' = ''baoxer tuyabi, tuyabaoxer, tuyabyanxer'' :* '''to shake hard''' = ''azbaoxer'' :* '''to shake one's fist''' = ''tuyebaoxer'' :* '''to shallow''' = ''yobyogxer'' :* '''to shamble''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to shame''' = ''fuzuer, hwoyder, lofizuer, yovaxer, yovlaxer, yovtosuer, yovuer'' :* '''to shampoo''' = ''tayeluer, tayelvyixer'' :* '''to shanghai''' = ''vyobirer'' :* '''to shape''' = ''sanxer'' :* '''to share a flat''' = ''tomaundeter'' :* '''to share a ride''' = ''yanpeper'' :* '''to share equally''' = ''gegonbuer, zegoler'' :* '''to share''' = ''gonbexer, gonbuer, zyagobluer'' :* '''to share in''' = ''gonbier, yanbexer'' :* '''to sharpen''' = ''gixer, teagixer, zyoginxer'' :* '''to sharpshoot''' = ''gipuxrer'' :* '''to shatter''' = ''yonbyesler, yonbyexler'' :* '''to shave''' = ''gyogofler, tayegobler, yubgofler'' :* '''to shear''' = ''goflarer, gofler'' :* '''to sheath''' = ''vabyaner'' :* '''to sheathe''' = ''abnyeber'' :* '''to shed blood''' = ''ilpxer biil, okxer tiibil'' :* '''to shed hair''' = ''ilpxer tayebi'' :* '''to shed''' = ''ilpxer, iluer, noyxer, oker, okxer, petayeboker, tayoboker'' :* '''to shed inhibitions''' = ''ilpxer yuyki'' :* '''to shed light''' = ''manxer'' :* '''to shed light on''' = ''manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shed tears''' = ''ilpxer teabili, teabiler'' :* '''to sheer''' = ''yokuzpiper'' :* '''to sheeted''' = ''drayefber'' :* '''to shellac''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shellack''' = ''peltyelber'' :* '''to shelter''' = ''embesuer, koamxer, koember, koembuer, tambuer, tamuer, vakember, vakembuer'' :* '''to shelve''' = ''nunamber, sammoysaber, sammoysber'' :* '''to shepherd''' = ''petnyaner'' :* '''to shield against''' = ''ovmasber'' :* '''to shield from danger''' = ''bukyofxer'' :* '''to shield oneself''' = ''ovmasbier'' :* '''to shield''' = ''opyexarer, ovabauner, ovarer, pyexovarer'' :* '''to shift back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaopaser'' :* '''to shift''' = ''baysler, kuiper, kyabaser, kyabaxer, kyaber, kyaper, kyaser, zaopaxer'' :* '''to shift finely''' = ''gyolkyaber, gyolkyaper'' :* '''to shift to the side''' = ''kyaper bu ha kum, zoykupaxer'' :* '''to shimmer''' = ''kyamanser'' :* '''to shimmy''' = ''baoxer, tuabaoxer'' :* '''to shine a shoe''' = ''fyelber tyoyaf'' :* '''to shine like a star''' = ''marmanuer, marmanxer'' :* '''to shine''' = ''manser, manuer, manxer'' :* '''to shingle''' = ''sexungunber, vyunober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shinny -- to shutter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shinny''' = ''zuzyalper'' :* '''to ship''' = ''nyuxer, zeybeler'' :* '''to ship out''' = ''oyebnyuxer'' :* '''to shirk''' = ''oyebiser, pirer'' :* '''to shirr''' = ''novyanbirer'' :* '''to shit''' = ''tavyuler, tavyulober, tikyebuluer'' :* '''to shiver''' = ''ombaoser'' :* '''to shock''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer, pyuxrer, yokraxer'' :* '''to shoe a horse''' = ''apetyoyafber'' :* '''to shoe''' = ''feelkber, tyoyafber'' :* '''to shoo away''' = ''yibuxer'' :* '''to shoot a bullet''' = ''puxrer zyunog'' :* '''to shoot''' = ''adoparer, atobijer, azuber, doparer, fubeser, iguber, puxrer, pyaxer, yapuxer'' :* '''to shoot an arrow''' = ''puxrer izmuf'' :* '''to shoot dead''' = ''adopartujber, tojdoparer, tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot down''' = ''yopuxrer'' :* '''to shoot for''' = ''yekunier'' :* '''to shoot forward''' = ''zaypyaser, zaypyaxer'' :* '''to shoot to death''' = ''tojpuxrer'' :* '''to shoot up''' = ''pyaser'' :* '''to shoot with a gun''' = ''adoparer'' :* '''to shop''' = ''namper, nunamper'' :* '''to shoplift''' = ''namkobier'' :* '''to short''' = ''grobuer, uxer yoga yuzmep'' :* '''to shortchange''' = ''grobuer'' :* '''to shorten in stature''' = ''yabyogxer'' :* '''to shorten''' = ''yogxer'' :* '''to should''' = ''yeyfer, yuyver'' :* '''to shoulder responsibility''' = ''tuababeler dudyef'' :* '''to shoulder''' = ''tuababeler, tuabexer'' :* '''to shout''' = ''azteuder, deuder'' :* '''to shout down''' = ''futeuder'' :* '''to shout out''' = ''heyder'' :* '''to shout out with glee''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to shove apart''' = ''yonbuxler'' :* '''to shove''' = ''azpuxer, buxler'' :* '''to shove in''' = ''yebuxler'' :* '''to shove out''' = ''oyebuxler'' :* '''to shove together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to shovel''' = ''melzyegarer, melzyeger, uklarer'' :* '''to show affection toward''' = ''ifoynuer'' :* '''to show allegiance''' = ''vyayuvser'' :* '''to show arrogance''' = ''yavraser'' :* '''to show deference to''' = ''fiizuer'' :* '''to show favor to''' = ''avunuer'' :* '''to show kindness''' = ''fitipser'' :* '''to show mercy toward''' = ''bloktipuer'' :* '''to show''' = ''nodeaxer, sinuer, teatuer, teaxuer'' :* '''to show respect''' = ''fiyzuer'' :* '''to show solidarity''' = ''ebvakuer'' :* '''to show up''' = ''ejeaser, kopuer'' :* '''to show widely''' = ''zyateatuer'' :* '''to shower''' = ''abmiluer, ilpyoxer, milpyoser, milpyoxer'' :* '''to shower down''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shower oneself''' = ''milapyoxier'' :* '''to shred''' = ''gyofler'' :* '''to shriek''' = ''giseuxer, giteuder, mepoder, poder'' :* '''to shrill''' = ''griseuxer'' :* '''to shrink''' = ''igyufer, nidgoser, nidgoxer, ogser, ogxer, yufbaser, zoybiser, zyoaxer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to shrink in horror''' = ''yufler'' :* '''to shrinking''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to shrive''' = ''fyuzduer, kader, kadiber'' :* '''to shrivel''' = ''amumxer, moefgyoxer, zyobixer, zyoser'' :* '''to shrivel up''' = ''moefgyoser'' :* '''to shrug''' = ''obuxer, vetebbaxer'' :* '''to shrug one's shoulders''' = ''tuaxer'' :* '''to shuck''' = ''veeybayober'' :* '''to shudder''' = ''baosrer'' :* '''to shudder in fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to shuffle cards''' = ''ebnapxer ekdrafi, kyanapxer ekdrafi'' :* '''to shuffle''' = ''ebnapxer, kyanapxer, kyiper, losyanesber'' :* '''to shun''' = ''kubuxer, yibeser, yibexer, yibuxer'' :* '''to shunt aside''' = ''kuber, kubexer'' :* '''to shunt''' = ''kumepxer, kupaxer, naadkyaxer, yokpaser, yokpaxer'' :* '''to shush''' = ''dolder, doler'' :* '''to shut off''' = ''manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to shut tight''' = ''zyoyujber, zyoyujer'' :* '''to shut up''' = ''doler, doluer'' :* '''to shut''' = ''yujber, yujer'' :* '''to shutter''' = ''kyayujarer, yuijber'' </div>{{small/end}} = to shuttle -- to skip ahead = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to shuttle''' = ''buibeler, buiper, yuzmeper, zaobeler, zaobier, zaoper'' :* '''to shy away''' = ''yuyfer'' :* '''to sicken''' = ''bokxer'' :* '''to sideline''' = ''kuyember, yonkuber'' :* '''to sidestep''' = ''emkuper, kutyoper'' :* '''to side-step''' = ''kupaser'' :* '''to sideswipe''' = ''kupyuxer'' :* '''to sidetrack''' = ''kuber, kuxer'' :* '''to siege''' = ''yagapyexler'' :* '''to sieve''' = ''nefzyiuner'' :* '''to sift flour''' = ''yonibler ovolek'' :* '''to sift''' = ''mulyonxer, mulzyober, yonibiarer, yonibler'' :* '''to sift through ashes''' = ''yonibler zye mogi'' :* '''to sift through''' = ''zyekexer'' :* '''to sigh''' = ''ozuvteuder, uvaluer, uvseuxer'' :* '''to sightread''' = ''teasdyeer'' :* '''to sight-see''' = ''teapoper'' :* '''to sign a check''' = ''dyundrer nasdraf'' :* '''to sign a contract''' = ''ebvadrer'' :* '''to sign''' = ''dalsiuner, dyundrer, obdyuner, siuner, tuyasiuner'' :* '''to sign in''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to sign up''' = ''dyunier, dyunyandrer, vadyundrer'' :* '''to signal''' = ''siunarer, siunxer'' :* '''to signal with a light''' = ''mansiunarer'' :* '''to signal with the hands''' = ''tuyasiuner'' :* '''to signalize''' = ''siunxer'' :* '''to signify''' = ''siunxer, teser'' :* '''to silence''' = ''doluer'' :* '''to silence with money''' = ''dolnuxuer, nasdoluer'' :* '''to silt''' = ''gyomelikser, gyomelikxer'' :* '''to simmer''' = ''ugmagiler, yagilamxer, yagmageler'' :* '''to simonize''' = ''yugfyelber'' :* '''to simper''' = ''utivteuber'' :* '''to simplify''' = ''ansunser, ansunxer, oyiksonxer, testyukxer, yuklaser, yuklaxer'' :* '''to simulate''' = ''gelaxer, gelaxler'' :* '''to sin against''' = ''fyoxer ov'' :* '''to sin''' = ''fyoxer'' :* '''to sing''' = ''deuzer'' :* '''to sing praises''' = ''duzer fidi'' :* '''to singe''' = ''maygxer, nedmagxer'' :* '''to single out''' = ''zyokebier'' :* '''to singularize''' = ''ansagxer, asunaxer'' :* '''to sink''' = ''miloyber, miloyper, pyosler, pyoxler, yozper'' :* '''to sinter''' = ''amgyixer'' :* '''to sinuate''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to sip''' = ''ilier, ogtilier, tilogier, ugtilier'' :* '''to siphon''' = ''ilbixer, ilmuyfier'' :* '''to sire''' = ''teduer'' :* '''to sit''' = ''aper, simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit at the counter''' = ''simbier be seem'' :* '''to sit at the table''' = ''sembier'' :* '''to sit back down at the table''' = ''zosemper'' :* '''to sit down at the table''' = ''semper'' :* '''to sit down''' = ''simbier, simper, tyoaper, utyober, yozper'' :* '''to sit on''' = ''abtyoaper, aper, yozper ab'' :* '''to sit on one&rsquo;s bum''' = ''aper ota zotiub, zotiuper'' :* '''to sit on the bench''' = ''doyevsimper'' :* '''to sit on the throne''' = ''debsimper'' :* '''to situate''' = ''byeember, ebyemxer, emxer'' :* '''to situate oneself''' = ''ebyemser'' :* '''to situate well''' = ''fiember'' :* '''to size''' = ''nagxer'' :* '''to size up''' = ''nagder, nazder'' :* '''to sizzle''' = ''amseuxer'' :* '''to skate''' = ''kyuparer'' :* '''to skateboard''' = ''kyuparfaofer'' :* '''to skedaddle''' = ''igiper'' :* '''to sketch''' = ''yogdrarer'' :* '''to skew''' = ''uzaser, uzaxer'' :* '''to skewer''' = ''gimufxer, giyonarer'' :* '''to ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer, mamyomkyuper'' :* '''to skid''' = ''obmeper'' :* '''to skim''' = ''abilober, yugfapiper'' :* '''to skim across the surface of the land''' = ''melaper'' :* '''to skim along''' = ''kyupuyser'' :* '''to skimp''' = ''granyexer'' :* '''to skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to skinny-dip''' = ''oytofmelyeper'' :* '''to skinnydip''' = ''oytofmilyeper'' :* '''to skip ahead''' = ''zaypuser, zaypuyser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to skip along -- to slide past = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to skip along''' = ''yezpuyser'' :* '''to skip''' = ''aypuser, puyser, pyayser, yaopuser, yaopuyser, yopeger, zoypyaxer'' :* '''to skip bail''' = ''kopier vaknas'' :* '''to skip out''' = ''kopier'' :* '''to skip over''' = ''aypuyser'' :* '''to skip past''' = ''yizpuyser'' :* '''to skirl''' = ''fyedeuzer'' :* '''to skirmish''' = ''dopeyker, ebyekler, epyeyxer, ufeker'' :* '''to skirt''' = ''kuper'' :* '''to skitter''' = ''igpuyser, yopeger'' :* '''to skittle''' = ''akler, eker skitul'' :* '''to skive''' = ''yexkuper'' :* '''to skivvy''' = ''yuxluter'' :* '''to skulk''' = ''koyufbaser, yopoper'' :* '''to skydive''' = ''mampyoser'' :* '''to skyjack''' = ''mampurkobier'' :* '''to skylark''' = ''ivpyaser'' :* '''to skyrocket''' = ''igyapyaser'' :* '''to slab''' = ''gyagobler'' :* '''to slabber''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slack off''' = ''yugsaser'' :* '''to slacken''' = ''lozyoxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to slag''' = ''mugfyusuer'' :* '''to slake''' = ''miloymxer, tilefober'' :* '''to slalom''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slam''' = ''apyexrer'' :* '''to slam hard''' = ''azapyexrer'' :* '''to slam shut''' = ''yujapyexrer'' :* '''to slam the door''' = ''apyexrer ha mes'' :* '''to slander''' = ''vyofuder'' :* '''to slant down''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant downward''' = ''yobkinser'' :* '''to slant''' = ''kinser, kinxer, yopler'' :* '''to slant upwards''' = ''yabkinser'' :* '''to slap someone's face''' = ''apyexrer heta tebzan'' :* '''to slap together''' = ''yanbuxler'' :* '''to slap''' = ''tuyapyexer'' :* '''to slash''' = ''grinxer, zyagofler'' :* '''to slather''' = ''gyozyaber'' :* '''to slatter''' = ''futofer'' :* '''to slaughter''' = ''aotnyantojber, potojber'' :* '''to slave''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to slaver''' = ''teubiloker'' :* '''to slay''' = ''pyextojber, tobtojber, tojber'' :* '''to sleave''' = ''nifyonxer'' :* '''to sled''' = ''yomkyupirer'' :* '''to sledge''' = ''kyibyexarer'' :* '''to sleep and wake''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to sleep apart''' = ''yontujer'' :* '''to sleep around''' = ''yuztujer'' :* '''to sleep early''' = ''jwatujer'' :* '''to sleep heavily''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep in''' = ''jwotujer, tamtujer'' :* '''to sleep late''' = ''jwotujer'' :* '''to sleep lightly''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to sleep like a log''' = ''kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep over''' = ''tujdeter'' :* '''to sleep soundly''' = ''fitujer, kyitujer'' :* '''to sleep through''' = ''zyetujer'' :* '''to sleep together''' = ''yantujer'' :* '''to sleep too much''' = ''gratujer'' :* '''to sleep''' = ''tujer'' :* '''to sleepwalk''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to sleet''' = ''mamyoymer'' :* '''to sleigh''' = ''yomkyupurer'' :* '''to slenderize''' = ''gyoxer'' :* '''to sleuth''' = ''kokaxer'' :* '''to slew''' = ''kuber, uzber, zyuber'' :* '''to slice a tomato''' = ''gyofler bavol'' :* '''to slice''' = ''gyofler, zyogobler'' :* '''to slice thickly''' = ''gyagyofler'' :* '''to slide across''' = ''zeykyuper'' :* '''to slide back and forth''' = ''zaokyuper'' :* '''to slide back''' = ''zoykyuper'' :* '''to slide in''' = ''yebkyuper'' :* '''to slide''' = ''kibaser, kyuper'' :* '''to slide on''' = ''abkyuper'' :* '''to slide out''' = ''oyebkyuper'' :* '''to slide over''' = ''aybkyuper'' :* '''to slide past''' = ''yizkyuper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to slide under -- to snake = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to slide under''' = ''oybkyuper'' :* '''to slight''' = ''glotesaxer, ufbeker'' :* '''to slim down''' = ''gyolser, gyolxer'' :* '''to slime''' = ''vyulxer'' :* '''to sling''' = ''puxlarer, puxler'' :* '''to slink''' = ''kokyeper'' :* '''to slip and fall''' = ''kipyoser, kyupyoser'' :* '''to slip in under cover''' = ''koyeper'' :* '''to slip off''' = ''yugfober, yugfoper'' :* '''to slip on''' = ''yugfaber'' :* '''to slip out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to slip through''' = ''zyekyuper'' :* '''to slip''' = ''vyoper'' :* '''to slit''' = ''zyogobler'' :* '''to slither''' = ''pyeper, sopyeper'' :* '''to sliver''' = ''gyobler'' :* '''to slocken''' = ''tiefujber, ujber'' :* '''to slog''' = ''kyibyexer, ugyiktoper'' :* '''to slop''' = ''kuiluer'' :* '''to slope back''' = ''zoykiser'' :* '''to slope downward''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope downwards''' = ''yobkiser'' :* '''to slope''' = ''kimper, kinser'' :* '''to slope upward''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slope upwards''' = ''yabkiser'' :* '''to slosh''' = ''ilzaobaser, ilzaobaxer'' :* '''to slot''' = ''gyozyeger'' :* '''to slouch''' = ''byoyser, kibaser'' :* '''to slough''' = ''tayoboker'' :* '''to slow down''' = ''ugser, ugxer'' :* '''to slow up''' = ''ugxer'' :* '''to slub''' = ''nifuzrer'' :* '''to slue''' = ''gizyuber, zyuber'' :* '''to slug''' = ''pyexarer'' :* '''to slum around''' = ''vudoomer'' :* '''to slum''' = ''fuaxler'' :* '''to slumber''' = ''kyutujer'' :* '''to slump''' = ''kyipyoser'' :* '''to slur''' = ''yannodxer'' :* '''to slurp''' = ''igtiler, igtilier, xeustiler'' :* '''to smack''' = ''pyexrer, tuyipyexer, zyibyexer'' :* '''to smart''' = ''byoker'' :* '''to smarten''' = ''igxer, vixer'' :* '''to smash''' = ''goynxer, mekilxer, pyexrer, yonbyexrer, yugglalxer'' :* '''to smash into''' = ''yepyexler'' :* '''to smash to pieces''' = ''gounbyexrer, zyigounxer'' :* '''to smatter''' = ''kyudaleger, kyutixer'' :* '''to smear''' = ''volznaider, vuder, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to smell bad''' = ''futeiser'' :* '''to smell foul''' = ''vuteiser'' :* '''to smell fragrant''' = ''viteiser'' :* '''to smell good''' = ''fiteiser'' :* '''to smell like''' = ''teiser'' :* '''to smell''' = ''teiter, teixer'' :* '''to smelt''' = ''mugoyebixer'' :* '''to smile bigly''' = ''agivteuber'' :* '''to smile''' = ''dizeuber, ivteuber'' :* '''to smirch''' = ''fyuder, vyuxer'' :* '''to smirk''' = ''fudizeuber, fuivteuber, vudizeuber'' :* '''to smite''' = ''totujber'' :* '''to smoke a cigar''' = ''movier givomuf'' :* '''to smoke a cigarette''' = ''movier givomuv'' :* '''to smoke a pipe''' = ''movier givomufyeg'' :* '''to smoke''' = ''movier'' :* '''to smoke tobacco''' = ''movier givob'' :* '''to smolder''' = ''moovser'' :* '''to smooch''' = ''teubabeger, yagteubyuzer'' :* '''to smooth out''' = ''genedxer, negxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth over''' = ''genedxer, yugfaxer, zyifxer'' :* '''to smooth-talk''' = ''vidaler, vider'' :* '''to smother''' = ''gradatxer, koxer, movujber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to smudge''' = ''vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to smuggle''' = ''kobeler, kozeybeler'' :* '''to snack''' = ''ogteler, teyler'' :* '''to snaffle''' = ''teubexarer'' :* '''to snag by stealth''' = ''kopixler'' :* '''to snag''' = ''igbirer, pexer, peyxer'' :* '''to snake along''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake one's way''' = ''sopyeper'' :* '''to snake''' = ''uizpaser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to snap back -- to sound an alarm = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to snap back''' = ''zoypuyser'' :* '''to snap''' = ''ignufxer, igyonbyexer, igyuijarer, yonpyeser, yonpyexer'' :* '''to snap open''' = ''ignufyijber'' :* '''to snap shut''' = ''ignufyujber'' :* '''to snarl''' = ''alapyoder, nyafxer, ufteuder, yiklaxer'' :* '''to snatch''' = ''birer, bixler, igbirer, pexer'' :* '''to sneak a look''' = ''koteaxer'' :* '''to sneak about''' = ''kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak around''' = ''koper, kozyaper'' :* '''to sneak away''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak in''' = ''kouper, koyeper'' :* '''to sneak off''' = ''koiper'' :* '''to sneak out''' = ''kooyeper'' :* '''to sneak up on''' = ''kouper, koyuper'' :* '''to sneak-attack''' = ''koapyexer'' :* '''to sneer''' = ''fuivteuber, ufdizeuxer, ufteuber, vutebsiner'' :* '''to sneeze''' = ''teipyuxler'' :* '''to snick''' = ''goybler'' :* '''to snicker''' = ''eynteusozer, fudizeuder, koivdeuxer'' :* '''to sniff''' = ''poteixer, teibalier, teixer'' :* '''to sniffle''' = ''teibalegier'' :* '''to snigger''' = ''eynfudizeuder'' :* '''to snip off''' = ''oboggobler'' :* '''to snip''' = ''oggobler'' :* '''to snipe''' = ''gidider, kodoparer, ufder'' :* '''to snitch''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to snivel''' = ''ozuvseuxer'' :* '''to snooker''' = ''snuker ifek'' :* '''to snoop''' = ''koteexer, koyebteiber'' :* '''to snooze''' = ''kyutujer, tuyjer, yogtujer'' :* '''to snore''' = ''teixeuser'' :* '''to snorkel''' = ''milbaluarer'' :* '''to snort''' = ''epeder, vyapoder, yapeder'' :* '''to snow''' = ''malyomer'' :* '''to snowboard''' = ''malyomfaofer, mamyomfaofer'' :* '''to snow-ski''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to snub''' = ''kubuxer, lotrer, yibuxer'' :* '''to snuff''' = ''teixgivober'' :* '''to snuffle''' = ''azteixer, teibdaler'' :* '''to snuggle''' = ''yantubyuzer'' :* '''to soak''' = ''ikimxer, ilbier, ilbixer, milyebler, milyepler, yebiluer, zyeilber, zyeilper, zyeiluer'' :* '''to soak up''' = ''iktilier, ilier, yebilier'' :* '''to soak up sun rays''' = ''yebilier amarnaudi'' :* '''to soak up the sun''' = ''amarilbier'' :* '''to soap''' = ''vyixyelber'' :* '''to soar''' = ''yaprer'' :* '''to sob''' = ''azhuhuder, azteabiler, azuvteuder, uvlader, uvteabiler'' :* '''to socialize''' = ''dotser, dotxer, dotyenxer, yaniver'' :* '''to socialize well''' = ''fidotser'' :* '''to sock''' = ''igpyexer, tuyebyexer'' :* '''to sod''' = ''vabmefber'' :* '''to sodomize''' = ''sodomxer'' :* '''to soften''' = ''yugser, yugxer'' :* '''to soil''' = ''vyunxer, vyusber, vyuxer'' :* '''to sojourn''' = ''yogbeser'' :* '''to solder''' = ''mugyanilxer'' :* '''to soldier''' = ''dopatxer'' :* '''to solemnify''' = ''glatesaxer, kyitesaxer, vixeler'' :* '''to solemnize''' = ''kyitesaxer'' :* '''to solicit''' = ''jekexer'' :* '''to solidfy''' = ''gyiser, gyixer'' :* '''to solidify''' = ''gyixer'' :* '''to soliloquize''' = ''anotdaler'' :* '''to solitaire''' = ''soliter ifek'' :* '''to solve a puzzle''' = ''kaxoner didek'' :* '''to solve''' = ''kaxoner'' :* '''to some degree''' = ''hegla, henog'' :* '''to somersault''' = ''zyupyaser'' :* '''to somewhere else''' = ''bu hyum'' :* '''to somnambulate''' = ''tujtyoper'' :* '''to soothe''' = ''oboxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to soothsay''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to sop''' = ''ilbier, ilbixer'' :* '''to sorry''' = ''oboser'' :* '''to sort out''' = ''saunapxer yonibler, yonyeber'' :* '''to sort''' = ''saunapxer, syanesber'' :* '''to sort the deck''' = ''saunapxer ha nyan'' :* '''to sough''' = ''igilpseuxer'' :* '''to sound alike''' = ''gelteeser'' :* '''to sound an alarm''' = ''seuxer kyebuk jwadar'' </div>{{small/end}} = to sound beautiful -- to speak = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to sound beautiful''' = ''viseuser'' :* '''to sound good''' = ''fiseuser'' :* '''to sound like''' = ''seuser, teeser'' :* '''to sound nice''' = ''fiteeser, viseuser'' :* '''to sound out''' = ''seuxder'' :* '''to sound''' = ''seuxer'' :* '''to sound sweet''' = ''fiteeser'' :* '''to sound ugly''' = ''vuseuser'' :* '''to soundproof''' = ''seuxvakxer'' :* '''to sour''' = ''yigzaxer'' :* '''to source''' = ''byimxer'' :* '''to souse''' = ''ilyober, miolbeker'' :* '''to south of''' = ''be zomer bi'' :* '''to south''' = ''zomer'' :* '''to south-east''' = ''iomer'' :* '''to southeastward''' = ''ub zoimer'' :* '''to south-west''' = ''zuomer'' :* '''to southwestward''' = ''ub zuomer'' :* '''to sow''' = ''vabijber, veeber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to space apart''' = ''yonnigxer'' :* '''to space out''' = ''ebnigxer, nigser, nigxer, zyanigxer'' :* '''to spade''' = ''gyomelukarer, melukarer, melzyegarer'' :* '''to spall''' = ''megorfer'' :* '''to spam''' = ''makdrasgranuer'' :* '''to span''' = ''ebzyanxer, zyanxer'' :* '''to spangle''' = ''manigviber'' :* '''to spank''' = ''zotiubyexer'' :* '''to spar''' = ''dalufeker, ufeker'' :* '''to spare''' = ''glonoxer, obuer'' :* '''to spark''' = ''makiger, mavigser, mavigxer'' :* '''to sparkle''' = ''maapiler, malzyuynoger, maniger, mavigeser'' :* '''to spat''' = ''dunufeker'' :* '''to spatter''' = ''ilpyexer'' :* '''to spatterdash''' = ''gyanoxwuluer'' :* '''to spawn''' = ''nyantijber'' :* '''to spay''' = ''evxer'' :* '''to speak Abkhazian''' = ''Abakidaler'' :* '''to speak Afar''' = ''Aarodaler'' :* '''to speak Afrikaans''' = ''Aferodaler'' :* '''to speak Akan''' = ''Akadaler'' :* '''to speak Albanian''' = ''Alibadaler'' :* '''to speak Aleut''' = ''Aledaler'' :* '''to speak Amharic''' = ''Amihedaler'' :* '''to speak Apache''' = ''Apodaler'' :* '''to speak Arabic''' = ''Aradaler'' :* '''to speak Aragonese''' = ''Arogedaler'' :* '''to speak Armenian''' = ''Aromidaler'' :* '''to speak Assamese''' = ''Asomidaler'' :* '''to speak at length''' = ''yagdaler'' :* '''to speak Avaric''' = ''Avadaler'' :* '''to speak Avestan''' = ''Avedaler'' :* '''to speak Aymara''' = ''Ayumidaler'' :* '''to speak Azerbaijani''' = ''Azedaler'' :* '''to speak Bambara''' = ''Bamidaler'' :* '''to speak Bashkir''' = ''Bakidaler'' :* '''to speak Basque''' = ''Baqodaler'' :* '''to speak Belarusian''' = ''Balirodaler'' :* '''to speak Bengali''' = ''Bagedidaler'' :* '''to speak Bislama''' = ''Bisomudaler'' :* '''to speak Bosnian''' = ''Bihedaler'' :* '''to speak Breton''' = ''Baredaler'' :* '''to speak Bulgarian''' = ''Bagerodaler'' :* '''to speak Burmese''' = ''Mimirodaler'' :* '''to speak by phone''' = ''yibdaler'' :* '''to speak Cambodian''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Catalan''' = ''Catodaler'' :* '''to speak Central Khmer''' = ''Kihemidaler'' :* '''to speak Chamorro''' = ''Cahadaler'' :* '''to speak Chechen''' = ''Cahodaler'' :* '''to speak Chichewa''' = ''Niyadaler'' :* '''to speak Chinese''' = ''Cahidaler'' :* '''to speak Church Slavonic''' = ''Cahudaler'' :* '''to speak Chuvash''' = ''Cahevudaler'' :* '''to speak Cornish''' = ''Corodaler'' :* '''to speak Corsican''' = ''Cosodaler'' :* '''to speak Cree''' = ''Caredaler, Carodaler'' :* '''to speak Croatian''' = ''Herovudaler'' :* '''to speak Czech''' = ''Cazedaler'' :* '''to speak Dakota''' = ''Dakidaler'' :* '''to speak''' = ''daler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Danish -- to speak Ndonga = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Danish''' = ''Danikidaler'' :* '''to speak directly''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to speak Dutch''' = ''Nilidadaler'' :* '''to speak Dzongkha''' = ''Dazudaler'' :* '''to speak eloquently''' = ''vidaler'' :* '''to speak English''' = ''Enigedaler'' :* '''to speak Esperanto''' = ''Epodaler'' :* '''to speak Estonian''' = ''Esotodaler'' :* '''to speak Ewe''' = ''Ewedaler'' :* '''to speak Faroese''' = ''Faodaler, Ferodaler'' :* '''to speak Fijian''' = ''Fejidaler'' :* '''to speak Finnish''' = ''Finidaler'' :* '''to speak French''' = ''Feradaler'' :* '''to speak Fulah''' = ''Fulidaler'' :* '''to speak Galician''' = ''Geligedaler'' :* '''to speak Ganda''' = ''Lugedaler'' :* '''to speak Georgian''' = ''Geodaler'' :* '''to speak German''' = ''Deudaler'' :* '''to speak Greek''' = ''Gerocadaler'' :* '''to speak Greenlandic''' = ''Garolidaler'' :* '''to speak Guarani''' = ''Geronidaler'' :* '''to speak Gujarati''' = ''Gujidaler'' :* '''to speak Haitian Creole''' = ''Hetidaler'' :* '''to speak Hausa''' = ''Haudaler'' :* '''to speak Hawaiian''' = ''Hawudaler'' :* '''to speak Hebrew''' = ''Hebadaler'' :* '''to speak Herero''' = ''Herodaler'' :* '''to speak Hindi''' = ''Henidaler'' :* '''to speak Hiri Motu''' = ''Hemidaler'' :* '''to speak honestly''' = ''vyander'' :* '''to speak Hungarian''' = ''Hunidaler'' :* '''to speak Icelandic''' = ''Isolidaler'' :* '''to speak Ido''' = ''Idadaler'' :* '''to speak Igbo''' = ''Ibodaler'' :* '''to speak in public''' = ''dodaler'' :* '''to speak in secrecy''' = ''kodaler'' :* '''to speak Indonesian''' = ''Inidadaler'' :* '''to speak Interlingua''' = ''Iadaler'' :* '''to speak Inuktitut''' = ''Ikidaler'' :* '''to speak Inupiaq''' = ''Ipokidaler'' :* '''to speak Irish''' = ''Irolidaler'' :* '''to speak Italian''' = ''Itadaler'' :* '''to speak Japanese''' = ''Jiponidaler'' :* '''to speak Javanese''' = ''Javudaler'' :* '''to speak Kannada''' = ''Kanidaler'' :* '''to speak Kanuri''' = ''Kaudaler'' :* '''to speak Kashmiri''' = ''Kasodaler'' :* '''to speak Kazakh''' = ''Kazudaler'' :* '''to speak Kikuyu''' = ''Kikidaler'' :* '''to speak Kinyarwanda''' = ''Rowudaler'' :* '''to speak Kirghiz''' = ''Kigazydaler'' :* '''to speak Klingon''' = ''Tolihedaler'' :* '''to speak Komi''' = ''Komidaler'' :* '''to speak Kongo''' = ''Kigedaler'' :* '''to speak Korean''' = ''Korodaler'' :* '''to speak Kurdish''' = ''Kurodaler'' :* '''to speak Kwanyama''' = ''Kuadaler'' :* '''to speak Lao''' = ''Laodaler'' :* '''to speak Latin''' = ''Latodaler'' :* '''to speak Latvian''' = ''Livadaler'' :* '''to speak less''' = ''godaler'' :* '''to speak Lingala''' = ''Linidaler'' :* '''to speak Lithuanian''' = ''Litudaler'' :* '''to speak Luba-Katanga''' = ''Liudaler'' :* '''to speak Luxembourgish''' = ''Luxudaler'' :* '''to speak Macedonian''' = ''Mikidadaler'' :* '''to speak Malagasy''' = ''Miligadaler'' :* '''to speak Malay''' = ''Mayudaler'' :* '''to speak Malayalam''' = ''Malidaler'' :* '''to speak Maldivian''' = ''Midavudaler'' :* '''to speak Maltese''' = ''Milotodaler'' :* '''to speak Manx''' = ''Gelivudaler'' :* '''to speak Maori''' = ''Maodaler'' :* '''to speak Marathi''' = ''Marodaler'' :* '''to speak Marshallese''' = ''Mihelidaler'' :* '''to speak Mirad''' = ''Miradaler, Mirader'' :* '''to speak Mongolian''' = ''Minigedaler'' :* '''to speak Nauru''' = ''Naudaler'' :* '''to speak Navajo''' = ''Navudaler'' :* '''to speak Ndonga''' = ''Nidodaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to speak Nepali -- to speak Zulu = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to speak Nepali''' = ''Nipodaler'' :* '''to speak neutrally of''' = ''evder'' :* '''to speak North Ndebele''' = ''Nidedaler'' :* '''to speak Northern Sami''' = ''Soedaler'' :* '''to speak Norwegian''' = ''Norodaler, Noroddaler'' :* '''to speak Occidental''' = ''Iedaler'' :* '''to speak Occitan''' = ''Ocaidaler'' :* '''to speak Ojibwa''' = ''Ojidaler'' :* '''to speak Old Church Slavonic''' = ''Caudaler'' :* '''to speak on behalf of''' = ''avdaler'' :* '''to speak Oriya''' = ''Oridaler'' :* '''to speak Oromo''' = ''Oromidaler'' :* '''to speak Ossetian''' = ''Ososodaler'' :* '''to speak out against''' = ''ovdaler'' :* '''to speak Pali''' = ''Palidaler'' :* '''to speak Pashto''' = ''Pusodaler'' :* '''to speak Persian''' = ''Perodaler'' :* '''to speak Polish''' = ''Polidaler'' :* '''to speak Portuguese''' = ''Porotodaler, Potodaler'' :* '''to speak Punjabi''' = ''Panidaler'' :* '''to speak Quechua''' = ''Quedaler'' :* '''to speak Romanian''' = ''Roudaler'' :* '''to speak Romansh''' = ''Rohedaler'' :* '''to speak Romany''' = ''Romidaler'' :* '''to speak Rundi''' = ''Runidaler'' :* '''to speak Russian''' = ''Rusodaler'' :* '''to speak Samoan''' = ''Wusomidaler'' :* '''to speak Sango''' = ''Sagedaler'' :* '''to speak Sanskrit''' = ''Sanidaler'' :* '''to speak Sardinian''' = ''Sorodadaler'' :* '''to speak Scottish Gaelic''' = ''Gelidaler'' :* '''to speak Serbian''' = ''Sorobadaler'' :* '''to speak Shona''' = ''Sonadaler'' :* '''to speak Sichuan Yi''' = ''Iiidaler'' :* '''to speak Sinhalese''' = ''Sinidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovak''' = ''Sovukidaler'' :* '''to speak Slovenian''' = ''Sovunidaler'' :* '''to speak Somali''' = ''Somidaler'' :* '''to speak South Ndebele''' = ''Nibalidaler'' :* '''to speak Southern Sotho''' = ''Sotodaler'' :* '''to speak Spanish''' = ''Esopodaler'' :* '''to speak Sudanese''' = ''Sodadaler'' :* '''to speak Sundanese''' = ''Soudanidaler, Sunidaler'' :* '''to speak Swahili''' = ''Sowadaler'' :* '''to speak Swati''' = ''Sosowudaler'' :* '''to speak Swedish''' = ''Sowedadaler'' :* '''to speak Tagalog''' = ''Togelidaler'' :* '''to speak Tahitian''' = ''Tahedaler'' :* '''to speak Tajik''' = ''Tojikidaler'' :* '''to speak Tamil''' = ''Tamidaler'' :* '''to speak Tatar''' = ''Tatodaler'' :* '''to speak Telugu''' = ''Telidaler'' :* '''to speak Thai''' = ''Tohadaler'' :* '''to speak Tibetan''' = ''Tibadaler'' :* '''to speak Tigrinya''' = ''Tirodaler'' :* '''to speak Tonga''' = ''Tonidaler, Toodaler'' :* '''to speak Tsonga''' = ''Tosodaler'' :* '''to speak Tswana''' = ''Tosonidaler'' :* '''to speak Turkish''' = ''Turodaler'' :* '''to speak Turkmen''' = ''Tokimidaler'' :* '''to speak Twi''' = ''Towidaler'' :* '''to speak Uighur''' = ''Ugiedaler'' :* '''to speak Ukrainian''' = ''Ukirodaler'' :* '''to speak Urdu''' = ''Urodadaler'' :* '''to speak Uzbek''' = ''Uzubadaler'' :* '''to speak Venda''' = ''Vunidaler'' :* '''to speak Vietnamese''' = ''Vunimidaler'' :* '''to speak Vlaams''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Volap&uuml;k''' = ''Volidaler'' :* '''to speak Walloon''' = ''Wulunidaler'' :* '''to speak well''' = ''fidaler'' :* '''to speak Welsh''' = ''Wulisoder'' :* '''to speak West Flemish''' = ''Vulisodaler'' :* '''to speak Western Frisian''' = ''Feroyudaler'' :* '''to speak Wolof''' = ''Wolidaler'' :* '''to speak Xhosa''' = ''Xuhodaler'' :* '''to speak Yiddish''' = ''Yidadaler'' :* '''to speak Yoruba''' = ''Yorodaler'' :* '''to speak Zhuang''' = ''Zuhadaler'' :* '''to speak Zulu''' = ''Zulidaler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to spear -- to spring up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to spear''' = ''puxgoblarer, zyeglarer, zyegler'' :* '''to spearfish''' = ''pitzyegler'' :* '''to specialize''' = ''asaunxer, yonsaunxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to specify''' = ''ansaunder, asunaxer, asunder, oglunder, syander, syanxer, vyakyoxer, zyosaunxer'' :* '''to speckle''' = ''nodogxer'' :* '''to speculate''' = ''vetexder'' :* '''to speed''' = ''graigper, igper'' :* '''to speed up''' = ''igser, igxer'' :* '''to spell doom''' = ''fukyeujer'' :* '''to spell''' = ''dreder'' :* '''to spell out in detail''' = ''oglunder'' :* '''to spell wrong''' = ''vyodreder'' :* '''to spelunk''' = ''mumzyeg kexrer'' :* '''to spend a lot''' = ''glanoxer'' :* '''to spend little''' = ''glonoxer'' :* '''to spend''' = ''noxer, yixer'' :* '''to spend the night''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to spend time''' = ''ajer job, yixer job'' :* '''to spend too much''' = ''granoxer'' :* '''to spend wisely''' = ''finoxer'' :* '''to spew''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, teubilpuxer'' :* '''to sphere''' = ''mer'' :* '''to spice up''' = ''teusgaber, tolmekuer'' :* '''to spider''' = ''apelper'' :* '''to spiel''' = ''yagavdaler'' :* '''to spike''' = ''igpyaser, mulgaber, muvagxer'' :* '''to spile''' = ''yujarer, yujarilier, yujaruer'' :* '''to spill''' = ''ilnyoxer, ilokser, ilokxer, ilpyoser, ilpyoxer, kunadayber, kunadayper, loyebewer, loyebexer, okxer, yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to spin''' = ''nefxer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to spiral''' = ''uzyuber, uzyuper, uzyuser'' :* '''to spirit away''' = ''yiber'' :* '''to spit out''' = ''oyebteubilpuxer'' :* '''to spit''' = ''teubilpuxer'' :* '''to spite''' = ''fufonbeker, ufuer'' :* '''to splash''' = ''ilbyexer, ilbyexeuxer'' :* '''to splatter''' = ''ilyonbyexer'' :* '''to splay''' = ''kiaxer, loyember, zyaber'' :* '''to splice''' = ''engonyanber'' :* '''to splinter''' = ''faogiunser, faogiunxer, yaggigonser, yaggigonxer'' :* '''to split apart''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split asunder''' = ''yongonser, yongonxer'' :* '''to split down the middle''' = ''zegonxer'' :* '''to split in two''' = ''eyngonxer'' :* '''to split into three parts''' = ''ingonxer'' :* '''to split off''' = ''fupser, yonuper'' :* '''to split the bill''' = ''goler ha naxdras'' :* '''to split up''' = ''yoniper'' :* '''to splosh''' = ''kyuilpyexeuxer'' :* '''to splurge''' = ''glanoxer, zyailuer'' :* '''to splutter''' = ''imdaler, uzigdaler'' :* '''to spoil''' = ''fuaxer, fulxer, fyumulser, fyumulxer, nyoser, nyoxer'' :* '''to spoil the color''' = ''fuvolzer'' :* '''to sponge''' = ''ilbiovier, ilbiovuer'' :* '''to sponge-bathe''' = ''ilbiovmilyeber'' :* '''to spool''' = ''zyukser, zyuykarer, zyuykxer'' :* '''to spoon''' = ''tilarier, yanzotibaxer'' :* '''to spoonerism''' = ''spooner dunek'' :* '''to spoon-feed''' = ''tilaruer'' :* '''to spot''' = ''kyeteater, teakaxer'' :* '''to spotlight''' = ''manzexer, teazexmanxer'' :* '''to spout comedy''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to spout dogma''' = ''tinder, vyantinder'' :* '''to spout''' = ''ilpuser, ilpuxer, iluer, vidaler'' :* '''to spout irony''' = ''oyvteswander'' :* '''to sprain''' = ''yokuxraxer'' :* '''to spray''' = ''ilzyaber, mialuer, miyfarer'' :* '''to spray paint''' = ''sizmekuer'' :* '''to spraypaint''' = ''volzilmekuer'' :* '''to spread a false story''' = ''zyaber vyodin'' :* '''to spread fear''' = ''yufzyaber, zyaber yuf'' :* '''to spread out''' = ''zyaber, zyagxer, zyapoper, zyiaber'' :* '''to spread the gospel''' = ''fyadinzyaber, fyateader, zyaber ha fyadin'' :* '''to spread the word''' = ''zyader'' :* '''to spread''' = ''zyaber'' :* '''to sprig''' = ''vuber'' :* '''to spring back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to spring''' = ''buiser, buixer, ijemser'' :* '''to spring out''' = ''igoyebuper'' :* '''to spring out of nowhere''' = ''yokuper'' :* '''to spring up''' = ''byiser, igpyaser, ilpyaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to springing back -- to stare in space = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to springing back''' = ''zoypuiser'' :* '''to sprinkle holy water on''' = ''fyamiluer, zyagosber fyamil ab'' :* '''to sprinkle''' = ''mamilozer, milmyekber, milzyagosber, myekbarer, myekber, zyagosber'' :* '''to sprint''' = ''igpaser, igper, yogigtyoper'' :* '''to sprout''' = ''ijteaser, vabijer'' :* '''to spruce up''' = ''fisyenxer'' :* '''to spur''' = ''duler'' :* '''to spurn''' = ''nyoxer, tyoyeber, ufvobier'' :* '''to spurt''' = ''iloyeper, yogilpuser'' :* '''to sputter''' = ''teubilpuxeger'' :* '''to spy''' = ''koexer, koteaxer'' :* '''to squabble''' = ''ebyexdaler, ebyexer'' :* '''to squall''' = ''zapader'' :* '''to squander''' = ''funoxer, mapzyaber, nyoxer'' :* '''to square''' = ''engarer, gorewaxer, ungegunxer'' :* '''to square one's account''' = ''napxer ota syagdrav'' :* '''to squared''' = ''engarer'' :* '''to squash''' = ''barer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to squat''' = ''eopebaxer, gyayogser, kotambier, yovmembier'' :* '''to squawk''' = ''apyader, tapader'' :* '''to squeak''' = ''apayeder, kapeder, kipeder'' :* '''to squeal''' = ''giteuder, yapeder, zapader'' :* '''to squeeze in''' = ''zyoyeper'' :* '''to squeeze''' = ''yuzbaler, zyobexer'' :* '''to squelch''' = ''poxrer, yobaler'' :* '''to squiggle''' = ''uizbaser, uizdrer'' :* '''to squint''' = ''eynteaxer, zyoteaxer'' :* '''to squirm''' = ''sopyeper, tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to squirrel''' = ''kyipoper'' :* '''to squirt''' = ''zyoilpuser, zyoilpuxer'' :* '''to squish''' = ''barer, zyobexer'' :* '''to stab''' = ''gigobler, grinxer, yonarer'' :* '''to stab to death''' = ''tojgigobler'' :* '''to stab with a dagger''' = ''gigobler bey yogyonar, yogyonarer'' :* '''to stab with a sword''' = ''gigobler bey zyigiar, zyigiarer'' :* '''to stabilize''' = ''kyopaser, kyopaxer, zepser, zepxer'' :* '''to stack''' = ''nyanxer'' :* '''to stack up''' = ''nyaser, nyaxer'' :* '''to staff''' = ''xaber'' :* '''to stage a play''' = ''dezyember dezun'' :* '''to stage a revolution''' = ''xaler doblobyax'' :* '''to stage''' = ''dezyember'' :* '''to stagger''' = ''kyaoper, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to stagnate''' = ''jugser, jugxer, kyovyuser, oilper, okyaser'' :* '''to stain''' = ''fuvolzer, volzaber, vyunber, vyunxer'' :* '''to stake out''' = ''kyoember'' :* '''to stake''' = ''vekuer, yebkyoxer'' :* '''to stalemate''' = ''akyofkyoxer'' :* '''to stalk''' = ''joigper, kexeger, kyokexer, kyoyeker, kyozoigper'' :* '''to stall for time''' = ''yeker aker job'' :* '''to stall''' = ''iganoker, kyoper, kyoxer'' :* '''to stammer''' = ''paosdaler'' :* '''to stamp a design onto metal''' = ''balsiyner dresin abu mug'' :* '''to stamp''' = ''balsiyner'' :* '''to stamp out''' = ''ibtyoyabarer'' :* '''to stamp the date''' = ''balsiyner ha jud'' :* '''to stampede''' = ''aotnyanyufpirer'' :* '''to stanch''' = ''boler, ilposer, ilpoxer, poxer'' :* '''to stanchion''' = ''aomufyanxer'' :* '''to stand''' = ''boler, byaser, kyoper, yaznaxer, yazper'' :* '''to stand by''' = ''kuyuxer, peser'' :* '''to stand clear of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stand erect''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yaznaser'' :* '''to stand firm''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stand in for''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to stand in line''' = ''pesnadxer'' :* '''to stand on end''' = ''yablaxer'' :* '''to stand out''' = ''oyebyaser, yazaser'' :* '''to stand still''' = ''kyobyaser, kyoser, poser'' :* '''to stand up''' = ''byaser, izlaser, iztibser, yabeser, yablaser, yazper'' :* '''to stand up straight''' = ''izbyaser, izlaser, iztibser'' :* '''to stand upright''' = ''byaser, byaxer, izaber, izbyaxer, izlaxer, yazper'' :* '''to standardize''' = ''anyapxer, egonxer, egxer'' :* '''to stand-in''' = ''avejter'' :* '''to staple''' = ''uzmuvarer'' :* '''to star in a film''' = ''dyezdeber'' :* '''to star in a stage production''' = ''dezdeber'' :* '''to starch''' = ''yigsaxulxer'' :* '''to stare at''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stare in space''' = ''otepejer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stare -- to stiffen = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stare''' = ''kyoteaxer, yagteaxer'' :* '''to stargaze''' = ''marteaxer'' :* '''to start a fire''' = ''magijber'' :* '''to start fresh''' = ''zoyijer'' :* '''to start''' = ''ijber, ijer, yokbaser'' :* '''to start out''' = ''ijper, iser'' :* '''to start out slowly''' = ''ugijer'' :* '''to start up again''' = ''zoyijber, zoyijer'' :* '''to start up''' = ''ijper'' :* '''to start up suddenly''' = ''igijer'' :* '''to startle''' = ''yokbaxer'' :* '''to starve''' = ''telefer, telefruer, telefxer, teloyser, teloyxer'' :* '''to starve to death''' = ''teleftojber, teleftojer'' :* '''to stash''' = ''kober'' :* '''to state''' = ''deler, twasdeler, twaxer'' :* '''to station''' = ''kyober, kyoember'' :* '''to stay alert''' = ''tijbeser'' :* '''to stay alone''' = ''anlaser'' :* '''to stay apart''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay at home''' = ''tamkyobeser'' :* '''to stay away''' = ''yibeser'' :* '''to stay back''' = ''zobeser, zoybeser'' :* '''to stay behind''' = ''zoybeser'' :* '''to stay''' = ''beser'' :* '''to stay centered''' = ''zebeser'' :* '''to stay clear''' = ''yonbeser'' :* '''to stay healthy''' = ''bakbeser'' :* '''to stay in''' = ''yebeser'' :* '''to stay independent of''' = ''obaer'' :* '''to stay long''' = ''yagbeser'' :* '''to stay open''' = ''yijbeser'' :* '''to stay overnight''' = ''mojbeser'' :* '''to stay planted''' = ''kyobeser'' :* '''to stay put''' = ''kyoper'' :* '''to stay quiet''' = ''dolser'' :* '''to stay still''' = ''kyoser'' :* '''to stay stuck on one idea''' = ''kyotexer'' :* '''to stay the same''' = ''gelbeser, kyojeser'' :* '''to stay together''' = ''yanbeser'' :* '''to stay up''' = ''yabeser'' :* '''to steady''' = ''kyober, kyobexer'' :* '''to steal''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to steam''' = ''mialber'' :* '''to steamroll''' = ''mialzyixarer, yigbaler'' :* '''to steel''' = ''feelkyigxer, yigxer'' :* '''to steep''' = ''ikiluer, ikimxer, milyebler, yebiluer'' :* '''to steepen''' = ''gikimxer'' :* '''to steer cattle''' = ''eopetyanizber'' :* '''to steer clear of''' = ''ibizper'' :* '''to steer''' = ''izber'' :* '''to steer oneself''' = ''izper'' :* '''to steer the mind''' = ''tepizber'' :* '''to steer wrong''' = ''vyoizber'' :* '''to stem from''' = ''byiser, byiunser bi'' :* '''to stenograph''' = ''igdrurer'' :* '''to step along''' = ''musnogser'' :* '''to step aside''' = ''debsimoper, emkuper, kutyoper, yonkuper'' :* '''to step down''' = ''yobmusnogxer'' :* '''to step forward''' = ''zaymusnogxer, zaytyoper'' :* '''to step it down''' = ''obnaguer'' :* '''to step''' = ''musnogxer'' :* '''to step on the gas''' = ''igarer'' :* '''to step up''' = ''yabmusnogxer'' :* '''to stereographic''' = ''ennagsinxer'' :* '''to stereotype''' = ''kyosaunxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to sterilize''' = ''vyumulukxer'' :* '''to stew''' = ''taoliler, yagteilxer'' :* '''to stick around''' = ''kyoejer, kyoper, kyoser, yagbeser'' :* '''to stick''' = ''giber, kyober, kyobeser, kyoxer, nivarer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stick in''' = ''gibaer, yebaler, yebkyoxer, yebuxer, yembuxer'' :* '''to stick on''' = ''abkyober'' :* '''to stick out''' = ''oyebkyoxer, seibser, yazaser, yazber, yazper'' :* '''to stick right in''' = ''izyeber'' :* '''to stick straight out''' = ''izoyebuxer'' :* '''to stick straight up''' = ''izyabuser, izyabuxer'' :* '''to stick tight''' = ''yuvser'' :* '''to stick together''' = ''yanbeser, yanpexwer, yanulber'' :* '''to stick up a sign''' = ''byaxer siundrof'' :* '''to stick up''' = ''byaxer'' :* '''to stiffen''' = ''yigsaser, yigsaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to stifle -- to strike = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to stifle''' = ''baleber, tiexyofxer'' :* '''to stigmatize''' = ''fuzsiynxer'' :* '''to still''' = ''boxer'' :* '''to stimulate''' = ''gimufuer, tospanuer, xuler, yabuxer'' :* '''to sting''' = ''giber, vulobuer, vuloxer'' :* '''to stink''' = ''futeiser, vuteiser'' :* '''to stink up''' = ''futeisaxer, vuteixer'' :* '''to stint''' = ''ser glonoxea'' :* '''to stipple''' = ''nodber, nodxer'' :* '''to stipulate''' = ''venber, vender'' :* '''to stir''' = ''baser, baxrer, bayxler, ilzyuber, paaser, yuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir in''' = ''yeyuzbaxer'' :* '''to stir to motion''' = ''baxer, paaxer'' :* '''to stir up''' = ''obyaler, paaxer'' :* '''to stitch together''' = ''yanifxer'' :* '''to stiver''' = ''stiver'' :* '''to stock''' = ''neunxer, nyexer, sammoysber'' :* '''to stock up''' = ''neunser, nunamber'' :* '''to stock up with''' = ''neluer'' :* '''to stoke''' = ''giber, magbaxer, yifikxer'' :* '''to stomach''' = ''vayafxer'' :* '''to stomp''' = ''abyuxrer, azbyexer, tyoyabarer, tyoyobarer'' :* '''to stone to death''' = ''megtojber'' :* '''to stonewall''' = ''buer yuzipea dudi'' :* '''to stoop down''' = ''tabyoper'' :* '''to stop and go''' = ''paoper'' :* '''to stop by''' = ''poser je yizpen'' :* '''to stop crime''' = ''poxer doyov'' :* '''to stop fighting''' = ''dopekujber'' :* '''to stop''' = ''kyoper, lojeser, poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to stop short''' = ''yokposer'' :* '''to stop trying''' = ''oyeker'' :* '''to stop up''' = ''ilyujarer, ilyujber, yujarer'' :* '''to stop working''' = ''olexer'' :* '''to stop-and-go''' = ''paosper'' :* '''to stope''' = ''mukibler bay nogmemi'' :* '''to stopgap''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to stopple''' = ''yujarer'' :* '''to store''' = ''nunamber, nyexer'' :* '''to storm''' = ''mapiler, nyanapyexer'' :* '''to stormproof''' = ''mapilvakxer'' :* '''to stow''' = ''fiyember, koxer, yagyember, zyonyexer'' :* '''to straddle''' = ''zyatyobaper'' :* '''to strafe''' = ''utexdopirer'' :* '''to straggle''' = ''zyauzper'' :* '''to straighten''' = ''izaxer, yablaxer'' :* '''to straighten out''' = ''izaser, lonyafxer'' :* '''to straighten up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, vyabser, vyalaxer'' :* '''to strain''' = ''bexrazonser, kyiabxer, kyibaler, muilyonxer, mulyonxer, mulzyober, zyabixer, zyobixer, zyobuxer'' :* '''to strain to hear''' = ''teetyiker'' :* '''to straiten''' = ''zyoebmimxer'' :* '''to straitjacket''' = ''zyoxer, zyoxtifaber'' :* '''to strand''' = ''yikobeler'' :* '''to strangle''' = ''teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strangulate''' = ''ilpoxer, teyozyoxrer, zyoxrer'' :* '''to strap down''' = ''yuznyiovaber'' :* '''to strap on''' = ''nyanufaber, yuzniovaber'' :* '''to straphang''' = ''nyiovpyoser'' :* '''to strategize''' = ''akpasyenxer, texnapxer'' :* '''to stratify''' = ''moysber, negxer'' :* '''to stray''' = ''uziper'' :* '''to streak''' = ''naidber, naidser, naidxer, volznaider, yagzyosiyner'' :* '''to stream''' = ''agilyoper, miaper, miper, tuunilpuxer'' :* '''to streamline''' = ''ejobxer, gyoxer, yugfaxer'' :* '''to strengthen''' = ''azaser, azaxer, yafxer'' :* '''to stress''' = ''aybazonuer, bexrazonuer, kyiabxer, kyibaler, kyider, zyobuxer'' :* '''to stretch out''' = ''yagser, yeznaser, yeznaxer, zyagper, zyagser'' :* '''to stretch''' = ''yagxer, zyagber, zyagxer, zyanser, zyanxer, zyatibser'' :* '''to strew''' = ''zyaber, zyaveeber'' :* '''to striate''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to stride''' = ''aybnogser, yagtyoper, zyatyopbyaser'' :* '''to strike a match''' = ''mavijber magfubog'' :* '''to strike back''' = ''gawpyexer'' :* '''to strike dead''' = ''tojpyexer'' :* '''to strike down''' = ''yopyexer'' :* '''to strike from the record''' = ''droer bi ha duna taxdren'' :* '''to strike lightning''' = ''mamaker'' :* '''to strike oil''' = ''kaxer magyel'' :* '''to strike out''' = ''pyexeroxler, tampier'' :* '''to strike''' = ''pyexer, yexpoxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to strike up a friendship with -- to substantiate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to strike up a friendship with''' = ''ijber datan bay'' :* '''to string along''' = ''vyotuer'' :* '''to string together''' = ''anyanser, anyanxer, yanyivxer'' :* '''to string up''' = ''nyivxer'' :* '''to strip a title''' = ''dredyunober'' :* '''to strip down a house''' = ''mosober tam'' :* '''to strip''' = ''gyofler, loabsunxer, lotofuer, naifxer, otofuer, tofober, zyogofler'' :* '''to strip naked''' = ''oytofser, oytofxer'' :* '''to strip of bark''' = ''fayobober'' :* '''to strip of decorations''' = ''viober'' :* '''to strip of paint''' = ''sizilober, volzilober'' :* '''to strip of skin''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to strip of the crown''' = ''tebuzober'' :* '''to strip search''' = ''tabkexer'' :* '''to strip-dance''' = ''oytofdazer'' :* '''to stripe''' = ''naidber, naidxer'' :* '''to strive''' = ''azyeker, fizkexer, yagyeker, yekler'' :* '''to strive for''' = ''avufeker, yekunier'' :* '''to strobe''' = ''joibmaniger'' :* '''to stroke''' = ''abaxer, abaxler'' :* '''to stroll about''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to stroll''' = ''ifpaser, ifper, iftyoper'' :* '''to strong-arm''' = ''azpuxer'' :* '''to strongly opine''' = ''aztexyender'' :* '''to strongly suggest''' = ''azduer'' :* '''to structure''' = ''sexyenxer, sunyenxer'' :* '''to struggle against''' = ''ovyanpyexer'' :* '''to struggle along''' = ''zaypyiker'' :* '''to struggle''' = ''azyeker, ufeker, yafeker, yekrer, yigyeker, yikyeker'' :* '''to struggle for''' = ''avufeker'' :* '''to struggle on behalf of''' = ''avdopeker'' :* '''to strum''' = ''tuyubyexer'' :* '''to strut''' = ''ipaper, syupader, yavlatyoper'' :* '''to stub one's toe''' = ''tyoyubuker'' :* '''to stucco''' = ''masmekyelber'' :* '''to stud''' = ''masmuvaber, mugnufber'' :* '''to stud with stars''' = ''manyanxer'' :* '''to study hard''' = ''tixer jestay'' :* '''to study''' = ''tinier, tixer'' :* '''to stuff an animal hide''' = ''yebikxer potayob'' :* '''to stuff''' = ''iklaxer, iktelier, mulikxer, nafikxer, tikebikxer, yebikber, yebikxer, yebuxler'' :* '''to stuff with straw''' = ''umviber'' :* '''to stultify''' = ''lotobaxer'' :* '''to stumble''' = ''byaoser, ovpyoser, pyoyser, tyopyoser, tyopyuker, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to stumble on''' = ''kyekaxer'' :* '''to stump''' = ''didekuer, dodaler'' :* '''to stun''' = ''teazuer, yoklaxer, yokxer'' :* '''to stunt''' = ''ugxer ha agxen bi'' :* '''to stupefy''' = ''eyntijber, tepyofxer, yokraxer'' :* '''to stutter''' = ''paosdaler, uijdaler'' :* '''to sty''' = ''vyumbeser'' :* '''to style''' = ''syenxer'' :* '''to stylize''' = ''syenaxer'' :* '''to stymie''' = ''ovber'' :* '''to sub''' = ''zodezer'' :* '''to subclassify''' = ''oybsyanxer'' :* '''to subcontract''' = ''oybyanyixler'' :* '''to subdivide''' = ''oybgaler, yobgoler'' :* '''to subdue''' = ''abdutxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer'' :* '''to subject''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, oybyuvxer, yuvlaxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to subjectify''' = ''syinxer, vyesyinxer, vyetepxer, xyinxer'' :* '''to subjoin''' = ''zogaber'' :* '''to subjugate''' = ''obyuvxer, oybdaber, yuvlaxer, yuvraxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to sublease''' = ''oybnasyefuer, oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublet''' = ''oybojbuer'' :* '''to sublimate''' = ''vyisaxer'' :* '''to sublime''' = ''frizder'' :* '''to submerge''' = ''miloyber, oybuxer'' :* '''to submerse''' = ''miloyber'' :* '''to submit''' = ''ejbuer, oybdaber, utoybdaber, yuvlaser, yuvnaser, yuvser, yuvxer'' :* '''to submit to''' = ''oybdabwer'' :* '''to submit to tolerate''' = ''xoler'' :* '''to subordinate''' = ''oybdaber, oybnabxer'' :* '''to suborn''' = ''vyoxuer'' :* '''to subscribe''' = ''obdrer, ojnuxer'' :* '''to subserve''' = ''oybyuxler'' :* '''to subside''' = ''oagxer, zoypyoser'' :* '''to subsidize''' = ''yivnasuer'' :* '''to subsist''' = ''oybeser, oybtejer'' :* '''to substantiate''' = ''vyamsader'' </div>{{small/end}} = to substitute -- to support = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to substitute''' = ''avejter, embexer, yembier'' :* '''to subsume''' = ''oybyebier'' :* '''to subtend''' = ''oybzyagxer'' :* '''to subtilize''' = ''tesgyuxer, testyikwaxer, yuknaxer'' :* '''to subtitle''' = ''oybdrer'' :* '''to subtract''' = ''gober'' :* '''to suburbanize''' = ''yuzdomxer'' :* '''to subvert''' = ''oybuzber'' :* '''to sub-vocalize''' = ''oybteuzer'' :* '''to succeed''' = ''fiper, fiujer, jonaper, joper, jouper, ujaker, ujempuer'' :* '''to succor''' = ''yuxer'' :* '''to succumb''' = ''tojer, utlobexer'' :* '''to such a degree''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent''' = ''huunog'' :* '''to such an extent/so''' = ''huugla'' :* '''to suck all the air out of''' = ''malukxer'' :* '''to suck''' = ''bilier, bobyeber, ilbixer, ilier, teubilier, tilaybilier, twiyubier, yebilier, yebteubober'' :* '''to suck blood''' = ''tiibilier, yebilier tiibil'' :* '''to suck in air''' = ''mapier'' :* '''to suck in''' = ''yebixer'' :* '''to suckle''' = ''bilier, tilaybilier, tilaybiluer'' :* '''to suction air''' = ''malyebier'' :* '''to suction''' = ''ilbixer, ilier, yebilier, yebixer'' :* '''to suddenly appear''' = ''yokteaser'' :* '''to suddenly dismiss''' = ''igyipuxer'' :* '''to suddenly drop''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to suddenly jump''' = ''igpuser'' :* '''to suddenly leak''' = ''igiloker'' :* '''to suds up''' = ''abilovber'' :* '''to sue''' = ''doyevkexer, yevsonuer'' :* '''to suffer a loss''' = ''okier, okonier'' :* '''to suffer abuse''' = ''xoler fuyix'' :* '''to suffer''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to suffer defeat''' = ''oklier'' :* '''to suffer pain''' = ''byokier'' :* '''to suffice''' = ''greser, grexer'' :* '''to suffix''' = ''zodungaber'' :* '''to suffocate''' = ''baloyser, baloyxer, teyobyujber, teyobyujer, tiebaloyser, tiebaloyxer'' :* '''to suffrage''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to suffuse''' = ''grailuer, ilikxer'' :* '''to sugar''' = ''levelber'' :* '''to sugarcoat''' = ''vyovixer'' :* '''to suggest a direction''' = ''izonduer'' :* '''to suggest an explanation''' = ''tesduer'' :* '''to suggest''' = ''duer, tesuer, tyunuer'' :* '''to suggest the thought''' = ''texuer'' :* '''to suit''' = ''ebvabier, ebvabiyafxer, fisyenuer, sangelser, sangelxer'' :* '''to suit up''' = ''tafier, tafuer'' :* '''to sulk''' = ''fudoler, uvdoler, uvteuber'' :* '''to sully''' = ''vyunxer, vyuxer'' :* '''to sum''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to sum up''' = ''av ayonden, aynder, gawyogder, glanxer, ogdrer, yogder'' :* '''to summarize''' = ''aynder, yogder'' :* '''to summon''' = ''dodyuer'' :* '''to sun-bathe''' = ''amarilyeper'' :* '''to suntan''' = ''amarmeylzaser, amarmeylzaxer'' :* '''to sup''' = ''telogier'' :* '''to superadd''' = ''aybgaber'' :* '''to superannuate''' = ''grajagder, loyixler av grajagan'' :* '''to supercharge''' = ''gwaikxer'' :* '''to supererogate''' = ''yizyefaxler'' :* '''to superheat''' = ''aybamxer'' :* '''to superimpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to superinduce''' = ''gabuxer'' :* '''to superintend''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to superpose''' = ''aybaber'' :* '''to supersaturate''' = ''graikxer'' :* '''to superscribe''' = ''aybdrer'' :* '''to supersede''' = ''yizyembier'' :* '''to supervene''' = ''yubjouper'' :* '''to supervise''' = ''aybteaxer'' :* '''to supplant''' = ''tyoyober'' :* '''to supplement''' = ''gaber'' :* '''to supplement with taste''' = ''teusgaber'' :* '''to supplicate''' = ''azdiler'' :* '''to supply energy''' = ''nuer azul'' :* '''to supply''' = ''neunxer, nuer, nyuxer'' :* '''to supply power to''' = ''yafonuer'' :* '''to supply training''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to support''' = ''boler, obuner, yabexer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to suppose -- to switch sides = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to suppose''' = ''vekder, vektexer, vetexer'' :* '''to suppress''' = ''byoler, ovbaler, yobaler'' :* '''to suppurate''' = ''bokmuluer'' :* '''to surcease''' = ''poser, poxer, ujber, ujer'' :* '''to surf''' = ''milyazper, mimpyaonper, mimyazper, pyaonper'' :* '''to surfboard''' = ''mimyazfaofer'' :* '''to surge''' = ''igpyaser, ilyaper, milyazer, pyaser, yabuxer, yaprer, zaypuser'' :* '''to surmise''' = ''javeder, vekter, veonder, veontexer'' :* '''to surmount''' = ''aykler, aypler'' :* '''to surpass''' = ''ayper, yizper'' :* '''to surprise''' = ''kopuer, yokxer'' :* '''to surrender''' = ''utzeybuer'' :* '''to surround''' = ''ber yebbu zyus, yuzber, yuzember'' :* '''to survey''' = ''abeater, abeaxer, zeyteaxer, zyadider, zyateaxer'' :* '''to survive''' = ''jetejer, yizjeser, yiztejer'' :* '''to suspect''' = ''fuvetexer, veotexer, veyovtexer'' :* '''to suspend''' = ''abyoser, abyoxer, byoyxer'' :* '''to suspire''' = ''baluer, tiebaluer, tiexer, uvbaluer'' :* '''to suss''' = ''tesier, tixer'' :* '''to sustain''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to sustain damage''' = ''okonier'' :* '''to sustain major damage''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to sustain trauma''' = ''bukier'' :* '''to swab''' = ''apaxler, apaxlofxer, tayevarer, vyiapaxrarer, vyiapaxrer'' :* '''to swaddle''' = ''yuzneyefxer'' :* '''to swag''' = ''uizbaxer'' :* '''to swagger''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swallow a pill''' = ''teubier bekzyunog'' :* '''to swallow easily''' = ''vatexyuker'' :* '''to swallow''' = ''teubier'' :* '''to swallow up''' = ''ikteubier, ikyebixer'' :* '''to swallow whole''' = ''aynteubier, ikteubier'' :* '''to swamp''' = ''grayaxuer, milikber'' :* '''to swap''' = ''ebkyaser, ebkyaxer, ebuier'' :* '''to swarm''' = ''aotnyanager, apelatyanser, napeltyaner, peltyaner'' :* '''to swash''' = ''azilzyeper, seuxilper'' :* '''to swat''' = ''igapyexler, igbyexer, upelapyexer, zaobyexer'' :* '''to swathe''' = ''yuznofber'' :* '''to sway''' = ''kitexuer, kitexyenuer, kuiper, uizbaser, zuibaser, zyuzaobaser'' :* '''to swear allegiance to''' = ''fyavyader vyayux'' :* '''to swear''' = ''fyaojvader, fyavyader'' :* '''to swear in''' = ''fyaojvaduer'' :* '''to swear off''' = ''fyavyoder'' :* '''to swear on the Bible''' = ''fyavyader be ha Fyadyes'' :* '''to swear the truth''' = ''fyavyader ha vyan'' :* '''to sweat''' = ''iloyeper, tayobiler'' :* '''to sweep''' = ''apaxlarer, apaxler, vyixarer'' :* '''to sweep away''' = ''ibapaxlarer, ibapaxler, ibvyifxer, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to sweep off''' = ''obapaxler, obvyifxer'' :* '''to sweeten''' = ''levelber, yugzaxer'' :* '''to swell and shrink''' = ''zyaoser'' :* '''to swell''' = ''gyamalser, gyamalxer, gyaser, gyaxer, ilyaper, milyazer, nidgaser, nidgaxer, nidzyaser, nidzyaxer, yazaser, yazaxer, yazber, yazper, yuzagser, yuzagxer, zyaser, zyuaser, zyuaxer, zyungyaser, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to swelter''' = ''amblokier, amblokuer'' :* '''to swerve''' = ''iguzper, uizpaser'' :* '''to swig''' = ''igtilier, iktilier'' :* '''to swill''' = ''gratilier'' :* '''to swim''' = ''epiaper, milzyeper, piper'' :* '''to swindle''' = ''kobirer, oyevnoxuer, vyobiler, yovoyxer'' :* '''to swing around''' = ''yuzyupaser'' :* '''to swing the bat''' = ''zaobaxer ha byexar'' :* '''to swing to the side''' = ''zoykupaser'' :* '''to swing''' = ''zaober, zaopaxer, zaoper'' :* '''to swinger''' = ''swinger'' :* '''to swingle''' = ''nofunyonxer'' :* '''to swink''' = ''yexler'' :* '''to swipe a card''' = ''igapaxler draf'' :* '''to swipe clean''' = ''ikdoler, vyiapaxler'' :* '''to swipe''' = ''igapaxler, kobiler'' :* '''to swipe with the finger''' = ''tuyubigapaxler'' :* '''to swirl''' = ''ilzyuber, ilzyuper, uzyuber, uzyuper'' :* '''to swish''' = ''uizbaser, zyuilber'' :* '''to switch back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to switch back-and-forth''' = ''zaokyaser, zaokyaxer'' :* '''to switch channels''' = ''kyaxer zyemep'' :* '''to switch course''' = ''izonkyaxer'' :* '''to switch direction''' = ''izonkyaxer, kyaxer izon'' :* '''to switch''' = ''kyaser, kyaxer, yuijarer'' :* '''to switch off''' = ''makujber, ujber, yujkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch on''' = ''ijber, makijber, yijkyayxarer'' :* '''to switch sides''' = ''kumkyaxer, kyaxer kum'' </div>{{small/end}} = to switch spots -- to take away life = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to switch spots''' = ''emkyaser'' :* '''to switchback''' = ''uizper'' :* '''to swive''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to swivel''' = ''nodzyuper, teyozyuper, uizbaser, yivzyuper, zyupler'' :* '''to swivel the hips''' = ''tyoazyuber'' :* '''to swizzle''' = ''ilzyuber'' :* '''to swoon''' = ''kyutebser, yoktujier'' :* '''to swoop down''' = ''igyopaper, yoprer'' :* '''to swoop in on''' = ''yupler'' :* '''to swoosh''' = ''xer yuplea seux'' :* '''to syllabicate''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to syllabify''' = ''dungonxer'' :* '''to symbolize''' = ''tesiunxer'' :* '''to symmetrize''' = ''yannagxer'' :* '''to sympathize''' = ''yantipser, yantoser'' :* '''to synchronize''' = ''yanjwobxer, yannoogxer'' :* '''to syncopate''' = ''obkyiber, ozdeupkyiber'' :* '''to syndicate''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to synonymize''' = ''geltesdunxer'' :* '''to synthesize''' = ''suanyanxer, yantixer'' :* '''to systematize''' = ''naapxer, vyayabxer'' :* '''to tab''' = ''atuyuxarer'' :* '''to table''' = ''doduer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tabulate''' = ''nabyanxer, nyadrer'' :* '''to tack''' = ''gimuyvaber, uzper'' :* '''to tackle a danger''' = ''yufsunier'' :* '''to tackle''' = ''eber, izyeker, pyoxer'' :* '''to tag''' = ''tofdrasber'' :* '''to tailgate''' = ''grayubzopurexer'' :* '''to tailor''' = ''tafsaxer, tofkyaxer, tofsaxer'' :* '''to taint''' = ''bokmulber, fuynxer, lovyizaxer, voylzaber'' :* '''to take a bath''' = ''milyebier, milyeper'' :* '''to take a break''' = ''ponier, ponjobier, ponjwobier, xer pon'' :* '''to take a breath''' = ''alier, tiebalier'' :* '''to take a bus''' = ''bier yuzpur'' :* '''to take a cab''' = ''bier anpopur'' :* '''to take a chance''' = ''kyenier'' :* '''to take a cruise''' = ''xer pip'' :* '''to take a direct route''' = ''ber iza mep, izmeper'' :* '''to take a drug''' = ''bekulier, bier bekul'' :* '''to take a fake name''' = ''vyodyunier'' :* '''to take a flight''' = ''xer pap'' :* '''to take a left''' = ''zuper'' :* '''to take a life''' = ''tejober'' :* '''to take a lift''' = ''bier yaoblir'' :* '''to take a photo''' = ''xer mansin'' :* '''to take a picture''' = ''mansinxer'' :* '''to take a pill''' = ''bier bekzyunog'' :* '''to take a poll''' = ''xer tyodid'' :* '''to take a puff of''' = ''maipier'' :* '''to take a question from x''' = ''bier did bi x'' :* '''to take a quick fall''' = ''igpyoser'' :* '''to take a ride''' = ''pepier'' :* '''to take a right''' = ''ziper'' :* '''to take a risk''' = ''eklier, kyebukier, kyefyunier, kyenier, vekier, vokier'' :* '''to take a sample''' = ''bier saungoyn, saungoynier'' :* '''to take a seat''' = ''simbier'' :* '''to take a shower''' = ''abmilier, bier milpyox, milapyoxier, milpyoxier'' :* '''to take a siesta''' = ''zejubtujer'' :* '''to take a sip''' = ''tilogier'' :* '''to take a spot''' = ''yempier'' :* '''to take a stroll''' = ''iftyopier'' :* '''to take a survey''' = ''aybteadidier'' :* '''to take a taste''' = ''teutier'' :* '''to take a taxi''' = ''bier nuxpur'' :* '''to take a train''' = ''bier bixpur'' :* '''to take a trip''' = ''xer pop'' :* '''to take a walk''' = ''xer iftyop'' :* '''to take across''' = ''zeybeler'' :* '''to take advantage of''' = ''abfinier, akier'' :* '''to take advice''' = ''fyidier, vabier fyid'' :* '''to take ahead''' = ''zaybier'' :* '''to take along''' = ''baybier'' :* '''to take an interest in''' = ''trefier, trefser'' :* '''to take an oath''' = ''fyaojvadier'' :* '''to take apart''' = ''yonber, yonbier, yonxer'' :* '''to take around''' = ''yuzuber'' :* '''to take asylum''' = ''bukpiler'' :* '''to take away''' = ''boyxer, ober, yiber, yibier'' :* '''to take away life''' = ''tejober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take away one's seat = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take away one's seat''' = ''simober'' :* '''to take away one's virginity''' = ''vyizanober'' :* '''to take back''' = ''gawbier, zoyaysiper, zoyaysipler'' :* '''to take back-and-forth''' = ''zaobeler, zaobier'' :* '''to take''' = ''baysiper, beler, bier, direr, efxer, ibexer, izaypier, pler'' :* '''to take beyond''' = ''yizber, yiziber'' :* '''to take by the hand''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take care''' = ''bikier'' :* '''to take care of''' = ''bikuer'' :* '''to take control''' = ''dobier'' :* '''to take counsel''' = ''fyidalier, fyidier'' :* '''to take cover''' = ''kovier, vakier'' :* '''to take delivery of''' = ''nyuxier'' :* '''to take down a poster''' = ''ober sindrof'' :* '''to take down''' = ''yobeler, yober, yobier'' :* '''to take flight''' = ''papier'' :* '''to take for a ride''' = ''pepuer'' :* '''to take for a stroll''' = ''iftyopuer'' :* '''to take forward''' = ''zaybexer, zaybier, zayiber'' :* '''to take great strides''' = ''bier aga pyeni'' :* '''to take heart''' = ''fiyakier, yifier'' :* '''to take hold of''' = ''tuyabier'' :* '''to take hostage''' = ''updirer'' :* '''to take in air''' = ''malyebier, mapier'' :* '''to take in''' = ''teaxier, yebier'' :* '''to take in-and-out''' = ''aoyeber'' :* '''to take inspiration''' = ''fiyakier'' :* '''to take into account''' = ''sagier, tepier'' :* '''to take it upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to take joy in''' = ''ivxier'' :* '''to take leave''' = ''ifpoyser'' :* '''to take leave of''' = ''hoyder, pier'' :* '''to take medicine''' = ''bekulier'' :* '''to take near''' = ''yubier'' :* '''to take notes''' = ''dresier'' :* '''to take of a suit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to take off a hat''' = ''ober tef'' :* '''to take off a shelf''' = ''ober sammoys'' :* '''to take off clothes''' = ''ober toof'' :* '''to take off course''' = ''uzber'' :* '''to take off gloves''' = ''tuyafober, tuyofober'' :* '''to take off''' = ''meelpier, melpier, ober, papier, tofober'' :* '''to take off weight''' = ''kyinoker'' :* '''to take office''' = ''doyafier'' :* '''to take on a burden''' = ''kyisier'' :* '''to take on a business''' = ''xeunier'' :* '''to take on a challenge''' = ''yiflier, yufsunier'' :* '''to take on a cover name''' = ''kodyunier'' :* '''to take on a debt''' = ''yefier'' :* '''to take on a name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on a new shape''' = ''gawsanser'' :* '''to take on a nickname''' = ''dyunifier'' :* '''to take on a rank''' = ''nabier'' :* '''to take on a round shape''' = ''yuzsanser'' :* '''to take on a task''' = ''yexunier'' :* '''to take on a trip''' = ''popuer'' :* '''to take on''' = ''abier, kyisier, zaybier'' :* '''to take on and off''' = ''aober'' :* '''to take on business''' = ''xelier'' :* '''to take on great meaning''' = ''glatesier'' :* '''to take on power''' = ''yafonier'' :* '''to take on suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to take on the name''' = ''dyunier'' :* '''to take on the title''' = ''dredyunier'' :* '''to take one's clothes off''' = ''otoofxer'' :* '''to take one's turn''' = ''bier ota nayb'' :* '''to take out a loan''' = ''nasyefier, ojnuxier'' :* '''to take out insurance''' = ''ojokvakier'' :* '''to take out of use''' = ''oyixber'' :* '''to take out''' = ''oyebier, oyember, yembixer'' :* '''to take out the stitches''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to take over''' = ''dobier, membier'' :* '''to take over power''' = ''dabpyoxer'' :* '''to take ownership of''' = ''bexwaxer'' :* '''to take part''' = ''gonbier'' :* '''to take past''' = ''yizber'' :* '''to take pity on''' = ''tipuvier'' :* '''to take place''' = ''kyeser'' :* '''to take pleasure in''' = ''ifier'' :* '''to take poison''' = ''bokulier'' </div>{{small/end}} = to take possession of -- to team = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to take possession of''' = ''bexier'' :* '''to take power''' = ''birer yafon, dabier, yafbirer, yafier'' :* '''to take precautions''' = ''jabikier, jatepeaxier'' :* '''to take pride in''' = ''fizlier, yavlanier, yavlier'' :* '''to take punishment''' = ''yovbyokier'' :* '''to take refuge''' = ''mempiler, vakembier, vakemper'' :* '''to take responsibility''' = ''dudyefier'' :* '''to take revenge''' = ''ovufuer, zoybyokuer'' :* '''to take root''' = ''fyobser'' :* '''to take shape''' = ''sanier, sanser'' :* '''to take shelter''' = ''koambier, koamser, koembier, ovmasbier, vakemper'' :* '''to take something to someone''' = ''beler hes bu het'' :* '''to take stock of''' = ''neunyansagder'' :* '''to take temperature''' = ''amanarer'' :* '''to take the lead''' = ''zapaser'' :* '''to take the opportunity''' = ''bier ha yijmes'' :* '''to take the place of''' = ''yembier'' :* '''to take the stitches out''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to take the stress off''' = ''kyiabober'' :* '''to take the top off''' = ''loabauner'' :* '''to take the weight off''' = ''lokyixer'' :* '''to take the wrong path''' = ''bier vyosa meyp'' :* '''to take through''' = ''zyeiber'' :* '''to take training''' = ''tyenier'' :* '''to take under''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to take up a position''' = ''emper'' :* '''to take up anchor''' = ''mimgrunyaber'' :* '''to take up arms''' = ''apyexarier, doparier'' :* '''to take up front''' = ''zaiber'' :* '''to take up residence''' = ''tambier, tamkyoxer'' :* '''to take up''' = ''yaber, yabier'' :* '''to take up-and-down''' = ''yaobler'' :* '''to take upon oneself''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to taking mercy on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to taking pity on''' = ''tipuvser'' :* '''to talk about''' = ''vyedaler'' :* '''to talk back''' = ''gawdaler'' :* '''to talk back-and-forth''' = ''zaodaler'' :* '''to talk by phone''' = ''daler bey yibdalir'' :* '''to talk''' = ''daler, ebdaler'' :* '''to talk dirty''' = ''vyudaler'' :* '''to talk in Mirad''' = ''Miradaler'' :* '''to talk loosely''' = ''yivdaler'' :* '''to talk straight''' = ''izdaler'' :* '''to talk to one another''' = ''hyuitdaler'' :* '''to talk too much''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to tally''' = ''aoksagder, syager, vyegeler'' :* '''to tame''' = ''azyuvxer, dotyenxer, taamxer, toydxer, yuvnaxer'' :* '''to tamp''' = ''loazaxer, mulyujber'' :* '''to tamper''' = ''vyoxler'' :* '''to tamper with a jury''' = ''kotexuer yaovdutyan'' :* '''to tamper with''' = ''kokyaxer'' :* '''to tan''' = ''meylzaser, meylzaxer, utmeylzaxer'' :* '''to tangle''' = ''nyafser, nyafxer, yanyafxer, yanyeber'' :* '''to tantalize''' = ''teubiluxer, vyoifuer, vyoojvader, yekuer'' :* '''to tap''' = ''byexer, tuyubyexer, tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to tap dance''' = ''tyoyubyexdazer'' :* '''to tape''' = ''taxdrer'' :* '''to taper''' = ''ujgyoxer'' :* '''to tar and feather''' = ''maegyeluer ay patayeber'' :* '''to tar''' = ''maegyeluer'' :* '''to target''' = ''byunxer'' :* '''to tarnish''' = ''lomaynxer, vyunxer'' :* '''to tarry''' = ''beser, jwoser, yakpeser'' :* '''to task''' = ''yefdyuer, yeyxunuer'' :* '''to taste bad''' = ''futeuser, futoleuser'' :* '''to taste good''' = ''fiteuser'' :* '''to taste like''' = ''teuser'' :* '''to taste''' = ''teuter, teuxer, toleuser, toleuxer'' :* '''to tatter''' = ''novgorfer'' :* '''to tattle''' = ''kokader, lodoler'' :* '''to tattoo''' = ''tayodriluer'' :* '''to taunt''' = ''hihiduduer'' :* '''to tauten''' = ''yignaxer'' :* '''to taw''' = ''tayofxer'' :* '''to tax''' = ''bookxer, donuxuer gabnux'' :* '''to teach a skill''' = ''tyenuer'' :* '''to teach''' = ''tuxer'' :* '''to teach well''' = ''fituxer'' :* '''to team''' = ''iekutyanser'' </div>{{small/end}} = to team up -- to the East = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to team up''' = ''ekutyanser, ekutyanxer'' :* '''to tear apart''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear asunder''' = ''yongofler'' :* '''to tear''' = ''bixrer, gofler'' :* '''to tear down democracy''' = ''tyodaboxer'' :* '''to tear down''' = ''lobyaxer, otomxer, yobixer'' :* '''to tear off''' = ''obgofler, obrer'' :* '''to tear out''' = ''oyebgofler'' :* '''to tear thinly''' = ''zyogofler'' :* '''to tear up''' = ''teabilier, yongofler'' :* '''to tear wide open''' = ''zyagofler'' :* '''to tease''' = ''hihiduer, hihidxer, huhider'' :* '''to tee off''' = ''zyunsyoyber'' :* '''to teehee''' = ''hihider, ozivseuxer'' :* '''to teem''' = ''napeltyanser'' :* '''to teeter''' = ''byaoser, uizbaser'' :* '''to teeth chatter''' = ''teupibaoser'' :* '''to teethe''' = ''teupibier, teupibxer'' :* '''to telecommunicate''' = ''yibebtuier'' :* '''to telecommute''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to telegram''' = ''nyifdrer'' :* '''to telegraph''' = ''nyifdrer, yibdrirer'' :* '''to telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to teleport''' = ''yibeler'' :* '''to tele-process''' = ''yibexler'' :* '''to teleview''' = ''yibsinteaxer'' :* '''to televise''' = ''yibsinier'' :* '''to telework''' = ''yibyexer'' :* '''to tell a funny story''' = ''ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a joke''' = ''dizder, dizdiner, dizunder, ifdiner'' :* '''to tell a lie''' = ''der ovyan, der vyodin, ovyander'' :* '''to tell a story''' = ''der din, dinder'' :* '''to tell a tale''' = ''diyner'' :* '''to tell about''' = ''vyeder'' :* '''to tell all''' = ''hyaskader'' :* '''to tell''' = ''der'' :* '''to tell how much''' = ''glander'' :* '''to tell north from south''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell on''' = ''kokader'' :* '''to tell one's fortune''' = ''kyeojder'' :* '''to tell the direction''' = ''merizonder'' :* '''to tell the future''' = ''ojvyander'' :* '''to tell the truth''' = ''vyader, vyander'' :* '''to tell time''' = ''jwobder'' :* '''to tell under the table''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to temp''' = ''jobyexer'' :* '''to temper''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to temporize''' = ''jobaxer, jwoxer, yagxer'' :* '''to tempt''' = ''yekuer'' :* '''to tend a garden''' = ''deymyexer'' :* '''to tend''' = ''baer, bikuer, kiser'' :* '''to tenderize''' = ''yuglaxer'' :* '''to tense up''' = ''yignaser'' :* '''to tenure''' = ''bemyivuer'' :* '''to tepefy''' = ''eynamaxer'' :* '''to tergiversate''' = ''datankyaxer, uzder, vyankoxer'' :* '''to terminate''' = ''ujber, ujer, ujper'' :* '''to terrify''' = ''yuflaxer'' :* '''to terrorize''' = ''yufraxer, yufrinxer'' :* '''to tessellate''' = ''unkumegxer'' :* '''to test''' = ''finyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to test out''' = ''jayeker, vyaoyeker, yekuer'' :* '''to testify''' = ''teader, vyander, xwader'' :* '''to text''' = ''ebdrer, makdrer, makebdrer'' :* '''to thank''' = ''hyayder, ifduder, iftaxder, nazder'' :* '''to that degree''' = ''hunog'' :* '''to that extent''' = ''hugla, hunog'' :* '''to thatch''' = ''luvober, umviber'' :* '''to thaw''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to the back of''' = ''bu zom bi'' :* '''to the back of the street''' = ''bu zom bi ha domep'' :* '''to the benefit of''' = ''bu fyis bi'' :* '''to the bottom of''' = ''bu obem bi'' :* '''to the close side of''' = ''bu yubkum bi'' :* '''to the contrary''' = ''oyvay'' :* '''to the curvature of the earth''' = ''ha uznadxen bi ha imer'' :* '''to the degree''' = ''hagla, hanog'' :* '''to the degree that''' = ''hanog ho, honog'' :* '''to the downstairs''' = ''bu yobem'' :* '''to the East''' = ''ha ZImer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to the end of -- to thrill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to the end of''' = ''bu ujem bi'' :* '''to the extent that''' = ''hanog ho'' :* '''to the far end of''' = ''bi yibuj bi, bu yibuj bi'' :* '''to the far ends of''' = ''bu yibujem bi'' :* '''to the far left of''' = ''bu yibzum bi'' :* '''to the far reaches of''' = ''bu yibyabem bi'' :* '''to the far right of''' = ''bi yibzim bi, bu yibzim bi'' :* '''to the far side of''' = ''bu yibkum bi'' :* '''to the following degree''' = ''hiigla'' :* '''to the front of''' = ''bu zam bi'' :* '''to the front of the street''' = ''bu zam bi ha domep'' :* '''to the inner depths of''' = ''bu yibyebem bi'' :* '''to the inside''' = ''bu yebem'' :* '''to the left of''' = ''zu'' :* '''to the left side of''' = ''bu zum bi'' :* '''to the lower depths of''' = ''bu yibyobem bi'' :* '''to the middle of''' = ''bu zem bi'' :* '''to the middle of the street''' = ''bu zem bi ha domep'' :* '''to the negative power of''' = ''gor'' :* '''to the North''' = ''ha ZAmer'' :* '''to the opposite side of''' = ''bu oyvkum bi'' :* '''to the opposite side of the street''' = ''bu oyva kum bi ha domep'' :* '''to the other side of''' = ''bu hyukum bi'' :* '''to the outer depths of''' = ''bu yiboyebem bi'' :* '''to the outer fringes of''' = ''bu yibyuzem bi'' :* '''to the outside''' = ''bu oyebem'' :* '''to the point of''' = ''bu nod bi'' :* '''to the power of''' = ''gar'' :* '''to the power of plus three''' = ''gar-iwa'' :* '''to the power of plus two''' = ''garewa'' :* '''to the right of''' = ''zi'' :* '''to the right side of''' = ''bu zim bi'' :* '''to the same degree''' = ''hyinog'' :* '''to the same degree that''' = ''hyinog ho'' :* '''to the same extent''' = ''hyigla, hyinog'' :* '''to the same side of''' = ''bu hyikum bi'' :* '''to the side of''' = ''bu kun bi'' :* '''to the sky''' = ''bu mam'' :* '''to the South''' = ''ha ZOmer'' :* '''to the start of''' = ''bu ijem bi'' :* '''to the top of''' = ''bu abem bi'' :* '''to the upstairs''' = ''bu yabem'' :* '''to the vicinity of''' = ''bu yubem bi'' :* '''to the West''' = ''ha Umer'' :* '''to theorize''' = ''tuinder, tuinxer'' :* '''to there''' = ''bu hum'' :* '''to there to be''' = ''beuwer, eser'' :* '''to thicken''' = ''gyalaser, gyalaxer, gyaxer, zyeagser, zyeagxer'' :* '''to thieve''' = ''dolbier, kobier, ofbier, vyobier, yovbier'' :* '''to thin down''' = ''gyolser, yuzogser'' :* '''to thin out''' = ''gyoaser, gyoaxer, gyolxer, yuzogxer'' :* '''to thin''' = ''zyeogxer'' :* '''to think ahead''' = ''jatexer, zaytexer'' :* '''to think alike''' = ''geltexer, geltexyener'' :* '''to think back''' = ''gawtexer'' :* '''to think certain''' = ''vlatexer'' :* '''to think differently''' = ''hyutexer'' :* '''to think logically''' = ''iztexer, vyatexer'' :* '''to think not''' = ''votexer'' :* '''to think of before''' = ''jatexer'' :* '''to think privately''' = ''kotexer'' :* '''to think rationally''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think so''' = ''vatexer'' :* '''to think straight''' = ''iztexer'' :* '''to think''' = ''texer'' :* '''to think the contrary''' = ''oyvtexyener'' :* '''to think the opposite''' = ''oyvtexer'' :* '''to think wrongly''' = ''vyotexer'' :* '''to thirst''' = ''tilefer'' :* '''to this degree''' = ''higla, hiigla, hinog'' :* '''to this extent''' = ''hinog'' :* '''to this planet''' = ''hyimer'' :* '''to thole''' = ''bloker'' :* '''to thoroughly clean''' = ''ikvyixer'' :* '''to thrash''' = ''okrer'' :* '''to thread a needle''' = ''nifzyeber nifar'' :* '''to thread''' = ''nifber'' :* '''to threaten''' = ''fuveonder, jayufsonuer, jwavokuer, kyebukuer, lovakuer, ojfyunder, ovakder, vebukuer, vekuer, vokder, yufsunuer'' :* '''to thresh''' = ''veeybyonxer'' :* '''to thrill''' = ''iflaxer, tipaxler, tosiflaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to thrive -- to to be obligated = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to thrive''' = ''fitejer, yagtejer'' :* '''to throb''' = ''zyaobaser, zyaoser'' :* '''to throng''' = ''balutyanxer, nyanotyanser'' :* '''to throttle''' = ''malyujber, suriganber'' :* '''to throw a ball''' = ''puxer zyun'' :* '''to throw about''' = ''zyapuxer'' :* '''to throw across''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to throw around''' = ''zyupuxer'' :* '''to throw aside''' = ''kupuxer'' :* '''to throw away''' = ''ipuxer, lobelunxer, lonexer, yipuxer'' :* '''to throw back and forth''' = ''puixer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw back in''' = ''gawyepuxer'' :* '''to throw back''' = ''zoypuxer'' :* '''to throw back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuxer'' :* '''to throw down''' = ''pyoxer, yobrer, yopuxer'' :* '''to throw in''' = ''yepuxer'' :* '''to throw off balance''' = ''lozeber, ozebwaxer'' :* '''to throw off''' = ''opuxer'' :* '''to throw on''' = ''apuxer'' :* '''to throw out as a possibility''' = ''veder'' :* '''to throw out of office''' = ''ovdeber'' :* '''to throw out''' = ''oyebember, oyepuxer'' :* '''to throw over''' = ''aypuxer'' :* '''to throw overboard''' = ''aypuxer, miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw''' = ''puxer'' :* '''to throw under''' = ''oypuxer'' :* '''to throw underwater''' = ''miloypuxer'' :* '''to throw up''' = ''tikebiloker, yapuxer'' :* '''to thrum''' = ''apelader'' :* '''to thrust''' = ''puxler, yebaler, zaybuxer, zaypuxer'' :* '''to thud''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to thumb''' = ''atuyuber'' :* '''to thump''' = ''kyibyexer, kyiseuxer'' :* '''to thunder''' = ''mameuxer'' :* '''to thwack''' = ''zyipyexer'' :* '''to thwart''' = ''ovaxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to tick off''' = ''nodxer'' :* '''to tickle''' = ''dizeuduer, hihiduer, hihidxer, ifbyuxeger, iftuyuxer, ivseuxuer, ivteuduer, tuloxefxer, tuyubifxer, uigabaxer'' :* '''to tidy up''' = ''finapser, finapxer, napizaxer, olonapxer, vyikser, vyikxer'' :* '''to tie''' = ''geeksager, nyafxer, yuvxer'' :* '''to tie up''' = ''nifyuzer'' :* '''to tie up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovxer'' :* '''to tiebreaker''' = ''geeksag loxer'' :* '''to tiff''' = ''daldopeyker'' :* '''to tighten up''' = ''zoyyignaser'' :* '''to tighten''' = ''yanyigxer, yignaser, yignaxer, zyobixer, zyoser, zyoxer'' :* '''to till''' = ''fobyexer, melyexirer'' :* '''to tilt backwards''' = ''zoybaer'' :* '''to tilt''' = ''baer, kubaer, yobaer, yobkiser, yopler'' :* '''to tilt down''' = ''yobkixer'' :* '''to tilt forward''' = ''zaybaer'' :* '''to tilt up''' = ''yabaer'' :* '''to timber''' = ''faotomxer'' :* '''to time''' = ''jwabsager'' :* '''to time to the second''' = ''jwagsager'' :* '''to tin''' = ''sonilkaber, sonilkyeber'' :* '''to ting''' = ''yabgiseuxer'' :* '''to tinge''' = ''gwovolziler, voylzaber'' :* '''to tingle''' = ''obostayoser, peltayoser, peltayoxer'' :* '''to tinkle''' = ''seusaroger'' :* '''to tint''' = ''voylzaber, voylzer, voylzilber, voylziler, zoylzber'' :* '''to tip enough''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip''' = ''gabnasuer, yuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip just the right amount''' = ''greyuxnasuer'' :* '''to tip off in advance''' = ''jatuer'' :* '''to tip off''' = ''jatuer, tuer, yuxtuer'' :* '''to tip off on the sly''' = ''kotuer'' :* '''to tip over''' = ''yobaser, yobaxer'' :* '''to tipple''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to tipsify''' = ''filuizbaxer'' :* '''to tiptoe''' = ''tyoyuper'' :* '''to tire''' = ''azfanukxer, bookxer, ikyixer, jugser, ozlaser, yixrer'' :* '''to tire out''' = ''grayixer, ozlaxer, tabozaxer, yiixer, yiixwer'' :* '''to tithe''' = ''aloynuxer'' :* '''to titillate''' = ''ifpaaxer'' :* '''to titivate''' = ''ujgafixer'' :* '''to title''' = ''abdrer, abdyunuer, abdyunxer, donabdyunuer, dredyunuer, fizdyunuer'' :* '''to titter''' = ''eynteusozer'' :* '''to tittup''' = ''apedazer'' :* '''to to be obligated''' = ''yeyfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to to need critically -- to train poorly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to to need critically''' = ''efrer'' :* '''to to raise awareness''' = ''tyafxer'' :* '''to toast''' = ''aymxer, hwayder, melzaxer, tilfizuer, tilhyayder, umamxer'' :* '''to toboggan''' = ''malyomkyuparer'' :* '''to toddle''' = ''kyaotyoper'' :* '''to toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyexer'' :* '''to toggle''' = ''zaober'' :* '''to toil''' = ''yexrer'' :* '''to tokenize''' = ''siunaxer'' :* '''to tolerate''' = ''ayfer, ayfxer, bloker, blokier, vaafer, vayafxer'' :* '''to tone down''' = ''yobseuzaxer, yobseuzuer, yugraser'' :* '''to tone up''' = ''seuzuer, yabseuzuer'' :* '''to tongue''' = ''teubaber'' :* '''to tonsure''' = ''tayegobler'' :* '''to tool''' = ''sarer, saruer'' :* '''to toot''' = ''awapeider, seuxarer, voduzareser'' :* '''to toot the horn''' = ''seuxraruer'' :* '''to tootle''' = ''ozkoduzareser'' :* '''to top''' = ''abaunxer'' :* '''to top off''' = ''abgabuner, syaber'' :* '''to top out''' = ''abnodser, yabnodser, yabnodxer'' :* '''to tope''' = ''grafilier'' :* '''to topple''' = ''aypyoser, lobyaxer, pyoxer, pyoxler, yobixer, yobler, yobyexer, yopyoxer'' :* '''to topspin''' = ''abemzyuber'' :* '''to torch''' = ''mavaruer'' :* '''to torment''' = ''blokuer'' :* '''to torrefy''' = ''azaummxer'' :* '''to torture''' = ''brokuer, uzraxer'' :* '''to toss a ball''' = ''puyxer zyun'' :* '''to toss and turn''' = ''tuijper'' :* '''to toss away''' = ''ipuyxer'' :* '''to toss back''' = ''zoypuyxer'' :* '''to toss back-and-forth''' = ''zaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss forward''' = ''zaypuyxer'' :* '''to toss in''' = ''yepuyxer'' :* '''to toss left and right''' = ''zuipuyxer'' :* '''to toss off''' = ''opuyxer'' :* '''to toss on''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss onto''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss out''' = ''oyepuyxer'' :* '''to toss over''' = ''aypuyxer'' :* '''to toss''' = ''puyxer, zaopuxer'' :* '''to toss this way''' = ''upuyxer'' :* '''to toss up''' = ''yapuyxer'' :* '''to toss up-and-down''' = ''yaopuyxer'' :* '''to toss upon''' = ''apuyxer'' :* '''to toss-and-turn''' = ''tuijer'' :* '''to total''' = ''iksagser, iksagxer'' :* '''to totalize''' = ''iknanzyaber'' :* '''to totally consume''' = ''ikteler'' :* '''to tote''' = ''beler'' :* '''to totter''' = ''uizbaser'' :* '''to touch base with''' = ''yanbyuxer bay'' :* '''to touch''' = ''tayoxer, tuyuxer'' :* '''to touch up''' = ''gawtayoxer'' :* '''to toughen''' = ''gyiaxer, yigfaxer, yigxer'' :* '''to toughen up''' = ''tapyigxer'' :* '''to tour around''' = ''zyaper'' :* '''to tour''' = ''ifpoper, yuzmeper, yuzper, yuzpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to tourney''' = ''gonbier dopekyan, gonbier ekyan, gonbier ifekyan'' :* '''to tousle''' = ''futayebarer, lonapxer'' :* '''to tout''' = ''dofider'' :* '''to tow across''' = ''zeybixer'' :* '''to tow''' = ''biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to towel down''' = ''milnovxer'' :* '''to towel oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxer'' :* '''to tower over''' = ''yabtomer'' :* '''to toy with''' = ''ekarer, ifekarer'' :* '''to trace''' = ''ajpensiyner, josiynxer, pensiyner, zonaadrer'' :* '''to track''' = ''ajpensiyner, jopensiyner, josiynxer, zonaadrer'' :* '''to trade''' = ''buier, buinuner, ebkyaxer, ebnunxer, nunuier'' :* '''to traduce''' = ''fuder'' :* '''to traffic''' = ''koebkyaxer, nunuier, vyoxler'' :* '''to trail behind''' = ''zobiser'' :* '''to trail''' = ''jopensiynxer, zoper, zopuer, zougper'' :* '''to train a microscope on''' = ''oglateaxarer'' :* '''to train animals''' = ''pottamxer'' :* '''to train''' = ''azyuvxer, jubyenxer, tuyxer, tyenier, tyenuer, tyier, tyuer'' :* '''to train one's eye on''' = ''kyoteaxer'' :* '''to train poorly''' = ''futuyxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to traipse -- to trice = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to traipse''' = ''yiktyoper'' :* '''to traject''' = ''zeypuxer'' :* '''to trammel''' = ''eber, yuvarer, yuzujber'' :* '''to tramp''' = ''kyutyoper'' :* '''to trample''' = ''abarer, tyoyabarer'' :* '''to trampled''' = ''tyoyabarer'' :* '''to tranquilize''' = ''booxer, booxuluer'' :* '''to transact''' = ''xaler'' :* '''to transceive''' = ''uiber'' :* '''to transcend''' = ''yiznogper'' :* '''to transcode''' = ''zeykodrer'' :* '''to transcribe''' = ''zeydrer'' :* '''to transfer''' = ''ebeler, kyaember, zeybeler, zeybuer'' :* '''to transfigure oneself''' = ''sinkyaser'' :* '''to transfigure''' = ''sinkyaxer'' :* '''to transfix''' = ''dopargiber, pasyofxer'' :* '''to transform''' = ''gawsanxer, sankyaser, sankyaxer'' :* '''to transfuse''' = ''zeyiluer'' :* '''to transgress''' = ''fyoxer, oxaler'' :* '''to transistorize''' = ''ebkyaxarxer'' :* '''to transit''' = ''zyeper'' :* '''to transition gender''' = ''kyatoobaser'' :* '''to transition to a female''' = ''kyatooybser'' :* '''to transition to a male''' = ''kyatwoobser'' :* '''to transition''' = ''zeyper'' :* '''to translate''' = ''ebtestuer, hyudalzeynxer'' :* '''to transliterate''' = ''zeydresiynxer'' :* '''to transmigrate''' = ''memkyaxer, zeymemper'' :* '''to transmit''' = ''alpuber, zeyuber, zyeuber'' :* '''to transmit by radio''' = ''alpubarer'' :* '''to transmit through the air''' = ''malzyeuber'' :* '''to transmogrify''' = ''iksankyaxer'' :* '''to transmute''' = ''suankyaxer'' :* '''to transpire''' = ''mialoker'' :* '''to transplant''' = ''emkyaxer, zeykyober'' :* '''to transport''' = ''buibeler, zeybeler, zyebeler'' :* '''to transpose''' = ''kyaber, zeyber'' :* '''to transship''' = ''buibelurkyaxer'' :* '''to transubstantiate''' = ''mulkyaxer, zeymulxer'' :* '''to transude''' = ''zeytayozyegper'' :* '''to transverse''' = ''zeynadxer'' :* '''to trap''' = ''pexer, pexumber, potpexer'' :* '''to trash''' = ''fyuder, fyumulxer, lobelunxer'' :* '''to traumatize''' = ''bukxer, fyunaguer, tepbukuer'' :* '''to travail''' = ''yeexer'' :* '''to travel about''' = ''huimpoper, zyapoper'' :* '''to travel abroad''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel aimlessly''' = ''kyepoper'' :* '''to travel all over''' = ''yuipaper'' :* '''to travel around''' = ''yuzpoper'' :* '''to travel by subway''' = ''mumpurer'' :* '''to travel for pleasure''' = ''ifpoper'' :* '''to travel here-and-yon''' = ''huimpoper'' :* '''to travel near and far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel near-and-far''' = ''yuipoper'' :* '''to travel overseas''' = ''oyebmempoper, yibmempoper'' :* '''to travel''' = ''poper, zyaper'' :* '''to travel round trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel round-trip''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel to-and-fro''' = ''buipoper'' :* '''to travel underground''' = ''mumpoper'' :* '''to trawl''' = ''pitpexnefxer'' :* '''to tread''' = ''kyityoper, tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treadle''' = ''tyoyabaler'' :* '''to treasure''' = ''glanazer'' :* '''to treat''' = ''beker, ifbuer'' :* '''to treat equally''' = ''gebeker, yevbeker'' :* '''to treat heavy-handedly''' = ''beker kyituyabay, kyituyaber'' :* '''to treat unfairly''' = ''ogebeker, oyevbeker'' :* '''to treat well''' = ''fibeker'' :* '''to treat with dignity''' = ''utfiyzuer'' :* '''to treat with sulfur''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to tremble''' = ''baosrer, paoser, pasrer'' :* '''to tremble in fear''' = ''yufrer'' :* '''to tremble with fear''' = ''yufbaoser'' :* '''to tremble with joy''' = ''ivbaoser'' :* '''to trend''' = ''kisyener'' :* '''to trespass''' = ''vyozyeper'' :* '''to triangulate''' = ''ingunsaxer'' :* '''to trice''' = ''nyifbixer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to trick -- to turn off the headlights = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to trick''' = ''kovyoxer, tepvyoxer, vyoeker, vyotexuer'' :* '''to trickle down''' = ''yobmiyoper'' :* '''to trickle''' = ''miiper, miupser, miyoper, ugilper'' :* '''to tricycle''' = ''inzyukparer'' :* '''to trifle''' = ''ugper'' :* '''to trifle with''' = ''fuifeker'' :* '''to trigger''' = ''ijber, zoybixarer'' :* '''to trill''' = ''milapoder, nalopelder, yaoseuxer'' :* '''to trim a hedge''' = ''vigobler fubyuzmays'' :* '''to trim down''' = ''gyolser'' :* '''to trim''' = ''gyolxer, kunadgobler, viber, vigobler'' :* '''to trip''' = ''pyoyser, pyoyxer, tyopyoser, tyoyavyoper, vyotyoper'' :* '''to trip up''' = ''tyoyavyober'' :* '''to triple''' = ''insaunxer, ionxer'' :* '''to trisect''' = ''ingegonxer, ingobler'' :* '''to triturate''' = ''annumxer, myekxer'' :* '''to triumph over''' = ''akrer'' :* '''to trivialize''' = ''kyutesaxer, testkyuaxer'' :* '''to trod''' = ''kyityoper'' :* '''to troll''' = ''yuztyoper'' :* '''to tromp''' = ''kyityoyabaler'' :* '''to trot''' = ''apetyoper, ugpotper'' :* '''to trouble''' = ''fyuyxer, oteboxer'' :* '''to troubleshoot''' = ''funkexer'' :* '''to trounce''' = ''akrer, okrer'' :* '''to truck''' = ''belurer, kyispurer, nunpurer'' :* '''to truckle''' = ''zyuykper'' :* '''to trudge''' = ''kyiper, zougper'' :* '''to true east''' = ''iz zimer'' :* '''to true north''' = ''iz zamer'' :* '''to trump''' = ''gafixer, yiznaber'' :* '''to trumpet''' = ''gapoder'' :* '''to trumpet oneself''' = ''utfrider'' :* '''to truncate''' = ''gonober, yoggobler'' :* '''to trundle''' = ''kyiper'' :* '''to trust''' = ''vatexer, vatexier, vlatexer, vyatipuer, yanvatexer'' :* '''to try a case''' = ''yeker doyevson'' :* '''to try again''' = ''gawyeker'' :* '''to try''' = ''doyevyeker, xefer, yaovyeker, yeker'' :* '''to try hard''' = ''xelfer, yeker jestay'' :* '''to try on a new outfit''' = ''yeker ejna tof'' :* '''to try on''' = ''abyeker'' :* '''to try out''' = ''teexuer'' :* '''to try to hear''' = ''teetyeker'' :* '''to try to locate''' = ''emkexer'' :* '''to tuck in''' = ''yebaler, yebuxer'' :* '''to tucker''' = ''bookxer'' :* '''to tuft''' = ''tayebeber'' :* '''to tug''' = ''bixer, biyxer, zobixer'' :* '''to tug to the right''' = ''zibixer'' :* '''to tumble back''' = ''zoypyoser'' :* '''to tumble down''' = ''yopyoser'' :* '''to tumble''' = ''yoprer, zyupyoser, zyupyoxer'' :* '''to tumble-dry''' = ''kaduzarumxer'' :* '''to tumefy''' = ''yazaxer, zyungyaxer'' :* '''to tune''' = ''fiseuzaxer, vyaduznegxer, vyanabxer'' :* '''to tunnel''' = ''muper'' :* '''to tunnel underneath''' = ''oybmuper'' :* '''to turn a knob''' = ''zyuber nufag'' :* '''to turn a light off''' = ''manyujber, yujber ha man'' :* '''to turn against''' = ''ovyuzper'' :* '''to turn all the way around''' = ''aynzyuser, aynzyuxer'' :* '''to turn around''' = ''izonkyaxer, yuzbaser, zoyizonper, zoymber'' :* '''to turn away''' = ''ibzyuber, ibzyuper, uziper, yonuzber'' :* '''to turn back''' = ''gawuzber, gawuzper'' :* '''to turn back on''' = ''gawmanyijber'' :* '''to turn down''' = ''oyber, ozaxer'' :* '''to turn down the volume''' = ''ozaxer ha nid'' :* '''to turn full circle''' = ''aynzyuper'' :* '''to turn green''' = ''ulzaser'' :* '''to turn half way round''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn half-way around''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn halfway''' = ''eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn in''' = ''yebuzper'' :* '''to turn inward''' = ''yebuzber, yebuzper'' :* '''to turn left''' = ''zuper, zuuzper'' :* '''to turn off a light''' = ''ujber man'' :* '''to turn off''' = ''makyujber, manyujber, ujber'' :* '''to turn off the electricity''' = ''makyujber, ujber ha mak'' :* '''to turn off the headlights''' = ''yujber ha zamanari'' </div>{{small/end}} = to turn off the television -- to uncharge = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to turn off the television''' = ''ujber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn on a light''' = ''ijber ha man, manyijber, yijber man'' :* '''to turn on an oven''' = ''yijber ummagelar'' :* '''to turn on''' = ''makyijber, manyijber, yijber'' :* '''to turn on the electricity''' = ''makyijber, yijber ha mak'' :* '''to turn on the headlights''' = ''yijber ha zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the high beams''' = ''yijber ha ika zamanari'' :* '''to turn on the television''' = ''yijber ha yibsinibar'' :* '''to turn out bad''' = ''fuujer'' :* '''to turn out''' = ''saser'' :* '''to turn out well''' = ''fiujer'' :* '''to turn over''' = ''kumkyaxer, lobyaxer, zoymber'' :* '''to turn part way''' = ''eynuzber, eynuzper, eynzyuber, eynzyuper'' :* '''to turn pink''' = ''yelzaser'' :* '''to turn right''' = ''ziper, ziuzper'' :* '''to turn the corner''' = ''gumuzper, guper'' :* '''to turn the volume down''' = ''nidyober, yober ha nid, yober ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn the volume up''' = ''nidyaber, yaber ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn to stone''' = ''megser'' :* '''to turn. turn around''' = ''zyuper'' :* '''to turn ugly''' = ''vuaser'' :* '''to turn up''' = ''azaxer'' :* '''to turn up the volume''' = ''azaxer ha seuxnid'' :* '''to turn upside down''' = ''aobemper, lobyaxer, napkyaxer, yobaser, yobyabuzber, yobyexer, yonaber'' :* '''to turn''' = ''uzber, uzper, zyuber'' :* '''to tussle''' = ''epyeyxer, futayebarer'' :* '''to tutor''' = ''tuyxer'' :* '''to twaddle''' = ''otesder'' :* '''to tweak''' = ''vyanabxer'' :* '''to tween''' = ''ebsinber'' :* '''to tweet''' = ''pader, padrer'' :* '''to tweeze''' = ''ogtayepixer'' :* '''to twiddle''' = ''uztuyubeker'' :* '''to twill''' = ''ennefxer'' :* '''to twine''' = ''eonyifxer'' :* '''to twinge''' = ''iggibukier, zyobixer'' :* '''to twinkle''' = ''manyuijer'' :* '''to twirl''' = ''igzyuber, igzyuper, zyubler, zyulser, zyupler'' :* '''to twist off''' = ''obuzraxer'' :* '''to twist out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxer'' :* '''to twist''' = ''uzraser, uzraxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyubrer, zyulser, zyulxer, zyupler, zyuprer'' :* '''to twit''' = ''fuivteuder, funkader'' :* '''to twitch''' = ''baysler'' :* '''to twitter''' = ''tapelader'' :* '''to type''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to type over''' = ''aybdrirer, gawdrirer'' :* '''to typecast''' = ''kyogonekxer, saunkyoxer'' :* '''to typewrite''' = ''drirer'' :* '''to typify''' = ''saunser, saunxer, syanesaxer'' :* '''to tyrannize''' = ''yufdreber'' :* '''to uglify''' = ''vuaxer'' :* '''to ulcerate''' = ''yijbuykser'' :* '''to ulster''' = ''ulster abtaf'' :* '''to ululate''' = ''upyoder'' :* '''to unapprove''' = ''ofivader'' :* '''to unarm''' = ''doparober, lodoparuer'' :* '''to unbandage''' = ''yuznofober'' :* '''to unbar''' = ''olovpyexer, yikonober'' :* '''to unbelt''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unbend''' = ''lokixer'' :* '''to unbind''' = ''lonyafxer, loyuvbexer, yoner'' :* '''to unblanket''' = ''abaofober'' :* '''to unblock''' = ''loeber, loovoner, loovpyexer, loovunxer, okyoxer, yijber, yikonober'' :* '''to unbolt''' = ''kyupmuvober, yujmuvober'' :* '''to unbosom''' = ''fuxkader'' :* '''to unbrace''' = ''loyanxer, yivxer, yugsaxer'' :* '''to unbraid''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unbrake''' = ''lougarer'' :* '''to unbridle''' = ''apenufyanober'' :* '''to unbuckle''' = ''mugnyafober, zyuisober, zyuixober'' :* '''to unbuild''' = ''losexer'' :* '''to unburden''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unburrow''' = ''mupoyeber'' :* '''to unbutton''' = ''lonufxer'' :* '''to uncage''' = ''lopexumber'' :* '''to uncanonize''' = ''lofyavyabxer'' :* '''to uncap''' = ''ilyujarober, losyaber, syabober'' :* '''to uncase''' = ''tayobober'' :* '''to unchain''' = ''loanyanxer, lomugyanarer, louzunyanxer, loyanarnadxer, loyanaryanxer, loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer, loyuzunyanxer, yanzyusober, yonyuvarer'' :* '''to uncharge''' = ''kyisober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unclamp -- to undo = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unclamp''' = ''loyanbaler, oyuzbexer'' :* '''to unclasp''' = ''loyanbexer'' :* '''to unclear''' = ''lovyifxwer'' :* '''to unclench''' = ''oyuzbaer'' :* '''to unclinch''' = ''grunober'' :* '''to uncloak''' = ''koxofober, kyitafober, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to unclog''' = ''vyifxer'' :* '''to unclothe''' = ''otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to uncluster''' = ''lomulyanxer'' :* '''to unclutch''' = ''loabexer'' :* '''to uncoil''' = ''logabzyuxer, loyuzyuber, lozyuyuzber'' :* '''to uncompact''' = ''loyanbarer'' :* '''to uncomplicate''' = ''logyisonxer, oyiklaxer, oyiksonxer'' :* '''to uncouple''' = ''loeunxer, loyanarxer'' :* '''to uncover''' = ''abaofober, kovober, loabaer, loabauner, lokoxer, losyaber, okofxer, okoxnofxer, okoxofxer'' :* '''to uncrate''' = ''onyusber'' :* '''to uncross''' = ''lozeyber'' :* '''to uncurb''' = ''logoyber'' :* '''to uncurl''' = ''lotayebuzaxer, oluzyuber'' :* '''to undeceive''' = ''lovyotexuer'' :* '''to underachieve''' = ''groujaker'' :* '''to underact''' = ''groaxler'' :* '''to under-appreciate''' = ''glonazder'' :* '''to underbid''' = ''grodurer'' :* '''to underbuy''' = ''oybnuxbier'' :* '''to undercharge''' = ''gronuxuer'' :* '''to under-cook''' = ''gromageler'' :* '''to undercool''' = ''grooymxer'' :* '''to undercut''' = ''oybnixbuer oypyexer'' :* '''to underdo''' = ''groxer'' :* '''to under-eat''' = ''grotelier'' :* '''to undereducate''' = ''grotuuxer'' :* '''to underestimate''' = ''grofyinder, gronazuer'' :* '''to under-evaluate''' = ''glonazder, gronazuer'' :* '''to underexpose''' = ''grokaber'' :* '''to underfeed''' = ''groteluer'' :* '''to underflow''' = ''oybilper'' :* '''to underfurnish''' = ''gronuer, grosomber'' :* '''to undergo a bashing''' = ''xoler pyexen'' :* '''to undergo a medical operation''' = ''xoler bektuna axleyn'' :* '''to undergo again''' = ''gawxoler'' :* '''to undergo''' = ''keser, xoler'' :* '''to undergo major trauma''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo severe injury''' = ''fyunagier'' :* '''to undergo suffering''' = ''blokier'' :* '''to underlay''' = ''oyber'' :* '''to underlease''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlet''' = ''oybjobnixer'' :* '''to underlie''' = ''oybkyiser'' :* '''to underline''' = ''oybnadrer'' :* '''to underload''' = ''grokyisuer'' :* '''to undermine''' = ''azonukxer, ovyexer'' :* '''to undernourish''' = ''grotoluer'' :* '''to underpay''' = ''gronuxer'' :* '''to underpin''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underplay''' = ''groder, oybdezer, oybeker'' :* '''to underplay the importance of''' = ''grotesaxer'' :* '''to underprize''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underprop''' = ''oyboler'' :* '''to underquote''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underrate''' = ''gronazder'' :* '''to underscore''' = ''kyider'' :* '''to undersell''' = ''gronixbuer'' :* '''to underset''' = ''boler, oyber'' :* '''to undershoot''' = ''fupuxrer, gropyuxer'' :* '''to undersign''' = ''oybdyuner'' :* '''to understand properly''' = ''vyatester'' :* '''to understand''' = ''tester, testier'' :* '''to understand well''' = ''fitester'' :* '''to understate''' = ''groder'' :* '''to understudy''' = ''oybtixer'' :* '''to undertake''' = ''yekier'' :* '''to under-tip''' = ''groyuxnasuer'' :* '''to undertow''' = ''oybzobiler'' :* '''to undertrain''' = ''grotyenuer'' :* '''to undervalue''' = ''grofyinder, gronazder'' :* '''to underwhelm''' = ''grotedrunuer'' :* '''to underwork''' = ''groyexuer'' :* '''to underwrite''' = ''nasboler, ojokvakdrer'' :* '''to undo''' = ''loxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to undress -- to unrivet = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to undress''' = ''lotofuer, otoofser, otoofxer, tofober'' :* '''to undulate''' = ''pyaonser'' :* '''to unearth''' = ''lomelber'' :* '''to unerase''' = ''lodroer'' :* '''to unfasten''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, lonyafxer'' :* '''to unfence''' = ''yuzmaysober'' :* '''to unfetter''' = ''loyanaryanxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unfix''' = ''grunober, lofunober, lonafxer'' :* '''to unfold''' = ''loofyujer, ofyujober, oyanyujber, oyuzyuber, yuzofyujober'' :* '''to unframe''' = ''sinyuzober'' :* '''to unfreeze''' = ''loyomxer'' :* '''to unfriend''' = ''lodatxer'' :* '''to unfrock''' = ''fyatofober'' :* '''to unfurl''' = ''ouzyunxer'' :* '''to ungarnish''' = ''viober'' :* '''to ungear''' = ''losaryanuer'' :* '''to ungird''' = ''zetifober'' :* '''to unglue''' = ''oyanulber, yanulober, yonilxer'' :* '''to ungrease''' = ''loyelber'' :* '''to unhamper''' = ''loeber, olovyoyner'' :* '''to unhand''' = ''lotuyaber'' :* '''to unhandcuff''' = ''tuyayuvarober'' :* '''to unhang''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unharness''' = ''loyangrunxer'' :* '''to unhat''' = ''tefober'' :* '''to unhinder''' = ''olovoynxer'' :* '''to unhinge''' = ''losyoiber, loyankarer'' :* '''to unhitch''' = ''grunober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhood''' = ''kotefober'' :* '''to unhook''' = ''grunober, gumuvober, logrunxer, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unhorse''' = ''apetober'' :* '''to unhouse''' = ''tamober'' :* '''to unhusk''' = ''vayobober'' :* '''to uniformize''' = ''ansanxer'' :* '''to unify''' = ''anaxer'' :* '''to uninstall''' = ''losyember'' :* '''to unionize''' = ''yaxutyanser, yaxutyanxer'' :* '''to unite''' = ''anxer'' :* '''to unitize''' = ''aunxer'' :* '''to universalize''' = ''aynmorxer, morxer'' :* '''to unjoin''' = ''olanxer'' :* '''to unjoint''' = ''loanker'' :* '''to unknit''' = ''lonefxer'' :* '''to unknot''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlace''' = ''lonyafxer, onyiver'' :* '''to unlade''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unlatch''' = ''gumuvober'' :* '''to unlearn''' = ''lotier'' :* '''to unleash''' = ''lonyanyifxer, loyuvbexer, yivxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to unlimber''' = ''tupyugxer'' :* '''to unlink''' = ''loyanarer'' :* '''to unload''' = ''belunober, kyisober, lokyisuer'' :* '''to unlock''' = ''loyujbler'' :* '''to unloop''' = ''zyuisober'' :* '''to unloose''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unloosen''' = ''loyuvxer, yivlaxer, yiyvxer'' :* '''to unmake''' = ''losaxer'' :* '''to unman''' = ''lotoobxer'' :* '''to unmask''' = ''olotruer'' :* '''to unmoor''' = ''lokyoxer'' :* '''to unmount''' = ''loaber'' :* '''to unmuffle''' = ''loteuboxer, teifober'' :* '''to unmuzzle''' = ''teifober'' :* '''to unnerve''' = ''ozaxer, tayixuer'' :* '''to unpack''' = ''loyanbaler, onyufxer, onyusber'' :* '''to unpeg''' = ''mufesober'' :* '''to unpeople''' = ''lotyodxer'' :* '''to unperson''' = ''lotobxer'' :* '''to unpin''' = ''fuyvober, muyvober, nifuvober, onivarer'' :* '''to unplait''' = ''loneifxer'' :* '''to unplug''' = ''ilyujarober, nyifujoyeber, onyifujyeber, oyujarer, yujunober'' :* '''to unplume''' = ''lopatayeber'' :* '''to unquote''' = ''logeder'' :* '''to unravel''' = ''loyiksonxer, loyuzyuber, loyuzyuper, lozyubrer, nyonser, nyonxer, oluzyufser, oyiklaxer'' :* '''to unreel''' = ''lozyukarer, lozyuyker, oluzyufser'' :* '''to unreeve''' = ''oyebixer'' :* '''to unreserve''' = ''lokubexer, loneler'' :* '''to unriddle''' = ''lodideker'' :* '''to unrip''' = ''oyebgorfer'' :* '''to unrivet''' = ''zyusebmuvober'' </div>{{small/end}} = to unrobe -- to urinate = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to unrobe''' = ''tayfober'' :* '''to unroll''' = ''lozyuber, lozyuper, lozyuyuzber, oluzyufser, oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unroot''' = ''fyobober'' :* '''to unsaddle''' = ''apetsimober'' :* '''to unsay''' = ''loder'' :* '''to unscale''' = ''pitayebober'' :* '''to unscramble''' = ''lokyenapxer'' :* '''to unscrew''' = ''oyuzbaer, uzyumuvober'' :* '''to unscroll''' = ''odreuzyufxer'' :* '''to unseam''' = ''lonofyanxer'' :* '''to unseat from power''' = ''dabober'' :* '''to unseat''' = ''lodabuer, obimxer, oyember, yemober'' :* '''to unsettle''' = ''lokyoember'' :* '''to unsew''' = ''yonifxer'' :* '''to unshackle''' = ''loyanzyuxer, loyuvaryanxer'' :* '''to unsheathe''' = ''loabnyeber'' :* '''to unship''' = ''kyisober'' :* '''to unshoe''' = ''tyoyafober'' :* '''to unshrink''' = ''lonidzyoxer, lozyoxer'' :* '''to unsilence''' = ''lodoluer'' :* '''to unsling''' = ''lobyoxer'' :* '''to unsnag''' = ''oligbirer, opeyxer'' :* '''to unsnap''' = ''ignufujber'' :* '''to unsnarl''' = ''lonyafxer'' :* '''to unsolder''' = ''lomugyanilxer'' :* '''to unspool''' = ''louzyuber, lozyukarer, lozyuyker'' :* '''to unstick''' = ''okyoxer, yonilxer'' :* '''to unstitch''' = ''loyanifxer'' :* '''to unstop''' = ''lokyoxer, yujunober'' :* '''to unstrap''' = ''nyiovober'' :* '''to unstring''' = ''nyivober'' :* '''to unsuit''' = ''tafober'' :* '''to unswathe''' = ''yuzofober'' :* '''to untack''' = ''gimuvober'' :* '''to untangle''' = ''lonyafxer, lonyanxer, nyonxer, oyanyafxer, oyiklaxer, yonyeber'' :* '''to unteach''' = ''lotuxer'' :* '''to unthread''' = ''nivober'' :* '''to untie''' = ''lonyafxer, yonyafer'' :* '''to untuck''' = ''loyebaler'' :* '''to untune''' = ''loseuzaxer'' :* '''to untwine''' = ''loeonyifxer'' :* '''to untwist''' = ''ozyubrer'' :* '''to unveil''' = ''kovober'' :* '''to unweave''' = ''lonofxer'' :* '''to unwedge''' = ''logumber'' :* '''to unwind''' = ''oyuzyuber, oyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwinder''' = ''oloyuzyuber, oloyuzyuper'' :* '''to unwrap''' = ''onyuvber, yuzkofober, yuznovober, yuzofober'' :* '''to unwreathe''' = ''vostebuzober'' :* '''to unwrinkle''' = ''loofyuyjer, ofyuyjober'' :* '''to unyoke''' = ''lopotyanarer, teyoyuvarober, yongrunxer'' :* '''to unzip''' = ''lokyupyuijarer'' :* '''to upbraid''' = ''azfuvader'' :* '''to upchuck''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to update''' = ''ejnaxer, ejtuer'' :* '''to upend''' = ''lobyaxer, oyvber'' :* '''to upend public order''' = ''obler donap'' :* '''to upfront''' = ''zaember'' :* '''to upgrade''' = ''yabnogser, yabnogxer'' :* '''to upheave''' = ''yabrer'' :* '''to uphold''' = ''boler, yabexer'' :* '''to upholster''' = ''suemxer'' :* '''to uplift''' = ''gaxer, yabeler, yabnegxer'' :* '''to uplink''' = ''yabyankuber'' :* '''to upload''' = ''kyisaber, kyisuer'' :* '''to upmarket''' = ''naxagkixwaxer'' :* '''to uppercase''' = ''agdresiynxer'' :* '''to uprear''' = ''pyaxer, yabrer'' :* '''to uproot''' = ''bixrer, fyobober, lotambier, tamober, tamoyxer, tamukxer'' :* '''to upscale''' = ''yabnogxer'' :* '''to upset''' = ''loboxer, lonaber, napkyaxer, oboxer, yobaxer'' :* '''to upshift''' = ''yabkyaber, yabnegxer'' :* '''to upstage''' = ''bixer tepzex bi, zexmanober'' :* '''to upstate''' = ''doebamer'' :* '''to uptake''' = ''telier, vabier'' :* '''to upturn''' = ''yobaxer'' :* '''to Uranus''' = ''Yemer'' :* '''to urbanize''' = ''domxer'' :* '''to urge''' = ''azduer, durer'' :* '''to urinate''' = ''milukxer, tiyabiler'' </div>{{small/end}} = to use a broom on -- to visit = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to use a broom on''' = ''apaxlarer, oybmasvyixarer'' :* '''to use a paint brush on''' = ''volzilarer'' :* '''to use a switch on''' = ''fuyber'' :* '''to use an electric sweeper on''' = ''apaxlirer, oybmasvyixirer'' :* '''to use badly''' = ''fuyixer'' :* '''to use the telephone''' = ''yibdalirer'' :* '''to use the toilet''' = ''yixer ha milufsom'' :* '''to use up''' = ''ikyixer'' :* '''to use''' = ''yixer'' :* '''to usher''' = ''fiupdier, simbuer'' :* '''to usurp''' = ''lodebler, ovyexer'' :* '''to utilize''' = ''fiyixer, fyixer, sarxer, yixer, yixfiaxer, yiyxer'' :* '''to utter''' = ''der'' :* '''to vacate one's seat''' = ''ukaxer ota sim, yemoper'' :* '''to vacate''' = ''ukaxer, ukber, ukper, ukser, ukxer, yemukser, yemukxer'' :* '''to vacation''' = ''ponjobier'' :* '''to vaccinate''' = ''jaovbekuer'' :* '''to vacillate''' = ''kyaotexer, vaoduder, vaotexer, zaopaser'' :* '''to vacuum''' = ''malukxer, mekobirer'' :* '''to validate''' = ''nazvyaber, vafyiaxer, vyayeker'' :* '''to valorize''' = ''fyinder, nazder, yabnaxder'' :* '''to valuate''' = ''fyinder, nazder'' :* '''to value''' = ''fyinter, nazter, nazuer'' :* '''to value highly''' = ''glafyinder, glanazuer'' :* '''to value wrongly''' = ''vyofyinder, vyonazuer'' :* '''to valve''' = ''yuijarer'' :* '''to vamoose''' = ''igper, yirper'' :* '''to vandalize''' = ''kyelosexer'' :* '''to vanish''' = ''kopier, omulser'' :* '''to vanquish''' = ''akler, okrer'' :* '''to vaporize''' = ''mialxer'' :* '''to variegate''' = ''hyusaunxer, kyavolzaxer'' :* '''to varnish''' = ''fyelyigber, zyefyener'' :* '''to vary''' = ''glasaunser, glasaunxer, kyasaunser, kyasaunxer, kyaser, kyasler, kyaxer'' :* '''to vaseline''' = ''milyelber'' :* '''to vaticinate''' = ''fyaojder'' :* '''to vault''' = ''aypyaser, uzpyaser'' :* '''to vaunt''' = ''frider'' :* '''to vector''' = ''izmepxer'' :* '''to veer''' = ''guper, mepuzer, uzper'' :* '''to veer left''' = ''zuuzper'' :* '''to veer off''' = ''ibkiser, izonkyaxer'' :* '''to veer right''' = ''ziuzper'' :* '''to vegetate''' = ''eyntejer'' :* '''to veil''' = ''koxovxer, naufxer'' :* '''to velarize''' = ''yugteumibxer'' :* '''to vend''' = ''nunuer'' :* '''to veneer''' = ''faoviber'' :* '''to venerate''' = ''fyaifrer, ifrer'' :* '''to vent''' = ''maluer, maypuer'' :* '''to ventilate''' = ''maluer'' :* '''to venture''' = ''kyexajber, kyexajper, yifpoper'' :* '''to venture to say''' = ''kyeder'' :* '''to Venus''' = ''Emer'' :* '''to verb infinitive inflection''' = ''-er'' :* '''to verbalize''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to verge''' = ''uzper'' :* '''to verify''' = ''vyavyeker, vyayeker'' :* '''to vermiculate''' = ''peyetnadxer'' :* '''to versify''' = ''drezer'' :* '''to vesicate''' = ''tayobilzunser, tayobilzunxer'' :* '''to vesiculate''' = ''ilnyebogxer'' :* '''to vet''' = ''vyankexer'' :* '''to veto''' = ''gawafxer'' :* '''to vex''' = ''fyuyxer, oboxler, tepvuloxer, vuloxer'' :* '''to vibrate''' = ''baoser, igbaoser'' :* '''to victimize''' = ''blokuer, blokuwatxer'' :* '''to videoconference''' = ''pansinyanuper'' :* '''to video-record''' = ''pansinier'' :* '''to vie''' = ''oveker'' :* '''to view from afar''' = ''yibteaxer'' :* '''to view''' = ''teater, teaxer'' :* '''to view through a telescope''' = ''yibteaxarer'' :* '''to vilify''' = ''vuder, vuyaxer'' :* '''to villainize''' = ''fyotxer'' :* '''to vindicate''' = ''ajgexer, yavxer'' :* '''to vinegarize''' = ''yigvafilser'' :* '''to violate a trust''' = ''ovaxler vyayuv'' :* '''to violate''' = ''fuxer, ovaxler, ovper, oxaler, vyoxer, yigraxler'' :* '''to visit''' = ''datuper, teaper'' </div>{{small/end}} = to visualize -- to wangle = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to visualize''' = ''sinier'' :* '''to vitalize''' = ''tejikxer'' :* '''to vitiate''' = ''fuynxer'' :* '''to vitrify''' = ''zyefyenxer'' :* '''to vituperate''' = ''fuyevder'' :* '''to vivify''' = ''tejaxer, tejikxer'' :* '''to vivisect''' = ''tejgobler'' :* '''to vocalize''' = ''deuzer, teuzaxer, teuzer'' :* '''to vociferate''' = ''azteuder'' :* '''to voice agreement''' = ''geltexder'' :* '''to voice an opinion''' = ''teyxder'' :* '''to voice dissatisfaction''' = ''olivlader'' :* '''to voice dissent''' = ''yontexder'' :* '''to void''' = ''onaxer, ukber'' :* '''to volatilize''' = ''kyatipaxer'' :* '''to volley''' = ''puxreger, yebmalpuxer'' :* '''to volplane''' = ''yopaper'' :* '''to volunteer''' = ''fonder, yivfonder'' :* '''to vomit''' = ''tikebiloker'' :* '''to vote affirmatively''' = ''vateuzer'' :* '''to vote''' = ''dokebider'' :* '''to vote down''' = ''voteuzer'' :* '''to vote no''' = ''vodokebider, vodoteuzuer, voteuzer'' :* '''to vote yes''' = ''vadoteuzer, vateuzer'' :* '''to voting right''' = ''doyiv bi teuzer'' :* '''to vouch''' = ''vader'' :* '''to vouchsafe''' = ''ifbuer, lokoder'' :* '''to vow''' = ''ojvader, vader'' :* '''to voyage''' = ''poper'' :* '''to vulcanize''' = ''solkxer'' :* '''to vulgarize''' = ''vusyenxer, vutyanxer, vuyaxer'' :* '''to vum''' = ''ojvader'' :* '''to wabble''' = ''zaobaser'' :* '''to wad up''' = ''mulzyunxer, yanzyunxer, zyunogxer'' :* '''to wade''' = ''epiaper, eynmilper, ilyeper, piyper'' :* '''to waffle''' = ''vaodaler, zuipaper'' :* '''to waft''' = ''maeber, maeper, mapozer, mapozuer'' :* '''to wag one's finger''' = ''tuyubaoxer'' :* '''to wag the tail''' = ''tibuxeger'' :* '''to wag the tongue''' = ''teubaoxer'' :* '''to wag''' = ''zaobayser'' :* '''to wage war''' = ''dropeker, xaler dop, xaler dropek'' :* '''to wager''' = ''vekder, vekier'' :* '''to waggle''' = ''igzaobaxer, uizbaser, uizpaser'' :* '''to wail''' = ''azteabiler, azuvteuder, epleder, uvteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to wainscot''' = ''masfaofxer'' :* '''to wait for a bus''' = ''peser yuzpur'' :* '''to wait for a taxi''' = ''peser nuxpur'' :* '''to wait for''' = ''yaker'' :* '''to wait''' = ''jubeser, kyoejer, kyoser, peser'' :* '''to wait long''' = ''yagpeser'' :* '''to wait on''' = ''yuxler'' :* '''to wait tables''' = ''tulyuxer'' :* '''to waive''' = ''yivobuer'' :* '''to wake up again''' = ''zoytijer'' :* '''to wake up''' = ''tijber, tijer, tijier, tijper'' :* '''to waken''' = ''tijber, tijuer'' :* '''to walk about''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk ahead''' = ''zaytyoper'' :* '''to walk aimlessly''' = ''kyetyoper'' :* '''to walk alongside''' = ''yantyoper, yeztyoper'' :* '''to walk around''' = ''zyatyoper'' :* '''to walk at a fast clip''' = ''igtyoper'' :* '''to walk''' = ''iftyopuer, tyoper'' :* '''to walk like a horse''' = ''apetyoper'' :* '''to walk slowly''' = ''ugtyoper'' :* '''to walk straight''' = ''iztyoper'' :* '''to walk the dog''' = ''iftyopuer ha yepet'' :* '''to walk together''' = ''yantyoper'' :* '''to walk with a cane''' = ''tyoper bay muf'' :* '''to walk with a limp''' = ''kuityoper'' :* '''to wall in''' = ''yebmasber, yuzmasber'' :* '''to wall off''' = ''yonmasber'' :* '''to wall out''' = ''oyebmasber'' :* '''to wallop''' = ''igkyibyexer'' :* '''to wallow''' = ''milyuzper, vriaser'' :* '''to waltz''' = ''zyudazer'' :* '''to wander''' = ''huimper, kyeper, kyepoper, zyaper, zyapoper'' :* '''to wane''' = ''atooyzer, azanoker'' :* '''to wangle''' = ''vyoibler, vyosaxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wank -- to westernize = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wank''' = ''tiyubaoxer'' :* '''to want a lot''' = ''glafer'' :* '''to want''' = ''fer'' :* '''to want more''' = ''gafer'' :* '''to want most''' = ''gwafer'' :* '''to want strongly''' = ''azfer'' :* '''to want to learn''' = ''tisfer'' :* '''to warble''' = ''bepader'' :* '''to ward off''' = ''beaxer, ibexler'' :* '''to warehouse''' = ''nunamber'' :* '''to warm''' = ''amxer'' :* '''to warm up''' = ''aymxer'' :* '''to warn''' = ''jwader, jwatuer, vokder, voktuer'' :* '''to warn of danger''' = ''jwader bi kyebuk'' :* '''to warp''' = ''sanuzber'' :* '''to warrant''' = ''vladrer'' :* '''to wash away''' = ''ibvyilxer'' :* '''to wash clothes''' = ''novyilxer, tofvyilxer'' :* '''to wash off''' = ''obvyilxer'' :* '''to wash over''' = ''aybilper'' :* '''to wash the dishes''' = ''vyilxer ha tolaryan'' :* '''to wash up''' = ''utvyilxer'' :* '''to wash''' = ''vyilxer'' :* '''to wassail''' = ''ivdeuzer, subakader, subaktilier'' :* '''to waste away''' = ''fulser, fuylser, fyumulser, nyoser, tomsanoker'' :* '''to waste''' = ''fulxer, funoxer, fuylxer, fyumulxer, fyunxer, lonexer, nyoxer, onexer'' :* '''to waste time''' = ''jobnyoxer'' :* '''to watch''' = ''jeteaxer, teabexler, teaxier, teaxler, yagteaxer'' :* '''to watch out''' = ''bikier, tijbeser'' :* '''to watch over''' = ''beaxer'' :* '''to watch t.v.''' = ''teaxer yibsin'' :* '''to water''' = ''ilbuer, milber, miluer, tiluer'' :* '''to water ski''' = ''milkyuparer'' :* '''to waterlog''' = ''milikxer, milkyinxer'' :* '''to waul''' = ''azuvteuder'' :* '''to wave a flag''' = ''tuyaxer doof'' :* '''to wave down a taxi''' = ''heytuyaxer nuxpur, tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'' :* '''to wave goodbye''' = ''hoytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave hello''' = ''haytuyxer'' :* '''to wave hi''' = ''haytuyaxer'' :* '''to wave the flag''' = ''zuibaxer ha doof'' :* '''to wave''' = ''tuyabyaoxer, tuyahayder, tuyaxer'' :* '''to waver''' = ''kyaotexer, kyeper, zuiper'' :* '''to wax''' = ''apelatyelber, fyelber'' :* '''to waylay''' = ''yokeber'' :* '''to weaken''' = ''oyafxer, ozaser, ozaxer, yafober, yofser, yofxer'' :* '''to wean away from''' = ''tezyenxer ib bi'' :* '''to wean on''' = ''tezyenxer ub bi'' :* '''to wean''' = ''tezyenxer'' :* '''to weaponize''' = ''doparuer'' :* '''to wear a hat''' = ''beler tef'' :* '''to wear a weapon''' = ''doparaber'' :* '''to wear''' = ''abexer, beler, tofaber'' :* '''to wear down''' = ''ozlaxer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to wear out''' = ''ajsaser, ajsaxer, azonukser, azonukxer, bookxer, exujber, exujer, exyujber, grayixer, ikyixer, jugser, jugxer, yiixer, yixrawer, yixrer'' :* '''to weary''' = ''ozlaxer'' :* '''to weather''' = ''amalixuer'' :* '''to weatherize''' = ''amalyenvakaxer'' :* '''to weave''' = ''nefxer, nofxer'' :* '''to wed''' = ''tadier, tadser'' :* '''to wedge''' = ''enkinedxer, gumber, gunnidxer, vusanser, vusanxer'' :* '''to wedge oneself''' = ''utgunnidxer'' :* '''to wee''' = ''tiyabiler'' :* '''to weed''' = ''fuvabober'' :* '''to weep''' = ''ozuvteuder, teabiler, uvteabiler'' :* '''to weigh down''' = ''kyiaxer, kyixer'' :* '''to weigh heavily''' = ''kyitosuer'' :* '''to weigh in the mind''' = ''tepkyinxer'' :* '''to weigh''' = ''kyinarer, kyinser, kyinxer, vyetexer, zebarer'' :* '''to weigh on a scale''' = ''kyinnagarer'' :* '''to weigh on''' = ''aybazonuer'' :* '''to welcome''' = ''fidatiber, fiupdier, updier'' :* '''to weld''' = ''amyanxer, mugyanxer, olkyaniler, yubyuvxer'' :* '''to welsh''' = ''nasyefonuxer'' :* '''to welt''' = ''uzyuber'' :* '''to welter''' = ''yagifser'' :* '''to wend''' = ''izper'' :* '''to West''' = ''Zumer'' :* '''to westerly''' = ''ub zumer'' :* '''to westernize''' = ''zumeraxer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to wet down -- to wish well = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to wet down''' = ''imxer'' :* '''to wet the bed''' = ''sumimxer'' :* '''to wgapyohale''' = ''bapeitkexer'' :* '''to whack''' = ''igkyibyexer, zyipyeuxer'' :* '''to whang''' = ''azpyexer, igmalpuxer, igpapseuxer'' :* '''to whap''' = ''igkyibyexer, yigpyexer'' :* '''to what degree''' = ''duhonog'' :* '''to what end?''' = ''av duhoa ujon?'' :* '''to what extent''' = ''duhonog, hegla'' :* '''to whatever degree''' = ''hyenog ho'' :* '''to whatever extent''' = ''hyegla, hyenog'' :* '''to wheedle''' = ''fidvatexuer'' :* '''to wheeze''' = ''tiexeuser, tiexyiker'' :* '''to wherever''' = ''bu hyem'' :* '''to whet''' = ''gixer'' :* '''to whiff''' = ''mavier, teixer, tiexer'' :* '''to whig''' = ''zaybuxer'' :* '''to whimper''' = ''huhuder, ozteabiler, ozteuder, ozuvseuxer, ozuvteuder'' :* '''to whine''' = ''huhuder, ufteuder, yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinge''' = ''yaguvteuder'' :* '''to whinny''' = ''apeder, apoder'' :* '''to whip''' = ''pyexnyifuer, yuzbaxler'' :* '''to whir''' = ''zyulser'' :* '''to whirl''' = ''uzlaser, uzlaxer, uzrer, zyubler, zyupler'' :* '''to whirr''' = ''zaobaseuxer'' :* '''to whisk''' = ''baxlarer'' :* '''to whisper''' = ''teebder, yugdaler'' :* '''to whistle''' = ''awapeider, giseuxer, seuxmufyeger'' :* '''to whistleblow''' = ''dotuer'' :* '''to whistle-blow''' = ''doyovtuer'' :* '''to whiten''' = ''malzaser, malzaxer'' :* '''to whitewash''' = ''funkoxer, malziluer'' :* '''to whittle''' = ''faogoyxer, goyxer'' :* '''to whittler''' = ''faogoyxer'' :* '''to whiz''' = ''yizpaer'' :* '''to wholesale''' = ''aynunuer'' :* '''to whom''' = ''bu duhot'' :* '''to whoop''' = ''aztiebukxer'' :* '''to whop''' = ''puxer boy byex'' :* '''to whore''' = ''hyamtujer, tabnunxer'' :* '''to whorl''' = ''yanzenzyuser'' :* '''to widen''' = ''zyaaser, zyaaxer, zyaser, zyaxer'' :* '''to wield a machete''' = ''zyagoblarer'' :* '''to wig out''' = ''izbexoker'' :* '''to wiggle''' = ''baoser, peyeper, uizper'' :* '''to wiggle one's toe''' = ''tyoyubaoxer'' :* '''to will''' = ''fer'' :* '''to wilt''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, oyzaser'' :* '''to wimble''' = ''zyegarer'' :* '''to win a medal''' = ''sizesier'' :* '''to win a point''' = ''aker eknod'' :* '''to win a prize''' = ''aker nazun, nazunaker, nazunier'' :* '''to win''' = ''aker'' :* '''to win an award''' = ''nazunaker'' :* '''to win over''' = ''akler'' :* '''to win the lottery''' = ''aker ha sagvekek'' :* '''to wince''' = ''yokbiser'' :* '''to wind glide''' = ''mapkyupaser'' :* '''to wind up a watch''' = ''yigtuzyuber jwobar'' :* '''to wind up''' = ''yigtuzyuber'' :* '''to wind''' = ''uzyuper'' :* '''to windsurf''' = ''mapyaonper, mimoffaofper'' :* '''to wine and dine''' = ''ifuer bay vafil'' :* '''to wing it''' = ''yokdaler'' :* '''to wing''' = ''tubuker'' :* '''to wink''' = ''teabaxer, teabyuijber, yuijer'' :* '''to winnow''' = ''aogyonxer'' :* '''to winter''' = ''jeuber'' :* '''to winterize''' = ''jeubxer'' :* '''to wipe''' = ''apaxer'' :* '''to wipe away''' = ''ibapaxer'' :* '''to wipe clean''' = ''vyiapaxer'' :* '''to wipe out''' = ''yosunxer'' :* '''to wire''' = ''alpuber, iguber, nyifuber, yibdrer, yibdrirer, zeyuber'' :* '''to wise up''' = ''vyatepser'' :* '''to wish away''' = ''olojfer'' :* '''to wish for''' = ''ojfer'' :* '''to wish ill''' = ''fufer, fuojfer, fyofer'' :* '''to wish luck''' = ''hweyder'' :* '''to wish well''' = ''fiojfer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to withdraw -- to write up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to withdraw''' = ''biser, oyebiser, oyebixer, oyember, yembixer, yonkuper, zoybiser, zoybixer, zoypier'' :* '''to withdraw funds''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to withdraw money''' = ''nasoyember'' :* '''to wither''' = ''azonoker, byoyser, ofubeser, oyzaser'' :* '''to withhold''' = ''zoybexer'' :* '''to withstand''' = ''ibexer'' :* '''to witness''' = ''teader, xwader'' :* '''to wive''' = ''taydier'' :* '''to wizen''' = ''vyatepxer'' :* '''to wobble''' = ''kuibaser, kuiper, kyeper, ozeper, uizbaser, zaopasler, zuipasler'' :* '''to wolf''' = ''upyotelier'' :* '''to womanize''' = ''toybyekuer, toybzoigper'' :* '''to wonder''' = ''kosonier, utdider, ventexer'' :* '''to woo''' = ''bolkexer, ifonkexer'' :* '''to woof''' = ''yepeder'' :* '''to word''' = ''dunxer'' :* '''to work a miracle''' = ''fyateazunxer'' :* '''to work a puppet''' = ''ektobeteber'' :* '''to work against''' = ''ovyexer'' :* '''to work apart''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work as an apprentice''' = ''tyenijer'' :* '''to work assiduously''' = ''yexer jestay'' :* '''to work at home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work at odds''' = ''yonyexer'' :* '''to work domestically''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work double shifts''' = ''yexer eona yoibi'' :* '''to work earnestly''' = ''yexer tepzexway'' :* '''to work''' = ''exer, yexer'' :* '''to work fast''' = ''igyexer'' :* '''to work from home''' = ''tamyexer'' :* '''to work like a dog''' = ''yuxrer'' :* '''to work out''' = ''jayexer, taptyenier'' :* '''to work strenuously''' = ''yexer azlay'' :* '''to work this-and-that job''' = ''huisyexer'' :* '''to work to death''' = ''yextojber'' :* '''to worm one's way''' = ''peyeper'' :* '''to worry''' = ''obooser, obooxer, obostepser, tebikier, tepoboser'' :* '''to worsen''' = ''gafuaser, gafuaxer'' :* '''to worship a deity''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship''' = ''fyaxeler, ifrer'' :* '''to worship god''' = ''totifrer'' :* '''to worship one's fatherland''' = ''doabifrer'' :* '''to worth mentioning''' = ''nazea kidwer'' :* '''to wound''' = ''bukuer'' :* '''to wrangle''' = ''ebyekler, nunebyexer'' :* '''to wrap around belt''' = ''yuzsuner'' :* '''to wrap in plastic''' = ''sazulnyuvber'' :* '''to wrap''' = ''nyuvber, yuzember, yuzkofaber, yuznovber, yuzofaber'' :* '''to wreak havoc''' = ''buker, fyunuer, uxer fyun'' :* '''to wreathe''' = ''vostebuzuer'' :* '''to wreck''' = ''pyexrer, yanpyuxer'' :* '''to wrest''' = ''birer, pixrer, uzraxer'' :* '''to wrestle''' = ''tabyekler'' :* '''to wriggle''' = ''peyeper, zuibaser'' :* '''to wring''' = ''uzraxer, yuzrer'' :* '''to wrinkle''' = ''tayoufser'' :* '''to write a check''' = ''drer nasdref'' :* '''to write a play''' = ''dezdrer, drer dezun'' :* '''to write beautifully''' = ''vidrer'' :* '''to write by hand''' = ''tuyadrer'' :* '''to write''' = ''drer'' :* '''to write in Arabic''' = ''Aradrer'' :* '''to write in block script''' = ''izdrer'' :* '''to write in Braille''' = ''noddrer'' :* '''to write in Chinese''' = ''Cahidrer'' :* '''to write in cursive script''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in English''' = ''Enigedrer'' :* '''to write in Hebrew''' = ''Hebadrer'' :* '''to write in longhand''' = ''uzdrer'' :* '''to write in Mirad''' = ''Miradrer'' :* '''to write in Russian''' = ''Rusodrer'' :* '''to write in shorthand''' = ''yogdrer'' :* '''to write in Thai''' = ''Tohadrer'' :* '''to write in Turkish''' = ''Turodrer'' :* '''to write into law''' = ''dovyabdrer'' :* '''to write music''' = ''duzdrer'' :* '''to write off''' = ''nasyefober'' :* '''to write poetry''' = ''drezdrer'' :* '''to write up a report on''' = ''xwadrer'' :* '''to write up''' = ''ikdrer'' </div>{{small/end}} = to write well -- tocolytic = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''to write well''' = ''fidrer'' :* '''to writhe in torture''' = ''uizbaser bi brok'' :* '''to writhe''' = ''tabuzler, uizbaser'' :* '''to wrong someone''' = ''vyoxer het'' :* '''to wrong''' = ''vyonxer'' :* '''to wrongly accuse''' = ''vyoyovder'' :* '''to wrongly classify''' = ''vyonaaber'' :* '''to wrongly imply''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to wrongly infer''' = ''vyotestier'' :* '''to wrongly insinuate''' = ''vyotestuer'' :* '''to x out''' = ''xudrer'' :* '''to xerox''' = ''umdrurer'' :* '''to x-ray''' = ''xunaudrer'' :* '''to yack''' = ''daaler'' :* '''to yammer''' = ''gradaler'' :* '''to yank apart''' = ''yonbixrer'' :* '''to yank away''' = ''yibixler'' :* '''to yank''' = ''azbixer, bixler'' :* '''to yawing''' = ''uizpaser'' :* '''to yawn''' = ''teubyijer'' :* '''to yean''' = ''eopetudxer'' :* '''to yearn for''' = ''fler, yakfer'' :* '''to yearn''' = ''frer, yagfer'' :* '''to yell''' = ''poder, teudazer'' :* '''to yellow''' = ''ilzaxer'' :* '''to yelp gleefully''' = ''azivteuder'' :* '''to yelp''' = ''ipyoder'' :* '''to yield''' = ''biafxer, burer, embuer, ibuer, lobexler, obxer, vabuer, yugsaser, zoynixer'' :* '''to yield results''' = ''nuxer ixuni'' :* '''to yield the right of way''' = ''lobier ha doyiv bi mep'' :* '''to yodel''' = ''yazmeldeuzer'' :* '''to You can be assured that...''' = ''Et yafe vlatuwer van...'' :* '''to You can't get me to doubt God's existence.''' = ''Et yofe votexuer at ha esen bi Tot.'' :* '''To your health!''' = ''Bu eta bak!'' :* '''to yowl''' = ''podyager'' :* '''to yuk''' = ''ivhihider'' :* '''to zap''' = ''makpyuxrer, makyokraxer'' :* '''to zero-in on''' = ''zesoner'' :* '''to zero-in''' = ''zenodxer'' :* '''to zeroize''' = ''owaxer'' :* '''to zigzag''' = ''zuiper'' :* '''to zip up''' = ''kyupyuijarer'' :* '''to zone''' = ''gonemxer'' :* '''to zonk''' = ''azpyexer, tujefxer'' :* '''to zonk out''' = ''tujefser'' :* '''to zoom''' = ''igpaser, izyapaper, sinyuiber'' :* '''toad''' = ''apiyet'' :* '''toadstool''' = ''epiyetam'' :* '''toady''' = ''vyofidut'' :* '''to-and-fro''' = ''bui'' :* '''toast giver''' = ''tilhyaydut'' :* '''toast''' = ''hwayd, melzaxwa ovol, tilfizuun, tilfizuwa, tilhyayd, umamxwas'' :* '''toasted''' = ''aymxwa, hwaydwa, melzaxwa, tilhyaydwa, umamxwa'' :* '''toaster''' = ''aymar, melzaxar, umamxar'' :* '''toasting''' = ''aymxen, hwayden, tilfizuen, umamxen'' :* '''toastmaster''' = ''tilfizuut, vixeleb'' :* '''toastmistress''' = ''vixeleyb'' :* '''toast-worthiness''' = ''hwaydyefwan'' :* '''toast-worthy''' = ''hwaydyefwa'' :* '''toasty''' = ''umamxyea'' :* '''tobacco chewer''' = ''givobelut'' :* '''tobacco farm''' = ''givob melyexem'' :* '''tobacco farmer''' = ''givob melyexut'' :* '''tobacco farming''' = ''givob melyexen'' :* '''tobacco''' = ''givob'' :* '''tobacco harvester''' = ''givob iblut'' :* '''tobacco harvesting''' = ''givob iblen'' :* '''tobacco leaf''' = ''givofayeb'' :* '''tobacco pipe''' = ''givomufyeg'' :* '''tobacco plantation''' = ''givobem'' :* '''tobacco planter''' = ''givobut'' :* '''tobacco products''' = ''movsyuni'' :* '''tobacco smoke''' = ''givob mov'' :* '''tobacco store''' = ''givobnam'' :* '''tobacconist''' = ''givobnam, givobnamut, givobut'' :* '''to-be''' = ''ojna'' :* '''toboggan''' = ''malyomkyupar, malyomtef'' :* '''tobogganer''' = ''malyomkyuparut'' :* '''toccata''' = ''finyekuea duz'' :* '''tocolytic''' = ''bukugul'' </div>{{small/end}} = tocsin -- tome = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tocsin''' = ''jwedseusar'' :* '''tod''' = ''ipyowt'' :* '''today''' = ''hijub'' :* '''today's''' = ''hijuba'' :* '''today's special dish''' = ''hijuba tul'' :* '''toddler''' = ''kyaotyoput, tudet'' :* '''toddy''' = ''ama fil'' :* '''toe tap''' = ''tyoyubyex'' :* '''toe tapper''' = ''tyoyubyexut'' :* '''toe tapping''' = ''tyoyubyexen'' :* '''toe''' = ''tyoyub'' :* '''toecap''' = ''tyoyubyigun'' :* '''toehold''' = ''abfinog, tyoyubexar'' :* '''toenail clipper''' = ''tyolob goyblar'' :* '''toenail''' = ''tyolob'' :* '''toffee''' = ''tofi'' :* '''toffy''' = ''tofi'' :* '''tofu''' = ''tofu'' :* '''tog''' = ''kyilaf'' :* '''toga''' = ''romataf'' :* '''togaed''' = ''romatafwa'' :* '''together with''' = ''yan bay'' :* '''together''' = ''yan, yana, yanay'' :* '''togetherness''' = ''yanan'' :* '''toggle switch''' = ''zaobar'' :* '''toggled''' = ''zaobwa'' :* '''toggling''' = ''zaoben'' :* '''Togo''' = ''Togom'' :* '''Togolese''' = ''Togoma, Togomat'' :* '''toil''' = ''yikyex'' :* '''toiler''' = ''yexrut, yikyexut'' :* '''toilet''' = ''efim, eftim, fyusulsom, milufim, milufsom'' :* '''toilet paper''' = ''milufdref'' :* '''toiletry''' = ''vyisyuxun'' :* '''toiling''' = ''yexren, yikyexen'' :* '''toilsome''' = ''yexryea, yikyexyena'' :* '''Tok Pisin''' = ''Topid'' :* '''toke''' = ''yuxnax'' :* '''Tokelau''' = ''Tokilim'' :* '''Tokelauan''' = ''Tokilima'' :* '''token''' = ''mugsiun, siun'' :* '''token of gratitude''' = ''siun bi fyaztos'' :* '''tokenism''' = ''mugsiunin'' :* '''tokenization''' = ''siunaxen'' :* '''tokenized''' = ''siunaxwa'' :* '''to-key''' = ''yopyed'' :* '''tole''' = ''vimugun'' :* '''tolerability''' = ''bolyafwan, vabiyafwan, xolyafwan'' :* '''tolerable''' = ''ayfxyafwa, bolyafwa, vaafyafwa, vabiyafwa, xolyafwa'' :* '''tolerably''' = ''ayfxyafway, vabiyafway, xolyafway'' :* '''tolerance''' = ''ayfxyean, bolyaf, bolyafan, bolyafyean, tepyijan, tepyugan, tipyijan, vaafean, vabiyaf, vabiyafan, vayafxyean'' :* '''tolerant''' = ''ayfxyea, blokiea, bolyafa, bolyafyea, tepyija, tepyuga, tipyija, vaafea, vabiyafa, vayafxyea'' :* '''tolerant person''' = ''tepyijat'' :* '''tolerantly''' = ''ayfxyeay, bolyafay'' :* '''tolerated''' = ''ayfwa, blokwa, vaafwa, vayafxwa, xolwa'' :* '''tolerating''' = ''ayfen, bloken, vayafxen, xolea, xolen'' :* '''toleration''' = ''ayfen, ayfxen, blokien, vaafen, vayafxen, xolen'' :* '''toll bridge''' = ''yixnux zeymep'' :* '''toll''' = ''yixnux'' :* '''tollbooth''' = ''yixnuxtum'' :* '''tollgate''' = ''yixnuxmeys'' :* '''tollroad''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''tollway''' = ''yixnuxmep'' :* '''toluene''' = ''sagvekek zyup'' :* '''tom''' = ''pwet, yipwet'' :* '''tomahawk''' = ''megyonar'' :* '''tomato''' = ''bavol'' :* '''tomato juice''' = ''bavel'' :* '''tomato red''' = ''bavalza'' :* '''tomato sauce''' = ''bavuil'' :* '''tomato soup''' = ''baveil'' :* '''tomb''' = ''melukbem, melukmayb, melyaz, tabmeluk, tabmelzyeg, ujpontum'' :* '''Tomb of the Unknown Soldier''' = ''Ujpontum bi ha Otrawa Doput'' :* '''tomb stone''' = ''tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, taxmeg'' :* '''tombola''' = ''sagvekek bixen bi zyukaduzar'' :* '''tomboy''' = ''twoybet'' :* '''tomboyish''' = ''twoybetyena'' :* '''tombstone''' = ''melukmeg, tabmeluk meg, tabmelzyeg meg, tojmeg, tojtaxmeg'' :* '''tomcat''' = ''yipetag'' :* '''tome''' = ''dyesag'' </div>{{small/end}} = tomfool -- tool room = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tomfool''' = ''kyutepat, kyutesa'' :* '''tomfoolery''' = ''kyutepan, kyutesan'' :* '''Tommy gun''' = ''dopurog'' :* '''tomographic''' = ''goynsinuena'' :* '''tomography''' = ''goynsinuen'' :* '''tomorrow during the day''' = ''zajub maj'' :* '''tomorrow evening''' = ''zajub jwamoj'' :* '''tomorrow morning''' = ''zajub jwamaj'' :* '''tomorrow night''' = ''zajub moj'' :* '''tomorrow''' = ''zajub'' :* '''tomorrow's''' = ''zajuba'' :* '''tomtom player''' = ''yokaduzarut'' :* '''tomtom''' = ''yokaduzar'' :* '''ton''' = ''tonak'' :* '''tonal''' = ''deuzyena, seuza'' :* '''tonality''' = ''deuzyen, seuzan, volzan'' :* '''tonally''' = ''seuzay'' :* '''tone control''' = ''seuz izbex'' :* '''tone deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''tone deafness''' = ''seuzteefyofan'' :* '''tone''' = ''deuzyen, seuz'' :* '''tone language''' = ''seuz dalzeyn'' :* '''tone of voice''' = ''seuz bi teuz'' :* '''tone painting''' = ''seuz sizun'' :* '''tone poem''' = ''seuz drezun'' :* '''tonearm''' = ''seuztub'' :* '''toned down''' = ''yobseuzuwa, zetipxwa'' :* '''toned''' = ''seuzuwa'' :* '''toned up''' = ''yabseuxuwa'' :* '''tone-deaf''' = ''seuzteefyofa'' :* '''toneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tonelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''toneme''' = ''seuzaun'' :* '''toner''' = ''drirmyek'' :* '''tonetic''' = ''seuztuna'' :* '''tonetically''' = ''seuztunay'' :* '''tonetician''' = ''seuztut'' :* '''tonetics''' = ''seuztun'' :* '''tong''' = ''yuzbexar'' :* '''Tonga''' = ''Tonid, Tonim'' :* '''Tongaan''' = ''Tonima'' :* '''tongs''' = ''enbirtub'' :* '''tongue depressor''' = ''teubab yobalar'' :* '''tongue''' = ''teubab'' :* '''tongue twister''' = ''teubab zyublus'' :* '''tongued''' = ''teubabwa'' :* '''tongue-lasher''' = ''azfuyevdut'' :* '''tongueless''' = ''teubaboya, teubabuka'' :* '''tongue-twister''' = ''seuxdyikwas, teubabuzraxus'' :* '''tonic''' = ''solkil, syobduznod'' :* '''tonic water''' = ''azil'' :* '''tonight''' = ''himoj'' :* '''toning down''' = ''yobseuzuen, yugrasea, yugraxen'' :* '''toning''' = ''seuzuen'' :* '''toning up''' = ''yabseuxuen'' :* '''tonnage''' = ''tonaksag'' :* '''tonsil''' = ''eyifayub'' :* '''tonsillectomy''' = ''eyifayuboben'' :* '''tonsorial''' = ''eyifayuba'' :* '''tonsuring''' = ''tayegoblen'' :* '''tontine''' = ''tojgol, tojgolwoa nasgonuen'' :* '''tony''' = ''yabsyena'' :* '''Too bad!''' = ''Hwoy!'' :* '''too expensive''' = ''granoxea, granoxuea'' :* '''too frequently''' = ''graxag'' :* '''too infrequently''' = ''groxag'' :* '''too late''' = ''jwoa'' :* '''too little too much''' = ''grao'' :* '''too many''' = ''gra'' :* '''too many people''' = ''grati'' :* '''too many things''' = ''grasi'' :* '''too much''' = ''gra, gran, gras'' :* '''too often''' = ''gra jodi, gra xagay, grajodi, graxag'' :* '''too old''' = ''grajaga'' :* '''too seldom''' = ''gro jodi, groxag'' :* '''tool''' = ''-ar, fyis, sar, tyenar, yexsar, yixun'' :* '''tool box''' = ''yexsaryem'' :* '''tool chest''' = ''fyisyan'' :* '''tool manufacturer''' = ''yexsarsaxut'' :* '''tool room''' = ''sartim'' </div>{{small/end}} = tool set -- topography = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tool set''' = ''saryan, tyenaryan'' :* '''tool shed''' = ''sartim, yixunim'' :* '''tool shop''' = ''tyenaram'' :* '''tool use''' = ''yexsar yix'' :* '''toolbar''' = ''sarnab'' :* '''toolbox''' = ''sarnyem, saryanyem'' :* '''tooling''' = ''saren, saruen'' :* '''toolkit''' = ''yexsaryan'' :* '''toolmaker''' = ''sarsaxut, yexsarsaxut'' :* '''toolmaking''' = ''sarsaxen'' :* '''toolshed''' = ''sarum'' :* '''toot a horn''' = ''exer seusir'' :* '''toot''' = ''awapeid'' :* '''tooter''' = ''awapeidar, seuxar, seuxarut, voduzaresut'' :* '''tooth cavity''' = ''teupib zyeg'' :* '''tooth decay''' = ''teupib yonmulsen'' :* '''tooth enamel''' = ''teupib yigabmul'' :* '''tooth extraction''' = ''teupib oyebixen'' :* '''tooth filling''' = ''teupib yilemikun'' :* '''tooth loss''' = ''teupibok'' :* '''tooth''' = ''pib, teupib'' :* '''toothache''' = ''teupibbyoyk'' :* '''toothbrush''' = ''teupib vyixar'' :* '''toothed''' = ''pibwa, teupibika'' :* '''toothful''' = ''glon'' :* '''toothily''' = ''teupibagay'' :* '''toothing''' = ''teupiben'' :* '''toothless''' = ''oyteupiba, teupiboya, teupibuka'' :* '''toothlessness''' = ''teupiboyan, teupibukan'' :* '''tooth-like''' = ''teupibyena'' :* '''toothpaste''' = ''teupib vyixyel'' :* '''toothpick''' = ''telmuyf, teupib gimuf'' :* '''toothsome''' = ''ebtabifay ibixyea, fiteusa'' :* '''toothy''' = ''teupibaga'' :* '''tooting''' = ''awapeiden, gixeuxen, seuxarea, seuxaren, seuxraren'' :* '''tooting the horn''' = ''seuxraruen'' :* '''top''' = ''abaar, abaun, abem, abkun, abna, abned, abneda, abnod, abnoda, absyeb, anaba, aybra, syab, syaba, yabnod, zyuplekar'' :* '''top brass''' = ''aa donabwa'' :* '''top brass officer''' = ''aa donabwat'' :* '''top brass officer class''' = ''aa donabwatyan'' :* '''top dog''' = ''gwayafat'' :* '''top echelon''' = ''-ab, yabnega'' :* '''top flight''' = ''gwa fia'' :* '''top floor''' = ''abmos'' :* '''top grade''' = ''abnab'' :* '''top hat''' = ''utef, yabyaga tef'' :* '''top level''' = ''abneg'' :* '''top of the ladder''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top of the scale''' = ''musabnod'' :* '''top particle''' = ''tomules'' :* '''top performer''' = ''gwafixut'' :* '''top quality''' = ''gwafin, gwafina'' :* '''top quark''' = ''abqomul'' :* '''top social class''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''top social stratum''' = ''abdoneg'' :* '''topaz''' = ''emez, yumez'' :* '''topcoat''' = ''abtaf'' :* '''topdressing''' = ''yugsamulaben'' :* '''top-earning''' = ''gwanixea'' :* '''toper''' = ''grafiliut'' :* '''topflight''' = ''aa, abra'' :* '''tophological''' = ''toltuna'' :* '''tophologist''' = ''toltut'' :* '''tophology''' = ''toltun'' :* '''topiary''' = ''faybsanxen, faybsanxena'' :* '''topic''' = ''dalson, dalzen, kexon, vyeson, zeson'' :* '''topical''' = ''dalsona, dalzena, vyesona, zesona'' :* '''topicality''' = ''dalzenan, vyesonan, zesonan'' :* '''topically''' = ''dalzenay, vyesonay, zesonay'' :* '''topknot''' = ''patayevib, tayevib'' :* '''topless''' = ''abgonoya, abgonuka'' :* '''top-level''' = ''abnega'' :* '''topmast''' = ''abmimuf'' :* '''topmost''' = ''gwayaba'' :* '''topnotch''' = ''gwafina'' :* '''topographer''' = ''memsingondrut'' :* '''topographic''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographical''' = ''memsingondrena'' :* '''topographically''' = ''memsingondrenay'' :* '''topography''' = ''memsingondren, memsingoni, nemsindren'' </div>{{small/end}} = topological -- torturing = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''topological''' = ''nemtuna'' :* '''topology''' = ''nemtun'' :* '''topped''' = ''abaunxwa, abawa'' :* '''topped off''' = ''abgabunwa, syabwa'' :* '''topper''' = ''utef'' :* '''topping''' = ''abaun, abgabun'' :* '''topping off''' = ''syaben'' :* '''toppled''' = ''lobyaxwa, pyoxlawa, yobixwa, yoblawa, yobyexwa, yopyoxwa'' :* '''toppling''' = ''aypyosea, lobyaxen, pyoxlen, yobixen, yoblen, yobyexen, yopyoxren'' :* '''top-quality''' = ''aa fina'' :* '''top-ranked''' = ''aa donabwa, anabwa'' :* '''topsail''' = ''abmimof'' :* '''topside''' = ''abkun'' :* '''topsoil''' = ''abmeel'' :* '''topspin''' = ''abemzyup'' :* '''topsy-turvy''' = ''aobembway'' :* '''toque''' = ''tulxebtef, yetef'' :* '''tor''' = ''megyaz'' :* '''torch''' = ''mavar'' :* '''torch song''' = ''ifonok uvdeuzun, uvifdeuzun'' :* '''torchbearer''' = ''agyekdeb, mavarbelut'' :* '''torched''' = ''mavaruwa'' :* '''torching''' = ''mavaruen'' :* '''torchlight''' = ''avmayn'' :* '''torchy''' = ''uvdeuzunyena'' :* '''-torium''' = ''-em'' :* '''torment''' = ''blok'' :* '''tormented''' = ''blokuwa'' :* '''tormenter''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''tormenting''' = ''blokuen, blokuyea'' :* '''tormentingly''' = ''blokuyeay'' :* '''tormentor''' = ''blokuut'' :* '''torn apart''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn asunder''' = ''yongoflawa'' :* '''torn down''' = ''lobyaxwa, otomxwa, yobixwa'' :* '''torn''' = ''goflawa, onofyanxwa, oyebgoflawa, yonofwa'' :* '''torn off''' = ''obgoflawa, obrawa'' :* '''torn up''' = ''bixrawa, goflunwa, ikgoflawa, yongoflawa'' :* '''torn wide open''' = ''zyagoflawa'' :* '''tornado''' = ''mapuzlun, zyulmap'' :* '''torpedo''' = ''oybmimdopir'' :* '''torpid''' = ''jeubtujea, pasyofa, yexufa'' :* '''torpidity''' = ''jeubtujean, pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpidly''' = ''jeubtujeay, pasyofay, yexufay'' :* '''torpitude''' = ''pasyofan, yexufan'' :* '''torpor''' = ''jeubtuj, pasyof, yexuf'' :* '''torque''' = ''uzlazon'' :* '''torrefication''' = ''azaummxen'' :* '''torrefied''' = ''azaumxwa'' :* '''torrent''' = ''agilp, azrilp, igilp, igmip, mipog'' :* '''torrent of words''' = ''aglip bi duni'' :* '''torrential''' = ''agilpa, azrilpa, igilpa, igilpea, igmipa, igmipea, igmipyena, mipoga'' :* '''torrentially''' = ''igmipyenay'' :* '''torrid''' = ''auma, obzemernada'' :* '''torrid zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''torridity''' = ''auman'' :* '''torridly''' = ''aumay'' :* '''torridness''' = ''auman'' :* '''torsion''' = ''yuzren'' :* '''torsional wave''' = ''yuzrena pyaon'' :* '''torsional''' = ''yuzrena'' :* '''torso''' = ''tib'' :* '''tort''' = ''doyoyv, fyun, yovon'' :* '''torte''' = ''torte'' :* '''tortellini''' = ''tortellini'' :* '''tortilla''' = ''tortilla'' :* '''tortoise''' = ''mapyet'' :* '''tortoise shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''tortoiseshell''' = ''mapyetayob'' :* '''tortoni''' = ''tortoni'' :* '''tortuosity''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''tortuous''' = ''brokuyea, uzra, zyublyea'' :* '''tortuously''' = ''brokuyeay'' :* '''tortuousness''' = ''brokuyean, uzran, zyublyean'' :* '''torture''' = ''brok'' :* '''torture chamber''' = ''brokuim, uzraxim'' :* '''torture victim''' = ''brokuwat, uzraxwat'' :* '''tortured''' = ''brokuwa, uzrawa, uzraxwa'' :* '''torturer''' = ''brokuut, uzraxut'' :* '''torturing''' = ''brokuen, uzraxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = toss -- tourmaline = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''toss''' = ''pux, zaopux'' :* '''tossed forward''' = ''zaypuyxwa'' :* '''tossed in''' = ''yepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed left and right''' = ''zuipuyxwa'' :* '''tossed off''' = ''opuyxwa'' :* '''tossed on''' = ''apuyxwa'' :* '''tossed out''' = ''oyepuyxwa'' :* '''tossed''' = ''puyxwa'' :* '''tossing and turning''' = ''tuijen'' :* '''tossing forward''' = ''zaypuyxen'' :* '''tossing in''' = ''yupuyxen'' :* '''tossing left and right''' = ''zuipuyxen'' :* '''tossing off''' = ''opuyxen'' :* '''tossing on''' = ''apuyxen'' :* '''tossing out''' = ''oyepuyxen'' :* '''tossing''' = ''puyxen, zaopuxen'' :* '''toss-up''' = ''engevean, hyaewayafwan'' :* '''tot-''' = ''hya-'' :* '''tot''' = ''tobetog'' :* '''total consumption''' = ''iktelen'' :* '''total''' = ''hyaa, ikglan, ikglana, ikna, iksag, iksaga'' :* '''total scrub''' = ''ikapaxrun'' :* '''totaled up''' = ''iksagxwa'' :* '''totaling''' = ''iksagsea'' :* '''totaling up''' = ''iksagxen'' :* '''totalitarian''' = ''iknandabina, iknandabinut'' :* '''totalitarianism''' = ''iknandabin'' :* '''totality''' = ''hyaglan, ikglan, iknan, iksagan'' :* '''totalizator''' = ''iknanzyabar'' :* '''totally consumed''' = ''iktelwa'' :* '''totally forgotten''' = ''iktoxwa'' :* '''totally''' = ''hyagla, hyanog, iknay'' :* '''totally oblivious''' = ''iktoxea'' :* '''totem''' = ''alodobsiyin'' :* '''totemic''' = ''alodobsiyina'' :* '''totterer''' = ''uizbasut'' :* '''tottering''' = ''uizbasea, uizbasen'' :* '''toucan''' = ''rupat'' :* '''touch''' = ''byux, tayox'' :* '''touchable''' = ''byuxyafwa'' :* '''touchdown''' = ''yaonnodek'' :* '''Touch&eacute;!''' = ''Et ake!'' :* '''touched''' = ''byuxwa, tuyuxwa'' :* '''touched up''' = ''zoytayoxwa'' :* '''touchily''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchiness''' = ''bikiefwan, gratosyean, pyexdyukwan'' :* '''touching''' = ''byuxen, tayoxen, tayoxyea, tuyuxen'' :* '''touching up''' = ''zoytayoxen'' :* '''touchingly''' = ''bikiefway, gratosyeay, pyexdyukway'' :* '''touchkey''' = ''byuxar'' :* '''touchline''' = ''byuxnad'' :* '''touchscreen''' = ''byuxmays'' :* '''touchstone''' = ''inyek meg'' :* '''touchwood''' = ''yonmulxwa faob'' :* '''touchy''' = ''bikiefwa, gratosyea, pyexdyukwa'' :* '''touchy-feely''' = ''tayoxyea'' :* '''tough grader''' = ''yiga nogsiynuut'' :* '''tough spot''' = ''yigem'' :* '''tough''' = ''tapyafa, yiga'' :* '''toughened''' = ''gyiaxwa, yigfaxwa, yigxwa'' :* '''toughener''' = ''yigxus'' :* '''toughening''' = ''gyiaxen, yigfaxen, yigxen'' :* '''toughie''' = ''yikas'' :* '''toughly''' = ''yigay'' :* '''tough-minded''' = ''gyitepa, tepyiga'' :* '''tough-mindedly''' = ''gyitepay'' :* '''tough-mindedness''' = ''gyitepan, tepyigan'' :* '''toughness''' = ''yigan'' :* '''tough-spirited''' = ''gyitepa'' :* '''toupe''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''toupee''' = ''vyotayebun'' :* '''tour guide''' = ''yuzpopizbut'' :* '''tour''' = ''ifpop, yuzmep, yuzpop, zyap, zyapop, zyup'' :* '''tour vehicle''' = ''yuzmepur, yuzpur'' :* '''touring around''' = ''yuzpopea, yuzpopen, zyapopea, zyapopen'' :* '''touring''' = ''ifpopen, yuzpea, zyapen'' :* '''tourism''' = ''ifpop, ifpopen, zyapopen'' :* '''tourist bureau''' = ''zyapopnam'' :* '''tourist''' = ''ifpoput, yuzpoput, zyapoput, zyaput'' :* '''tourmaline''' = ''alamez'' </div>{{small/end}} = tournament -- tracheotomy = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tournament''' = ''dopekyan, ekyan, ifekyan'' :* '''tourniquet''' = ''zyoxbikof'' :* '''tousle''' = ''lonapxen'' :* '''tousled''' = ''futayebarwa, lonapxwa, yanfaybesaya, yanfaybesika'' :* '''touted''' = ''dofidwa'' :* '''touting''' = ''dofiden'' :* '''tow truck''' = ''biyxpur, yanpyexun zobixpur'' :* '''towage''' = ''biyxnux'' :* '''toward the back of''' = ''ub zom bi'' :* '''toward the beginning of''' = ''ub ij bi'' :* '''toward the end of''' = ''ub uj bi'' :* '''toward the front of''' = ''ub zam bi'' :* '''toward the front''' = ''zay'' :* '''toward the left of''' = ''ub zum bi'' :* '''toward the middle of the street''' = ''ub zem bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the middle of''' = ''ub zem bi'' :* '''toward the right of''' = ''ub zim bi'' :* '''toward the side of the street''' = ''ub kum bi ha domep'' :* '''toward the side of''' = ''ub kum bi'' :* '''toward''' = ''ub'' :* '''toward-and-away''' = ''pui-, uib-'' :* '''towed across''' = ''zeybixwa'' :* '''towed''' = ''biyxwa, zobixwa'' :* '''towel hook''' = ''milnov grun'' :* '''towel''' = ''milnov'' :* '''towel rack''' = ''milnov sammoys'' :* '''toweled down''' = ''milnovxwa'' :* '''towelette''' = ''milnoves'' :* '''toweling''' = ''milnovxen'' :* '''toweling oneself down''' = ''utmilnovxen'' :* '''Tower of Babel''' = ''Yabtom bi Babel'' :* '''Tower of London''' = ''Yabtom bi London'' :* '''tower''' = ''yabtom, zyutom'' :* '''towering''' = ''yabtomea'' :* '''towhead''' = ''etozat'' :* '''towheaded''' = ''etoza'' :* '''towhee''' = ''zyupat'' :* '''towing across''' = ''zeybixen'' :* '''towing''' = ''biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''towline''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''town car''' = ''dompar'' :* '''town crier''' = ''domteudut, doymteudut'' :* '''town''' = ''doym'' :* '''town hall''' = ''domabam'' :* '''town house''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townee''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townhouse''' = ''domtam'' :* '''townie''' = ''doymat'' :* '''townscape''' = ''domsin'' :* '''townsfolk''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''township''' = ''doam'' :* '''townsman''' = ''doymut'' :* '''townspeople''' = ''doymtyod'' :* '''townswoman''' = ''doymuyt'' :* '''towpath''' = ''biyxmep'' :* '''towrope''' = ''biyxnyif'' :* '''toxemia''' = ''tiibilbokuluen'' :* '''toxic''' = ''bokula'' :* '''toxicity''' = ''bokulan'' :* '''toxicological''' = ''bokultuna'' :* '''toxicologist''' = ''bokultut'' :* '''toxicology''' = ''bokultun'' :* '''toxin''' = ''bokul, pobokul'' :* '''toxin-filled''' = ''bokulaya, bokulika'' :* '''toy box''' = ''ekar nyem, ifekar nyem'' :* '''toy chest''' = ''ekar nyemag, ifekar nyemag'' :* '''toy''' = ''ekar, ifekar'' :* '''toy terrier''' = ''dayepet'' :* '''toyed''' = ''ekarwa'' :* '''toying''' = ''ekaren, ifekaren'' :* '''toyshop''' = ''ekarnam'' :* '''trace''' = ''ajpensiyn, josiyn, lobexun, pensiyn, zonaad, zoylobex, zoylobexun, zoylobexwas'' :* '''traceable''' = ''josiynxyafwa'' :* '''traced''' = ''ajpensiynwa, josiynxwa, pensyinwa'' :* '''traceless''' = ''pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracer''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar, pensiynut'' :* '''tracery''' = ''vibaibyan'' :* '''trachea''' = ''mapuf, tiebaluf'' :* '''tracheal''' = ''mapufa, teibalufa'' :* '''tracheotomy''' = ''mapufobeyn, tiebalufoben'' </div>{{small/end}} = tracing -- train car = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tracing''' = ''ajpensiynen, josiynxen, pensiynen, zonaadren'' :* '''tracing paper''' = ''zyemana dref'' :* '''track''' = ''ajpensiyn, feelknad, golmep, jopensiyn, josiyn, naad, zonaad'' :* '''track record''' = ''ujak ajdin'' :* '''trackball''' = ''iznodarzyun'' :* '''tracked''' = ''ajpensiynwa, jopensiynwa, josiynxwa'' :* '''tracker''' = ''ajpensiynut, josiynxar, pensiynar'' :* '''tracking''' = ''ajpensiynen, jopensiynen, josiynxen, zonaadren'' :* '''trackless''' = ''josiynoya, josiynuka, pensiynoya, pensiynuka'' :* '''tracksuit''' = ''aybtoof'' :* '''tract''' = ''memnig'' :* '''tractability''' = ''diybyafwan'' :* '''tractable''' = ''diybyafwa'' :* '''tractably''' = ''diybyafway'' :* '''tractate''' = ''yagtixdren'' :* '''traction''' = ''bix, bixen, bixyaf, zobix, zobixen'' :* '''tractive''' = ''bixena'' :* '''tractor''' = ''bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''trade''' = ''buien, ebkyax, ebkyaxen, tyen, yexyen'' :* '''trade ministry''' = ''nunuiendubam'' :* '''trade name''' = ''nundyun'' :* '''trade school''' = ''tyen tistam'' :* '''trade secret''' = ''nunyax kod'' :* '''trade stall''' = ''nunuium'' :* '''trade union''' = ''yaxutyan'' :* '''trade war''' = ''nunuien dropek'' :* '''trade wind''' = ''jetmap'' :* '''traded''' = ''buiwa, ebkyaxwa, nunuiwa'' :* '''trademark''' = ''anyendras, nundyun, nunsiun'' :* '''tradeoff''' = ''abfinok'' :* '''trader''' = ''buinunut, buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradesman''' = ''buiut, ebkyaxut, nunuiut'' :* '''tradespeople''' = ''buiuti, nunuiuti'' :* '''tradeswoman''' = ''buiuyt, nunuiuyt'' :* '''trading''' = ''buien, ebnunxen, nunuien'' :* '''trading house''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading partner''' = ''buiendet, nunuiendet'' :* '''trading post''' = ''buiam, ebkyaxam, nunuiam'' :* '''trading table''' = ''buien sem, nunuien sem'' :* '''tradition''' = ''ajtyodyen, ajutbyen, ajyen'' :* '''traditional''' = ''ajtyodyena, ajutbyena, ajyena'' :* '''traditionalism''' = ''ajtyodyenin, ajutbyenin'' :* '''traditionalist''' = ''ajtyodyenina, ajtyodyeninut, ajutbyeninut'' :* '''traditionally''' = ''ajtyodyenay, ajutbyenay, ajyenay'' :* '''traducer''' = ''fudut'' :* '''traffic accident''' = ''purilp fukyes'' :* '''traffic''' = ''buip, koebkyax, meppas, nunuien, pen, purilp, puryuzpen, uipen, yuzpen'' :* '''traffic circle''' = ''purilp yuzpem'' :* '''traffic cone''' = ''domep ginid'' :* '''traffic congestion''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic cop''' = ''puryuzpen dovakdibut'' :* '''traffic jam''' = ''purilp nyaunxen'' :* '''traffic light''' = ''mansiunar, purilp mansiunar'' :* '''traffic police''' = ''purilp vakdib'' :* '''traffic sign''' = ''purilp izeadrof'' :* '''traffic signal''' = ''purilp siunar, puryuzpen siunar'' :* '''trafficked''' = ''koebkyaxwa, vyoxlawa'' :* '''trafficker''' = ''koebkyaxut, nunuiut, vyoxlut'' :* '''trafficking''' = ''koebkyaxen, vyoxlen'' :* '''tragedian actor''' = ''aguvdezut'' :* '''tragedian''' = ''aguvdeza, uvdezut'' :* '''tragedienne''' = ''aguvdezuyt'' :* '''tragedy''' = ''aguvdez, aguvdin, uvdez, uvkyeon, uvkyeuj, uvra kyes, uvson'' :* '''tragic''' = ''aguvdina, uvdina, uvdinyena, uvkyeona, uvkyeuja, uvra, uvsona'' :* '''tragic event''' = ''aguvkyes'' :* '''tragic play''' = ''uvdezun'' :* '''tragic story''' = ''uvra din'' :* '''tragic theater''' = ''aguvdez'' :* '''tragical''' = ''uvdinyena'' :* '''tragically''' = ''aguvdinay, uvkyeujay, uvray'' :* '''tragicomedy''' = ''uivdez, uivdin'' :* '''tragicomic''' = ''uivdeza'' :* '''trail''' = ''jopensiyn, meup'' :* '''trailblazer''' = ''meupzaput'' :* '''trailblazing''' = ''meupzapea'' :* '''trailed''' = ''jopensiynxwa'' :* '''trailer''' = ''pansin jateax, pasyafwa tam, zyuktam'' :* '''trailing''' = ''jopensiynxen, zopea'' :* '''train''' = ''bixpur, feelkmepur, naadpur, tibuf, tiyuf, zobixun'' :* '''train car''' = ''bixpures, naadpures'' </div>{{small/end}} = train compartment -- transcontinental = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''train compartment''' = ''bixpuresum'' :* '''train conductor''' = ''bixpur exut'' :* '''train crash''' = ''bixpur yanpyexrun'' :* '''train engine''' = ''bixpur sur'' :* '''train fare''' = ''bixpur nax'' :* '''train gate''' = ''bixpur meys'' :* '''train line''' = ''bixpur nad'' :* '''train of thought''' = ''texnad'' :* '''train platform''' = ''bixpur zyined, naadpur zyined'' :* '''train schedule''' = ''bixpur jobdraf'' :* '''train station''' = ''bixpur pestem, bixpur posem'' :* '''train stop''' = ''bixpur posem'' :* '''train ticket''' = ''bixpur drurunes'' :* '''train track''' = ''bixpur elyanad'' :* '''train travel''' = ''bixpur pop'' :* '''train tunnel''' = ''bixpur mup'' :* '''train whistle''' = ''bixpur gixeus'' :* '''trainability''' = ''azyuvxyafwan'' :* '''trainable''' = ''azyuvxyafwa, tyenuyafwa, tyuyafwa'' :* '''trained''' = ''azyuvxwa, tyenuwa, tyuwa'' :* '''trained person''' = ''tyenuwat, tyuwat'' :* '''trainee''' = ''tisjobut, tuyxwat, tyeniut, tyiut'' :* '''trainer''' = ''azyuvxut, tyenuut, tyuut'' :* '''training''' = ''azyuvxen, tapsexen, tyenien, tyenuen, tyien, tyuen'' :* '''training course''' = ''tyenuen jes, tyuen jes'' :* '''training facility''' = ''tuyxam, tyenuam, tyuam'' :* '''training manual''' = ''tyenuen tuyxdyes, tyuendyes'' :* '''training period''' = ''tyenuen joib'' :* '''trait''' = ''aotsiyn, utsiynes'' :* '''traitor''' = ''lofinzat, lofinzuut, vyoyuvat, vyoyuxlut'' :* '''traitoress''' = ''fuzdayt, vyoyuvsuyt, vyoyuxluyt'' :* '''traitorous''' = ''lofinza, vyoyuva, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''traitorously''' = ''lofinzay, vyoyuvay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''traitorousness''' = ''lofinzan, vyoyuvan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''trajectoral''' = ''puxuza'' :* '''trajectory''' = ''izon, papmep, popnad, puxmep, puxnad, puxuz, zeypuxmep'' :* '''tram''' = ''aybnyif dompur, domnaadpur'' :* '''tramcar''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trammel''' = ''pitneaf'' :* '''tramp''' = ''futoyb, fyukyapoput, meaput'' :* '''tramper''' = ''kyutyoput'' :* '''tramping''' = ''kyutyopen'' :* '''trampled''' = ''abarwa'' :* '''trampler''' = ''abarut, tyoyabarut'' :* '''trampling''' = ''abarea, abaren, tyoyabaren'' :* '''trampoline''' = ''pyasar'' :* '''tramway''' = ''domnaadpur'' :* '''trance''' = ''eyntij, eyntuj'' :* '''trance music''' = ''eyntuj duz'' :* '''trance-like''' = ''eyntujyena'' :* '''tranquil''' = ''boosa'' :* '''tranquility''' = ''boos, boosan'' :* '''tranquilization''' = ''booxen, booxulen'' :* '''tranquilized''' = ''booxuluwa, booxwa'' :* '''tranquilizer''' = ''booxar, booxul'' :* '''trans female''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb, kyatooyba'' :* '''trans-''' = ''kya-, yiz-, zey-, zye-'' :* '''trans male''' = ''kyatwoob, kyatwooba'' :* '''trans man''' = ''kyatwoob'' :* '''trans woman''' = ''kwatooyb, kyatooyb'' :* '''trans''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transacter''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transaction''' = ''xalen'' :* '''transactor''' = ''xalut'' :* '''transalpine''' = ''zeyAlpina'' :* '''trans-Atlantic''' = ''yizImimaga'' :* '''transborder''' = ''zeydobnada'' :* '''transceiver''' = ''uibar'' :* '''transcended''' = ''yiznogpya'' :* '''transcendence''' = ''yiznogpen'' :* '''transcendency''' = ''yiznogpan'' :* '''transcendent''' = ''yiznogpea'' :* '''transcendental''' = ''fyemira, yiznogpena'' :* '''transcendentalism''' = ''yiznogpin'' :* '''transcendentalist''' = ''yiznogpinut'' :* '''transcendentally''' = ''fyemiray, yiznogpenay'' :* '''transcending''' = ''yiznogpea, yiznogpen'' :* '''transcoded''' = ''zeykodrawa'' :* '''transcoder''' = ''zeykodrar'' :* '''transcontinental''' = ''zeyyanmela'' </div>{{small/end}} = transcribed -- translucid = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''transcribed''' = ''zeydrawa'' :* '''transcriber''' = ''zeydrut'' :* '''transcribing''' = ''zeydren'' :* '''transcript''' = ''zeydras'' :* '''transcription''' = ''zeydras, zeydren'' :* '''transducer''' = ''ilpankyaxar'' :* '''transect''' = ''zeygoblar'' :* '''transept''' = ''zeymeys'' :* '''transfer''' = ''kyaemben, purkyax drurunes, zeybelun drurunes, zeybun'' :* '''transfer of power''' = ''kyaxen bi yafon'' :* '''transferability''' = ''kyaembyafwan, zeybuyafwan'' :* '''transferable''' = ''zeybelyafwa, zeybuyafwa, zoyembyafwa'' :* '''transferal''' = ''kyaembun, zeybel, zeybuen'' :* '''transfered''' = ''ebelwa'' :* '''transference''' = ''kyaemben, zeybelen, zeybuen'' :* '''transferred''' = ''kyaembwa, zeybelwa, zeybuwa'' :* '''transferrer''' = ''kyaembut, zeybelut, zeybuut'' :* '''transferring''' = ''ebelen, kyaembea, kyaemben, zeybelea, zeybelen, zeybuea, zeybuen'' :* '''transfiguration''' = ''gawsanxen, sinkyaxen'' :* '''transfigurational''' = ''sinkyaxena'' :* '''transfigured''' = ''sinkyaxwa'' :* '''transfiguring''' = ''gawsanxea'' :* '''transfinite''' = ''yizujoa'' :* '''transfixed''' = ''dopargibwa, pasyofxwa'' :* '''transformability''' = ''zoysanxyafwan'' :* '''transformable''' = ''sankyaxyafwa, zoysanxyafwa'' :* '''transformably''' = ''zoysanxyafway'' :* '''transformation''' = ''sankyaxen'' :* '''transformational''' = ''gawsanxena, sankyaxena'' :* '''transformationally''' = ''sankyaxenay'' :* '''transformative''' = ''sankyaxyea, zoysanxyea'' :* '''transformed''' = ''sankyaxwa, zoysanxwa'' :* '''transformer''' = ''gawsanxus, sankyaxir'' :* '''transforming''' = ''sankyasea, sankyaxea, sankyaxen'' :* '''transfused''' = ''zeyiluwa'' :* '''transfusion''' = ''zeyiluen'' :* '''transgender''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgender person''' = ''kyatoobat'' :* '''transgendered''' = ''kyatooba'' :* '''transgress the law''' = ''oxaler ha dovyab'' :* '''transgressed''' = ''fyoxwa, oxalwa'' :* '''transgression''' = ''fyoxen, fyoxeyn, oxalen, oxaleyn'' :* '''transgressor''' = ''fyoxut, oxalut'' :* '''transience''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transiency''' = ''yogjesean'' :* '''transient''' = ''yogjesea'' :* '''transiently''' = ''yogjeseay'' :* '''transistor''' = ''ebkyaxar'' :* '''transistorized''' = ''ebkyaxarxwa'' :* '''transistorizing''' = ''ebkyaxarxen'' :* '''transit area''' = ''zyep gonem'' :* '''transit''' = ''per zey, zyep'' :* '''transit point''' = ''zyepem'' :* '''transition''' = ''zeyp, zeypen, zyepen'' :* '''transitional''' = ''zyepena'' :* '''transitionally''' = ''zyepenay'' :* '''transitioned''' = ''kyatoobaxwa, zyebwa'' :* '''transitioning gender''' = ''kyatoobasen'' :* '''transitioning''' = ''kyatoobasea'' :* '''transitioning to a male''' = ''kyatwoobsen'' :* '''transitive''' = ''syunika, zyepyea'' :* '''transitively''' = ''syunay, zyepyeay'' :* '''transitiveness''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitivity''' = ''syunikan, zyepyean'' :* '''transitoriness''' = ''yogjoban, yoglajoban'' :* '''transitory''' = ''yogjesea, yogjoba, yoglajoba, zeypena'' :* '''translatability''' = ''ebtestuyafwan'' :* '''translatable''' = ''ebtestuyafwa'' :* '''translated''' = ''ebtestuwa, hyudalzeynxwa'' :* '''translating''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translation''' = ''ebtestuen, hyudalzeynxen'' :* '''translator''' = ''ebtestuut, hyudalzeynxut'' :* '''transliteration''' = ''zeydresiynxen'' :* '''transloading''' = ''belunkaxen, kyiskyaxen'' :* '''translocation''' = ''zeyyemxen'' :* '''translucence''' = ''myazan, zyemanxen'' :* '''translucency''' = ''myazan'' :* '''translucent''' = ''myaza, zyemanxea'' :* '''translucently''' = ''myazay'' :* '''translucid''' = ''zyemana'' </div>{{small/end}} = translucidity -- trash barrel = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''translucidity''' = ''zyemanan'' :* '''transmarine''' = ''zeymima'' :* '''transmigrant''' = ''memkyaxut, zeymemput'' :* '''transmigration''' = ''memkyaxen, zeymempen'' :* '''transmissibility''' = ''zyeubyafwan'' :* '''transmissible''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmission''' = ''alpuben, igankyaxar, zeyuben, zeyubun, zyeuben'' :* '''transmission through the air''' = ''malzyeuben'' :* '''transmit-receive''' = ''uib-'' :* '''transmittable''' = ''zyeubyafwa'' :* '''transmittal''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmittance''' = ''zyeubun'' :* '''transmitted''' = ''alpubwa, zeyubwa, zyeubwa'' :* '''transmitter''' = ''zeyubar, zyeubar'' :* '''transmitter-receiver''' = ''zyeuibar'' :* '''transmitting''' = ''zyeuben'' :* '''transmogrification''' = ''iksankyaxen'' :* '''transmogrified''' = ''iksankyaxwa'' :* '''transmutable''' = ''suankyaxyafwa'' :* '''transmutation''' = ''suankyaxen'' :* '''transmuted''' = ''suankyaxwa'' :* '''transnational''' = ''zeydooba'' :* '''transnationally''' = ''zeydoobay'' :* '''transoceanic''' = ''zeymimaga'' :* '''transoceanically''' = ''zeymimagay'' :* '''transom''' = ''zeymuf'' :* '''trans-Pacific''' = ''yizUmimaga'' :* '''transparence''' = ''zyeteatyafwan'' :* '''transparency''' = ''ovolzan, zyeteasan, zyeteatyafwan, zyeteatyukwan'' :* '''transparent''' = ''olza, ovolza, zyeteasa, zyeteatyafwa, zyeteatyukwa'' :* '''transparently''' = ''zyeteasay, zyeteatyukway'' :* '''transpiration''' = ''mialoken'' :* '''transpiring''' = ''mialokea, mialoken'' :* '''transplantation''' = ''emkaxen, zeykyoben'' :* '''transplanted''' = ''emkaxwa, zaykyobwa'' :* '''transplanting''' = ''zaykyoben'' :* '''transpolar''' = ''zeymernoda'' :* '''transponder''' = ''dudubar'' :* '''transport hub''' = ''buibelen zen'' :* '''transport vehicle''' = ''buibelur'' :* '''transportability''' = ''buibelyafwan'' :* '''transportable''' = ''buibelyafwa'' :* '''transportation''' = ''buibelen'' :* '''transported''' = ''buibelwa, zeybelwa'' :* '''transporter''' = ''buibelur, buibelut, zeybelar, zeybelut'' :* '''transporting''' = ''buibelen, zeybelen'' :* '''transposed''' = ''zeybwa, zoybwa'' :* '''transposing''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transposition''' = ''kyaben, zeyben'' :* '''transputer''' = ''zeysyaagir'' :* '''transsexual''' = ''zeytooba, zeytoobat'' :* '''transsexualism''' = ''zeytoobin'' :* '''transshipment''' = ''buibelurkyaxen'' :* '''transubstantiation''' = ''mulkyaxen, zeymulxen'' :* '''transudation''' = ''zeytayozyegpen'' :* '''transversal''' = ''zeynada'' :* '''transversally''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transverse line''' = ''zeynad'' :* '''transverse wave''' = ''zeynada pyaon, zyenada pyaon'' :* '''transverse''' = ''zyenada'' :* '''transversely''' = ''zeynaday'' :* '''transvestism''' = ''zeytafin'' :* '''transvestite''' = ''zeytafut'' :* '''trap door''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trap''' = ''pexar, pexum'' :* '''trapan''' = ''pexar, zyegar'' :* '''trapdoor''' = ''dezmes, pexmes'' :* '''trapeze''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezium''' = ''byosmuf'' :* '''trapezoid''' = ''semsan'' :* '''trapezoidal''' = ''semsana'' :* '''trapped behind a cell''' = ''pexumbwa'' :* '''trapped''' = ''pexwa'' :* '''trapper''' = ''pexut, potpexut'' :* '''trapping''' = ''pexen, potpexen'' :* '''trappings''' = ''pexun'' :* '''trapshooting''' = ''iznod puxren'' :* '''trash art''' = ''vutuz'' :* '''trash bag''' = ''fyus nyef, lobelunyef, lobexun nyef'' :* '''trash barrel''' = ''oyepuxun faosyeb'' </div>{{small/end}} = trash basket -- treasury minister = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trash basket''' = ''oyepuxun yignyef'' :* '''trash bin''' = ''fyumul syebag, oeypuxun syebag'' :* '''trash can''' = ''fyus mugyeb, ipuxwas mugyeb, lobelunyeb, lobexun mugyeb, nyosyeb, yipuxunyeb, zoylobexyem'' :* '''trash collector''' = ''nyabut bi fyus'' :* '''trash container''' = ''oyepuxun syeb'' :* '''trash''' = ''fyumul, fyus, ipuxun, ipuxwas, lobexun, lobexwas, onexwas'' :* '''trash pail''' = ''fyus milbelar'' :* '''trashed''' = ''fyudwa, fyumulxwa'' :* '''trashiness''' = ''fyumulyenan'' :* '''trashing''' = ''fyuden, fyumulxen'' :* '''trashy''' = ''fyumulyena'' :* '''trauma''' = ''buk, bukun, fyux'' :* '''trauma center''' = ''bukzem'' :* '''traumatic''' = ''bukuna, tepbukuyea'' :* '''traumatically''' = ''tepbukuyeay'' :* '''traumatization''' = ''bukxen, tepbukuen'' :* '''traumatized''' = ''bukxwa, tepbukuwa'' :* '''traumatological''' = ''buktuna'' :* '''traumatologist''' = ''buktut'' :* '''traumatology''' = ''buktun'' :* '''travail''' = ''yeex'' :* '''travel agency''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel backpack''' = ''zotib ponyef'' :* '''travel bag''' = ''ponyef'' :* '''travel brochure''' = ''popnundras'' :* '''travel bug''' = ''zyapopif'' :* '''travel bureau''' = ''popyuxam'' :* '''travel diary''' = ''draves bi pop'' :* '''travel document''' = ''popdref'' :* '''travel insurance''' = ''pop ojokvak'' :* '''travel location''' = ''popem'' :* '''travel map''' = ''pop mepdraf, popmepdraf'' :* '''travel mate''' = ''yanpoput'' :* '''travel''' = ''pop'' :* '''travel time''' = ''popjob'' :* '''travel trunk''' = ''ponyebag'' :* '''traveler''' = ''zyaput'' :* '''traveler's check''' = ''poput nasdref'' :* '''traveling aimlessly''' = ''kyepopea, kyepopen'' :* '''traveling by subway''' = ''mumpuren'' :* '''traveling near-and-far''' = ''yuipopen'' :* '''traveling''' = ''popea, popen, zyapea, zyapen'' :* '''traveling wave''' = ''kyapea pyaon'' :* '''travel-lover''' = ''zyapopifut'' :* '''travelog''' = ''poptaxdrun'' :* '''travelogue''' = ''popsindren'' :* '''traversal''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''traverse''' = ''zeypop'' :* '''traversing''' = ''zeypopen'' :* '''travesty''' = ''vyogelsinxen'' :* '''trawl''' = ''pitpexnef'' :* '''trawler''' = ''pitpexnef mimpar'' :* '''tray''' = ''belar, zyimeses'' :* '''treacherous''' = ''lofinza, vokaya, vokika, vyoyuxlyea'' :* '''treacherously''' = ''vokay, vokikay, vyoyuxlyeay'' :* '''treacherousness''' = ''vokayan, vokikan, vyoyuxlyean'' :* '''treachery''' = ''lofinzan, vyayuvovaxlen, vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treacle''' = ''gratipdal, levyel'' :* '''treacly''' = ''gratipdalaya, gratipdalika, gyalevilyena'' :* '''tr&eacute;ma''' = ''abennod siyn'' :* '''treading''' = ''kyityopen, tyoyabalen'' :* '''treadmill''' = ''tyoyabmyekar, uzyubea masof'' :* '''treason''' = ''vyoyuxlen'' :* '''treasonable''' = ''vyoyuxlena'' :* '''treasonous''' = ''vyoyuxlea'' :* '''treasure chest''' = ''nazagnyem'' :* '''treasure hunt''' = ''kazkex, nazagkex'' :* '''treasure''' = ''kaz, nazag'' :* '''treasure trove''' = ''nazagkaxun, nyazkaxun'' :* '''treasured''' = ''glanazwa'' :* '''treasure-find''' = ''nazagkaxun'' :* '''treasure-hunt''' = ''nazagkex'' :* '''treasure-hunter''' = ''nazagkexut'' :* '''treasure-hunting''' = ''nazagkexen'' :* '''treasurer''' = ''nasdiybut'' :* '''treasurer's office''' = ''nasdiyb'' :* '''treasuring''' = ''glanazten'' :* '''treasury department''' = ''donasdubam, nasdubam'' :* '''treasury''' = ''donas'' :* '''treasury minister''' = ''donasdub'' </div>{{small/end}} = treasury ministry -- trial by fire = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''treasury ministry''' = ''donasdubam'' :* '''treasury secretary''' = ''donasdub, nasdub'' :* '''treat heavy-handedly''' = ''kyituyaben'' :* '''treat''' = ''ifbun'' :* '''treatability''' = ''bekyafwan'' :* '''treatable''' = ''bekyafwa'' :* '''treated''' = ''bekwa'' :* '''treated equally''' = ''gebekwa'' :* '''treated fairly''' = ''gebekwa, yevbekwa'' :* '''treated heavy-handedly''' = ''bekwa kyituyabay, kyituyabwa'' :* '''treated seriously''' = ''testkyiaxwa'' :* '''treating''' = ''beken'' :* '''treating seriously''' = ''testkyiaxen'' :* '''treatise''' = ''yagtixdras'' :* '''treatment''' = ''bek, beken, bekun'' :* '''treatment center''' = ''bekam'' :* '''treatment room''' = ''bekim'' :* '''treaty''' = ''dobdras, ebpoosdras, geltexdraf, poosdraf, yantexdraf'' :* '''treble clef''' = ''ge yijar'' :* '''treble''' = ''iona, twobet yabdeuzwut, twobet yabdeuzwuta, yabduzneg, yabduznega'' :* '''tree bark''' = ''fayob'' :* '''tree branch''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree''' = ''fab'' :* '''tree farm''' = ''fabyexem'' :* '''tree frog''' = ''ipiyet'' :* '''tree house''' = ''fab tamog, fabtam'' :* '''tree limb''' = ''fub'' :* '''tree line''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree orchard''' = ''fabdeym'' :* '''tree ring''' = ''fabuzun'' :* '''tree structure''' = ''fab sexyen'' :* '''tree stump''' = ''fabuj, fyoyab, tabgobluj'' :* '''tree trunk''' = ''fib'' :* '''tree-filled''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treeless''' = ''faboya, fabuka'' :* '''treelike''' = ''fabyena'' :* '''treeline''' = ''fabnad'' :* '''tree-lined''' = ''fabnadxwa'' :* '''treenail''' = ''faomuv'' :* '''tree-studded''' = ''fabaya, fabika'' :* '''treetop''' = ''fababgin'' :* '''trefoil''' = ''infayebsan'' :* '''trek''' = ''tyopyag'' :* '''trellis''' = ''mugneaf'' :* '''trembling''' = ''baosrea, paosea, paosen, pasrea, pasren'' :* '''trembling in fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufren'' :* '''trembling with fear''' = ''yufbaosea, yufbaosen'' :* '''tremendous''' = ''agra, yufxagra'' :* '''tremendously''' = ''agray, yufxagray'' :* '''tremendousness''' = ''agran'' :* '''tremolo''' = ''paosen'' :* '''tremor''' = ''melpaosun, paosun'' :* '''tremulous''' = ''paosyea, yuyfa'' :* '''tremulously''' = ''paosyeay, yuyfay'' :* '''tremulousness''' = ''paosyean, yuyfan'' :* '''trench''' = ''meluknad, melyoznad, moub, moup, yagmeluk'' :* '''trench warfare''' = ''yagmeluk dopeken'' :* '''trenchancy''' = ''dalyigzan, gifan'' :* '''trenchant''' = ''dalyigza, gifa'' :* '''trenchantly''' = ''dalyigzay, gifay'' :* '''trenched''' = ''moubxwa'' :* '''trencher''' = ''moubxir'' :* '''trend''' = ''kisyen, mepnad, syenizon'' :* '''trendily''' = ''syenizona'' :* '''trendiness''' = ''syenizonan'' :* '''trending''' = ''kisyenea, kisyenen, syenizonsea'' :* '''trendy''' = ''kisyena, syenizona, visyena'' :* '''trepan''' = ''zyegar'' :* '''trepidation''' = ''yufayan, yufikan'' :* '''trespasser''' = ''vyozyeput'' :* '''trespassing''' = ''vyozyepen'' :* '''tress''' = ''tayev'' :* '''tressy''' = ''tayevaya, tayevika'' :* '''trestle''' = ''faotyobyan'' :* '''trevet''' = ''intyobol'' :* '''trey''' = ''iwas'' :* '''tri-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triad''' = ''ionas'' :* '''triage''' = ''saunnapxen'' :* '''trial by fire''' = ''yaovyek bey mag, yek bey mag'' </div>{{small/end}} = trial chamber -- trill = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trial chamber''' = ''yaovyekim'' :* '''trial lawyer''' = ''yaovyek dovyabtut'' :* '''trial venue''' = ''doyevyekem'' :* '''trial''' = ''vyaoyek, yaovyek, yek'' :* '''triangle''' = ''gaduzar, ingun, ingunsan'' :* '''triangular''' = ''inguna, ingunsana'' :* '''triangularly''' = ''ingunay'' :* '''triangulation''' = ''ingunsaxen'' :* '''triathlon''' = ''intapek'' :* '''tribal''' = ''alodoba'' :* '''tribal chief''' = ''alodeb'' :* '''tribalism''' = ''alodobin'' :* '''tribalist''' = ''alodobina, alodobinut'' :* '''tribe''' = ''alodob'' :* '''tribe member''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribesman''' = ''alodobat'' :* '''tribeswoman''' = ''alodobayt'' :* '''tribulation''' = ''uvrakyes, uvras'' :* '''tribunal''' = ''doyevam, yevdam, yevdutyan'' :* '''tribune''' = ''dalsem, texyenxem, tyodobyexut'' :* '''tributary''' = ''miup, yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute earner''' = ''yefbun nixut'' :* '''tribute''' = ''fitexbun, nuxyefag, opyexbun, yefbun'' :* '''tribute payer''' = ''yefbun nuxut'' :* '''tricar''' = ''inzyukpur'' :* '''trication''' = ''invamakmul'' :* '''tricentennial''' = ''isojabxel'' :* '''trichological''' = ''tayebtuna'' :* '''trichologist''' = ''tayebtut'' :* '''trichology''' = ''tayebtun'' :* '''trichotomy''' = ''ingonxen'' :* '''trick''' = ''kovyox, tepvyox, vyobyen, vyoek, vyotexuen'' :* '''trick question''' = ''vyotuea did'' :* '''tricked''' = ''kovyoxwa, tepvyoxwa, vyoekwa, vyotexuwa'' :* '''trickery''' = ''kovyoxyan, tepvyoxen, vyoeken, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickiness''' = ''tepvyoxyean'' :* '''tricking''' = ''kovyoxen, tepvyoxen, vyotexuen'' :* '''trickish''' = ''vyotexuyea'' :* '''trickle down''' = ''yobmiyop'' :* '''trickle''' = ''miyop'' :* '''trickling down''' = ''yobmiyopea'' :* '''trickling''' = ''miipea, miipen, miupsen, miyopea, miyopen, ugilpea, ugilpen'' :* '''trickster''' = ''kovyoxut, vyoekut, vyotexekut, vyotexuut'' :* '''tricksy''' = ''kovyoxyea'' :* '''tricky''' = ''kaxonyikwa, tepvyoxyea'' :* '''tri-color''' = ''involza'' :* '''tri-consonantal''' = ''inyujteuzuna'' :* '''tricot''' = ''nef'' :* '''tricycle''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''tricycling''' = ''inzyukparen'' :* '''tricyclist''' = ''inzyukparut'' :* '''trident''' = ''inpiba zyeglar'' :* '''tri-directional''' = ''inizona'' :* '''tried''' = ''doyevyekwa, vyaoyekwa, yaovyekwa, yekteexwa, yekwa, yevsonteexwa'' :* '''triennial''' = ''ijab, ijaba'' :* '''triennially''' = ''ijabay'' :* '''trier''' = ''yekut'' :* '''trifid''' = ''iniyub'' :* '''trifle''' = ''glonazun, glos, sunog'' :* '''trifler''' = ''fuifekut'' :* '''trifling''' = ''fuifeken, ugpea, ugpen'' :* '''trifling matter''' = ''ogteson, sonog'' :* '''trig''' = ''napika'' :* '''trigger''' = ''zoybixar'' :* '''triggered''' = ''ijbwa, zoybixarwa'' :* '''triggering''' = ''ijben, zoybixaren'' :* '''triglot''' = ''indalzeyna'' :* '''trigonal''' = ''inguna'' :* '''trigonometrical''' = ''usagtuna'' :* '''trigonometrically''' = ''usagtunay'' :* '''trigonometry expert''' = ''usagtut'' :* '''trigonometry''' = ''usagtun'' :* '''trigram''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trigraph''' = ''indresiyn'' :* '''trihedral''' = ''inneda'' :* '''trike''' = ''inzyuk, inzyukpar'' :* '''trilateral''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''trilby''' = ''yitef'' :* '''trilingual''' = ''indalzyeyena'' :* '''trill''' = ''milapod, nalopeld, yaoseux'' </div>{{small/end}} = trilled r -- triweekly = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trilled r''' = ''glabyexwa ro'' :* '''trilled''' = ''yaoseuxwa'' :* '''trilling''' = ''milapoden, nalopelden'' :* '''trillion''' = ''garale, garaleon'' :* '''trillionth''' = ''garalea, gorale, goraleon'' :* '''trilogy''' = ''iondin, iondren'' :* '''trim''' = ''navis'' :* '''trimaran''' = ''infatayob mipar'' :* '''trimensual''' = ''injiba'' :* '''trimester''' = ''ijib'' :* '''trimestrial''' = ''ijiba'' :* '''trimly''' = ''gyolay'' :* '''trimmed''' = ''gyolxwa, kunadgoblawa, vibwa, vigoblawa'' :* '''trimmer''' = ''kunadgoblar, vigoblar'' :* '''trimming down''' = ''gyolxen'' :* '''trimming''' = ''kunadgoblen, viben, vibun, vigoblen'' :* '''trimness''' = ''gyolan'' :* '''trimonthly''' = ''injibay'' :* '''trinal''' = ''ingona'' :* '''trinary''' = ''insuna'' :* '''trine''' = ''iona'' :* '''Trinidad and Tobago''' = ''Totom'' :* '''Trinidadian''' = ''Totoma, Totomat'' :* '''triniscope''' = ''insinuar'' :* '''Trinitarian''' = ''Totiona'' :* '''trinity''' = ''intotan, totion'' :* '''Trinity''' = ''Totion'' :* '''trinket''' = ''ivyunog'' :* '''trio''' = ''ion, ionat, iot, iwat deuzun'' :* '''triode''' = ''inmakmis'' :* '''trip by car''' = ''pep'' :* '''trip''' = ''pen, pop, pyoys'' :* '''tripartite''' = ''ingona'' :* '''tripe''' = ''upetikel, vyosul'' :* '''triphthong''' = ''inyijteuzun'' :* '''tripl-''' = ''in-'' :* '''triplane''' = ''inneda, inpatuba mampur'' :* '''triple''' = ''iona'' :* '''triple time''' = ''iondeup'' :* '''tripled''' = ''insaunxwa, ionxwa'' :* '''triple-sided''' = ''inkuna'' :* '''triplet''' = ''intajat, iontajat'' :* '''triplex''' = ''ingona, inigan, inmosa, inmostam, inmostom, iondeup, iontam'' :* '''triplicate''' = ''insauna'' :* '''triplicity''' = ''insaunan'' :* '''tripling''' = ''insaunxen, ionxen'' :* '''triply''' = ''ionay'' :* '''tripod''' = ''insyoyab'' :* '''tripodal''' = ''insyoyaba'' :* '''tripped''' = ''pyoyxwa'' :* '''tripped up''' = ''tyoyavyobwa'' :* '''tripper''' = ''pyoysut'' :* '''tripping''' = ''pyoysen, pyoyxen, tyopyosen, tyoyavyopen, vyotyopen'' :* '''triptych''' = ''insin'' :* '''trireme''' = ''inmifubyan mimpar'' :* '''trisection''' = ''ingegonxen'' :* '''trite''' = ''zyida'' :* '''tritely''' = ''zyiday'' :* '''triteness''' = ''zyidan'' :* '''triumph''' = ''akrun'' :* '''triumphal''' = ''akruna'' :* '''triumphant''' = ''akrea'' :* '''triumphant one''' = ''akrut'' :* '''triumphantly''' = ''akreay'' :* '''triumphed''' = ''akrawa'' :* '''triumphing''' = ''akren'' :* '''triumvir''' = ''intob'' :* '''triumvirate''' = ''intobyan, tobion'' :* '''triune''' = ''iwawa'' :* '''trivalent''' = ''innaza'' :* '''trivet''' = ''insyoyabol, novxuta goblar'' :* '''trivia''' = ''kyutesa soni, ogsoni'' :* '''trivial''' = ''glotesa, kyutesa, teskyua'' :* '''trivial matter''' = ''kyuson'' :* '''triviality''' = ''kyutesan, testkyuan'' :* '''trivialization''' = ''kyutesaxen, testkyuaxen'' :* '''trivialized''' = ''kyutesaxwa, testkyuaxwa'' :* '''trivially''' = ''kyutesay'' :* '''trivium''' = ''ogson'' :* '''triweekly''' = ''inyejubay'' </div>{{small/end}} = trizone -- true believer = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''trizone''' = ''ingonem'' :* '''troat''' = ''vipod'' :* '''trochaic''' = ''kyikyudeupa'' :* '''trochee''' = ''kyikyudeup'' :* '''trodden''' = ''kyityopwa'' :* '''troglodyte''' = ''moibbesut, mumzyeg besut'' :* '''troika''' = ''inapetpir'' :* '''troll''' = ''fyevutwobog, vutob'' :* '''trolley bus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolley car''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trolleybus''' = ''kyubixpur, kyuyuzpur'' :* '''trollop''' = ''vubyenayt'' :* '''trombone''' = ''veduzar'' :* '''trombonist''' = ''veduzarut'' :* '''trompe-l'oeil''' = ''vyoteas'' :* '''troop''' = ''aotnyanag, aotyan, doop, doputyan'' :* '''troop of kangaroos''' = ''apletyan'' :* '''trooper''' = ''adepat, kyoyekut'' :* '''troops''' = ''deputyan'' :* '''troopship''' = ''doputyanbelea mimpur'' :* '''trope''' = ''yiztesdun, zoyyixwas'' :* '''trophy''' = ''finsizag, fyizun'' :* '''trophy winner''' = ''fyiziut'' :* '''tropic''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Cancer''' = ''obzemernad'' :* '''Tropic of Capricorn''' = ''abzemernad'' :* '''tropical cyclone''' = ''obzemernada mapuzrun'' :* '''tropical''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropical storm''' = ''obzemernada mapil'' :* '''tropical zone''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropically''' = ''obzemernada'' :* '''tropics''' = ''obzemerem'' :* '''tropism''' = ''uibuzpin'' :* '''troposphere''' = ''emal'' :* '''tropospheric''' = ''emala'' :* '''trotting''' = ''apetyopen, ugpotpen'' :* '''troubadour''' = ''trubadur'' :* '''trouble''' = ''obos, opoos'' :* '''trouble spot''' = ''obos nod'' :* '''troubled''' = ''fyuyxwa, kyitosuwa, otepooxwa'' :* '''troublemaker''' = ''oteboxut, tepvuloxut'' :* '''troubleshooter''' = ''funkexut'' :* '''troubleshooting''' = ''funkexen'' :* '''troublesome''' = ''fyuyxea, otepooxea'' :* '''troublesomely''' = ''fyuyxeay, otepooxeay'' :* '''troubling''' = ''bukyea, fyuya, fyuyxea, fyuyxen'' :* '''trough''' = ''pyon, yoz'' :* '''trounce''' = ''akrun'' :* '''trounced''' = ''okrawa'' :* '''trouncer''' = ''okrut'' :* '''trouncing''' = ''okren'' :* '''troupe''' = ''dezutyan'' :* '''trouper''' = ''ajdezut'' :* '''trouser''' = ''tyof'' :* '''trousers''' = ''abtyof, tyof'' :* '''trousseau''' = ''jogtayd bunyan'' :* '''trout''' = ''apit'' :* '''trout gray''' = ''apit-maolza'' :* '''trove''' = ''kaxun, kaxwas, nazagkaxun'' :* '''trowel''' = ''nedyugfir'' :* '''troy''' = ''iwa'' :* '''truancy''' = ''yefobiken'' :* '''truant''' = ''yefobikut'' :* '''truce''' = ''dropekpoyx'' :* '''truck''' = ''belur, kyisbelur, kyispur, membelur, nunpur'' :* '''truck driver''' = ''kyispur exut'' :* '''truck farmer''' = ''volemut'' :* '''trucked''' = ''belurwa, kyispurwa, nunpurwa'' :* '''trucker''' = ''belurut, kyispurut, nunpurut'' :* '''trucking''' = ''beluren, kyispuren, nunpuren'' :* '''truckle''' = ''zyuyk bi bilyig'' :* '''truckler''' = ''zyuykput'' :* '''truckling''' = ''zyuykpen'' :* '''truckload''' = ''belurik, kyispurik'' :* '''truculence''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlean, tojbuan, yigran'' :* '''truculent''' = ''dopekyuka, ovaxlea, tojbua, yigra'' :* '''truculently''' = ''dopekyukay, ovaxleay, tojbuay, yigray'' :* '''trudging''' = ''kyipea, kyipen, zougpea, zougpen'' :* '''true base''' = ''vyasyob'' :* '''true believer''' = ''azvatexut'' </div>{{small/end}} = true bond -- Ts = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''true bond''' = ''vyayuv'' :* '''true child''' = ''vyatajat'' :* '''true east''' = ''iz zimera'' :* '''true life story''' = ''vyatea jdin'' :* '''true life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true measure''' = ''vyanag'' :* '''true nature''' = ''vyamol'' :* '''true north''' = ''iz zamera'' :* '''true or false?''' = ''vyao?'' :* '''true path''' = ''vyameyp'' :* '''true servant''' = ''vyayuxlut'' :* '''true south''' = ''iz zomera'' :* '''true story''' = ''vyadin, vyamdin'' :* '''true to life''' = ''vyateja'' :* '''true value''' = ''vyama naz'' :* '''true-''' = ''vya-'' :* '''true''' = ''vyaa'' :* '''true west''' = ''iz zumera'' :* '''true-born''' = ''vyataja'' :* '''true-heartedness''' = ''vyapitan'' :* '''true-heated''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''truelove''' = ''vyaifon, vyaifwat'' :* '''true-minded''' = ''vyatipa'' :* '''true-mindedness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''true-to-life story''' = ''vyamdin, vyatejdin'' :* '''true-to-life''' = ''vyama, vyateja'' :* '''truffle''' = ''asovob'' :* '''truism''' = ''vyaas, vyandun'' :* '''trull''' = ''utnixuuyt'' :* '''truly''' = ''vay, vyaay'' :* '''trump''' = ''abfinuus, yiznabus, zoyfix'' :* '''trumped''' = ''gafixwa, yiznabwa'' :* '''trumpet''' = ''vaduzar'' :* '''trumpeter''' = ''vaduzarut'' :* '''trumpeting''' = ''gapoden'' :* '''truncated''' = ''gonobwa, yoggoblawa'' :* '''truncating''' = ''yoggoblen'' :* '''truncation''' = ''gonoben, yoggoblen, yoggoblun'' :* '''truncheon''' = ''pyexen muf'' :* '''trundle''' = ''uzyubar'' :* '''trundler''' = ''uzyubut'' :* '''trundling''' = ''kyipea, kyipen'' :* '''trunk''' = ''gonobun, nyebsom, ponyem, tib, yibmep, yoggoblun'' :* '''trunks''' = ''tiuf'' :* '''trunnion''' = ''uzmug'' :* '''truss''' = ''bol zetif'' :* '''trust''' = ''vatex, vatexien, vatexun, vlatex, vlatexen, vyatip, yanvatex'' :* '''trusted''' = ''vatexwa, vlatexwa, vyatipuwa, yanvatexwa'' :* '''trustee''' = ''vatexuwat, vlatexwat, yanvatexwat'' :* '''trusteeship''' = ''vlatexwatan, yanvatexwatan'' :* '''trustful''' = ''vatexyea, yanvatexyea'' :* '''trustfully''' = ''vatexyeay, yanvatexyeay'' :* '''trustfulness''' = ''vatexyean, yanvatexyean'' :* '''trustiness''' = ''vyatipan'' :* '''trusting''' = ''vatexea, vatexen, vatexien, vatexiyea, vatexyea, vlatexea, vyatipa, yanvatexea, yanvatexen'' :* '''trustingly''' = ''vatexeay, yanvatexeay'' :* '''trustworthiness''' = ''vatexyefwan, vlatexyefwan'' :* '''trustworthy''' = ''vatexyefwa, vlatexyefwa'' :* '''trusty''' = ''vatexika, vyatipa'' :* '''truth value''' = ''vyan naz'' :* '''truth''' = ''vyad, vyan'' :* '''truth-digger''' = ''vyankexut, vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-finding''' = ''vyankaxen'' :* '''truthful''' = ''vyanaya, vyanika'' :* '''truthfully''' = ''vyanikay'' :* '''truthfulness''' = ''vyadean, vyanayan, vyanikan'' :* '''truth-related''' = ''vyana'' :* '''truth-seeker''' = ''vyanyekut'' :* '''truth-seeking''' = ''vyankexen'' :* '''truth-teller''' = ''vyandut'' :* '''try a case''' = ''teexer doyevson'' :* '''try one's luck''' = ''yekuer kyen'' :* '''try''' = ''yek'' :* '''trying''' = ''doyevyeken, vyaoyeken, xefen, yaovyeken, yekea, yeken, yekteexen, yekuea'' :* '''trying hard''' = ''jekea jestay, xelfen'' :* '''tryingly''' = ''yekueay'' :* '''try-out''' = ''finyekun'' :* '''tryptophanine''' = ''tryitofaniyn'' :* '''tryst''' = ''ifutyanup'' :* '''Ts''' = ''tusolk'' </div>{{small/end}} = tsar -- tuner = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tsar''' = ''tsar'' :* '''Tsonga speaker''' = ''Tosodalut'' :* '''Tsonga''' = ''Tosod'' :* '''tsunami''' = ''aigilpyaon'' :* '''Tswana speaker''' = ''Tosonidalut'' :* '''Tswana''' = ''Tosonid'' :* '''tub''' = ''faosyeb, milyepsom'' :* '''tuba player''' = ''vyoduzarut'' :* '''tuba''' = ''vyoduzar'' :* '''tubal''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubby''' = ''faosyebyena, zyusana'' :* '''tube''' = ''mumpur, muyfyeg'' :* '''tube of toothpaste''' = ''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'' :* '''tubeless''' = ''muyfyegoya, muyfyeguka'' :* '''tuber''' = ''vyob'' :* '''tubercle''' = ''vyoyb, yayz'' :* '''tubercular''' = ''yayza'' :* '''tuberculosis''' = ''yayzbok'' :* '''tuberose''' = ''vyobyena'' :* '''tubing''' = ''muyfyegyan'' :* '''tubular bell''' = ''kyoduzar'' :* '''tubular''' = ''muyfyega'' :* '''tubule''' = ''muyfyeges'' :* '''tuck''' = ''yebal, yebux'' :* '''tucked in''' = ''yebalwa, yebuxwa'' :* '''tucked''' = ''yebalxwa'' :* '''tuckered out''' = ''bookxwa'' :* '''tucking in''' = ''yebalen, yebuxen'' :* '''-tude''' = ''-an'' :* '''Tuesday''' = ''jueb'' :* '''tuft of feathers''' = ''patayebfaybes'' :* '''tuft''' = ''tayebeb, veb'' :* '''tufted''' = ''tayebebwa, vebika'' :* '''tufter''' = ''tayebebir, tayebebirut'' :* '''tug''' = ''bix, bixpir, zobixur'' :* '''tugboat''' = ''bix mimpar'' :* '''tugged''' = ''biyxwa'' :* '''tugging''' = ''bixen, biyxen, zobixen'' :* '''tug-of-war''' = ''bixpek'' :* '''tug-o-war''' = ''buixek, buixufek'' :* '''tuition''' = ''tuxnas'' :* '''tuk-tuk''' = ''tobbixwa belir'' :* '''tulip''' = ''alyevos'' :* '''tulle''' = ''apeyeneef'' :* '''tumble''' = ''onapa nyan, yoprun'' :* '''tumbled''' = ''zyupyoxwa'' :* '''tumbledown''' = ''fubexlawa'' :* '''tumble-dried''' = ''kaduzarumxwa'' :* '''tumble-drier''' = ''kaduzarumxar'' :* '''tumble-drying''' = ''kaduzarumxen'' :* '''tumbler''' = ''gyatilsyeb'' :* '''tumbleweed''' = ''zyupyos fuvab'' :* '''tumbling back''' = ''zoypyosea'' :* '''tumbling''' = ''yoprea, yopren, zyupyosea, zyupyosen'' :* '''tumbrel''' = ''melyex belar'' :* '''tumbril''' = ''belar'' :* '''tumescence''' = ''zyungyaxwas'' :* '''tumescent''' = ''zyungyasea'' :* '''tumid''' = ''yifoya, yifuka, yuyfa'' :* '''tumidity''' = ''yifoyan, yifukan, yuyfan'' :* '''tummy''' = ''tiub'' :* '''tumor''' = ''gyaxun, taobyaz, zyungyas, zyungyasun'' :* '''tumor-free''' = ''taobyazuka'' :* '''tumult''' = ''ovpoos'' :* '''tumultuary''' = ''ovpoosa'' :* '''tumultuous''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya'' :* '''tumultuously''' = ''ovpoosay'' :* '''tun''' = ''aonfaosyeb'' :* '''tuna''' = ''ipyit'' :* '''tunability''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwan'' :* '''tunable''' = ''fiseuzaxyafwa'' :* '''tundra''' = ''fabukzyiem'' :* '''tune''' = ''deuzunyog, duzneg, seuz'' :* '''tuned''' = ''fiseuzaxwa, vyaduznegxwa, vyanabxwa'' :* '''tuneful''' = ''seuzaya, seuzika'' :* '''tunefully''' = ''seuzikay'' :* '''tunefulness''' = ''seuzayan, seuzikan'' :* '''tuneless''' = ''seuzoya, seuzuka'' :* '''tunelessly''' = ''seuzukay'' :* '''tuner''' = ''duznegxar, seuzaxut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tune-up = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tune-up''' = ''gawvyanabxen'' :* '''tungsten lightbulb''' = ''wulka manzyuyn'' :* '''tungsten''' = ''wulk'' :* '''tunic''' = ''romtif'' :* '''tuning''' = ''fiseuzaxen, vyanabxen'' :* '''Tunisia''' = ''Tunim'' :* '''Tunisian''' = ''Tunima, Tunimat'' :* '''tunnel''' = ''mup'' :* '''tunnel vision''' = ''zyoteat'' :* '''tunneler''' = ''mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling machine''' = ''mumzyegir, mupsaxir'' :* '''tunneling''' = ''mupen'' :* '''tuple''' = ''tuunnab'' :* '''tuppence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''tuppenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''turban''' = ''uzunyan, yatef'' :* '''turbaned''' = ''yatefabwa'' :* '''turbary''' = ''emaeggos'' :* '''turbid''' = ''mafika, movika, ovyifa'' :* '''turbidity''' = ''mafikan, movikan, ovyifan'' :* '''turbine''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbo-''' = ''zyub-'' :* '''turbo''' = ''zyubrar'' :* '''turbocharger''' = ''zyubrarkyisuar'' :* '''turbofan''' = ''zyubmapuar'' :* '''turbojet''' = ''zyubpuxrar'' :* '''turboprop''' = ''zyubmapatub'' :* '''turbot''' = ''alyepit, syipit'' :* '''turbulence''' = ''ovpoos, paax, paaxikan, pastan, uizpasrun, zyubren, zyubryean, zyulsen'' :* '''turbulent''' = ''ovpoosaya, ovpoosika, paaxaya, paaxika, pasta, uizpasrea, zyubryea, zyulsea'' :* '''turbulently''' = ''ovpoosay, pastay, uizpasreay, zyubryeay'' :* '''turd''' = ''tavyulgos'' :* '''turf''' = ''memnig, vabmoys'' :* '''turfed''' = ''vabmoysbwa'' :* '''turfy''' = ''vabmoysa'' :* '''turgid''' = ''nidgyaxwa'' :* '''turgidity''' = ''nidgaxwan'' :* '''turgidly''' = ''nigaxway'' :* '''Turk''' = ''Turimat'' :* '''turkey''' = ''ipat, syopat'' :* '''turkey sandwich''' = ''ipat ebovol'' :* '''turkey trot''' = ''ipap'' :* '''Turkey''' = ''Turim'' :* '''turkey-cock''' = ''ipwat'' :* '''turkey-hen''' = ''ipeyt'' :* '''Turkish Cypriot''' = ''Turoma Cayupoma, Turoma Cayupomat'' :* '''Turkish lira''' = ''Toroyun'' :* '''Turkish speaker''' = ''Turodalut'' :* '''Turkish''' = ''Turima, Turod'' :* '''Turkish writing system''' = ''Turodreyen'' :* '''Turkmen speaker''' = ''Tokimidalut'' :* '''Turkmen''' = ''Tokimid'' :* '''Turkmeni''' = ''Tokimima, Tokimimat'' :* '''Turkmenistan''' = ''Tokimim'' :* '''Turks and Caicos Islands''' = ''Tocam'' :* '''turmeric''' = ''ruvol'' :* '''turmoil''' = ''ovpoos, paax, zyubaox'' :* '''turn in the road''' = ''mepuz'' :* '''turn''' = ''nayb, per uz, uzun, zyub, zyup, zyux'' :* '''Turn right!''' = ''Uzpu zi!'' :* '''turn the headlights off and on''' = ''yuijber ha zamanari'' :* '''turn the volume up''' = ''yaber ha nid'' :* '''turnable''' = ''uzbyafwa, zyubyafwa'' :* '''turnabout''' = ''izonkyax, tepkyax, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turnaround''' = ''izonkyax, izonkyaxen, zoymben'' :* '''turnbuckle''' = ''uzyuneonxar'' :* '''turncoat''' = ''vyoyuxlut'' :* '''turned around''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned away''' = ''yonuzbwa'' :* '''turned back on''' = ''gawmanyibwa'' :* '''turned back''' = ''zoyuzbwa'' :* '''turned inward''' = ''yebuzaxwa'' :* '''turned off''' = ''yujbwa'' :* '''turned on''' = ''yijbwa'' :* '''turned over''' = ''zoymbwa'' :* '''turned upside down''' = ''lobyaxwa, loyabuzbwa, napkyaxwa, yonabwa'' :* '''turned''' = ''uzbwa, zyubwa'' :* '''turner''' = ''uzbut'' :* '''turnery''' = ''zyubsanxem, zyubsanxen'' :* '''turning around''' = ''yuzbasen, zoyizonpen, zoymben'' </div>{{small/end}} = turning away -- tweeter = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''turning away''' = ''ibzyupea, ibzyupen, yonuzben'' :* '''turning back''' = ''zoyp, zoyuzben, zoyuzpen'' :* '''turning''' = ''gupea, gupen, uzben, uzpea, uzpen, zyubea, zyuben, zyupea, zyupen'' :* '''turning half-way around''' = ''eynzyupea'' :* '''turning in''' = ''yebuzpea, yebuzpen'' :* '''turning inward''' = ''yebuzaxen'' :* '''turning left''' = ''zuuzpen'' :* '''turning over''' = ''zoymben'' :* '''turning pink''' = ''yelzasea'' :* '''turning point''' = ''gupjob, gupnod, uznod, vaodjod, zoypen nod'' :* '''turning the corner''' = ''gumuzpen'' :* '''turning up the volume''' = ''azaxen ha nid'' :* '''turning upside down''' = ''lobyaxen, napkyaxen, yobyexen'' :* '''turnip''' = ''lyovol'' :* '''turnkey''' = ''yixyukwa'' :* '''turn-off''' = ''ifontojbus'' :* '''turnout''' = ''izonkyaxem, mepoyepem, teeputsag'' :* '''turnover''' = ''eynzyusovol, kyax, nix, zoyyixlen'' :* '''turnpike''' = ''igmep, yuijbea muf'' :* '''turnstile''' = ''zyuptub'' :* '''turntable''' = ''zyupmes'' :* '''turpentine''' = ''dyefyel'' :* '''turpitude''' = ''fufon'' :* '''turquoise''' = ''evayza'' :* '''turret''' = ''zyutoym'' :* '''turreted''' = ''zyutoymika'' :* '''turtle''' = ''mapiyet'' :* '''turtle shell''' = ''mapiyetayob'' :* '''turtledove''' = ''axapat'' :* '''turtleneck''' = ''polo teyov'' :* '''tush''' = ''zotiub'' :* '''tusked''' = ''gapoteupibika'' :* '''tussle''' = ''epyeyx'' :* '''tussled''' = ''futayebarwa'' :* '''tussling''' = ''epyeyxen, otayebaren'' :* '''tussock''' = ''vabmeyb'' :* '''tussocky''' = ''vabmeybaya, vabmeybika'' :* '''tutee''' = ''tuyxwat'' :* '''tutelage''' = ''beax, tuyxen'' :* '''tutelary''' = ''beaxa, beaxuta, tuyxutyena'' :* '''tutor''' = ''beaxut'' :* '''tutored''' = ''tuyxwa'' :* '''tutorial''' = ''tuyx'' :* '''tutoring''' = ''tuyxen'' :* '''tutorship''' = ''tuyxutan'' :* '''tutu''' = ''vidaz tyoyf'' :* '''Tuvalu''' = ''Tuvum'' :* '''tux''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuxedo''' = ''movienobtif'' :* '''tuyere''' = ''magmufyeg'' :* '''t.v. audience''' = ''yibsin teaxutyan'' :* '''t.v. broadcast''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. camera''' = ''yibsiniar'' :* '''t.v. channel lineup''' = ''yibsin moupyan'' :* '''t.v. channel''' = ''yibsin moup'' :* '''t.v. commercial''' = ''yibsin nundel'' :* '''t.v. dinner''' = ''yomxwa tyal'' :* '''t.v. guide''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. image''' = ''yibsin'' :* '''t.v. network''' = ''yibsin meypyan'' :* '''t.v. program''' = ''yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. receiver''' = ''yibsinibar'' :* '''t.v. schedule''' = ''yibsin jwobdraf'' :* '''t.v. screen''' = ''yibsin mays, yibsin sinuar, yibsinuar'' :* '''t.v. series''' = ''yibsin anyan'' :* '''t.v. show''' = ''yibsin teaz, yibsinubun'' :* '''t.v. signal''' = ''yibsinibun'' :* '''t.v. star''' = ''maryibsindezut, yibsin aaggekut'' :* '''t.v.''' = ''yibsin, yibsinibar'' :* '''twaddle''' = ''otesdal'' :* '''twaddler''' = ''otesdut'' :* '''twain''' = ''eot'' :* '''twang''' = ''baosteuz'' :* '''twangy''' = ''baosteuzyena'' :* '''twat''' = ''tiyuyb, ufwat'' :* '''tweed''' = ''nailif'' :* '''tweedy''' = ''nailifwa, nailifyena'' :* '''tweet''' = ''pad, padren'' :* '''tweeted''' = ''padrawa'' :* '''tweeter''' = ''padut'' </div>{{small/end}} = tweeting -- two dots above accent = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''tweeting''' = ''paden, padren'' :* '''tweezed''' = ''ogtayepixwa'' :* '''tweezer''' = ''ogtayepixar'' :* '''tweezers''' = ''yuzbalares'' :* '''tweezing''' = ''ogtayepixen'' :* '''twelfth''' = ''alea, alenapa, aleyn, aleyna'' :* '''twelfth person''' = ''alanapat'' :* '''twelfth thing''' = ''alanapas'' :* '''twelve''' = ''ale'' :* '''twelvefold''' = ''aleona'' :* '''twelvemonth''' = ''jab'' :* '''twentieth''' = ''eloa, elonapa, eloyn, eloyna'' :* '''twenty dollar bill''' = ''elo dolar nasdrev'' :* '''twenty''' = ''elo'' :* '''twenty years old''' = ''elojaga'' :* '''twenty-eight''' = ''elyi'' :* '''twenty-five''' = ''elyo'' :* '''twenty-four''' = ''elu'' :* '''twenty-nine''' = ''elyu'' :* '''twenty-one/''' = ''ela'' :* '''twenty-seven''' = ''elye'' :* '''twenty-six''' = ''elya'' :* '''twenty-three''' = ''eli'' :* '''twenty-two''' = ''ele'' :* '''twerp''' = ''igraxyukwat, ogat, vyoxyukwat'' :* '''Twi speaker''' = ''Towidalut'' :* '''Twi''' = ''Towid'' :* '''twice a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''twice a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab, eynjaba'' :* '''twice''' = ''ewa jodi, gal-ewa'' :* '''twice more''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''twiddling''' = ''uztuyubeken'' :* '''twiddly''' = ''igduznodaya, igduznodika, uztuyubekyafwa'' :* '''twig''' = ''fubog, fuyb, vub'' :* '''twiggy''' = ''fuybaya, fuybika, gyoguna'' :* '''twilight''' = ''majuj'' :* '''twilightish''' = ''majujyena'' :* '''twill''' = ''ennef'' :* '''twilled''' = ''ennefxwa'' :* '''twin bed''' = ''entoba sum, eonsum'' :* '''twin cabin''' = ''eontimes'' :* '''twin''' = ''entajat, eonat, eontajat'' :* '''twine''' = ''eonyif'' :* '''twined''' = ''eonyifxwa'' :* '''twiner''' = ''eonyifxea vob'' :* '''twinging''' = ''iggibukien, zyobixen'' :* '''twinight''' = ''jwojozemaja'' :* '''twinkle''' = ''manig'' :* '''twinkler''' = ''manigar'' :* '''twinkling''' = ''manigea, manigen, manyuijea, manyuijen'' :* '''twinkly''' = ''manigyea'' :* '''twins''' = ''eonati, eontajati'' :* '''twinship''' = ''entajatan'' :* '''twirl''' = ''igzyub, igzyup, zyublun, zyulsun, zyuplun'' :* '''twirled''' = ''igzyubwa'' :* '''twirler''' = ''zyublar'' :* '''twirliness''' = ''uzyunayan, uzyunikan'' :* '''twirling''' = ''igzyupea, igzyupen, uzyuben, uzyupea, uzyupen, uzyusen, uzyuxen, zyublen, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyuplea, zyuplen'' :* '''twirly''' = ''uzyubwa, uzyunaya, uzyunika'' :* '''twist cap''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist top''' = ''uzrax abaun'' :* '''twist''' = ''uzrun, zyublun, zyulsun'' :* '''twisted''' = ''uzra, uzraxwa, uzryena, zyublawa, zyubrawa, zyulxwa'' :* '''twistedly''' = ''uzray'' :* '''twistedness''' = ''uzran'' :* '''twister''' = ''mapuzrun, mapzyublun, zyublus, zyulmap'' :* '''twisting out of shape''' = ''fusanuzraxen'' :* '''twisting''' = ''uzrasea, uzraxea, uzraxen, zyublen, zyubren, zyulsea, zyulsen, zyulxen, zyuprea, zyupren'' :* '''twist-top''' = ''zyublabaun'' :* '''twisty''' = ''uzrunaya, uzrunika'' :* '''twit''' = ''fuivteud, funkad, otesdalut'' :* '''twitch''' = ''bayslen'' :* '''twitching''' = ''bayslea, bayslen, bayxlen'' :* '''twitchy''' = ''bayslyea'' :* '''twitter''' = ''tapelad'' :* '''twittering''' = ''tapeladen'' :* '''twittery''' = ''tapeladyea'' :* '''twixt''' = ''eb'' :* '''two doors down the street''' = ''be ea tam bi him yez ha domep'' :* '''two dots above accent''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' </div>{{small/end}} = two dots above diacritic -- typification = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''two dots above diacritic''' = ''ennod aybsiyn'' :* '''two''' = ''e, ewa'' :* '''two-''' = ''en-'' :* '''two hundred''' = ''eso'' :* '''two hundredth''' = ''esoa'' :* '''two hundredths''' = ''esoyn'' :* '''two millionths''' = ''emroyoni'' :* '''two Mondays from now''' = ''ha ea jona juab'' :* '''two more people''' = ''ewa gati'' :* '''two more things''' = ''ewa gasi'' :* '''two more times''' = ''ewa ga jodi, ewa gajodi'' :* '''two of them''' = ''ewasi, ewati'' :* '''two or three times''' = ''eiwa jodi'' :* '''two percent milk''' = ''esoyn bil'' :* '''two persons''' = ''ewati'' :* '''two port network''' = ''enmesa mepyan'' :* '''two seldom''' = ''gro jodi'' :* '''two things''' = ''ewasi'' :* '''two thousanths''' = ''eroyni'' :* '''two times a day''' = ''ewa jodi hyajub'' :* '''two times a year''' = ''ewa jodi hyajab'' :* '''two times''' = ''ewa jodi'' :* '''two years old''' = ''ejaga'' :* '''two-day''' = ''enjuba'' :* '''two-dimensional''' = ''enaga, ennaga'' :* '''two-dimensionally''' = ''enagay'' :* '''twofer''' = ''eonnazun'' :* '''twofold''' = ''eona'' :* '''two-lane''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-lane highway''' = ''ennaeda agmep'' :* '''two-lane road''' = ''ennaeda mep'' :* '''two-lane street''' = ''ennaeda domep'' :* '''two-level''' = ''ennega'' :* '''twopence''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''twopenny''' = ''ewa pens'' :* '''two-sided''' = ''enkuna'' :* '''twosome''' = ''eot'' :* '''two-star general''' = ''edeprat'' :* '''two-track''' = ''ennaeda'' :* '''two-way''' = ''enizona'' :* '''two-way split''' = ''engoflun'' :* '''two-way trip''' = ''enizona pop'' :* '''two-wheeled''' = ''enzyuka'' :* '''two-year college''' = ''enjaba itistam'' :* '''two-year''' = ''enjaba'' :* '''tycoon''' = ''taikun, yaxunyaneb, yaxyenagat'' :* '''tyenika''' = ''perite'' :* '''tying''' = ''nyafxen, nyanufen, yanen, yanyifxen'' :* '''tying up''' = ''nifyuzen'' :* '''tying up with a ribbon''' = ''nyovben'' :* '''tyke''' = ''tudet'' :* '''tympan''' = ''kaduzar, kaduzarayob'' :* '''tympanic''' = ''kaduzarseuxea, kaduzaryena'' :* '''tympanist''' = ''payduzarut'' :* '''tympanum''' = ''kaduzarayob'' :* '''type''' = ''drirsiyn, drursiyn, saun, syanes, tyanes'' :* '''type face''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typecast''' = ''kyogonekxwa, saunkyoxwa'' :* '''typecasting''' = ''saunkyoxen'' :* '''typed''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typed over''' = ''aybdrirwa, gawdrirwa'' :* '''typed script''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typeface''' = ''drirsyen'' :* '''typehead''' = ''baldresar'' :* '''typescript''' = ''drirwas'' :* '''typeset''' = ''drursiynnadbwa'' :* '''typesetter''' = ''drursiynnadbar'' :* '''typesetting''' = ''drursiynnadben'' :* '''typewriter''' = ''drir'' :* '''typewriting''' = ''driren'' :* '''typewritten character''' = ''drirsiyn'' :* '''typewritten copy''' = ''drirun'' :* '''typewritten''' = ''drirwa'' :* '''typhoid fever''' = ''mialbok'' :* '''typhoon''' = ''mayop, mimuzrun, zimera mimuzlun'' :* '''typical''' = ''egsauna, syanesa, tyanesa, zesauna, zetauna'' :* '''typicality''' = ''egsaunan, zesaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typically''' = ''egsaunay, tyanesay, zetaunay'' :* '''typicalness''' = ''egsaunan, zetaunan'' :* '''typification''' = ''saunxen, syanesaxen'' </div>{{small/end}} = typified -- tyro = {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''typified''' = ''saunxwa, syanesaxwa'' :* '''typifying''' = ''saunsea, saunxea'' :* '''typing''' = ''driren'' :* '''typing pool''' = ''drirutyan'' :* '''typist''' = ''drirut'' :* '''typo''' = ''drirvyos'' :* '''typographer''' = ''drursiyntyenut'' :* '''typographic''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographical''' = ''drursiyntyena'' :* '''typographically''' = ''drursiyntyenay'' :* '''typography''' = ''drursiyntyen'' :* '''typological''' = ''sauntuna'' :* '''typologically''' = ''sauntunay'' :* '''typologist''' = ''sauntut'' :* '''typology''' = ''sauntun'' :* '''tyrannic''' = ''yufdreba'' :* '''tyrannical''' = ''yufdrebyena'' :* '''tyrannically''' = ''yufdrebyenay'' :* '''tyrannicide''' = ''yufdrebtojben'' :* '''tyrannizer''' = ''yufdrebut'' :* '''tyrannosaurus rex''' = ''yowopayet'' :* '''tyranny''' = ''yufdreban'' :* '''tyrant''' = ''yufdreb'' :* '''tyro''' = ''ijbut'' </div>{{small/end}} {{BookCat}} 6qt0547ep44p6hig85ohbhky7xo1rs8 0 462133 4632536 4623692 2026-04-26T08:17:34Z Atiedebee 3523910 /* 2. f3!? · Paleface attack */ fixed the notation to match the analysis 4632536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Paleface attack |parent=[[../|Indian defence]] |eco=[[Chess/ECOA|A45]] }} == 2. f3!? · Paleface attack == {{chess/sideline}} White's pawn on f3 prepares to play 3. e4. However, this breaks the principle of not pushing one's f-pawn early in the opening. It weakens White's kingside and takes away the natural development square of the king's knight. This is usually played with the idea of transposing into the [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. e4|Blackmar-Diemer gambit]]. This move usually compels Black to play '''2...d5''' in order to increase Black's control of e4. If 3. e4 anyway, White doesn't have enough support to defend the pawn. 3...dxe4 4. fxe4 Nxe4 {{chess/not|--}}, Black is up a pawn. 4. Nc3 is the usual idea: White transposes into the Blackmar-Diemer gambit, a line otherwise seen after 1. d4 d5. Otherwise, say 3. c4 e6 and White has ended up playing a queen's gambit declined, and the incorporated of the unusual move f3 proves to be weakening move and a waste of time. === History === "[[wiktionary:paleface|Paleface]]" is a supposed [[w:Native American|Native American]] term for white Europeans. The name "paleface attack" for this line against the Indian defence then seems to be intended to evoke a European offensive against the American Indians (the Indian defence is not named for Native Americans, but for Indian chess masters like [[w:Moheschunder Bannerjee|Moheschunder Bannerjee]] whose games against [[w:John Cochrane (chess player)|John Cochrane]] introduced the defence to the West). The name goes back to at least 1986, where it was used in [[w:Eric Schiller|Eric Schiller]]'s book on the Blackmar-Diemer gambit. He may have coined it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Blackmar Diemer Gambit |last=Schiller |first=Eric |publisher=Chess Enterpriseds |year=1986 |isbn=0931462525 |location=Coraopolis, Pennsylvania |pages=80-81 |chapter=Part Four: The Paleface Attack (1 d4 Nf6 2 f3!?)}}</ref> One of the earliest appearances of 2. f3!? was in 1931 at the Buenos Aires Copa Geniol.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=2081846 Ipata v Nogues Acuna, Chessgames.com]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{chessFooter}} eubdewxdgwtr7lchwm7mbm6imfc7j7z 0 470358 4632379 4581082 2026-04-25T19:57:48Z Conan 3188 fix PREEMP_RT typo 4632379 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{DISPLAYTITLE:Real-time Linux}} </noinclude> ==== RT preemption ==== [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/start The Linux Foundation's Real-Time Linux (RTL) collaborative project] is focused on improving the real-time capabilities of Linux and advancing the adoption of real-time Linux in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, robotics, and telecommunications. Parameter {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} enables real-time preemption. ==== RT scheduling policies ==== Scheduling policies for RT: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} :: implemented in {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/rt.c}} : {{w|SCHED_DEADLINE}} :: implemented in {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/deadline.c}} API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_rr_get_interval}} &ndash; get the SCHED_RR interval for the named process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, sched_getscheduler &ndash; set and get scheduling policy/parameters : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_get_priority_min}}, sched_get_priority_max &ndash; get static priority range ==== RT synchronization ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} + {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}} calls migrate_disable(); {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_spin_lock}}({{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}}((__lock))); 📖 References : [https://docs.kernel.org/locking/locktypes.html#:~:text=migrate_disable Usage of migrate_disable] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} ⚙️ Internals Spinlock : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock_rt.h}} used via {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex_base}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_spin_lock}} ... :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__rt_spin_lock}} ... ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rtlock_lock}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/spinlock_rt.c}} RT Mutex : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rtmutex.h}} used via {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex_base}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex_lock}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/rtmutex_api.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/rtmutex_common.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/rtmutex.c}} rwbase_rt : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwbase_rt.h}} used via {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwlock_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rwlock_t}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rwbase_rt}} &ndash; used to implement real-time read/write locks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_read_trylock}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/rwbase_rt.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/spinlock_rt.c}} ==== Testing RT capabilities ==== The testing process for Real-Time Linux typically involves several key aspects. First and foremost, it is crucial to verify the accuracy and stability of the system's timekeeping mechanisms. Precise time management is fundamental to real-time applications, and any inaccuracies can lead to timing errors and compromise the system's real-time capabilities. Another essential aspect of testing is evaluating the system's scheduling algorithms. Real-Time Linux employs advanced scheduling policies to prioritize critical tasks and ensure their timely execution. Testing the scheduler involves assessing its ability to allocate resources efficiently, handle task prioritization correctly, and prevent resource contention or priority inversion scenarios. Furthermore, latency measurement is a critical part of Real-Time Linux testing. Latency refers to the time delay between the occurrence of an event and the system's response to it. In real-time applications, minimizing latency is crucial to achieving timely and predictable behavior. Testing latency involves measuring the time it takes for the system to respond to various stimuli and identifying any sources of delay or unpredictability. Additionally, stress testing plays a significant role in assessing the system's robustness under heavy workloads. It involves subjecting the Real-Time Linux system to high levels of concurrent activities, intense computational loads, and input/output operations to evaluate its performance, responsiveness, and stability. Stress testing helps identify potential bottlenecks, resource limitations, or issues that might degrade the real-time behavior of the system. ===== RTLA ===== : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/rtla RTLA – The realtime Linux analysis tool]: :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|rtla timerlat|tools/rtla/rtla-timerlat.html}} &ndash; CLI for the kernel's {{The Linux Kernel/doc|timerlat tracer|trace/timerlat-tracer.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|rtla osnoise|tools/rtla/rtla-osnoise.html}} &ndash; CLI for the kernel's {{The Linux Kernel/doc|osnoise tracer|trace/osnoise-tracer.html}}. ::: Kernel function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_osnoise}} measures time with function {{The Linux Kernel/id|trace_clock_local}} in loop. :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|rtla hwnoise|tools/rtla/rtla-hwnoise.html}} &ndash; CLI for the {{The Linux Kernel/doc|osnoise tracer|trace/osnoise-tracer.html}} with interrupts disabled ::: Implementation: {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/tracing/rtla}} and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/trace/trace_osnoise.c}} :: [https://bristot.me/linux-scheduling-latency-debug-and-analysis/ Linux scheduling latency debug and analysis] ===== RT-Tests ===== : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/rt-tests RT-Tests], [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/rt-tests/rt-tests.git/tree/src/ source], [https://gitlab.com/linux-kernel/rt-tests @gitlab] :: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cyclictest/start cyclictest] : some RT-Tests man pages: :: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/cyclictest.8.en cyclictest] &ndash; measures {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} or {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} delay <!-- generated with grep -h ' \\- ' ./rt-tests/src/*/*.[0-9] | sed 's#^#:: #;s#\\f.##g;s#\([^ ]\+\) \\-#[https://man.archlinux.org/man/\1.8.en \1] \–#' --> :: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/hwlatdetect.8.en hwlatdetect] &ndash; CLI for {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/sys/kernel/tracing/hwlat_detector|trace/hwlat_detector.html}} / {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/trace/trace_hwlat.c}}. Kernel function {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_fn}} measures time delays with function {{The Linux Kernel/id|trace_clock_local}} in loop. :: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/oslat.8.en oslat] &ndash; measures delay with {{w|Time_Stamp_Counter|RDTSC}} in busy loop :: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/hackbench.8.en hackbench] &ndash; scheduler benchmark/stress test ===== ftrace ===== Testing latencies with the ftrace - Function Tracer. : [https://docs.kernel.org/trace/ftrace.html#:~:text=tracing_max_latency tracing_max_latency] : the {{The Linux Kernel/doc|irqsoff|trace/ftrace.html#irqsoff}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|preemptoff|trace/ftrace.html#preemptoff}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|preemptirqsoff|trace/ftrace.html#preemptirqsoff}} tracers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/tracing/latency}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_IRQSOFF_TRACER}} &ndash; interrupts-off latency tracer : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_TRACER}} &ndash; preemption-off latency tracer : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SCHED_TRACER}} &ndash; scheduling latency tracer ===== Other tests ===== : [https://github.com/xzpeter/rt-trace-bpf RT Tracing Tools with eBPF] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp||realtime}} : https://www.latencytop.org/, {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/latencytop.c}} ==== .... ==== 📚 Further reading: : https://lore.kernel.org/linux-rt-users/ : https://lore.kernel.org/linux-trace-kernel/ ==== ... ==== 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Real-time preemption|core-api/real-time/index.html}} : https://realtime-linux.org/ :: [https://realtime-linux.org/getting-started-with-preempt_rt-guide/ Getting Started with PREEMPT_RT Guide] :: [https://realtime-linux.org/a-checklist-for-real-time-applications-in-linux/ A Checklist for Real-Time Applications in Linux] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/start the Real-Time Linux wiki] :: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU partitioning and isolation] : [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rt/linux-stable-rt.git linux-stable-rt.git] : [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rt/linux-rt-devel.git/log/?h=for-kbuild-bot/current-stable linux-rt-devel.git] 📚 Further reading about real-time Linux: : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux/2.1-process-scheduler : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6g15nRGpAM Introduction to Real-Time Linux: Unleashing Deterministic Computing] : [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0fKordpLTjKsBOUcZqnzlHShri4YBL1H Power Management and Scheduling in the Linux Kernel (OSPM)] : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Realtime Realtime@LWN] : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Realtime_kernel_patchset Realtime kernel patchset, Arch Linux] : https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/ - RT patches for upstream kernel : {{w|High Precision Event Timer}} (HPET) : [https://bristot.me/demystifying-the-real-time-linux-latency/ Demystifying the Real-Time Linux Scheduling Latency] : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux_for_real_time/ RHEL for RT] : Linux subsystems related to real-time :: {{w|Linux kernel#Scheduling and preemption|Linux kernel scheduling and preemption}} :: [[The_Linux_Kernel/Multitasking#Interrupts|Interrupts]] :: [[The_Linux_Kernel/Multitasking#Deferred_works|Deferred works]] :: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) :: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/debugging/smi-latency/smi System management interrupt] (SMI) :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=latency latency @ LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=PREEMPT_RT PREEMPT_RT @ LKML] : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1dzeGJUvvU QA about PREEMPT_RT, LPC'23], [https://lpc.events/event/17/contributions/1483/attachments/1261/2554/state-of-the-onion.pdf State of the onion, pdf] 💾 Historical The {{w|PREEMPT_RT}} patch has been fully merged into the mainline Linux kernel, starting from version 6.12. {{BookCat}} 7r9581kxxwiytc0ua90pm6s0x74anjk 0 470360 4632256 4506150 2026-04-25T13:39:49Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632256 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux processes}}</noinclude><includeonly>== Processes ==</includeonly> '''Process''' is a running user space program. Kernel starts the first process '''/sbin/init''' in function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}} using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_execve}}. Processes occupy system resources, like memory, CPU time. System calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_fork}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_execve}} are used to create new processes from user space. The process exit with an {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_exit}} system call. Linux inherits from Unix its basic process management system calls (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} creates a new process by {{w|Prototype_pattern|duplicating}} the process invoking it. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|_exit}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_exit}} terminates the calling process "immediately". Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Linux enhances the traditional Unix process API with its own system calls {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). PID - {{w|Process identifier}} defined as {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_t}} is unique sequential number. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -A lists current processes. ⚲ API : [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/unistd.h.0p.html unistd.h] : [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_types.h.0p.html sys/types.h] : [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_wait.h.0p.html sys/wait.h] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_tid_address}} &ndash; set pointer to thread ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} &ndash; create a child process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vfork}} &ndash; create a child process and block parent :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}} &ndash; create a child process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} &ndash; disassociate parts of the process execution context : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sys.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prctl}} &ndash; operations on a process or thread : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/exit.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit}} &ndash; terminate the calling process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit_group}} &ndash; exit all threads in a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitid}} &ndash; wait for process to change state :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitpid}} &ndash; wait for process to change state : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/exec.c}} 📖 References : {{w|fork (system call)}} : {{w|exit (system call)}} : {{w|wait (system call)}} : {{w|exec (system call)}} {{BookCat}} 5ifdxmttns2g7pgxuoopx0uw6igbqhe 0 474544 4632260 4528129 2026-04-25T13:39:54Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632260 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Use this template and examples for new topics --> === Topic template === <!-- Write here short introduction. --> This template is for contributors to structure their content. Fill in the placeholders as needed. 🔧 TODO : ... 🗝️ Acronyms and/or key terms <!-- use colon ":" for elegant lists --> : API – Application Program Interface : ... 🖱️ GUI <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|git-gui}} – A portable graphical interface to Git : ... 🛠️ Utilities <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ls}} – Lists directory contents : ... ⚲ APIs <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|intro}} – Introduction to user commands : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|intro}} – Introduction to system calls : {{The Linux Kernel/man|4|intro}} – Introduction to special files : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi}} – User-space API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syscall}} ↪ <!-- Links to specific identifiers (functions, structures, macros, etc.) within the Linux kernel --> :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|entry_SYSCALL_64}} ↯ Call hierarchy: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_syscall_64}} :::: ... : ... 👁️ Example <!-- Links to the directories and files --> : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples}} : ... ⚙️ Internals <!-- Links to the kernel sources --> <!-- Links to specific identifiers (functions, structures, macros, etc.) --> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|printk}} <!-- Links to the directories and files --> : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests}} : ... 🚀 Advanced features : ... ==== ... ==== <!-- Appendix --> 📖 References <!-- Links to official Linux documentation --> : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux Kernel documentation|#}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html}} <!-- Links with URL Fragment Text Directive --> : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=initcall_debug initcall_debug] : ... 📚 Further reading <!-- Links to external resources and LKML --> : [https://lore.kernel.org/ Kernel mailing lists] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/ LKML] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-doc/ linux-doc ML] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/kernelnewbies/ KernelNewbies ML] <!-- External Wikipedia Links --> : {{w|Linux kernel}} <!-- Other wikies --> : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux : https://wiki.archlinux.org/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel : ... 💾 ''Historical'' <!-- Links to historical resources --> : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/ Linux Kernel Internals] : [https://tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO.html Kernel Analysis HOWTO] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/ Kernel documentation archive] : ... {{BookCat}} rck05qmk2c3m8ixz0g7wsih40nob8rx 4632304 4632260 2026-04-25T17:04:02Z Conan 3188 add $var placeholder convention note 4632304 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Use this template and examples for new topics --> === Topic template === <!-- Write here short introduction. --> This template is for contributors to structure their content. Fill in the placeholders as needed. 🔧 TODO : ... 🗝️ Acronyms and/or key terms <!-- use colon ":" for elegant lists --> : API – Application Program Interface : ... 🖱️ GUI <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|git-gui}} – A portable graphical interface to Git : ... 🛠️ Utilities <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ls}} – Lists directory contents : ... ⚲ APIs <!-- Links to the manpages --> <!-- Use shell-friendly $var for placeholders, e.g. /proc/$pid/status --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|intro}} – Introduction to user commands : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|intro}} – Introduction to system calls : {{The Linux Kernel/man|4|intro}} – Introduction to special files : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi}} – User-space API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syscall}} ↪ <!-- Links to specific identifiers (functions, structures, macros, etc.) within the Linux kernel --> :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|entry_SYSCALL_64}} ↯ Call hierarchy: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_syscall_64}} :::: ... : ... 👁️ Example <!-- Links to the directories and files --> : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples}} : ... ⚙️ Internals <!-- Links to the kernel sources --> <!-- Links to specific identifiers (functions, structures, macros, etc.) --> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|printk}} <!-- Links to the directories and files --> : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests}} : ... 🚀 Advanced features : ... ==== ... ==== <!-- Appendix --> 📖 References <!-- Links to official Linux documentation --> : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux Kernel documentation|#}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html}} <!-- Links with URL Fragment Text Directive --> : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=initcall_debug initcall_debug] : ... 📚 Further reading <!-- Links to external resources and LKML --> : [https://lore.kernel.org/ Kernel mailing lists] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/ LKML] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-doc/ linux-doc ML] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/kernelnewbies/ KernelNewbies ML] <!-- External Wikipedia Links --> : {{w|Linux kernel}} <!-- Other wikies --> : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux : https://wiki.archlinux.org/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel : ... 💾 ''Historical'' <!-- Links to historical resources --> : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/ Linux Kernel Internals] : [https://tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO.html Kernel Analysis HOWTO] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/ Kernel documentation archive] : ... {{BookCat}} 2xblh9e08i204ovjw5pfnpph80ascdb 0 475109 4632252 4498996 2026-04-25T13:39:44Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux Kernel Memory Zones}} This draft is generated by Google Gemini Prompt: : Write short article about Memory Zones in linux kernel, with mentions of source file and identifiers. : + complete wiki content of the book : use this file as example of resulted format <hr> Logical groupings of physical memory pages for efficient RAM management. source_files = {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} header_files = {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} key_structures = {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} key_functions = {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages_node}} key_identifiers = {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} '''Linux Kernel Memory Zones: Architecture and Allocation Dynamics''' The Linux kernel, a sophisticated operating system, employs an intricate memory management subsystem to efficiently handle the system's physical RAM. Central to this system is the concept of '''Memory Zones''', which are logical groupings of physical memory pages. This abstraction is fundamental for the kernel's ability to operate across a diverse range of hardware architectures, effectively mitigating inherent hardware limitations and ensuring robust memory allocation. The smallest unit of memory management within the kernel is the '''page''', typically standardized at 4KB.1 The necessity for memory zones arises from specific hardware constraints that prevent the kernel from treating all physical memory pages uniformly.3 One primary limitation involves '''Direct Memory Access (DMA)''', where certain hardware devices, particularly older ones, can only perform DMA operations within specific, often lower, physical memory address ranges.3 Without memory zones, ensuring these devices receive suitable memory would introduce significant complexity and inefficiency into the system. The kernel's design, which includes specialized memory regions like {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA}}, allows it to maintain broad compatibility, even if these regions are underutilized on modern systems. This approach highlights a deliberate trade-off in kernel engineering: balancing optimization for contemporary performance with the crucial need for extensive hardware compatibility. Another significant constraint is related to '''virtual addressing limitations'''. Some architectures are capable of physically addressing more memory than they can virtually map into the kernel's direct address space.3 This unmapped memory, often referred to as "high memory," requires a distinct management mechanism. Memory zones provide this framework, allowing the kernel to dynamically map and unmap these pages as needed. The core definitions for these memory zones and their properties are precisely laid out in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} header file.5 The very existence of these zones underscores that memory management in the Linux kernel is not a static design but a dynamic adaptation to the underlying hardware's capabilities and limitations, which is crucial for its widespread applicability across varying computing platforms. ==The Landscape of Linux Memory Zones== The Linux kernel meticulously partitions the system's physical RAM into several distinct zones. Each zone serves a specific purpose, dictated by hardware characteristics and the unique requirements of memory allocations. The actual configuration and utilization of these zones are highly dependent on the system's architecture, such as whether it is a 32-bit or 64-bit system, and specific hardware implementations.3 The kernel's ability to dynamically adapt its zone configuration based on the underlying hardware, and even compile-time options like {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE}}, is a foundational aspect of its flexibility. This adaptability enables Linux to operate efficiently on an incredibly diverse range of computing platforms, each with unique memory addressing and DMA capabilities. A comprehensive understanding of kernel memory management therefore necessitates considering the specific architectural context. ===Key Memory Zones=== '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA}}''': This zone is dedicated to pages that are capable of undergoing Direct Memory Access (DMA) by older, often 16-bit, hardware devices.3 Historically, this zone was critical for devices that could only access the lowest memory addresses. On x86 architectures, for instance, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA}} typically encompasses the lower 16MB of physical memory.3 However, on architectures where DMA can be performed into any memory address, this zone may remain empty.3 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA32}}''': Exclusively found on 64-bit systems, this zone is designed to accommodate hardware that can only perform DMA operations within a 32-bit address space.3 It roughly corresponds to the lower 4GB of RAM.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}}''': This zone contains "normal," regularly mapped pages that are directly accessible by the kernel's linear address space.3 Its physical memory range varies significantly with architecture: On 32-bit systems, it typically spans from 16MB up to 896MB.3 On 64-bit systems, it generally covers RAM from approximately 4GB and above.4 It is important to note that for a 64-bit system with exactly 4GB of RAM, this zone can be very small or even disabled.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_HIGHMEM}}''': This zone is specific to 32-bit systems and includes "high memory"—pages that are not permanently mapped into the kernel's direct address space.3 These pages are dynamically mapped into the kernel's address space only when they are actively needed. On x86 architectures, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_HIGHMEM}} encompasses all RAM above the physical 896MB mark.3 Conversely, on architectures where all memory is directly mapped, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_HIGHMEM}} will be empty.5 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_MOVABLE}}''': While conceptually similar to {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}}, the key characteristic of {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_MOVABLE}} is that most of its pages are designated as "movable".4 This property allows these pages to be relocated in physical memory, which is highly beneficial for memory compaction and reducing fragmentation. '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DEVICE}}''': This zone is used to represent memory that resides directly on hardware devices, such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).4 Its availability is contingent on the kernel being compiled with the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE}}=y configuration option.4 ===Allocation Preference and Fallback=== During page allocation requests, the kernel typically specifies a "preferred" zone from which to draw memory.4 This prioritization ensures that specific allocation needs, such as DMA-able memory, are initially satisfied from their designated pools. However, if the preferred zone lacks sufficient free memory to fulfill the request, the kernel employs a crucial fallback mechanism, attempting to utilize other available zones.4 For example, on a 64-bit machine with 4GB of RAM, if {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} quickly becomes exhausted, subsequent allocations might be redirected to {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA32}}.4 This hierarchical search strategy is a critical design choice for system resilience, balancing the need for specialized memory pools with the overarching goal of maintaining system stability and continuous operation, even under memory pressure. This approach minimizes allocation failures and delays the invocation of the Out-Of-Memory (OOM) killer. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1: Linux Kernel Memory Zones Overview (Architecture-Specific Examples) ! Zone Name ! Description/Purpose ! Typical Physical Memory Range (x86 Example) ! Applicability ! Key Characteristics |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA}} | Pages for older DMA devices | < 16MB | All architectures | Backward compatibility for ISA devices |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA32}} | Pages for 32-bit DMA devices | Lower ~4GB | 64-bit systems only | Specific to 32-bit DMA-limited hardware on 64-bit systems |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} | Directly mapped, normal pages | 32-bit: 16MB-896MB; 64-bit: ~4GB+ | All architectures | Main memory pool; can be small/disabled on 64-bit systems with <4GB RAM |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_HIGHMEM}} | Pages not permanently mapped into kernel address space | > 896MB | 32-bit systems only | Dynamically mapped; empty on architectures with full direct mapping |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_MOVABLE}} | Pages that can be relocated | Varies (similar to Normal) | All architectures | Aids memory compaction and reduces fragmentation |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DEVICE}} | Memory residing on hardware devices | Device-specific | Enabled by {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE}}=y | Represents device-local memory (e.g., GPU RAM) |} ==Core Data Structures and Key Identifiers== The logical organization and management of memory zones within the Linux kernel are underpinned by a set of intricate data structures. These structures are primarily defined in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} header file and their core implementation logic resides in {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}.5 ===pglist_data Structure=== The {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure is fundamental to describing the memory layout, especially in systems with Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture. On NUMA machines, each NUMA node has its own {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure (often aliased as pg_data_t) that details its specific memory organization.2 In contrast, Uniform Memory Access (UMA) machines utilize a single {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure to describe the entirety of the system's memory.2 Key members within the {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure include: struct zone node_zones: This array holds the {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} instances specific to the current NUMA node. While not all entries in this array may be populated, it represents the complete list of zones available for that particular node.4 struct zonelist node_zonelists: This array contains references to all zones across all NUMA nodes in the system. Typically, the initial entries in this list will be references to the zones within the current node's node_zones array.4 The {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure is crucial for various kernel operations and user-space tools. For instance, utilities like makedumpfile leverage the {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure, obtained via the contig_page_data symbol, to accurately describe the system's memory layout and to identify and exclude free pages when generating memory dumps.2 This detailed memory mapping is also vital for ensuring the integrity and validity of the memory structures themselves, as the size of a {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure is used for internal validation.2 The hierarchical architecture, encompassing {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} for NUMA nodes and the nested {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} within each node, further divided into {{The Linux Kernel/id|per_cpu_pages}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}}, signifies a highly sophisticated, multi-layered memory management hierarchy. This design directly addresses the challenges of scalability in NUMA systems by localizing memory management per node, which in turn reduces cross-node traffic and contention. The per-CPU page caching, facilitated by {{The Linux Kernel/id|per_cpu_pages}}, further optimizes for latency-sensitive, small allocations by keeping frequently requested pages closer to the CPU. This minimizes global lock contention and significantly improves cache hit rates, collectively contributing to high performance and efficiency in modern multi-core, multi-node systems. ===struct zone Structure=== Each individual memory zone is represented by a {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}}.3 This structure is tasked with managing the free pages within its designated segment of memory. Key members and their roles in free page management within {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} include: struct per_cpu_pages __percpu *per_cpu_pageset: This pointer refers to the '''per-CPU area''', which functions as a rapid page cache for each CPU. Its primary purpose is to quickly satisfy page requests of order <= {{The Linux Kernel/id|PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER}} (typically an order of 3, corresponding to 32KB).4 Free pages within {{The Linux Kernel/id|per_cpu_pages}} are organized into multiple lists within its lists array, indexed by both page order and migration type.4 struct free_area free_area: This array forms the core of the '''Buddy Allocator'''. If the per-CPU lists cannot fulfill a page request, or if the requested order is greater than {{The Linux Kernel/id|PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER}}, pages from this area are utilized.4 The {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} array typically holds {{The Linux Kernel/id|NR_PAGE_ORDERS}} (usually 11, for page orders 0-10) different free areas. For each order, free lists are further indexed by {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}}.4 Other important fields within {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} include {{The Linux Kernel/id|lock}} (a spinlock protecting the structure's integrity), {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_pages}} (tracking the number of free pages), {{The Linux Kernel/id|name}} (a descriptive string like "DMA" or "Normal"), {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}} (used for memory balancing and reclamation thresholds), {{The Linux Kernel/id|lowmem_reserve}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|flags}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_stat}} (virtual memory statistics), {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_pgdat}} (a back-reference to its parent {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} structure), {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_start_pfn}} (the starting Page Frame Number), {{The Linux Kernel/id|spanned_pages}}, and {{The Linux Kernel/id|present_pages}}.3 ===Page Migration Types ({{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} enum)=== To effectively manage memory fragmentation and facilitate efficient reclamation, the kernel categorizes pages based on their mobility. Pages with identical mobility characteristics are grouped together, and this '''migration type''' is determined by the {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} flags used during a page request.4 The existence and detailed classification of these {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} enum values represent a proactive strategy for memory fragmentation. By distinguishing between movable, unmovable, and reclaimable pages, the kernel gains fine-grained control over how memory is managed, allowing for intelligent memory compaction and targeted reclamation. This mechanism is vital for maintaining large contiguous blocks of free memory, often required for high-order allocations (e.g., huge pages, DMA buffers), thereby preventing performance degradation caused by external fragmentation. Key {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} enum values include: '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE}}''': Pages that cannot be relocated in physical memory. This category typically includes kernel internal data structures, slab allocations, and page tables. Attempting to move these pages would necessitate updating corresponding virtual addresses, which could lead to invalid memory accesses.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_MOVABLE}}''': Pages that can be safely migrated or relocated in physical memory. This type is primarily used for user-space allocations. When their physical location changes, only an update to the corresponding page table entry is required, making them easy to move.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_RECLAIMABLE}}''': Pages that cannot be moved but can be reclaimed under memory pressure. Their contents can be restored from disk, such as page cache pages.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_HIGHATOMIC}}''': Pages specifically reserved for high-order atomic allocations, which are critical and cannot wait for memory.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_CMA}}''': Pages managed by the Contiguous Memory Allocator (CMA). Only movable pages can be allocated from this pool, which is designed to provide large contiguous blocks for specific hardware needs.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_ISOLATE}}''': A temporary type used internally during the process of migrating movable pages, indicating that these pages are currently being moved.4 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_PCPTYPE}}''': A special type used by per-CPU pagesets for internal organization.4 {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2: Key {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} Values and Their Implications ! Migration Type Name ! Description ! Example Page Types ! Memory Management Implications |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_UNMOVABLE}} | Cannot be relocated in physical memory | Slabs, page tables, kernel structures | Moving would invalidate virtual addresses; core kernel components |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_MOVABLE}} | Can be relocated in physical memory | User-space allocations | Easy to move; crucial for memory compaction and reducing fragmentation |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_RECLAIMABLE}} | Cannot be moved but can be reclaimed | Page cache, some kernel memory | Contents restorable from disk; reclaimed under pressure |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_HIGHATOMIC}} | Reserved for high-order atomic allocations | Critical kernel allocations | Ensures memory for non-sleepable, high-priority needs |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_CMA}} | Managed by Contiguous Memory Allocator | Specific hardware allocations | Only movable pages; provides large contiguous blocks |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_ISOLATE}} | Temporary type during page migration | Pages being moved | Internal state for page migration process |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|MIGRATE_PCPTYPE}} | Internal type for per-CPU pagesets | Per-CPU page lists | Used for internal organization of per-CPU caches |} ==The Memory Allocation Process: Zones in Action== Memory allocation within the Linux kernel is a highly dynamic and sophisticated process. It is primarily orchestrated by the page allocator, whose core logic resides within the {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}}() function.6 This complex process is meticulously guided by the critical {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} flags and involves intricate interactions with the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} kernel thread for memory reclamation. ===The {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} Flags: Guiding Allocations=== The '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}}''' (Get Free Page mask) is a bitmask argument passed to virtually all kernel memory allocation functions. It provides crucial instructions to the page allocator, dictating how memory should be allocated, from which zones, and under what conditions.3 These flags are comprehensively defined in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file.6 The extensive array of {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} flags and their intricate combinations reveal that {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} functions as the kernel's declarative policy language for memory allocation. It enables kernel components to precisely articulate their memory requirements, encompassing not only the desired memory zone but also the criticality of the allocation, whether it can block, and its impact on I/O or filesystem operations. This granular control is essential for managing the diverse and often conflicting needs of different kernel subsystems, ensuring optimal performance and stability across various operational contexts. Common categories of {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} flags include: '''Action Modifiers:''' These flags control the general behavior of the allocation attempt: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_WAIT}}: Allows the allocation to wait and reschedule if memory is not immediately available.6 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_HIGH}}: Indicates that the allocation can access emergency memory pools, typically reserved for critical operations.6 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_IO}}: Permits the allocation to initiate physical I/O operations if necessary to free memory.6 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_FS}}: Allows the allocation to call down to low-level filesystem operations.6 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_NOFAIL}}: A strong guarantee that the allocation will not fail, potentially by blocking indefinitely until memory becomes available. This flag should be used with extreme caution due to its potential to cause system hangs.7 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_NORETRY}}: Prevents the allocation from being retried if it fails initially, allowing for early failure.7 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_ZERO}}: Ensures that the returned page is zeroed out upon successful allocation.6 '''Zone Modifiers:''' These flags explicitly specify the preferred memory zone for the allocation: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_DMA}}: Directs the allocation to exclusively draw from {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA}}.3 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_DMA32}}: Directs the allocation to exclusively draw from {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA32}}.3 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_HIGHMEM}}: Allows allocation from {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_HIGHMEM}} or {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}}, prioritizing high memory if available.3 {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_THISNODE}}: Restricts the allocation to the specified NUMA node, preventing fallback to other nodes. This ensures strict memory locality.8 '''Common Type Flags (Combinations):''' These are predefined combinations of the above flags for typical allocation scenarios: {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_KERNEL}}: The most common flag for general kernel-space allocations. It implies {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_WAIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_IO}}, and {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_FS}}, meaning it can sleep, perform I/O, and trigger filesystem operations. It also implies that direct memory reclaim might be triggered under memory pressure.3 {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_NOWAIT}}: Used in atomic contexts, such as interrupt handlers, where the kernel cannot sleep. This flag prevents direct reclaim and I/O operations, making allocations likely to fail under memory pressure.7 {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_ATOMIC}}: A non-sleeping allocation that can access emergency memory reserves. It is typically used from interrupt or bottom-half contexts when memory is urgently needed and waiting is not an option.7 {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_USER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_HIGHUSER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE}}: These flags are used for user-space allocations, offering varying restrictions on page movability and kernel accessibility.7 ===The {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} Workflow=== The {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}}() macro, which is typically used for non-NUMA systems, calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}(), which ultimately invokes {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}}().6 This function is considered the "heart" of the zoned buddy allocator, orchestrating a multi-stage process to fulfill memory requests.6 The multi-stage workflow of {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}}, escalating from fast, optimistic attempts to asynchronous background reclamation, then to tapping emergency reserves, and finally to synchronous, blocking reclamation, demonstrates a highly adaptive and resilient memory management system. This layered escalation ensures that the kernel makes every effort to satisfy memory requests, delaying the invocation of the {{The Linux Kernel/id|OOM_Killer}} as a last resort. '''Stage 1: Initial Zone Scan and Per-CPU Cache:''' {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} begins by iterating through each memory zone within its {{The Linux Kernel/id|zonelist}} to locate eligible free pages that satisfy the {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}}.6 For smaller requests, it first checks the per-CPU area ({{The Linux Kernel/id|per_cpu_pages}}) for quick fulfillment.4 If the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} option is enabled, the allocator will attempt to reclaim pages within a full zone using {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_reclaim}}() before proceeding to the next zone.6 If suitable pages are found, {{The Linux Kernel/id|buffered_rmqueue}}() is called to allocate them.6 '''Stage 2: Waking {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} and Tapping Reserve Pools:''' If the initial iteration fails to find sufficient memory, {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} will then wake up the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} task for each zone in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|zonelist}}.6 {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} is a crucial kernel thread responsible for asynchronously reclaiming memory from various sources.10 Following this, the allocator repeats the zone iteration, but this time it adds the {{The Linux Kernel/id|_GFP_HIGH}} mask to the {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}}. This allows it to compute a lower {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}} for each zone, enabling access to the reserve memory pools maintained for emergency allocations.6 '''Stage 3: "Scraping the Bottom of the Barrel":''' Should the second iteration also fail, and depending on the kernel context and the state of the calling process, {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} may proceed to a third, more aggressive iteration over the {{The Linux Kernel/id|zonelist}}. In this phase, it bypasses the zone {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}}s entirely, effectively "scraping the bottom of the barrel" for any available memory.6 '''Stage 4: Synchronous Reclaim and OOM Killer:''' If memory allocation still does not succeed after these escalating attempts, the kernel takes further action: If the allocation was made with {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_ATOMIC}} (which explicitly lacks the {{The Linux Kernel/id|_GFP_WAIT}} flag), {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} will give up, as atomic allocations cannot sleep or wait for memory.6 Otherwise, it will initiate synchronous page reclaim and zone balancing by calling {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_free_pages}}().6 This process can involve executing {{The Linux Kernel/id|cond_resched}}(), which might cause the calling process to sleep, hence its prohibition for {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_ATOMIC}} allocations. Ultimately, if all attempts to allocate memory fail, after some final sanity checks, the {{The Linux Kernel/id|OOM_Killer}} (Out-Of-Memory Killer) is invoked to terminate processes and free up critical system memory.6 ===Key Allocation Functions ({{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} vs. {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages_node}})=== The Linux kernel provides several functions for page allocation, with subtle but important distinctions: '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}():''' This function allocates pages, prioritizing the specified NUMA node (nid). If nid is {{The Linux Kernel/id|NUMA_NO_NODE}} (indicating an unknown or unspecified node), the function will gracefully fall back to allocating from the current CPU's node.9 '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages_node}}():''' This function is an optimized variant of {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}() and is not intended for general use.9 It specifically requires nid to be a valid and online NUMA node, a condition enforced by {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_BUG_ON}} checks within the code.9 The node specified is only preferred unless the {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_THISNODE}} flag is also passed in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}}, which then strictly restricts the allocation to that specific node.9 This function was previously named alloc_pages_exact_node(), but was renamed to {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages_node}}() to clarify its specialized nature and prevent misuse that had led to past bugs.9 The renaming and the detailed explanation of its functional differences from {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}}() highlight a critical design consideration in kernel development: balancing performance optimization with API clarity and correctness. {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages_node}}() is optimized because it bypasses checks for {{The Linux Kernel/id|NUMA_NO_NODE}}, assuming the caller provides a valid node, which is faster but less robust for general use. This implies that kernel developers must not only understand what an allocation function does but also its implicit assumptions and performance characteristics, choosing the correct API based on strict guarantees about the node ID. ===kswapd and Memory Balancing=== The {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} kernel thread plays a pivotal role in memory balancing and reclamation, particularly when direct memory balancing by allocation requests is not feasible. This often occurs when allocation requests originate from an interrupt context, where sleeping is prohibited, and all process contexts are already sleeping.10 Each memory zone maintains specific fields that govern its balancing behavior: {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|low_on_memory}}, and {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_wake_kswapd}}.10 When the number of free pages in a zone drops below {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}}, the {{The Linux Kernel/id|low_on_memory}} flag is set. If the {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_WAIT}} flag is set in an allocation request, the kernel will actively attempt to free pages within that zone.10 The decision to activate {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} to free zone pages is made when the number of free pages falls below {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}}.10 At this point, the {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_wake_kswapd}} field is also set, signaling {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} to intervene and reclaim memory.10 Historically, in Linux kernel 2.2, memory balancing and page reclamation would only commence when the total number of free pages across all zones fell below a global threshold (1/64th of total memory). This could lead to situations where a specific zone, such as {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_DMA}}, might become completely empty, yet balancing would not occur if the overall free memory threshold was still met.10 Kernel 2.3 introduced significant improvements, allowing zone balancing to be triggered based on the free memory of a specific zone and all its lower-class zones. This enhancement also ensured that {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_HIGHMEM}} was properly balanced, preventing issues like HIGHMEM page starvation.10 This continuous refinement of balancing algorithms highlights the kernel's ongoing evolution to address specific challenges and improve overall efficiency, underscoring its focus on maximizing uptime and responsiveness. {| class="wikitable" |+Table 3: Common GFP Flags and Their Allocation Behavior ! GFP Flag ! Description ! Key Characteristics |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_KERNEL}} | Normal kernel allocation | Can sleep/wait; allows I/O and filesystem operations; implies direct reclaim possible |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_NOWAIT}} | Allocation from atomic context | Cannot sleep/wait; prevents direct reclaim and I/O; likely to fail under pressure |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_ATOMIC}} | Non-sleeping, accesses emergency pools | Used in interrupt/bottom-half contexts; high priority; cannot sleep/wait |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_USER}} | User-space allocation | Can sleep/wait; allows I/O and filesystem ops; allocated memory not movable, must be directly accessible by kernel |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_HIGHUSER}} | User-space allocation, high memory | Can sleep/wait; allows I/O and filesystem ops; allocated memory not movable, not required to be directly accessible by kernel |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE}} | User-space allocation, high memory, movable | Can sleep/wait; allows I/O and filesystem ops; allocated memory not required to be directly accessible by kernel, is movable |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_NOIO}} | Allocation without I/O | Can sleep/wait; prevents physical I/O operations |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_NOFS}} | Allocation without filesystem operations | Can sleep/wait; prevents physical I/O and filesystem operations |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_NOFAIL}} | Allocation must not fail | Loops endlessly until success; dangerous for large allocations |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|GFP_NORETRY}} | Allocation not retried on failure | Fails early; does not invoke OOM killer |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_THISNODE}} | Restrict to specified NUMA node | No fallback to other nodes; ensures strict memory locality |- | {{The Linux Kernel/id|__GFP_ZERO}} | Zero-fill allocated page | Ensures returned page is initialized to zeros |} ==Conclusion: The Significance of Zoned Memory Management== The Linux kernel's memory zones, intricately coupled with sophisticated allocation algorithms and dynamic reclamation mechanisms, collectively form a robust and highly adaptive memory management subsystem. This elaborate design, spanning core data structures like {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} (primarily defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}}), and critical functions such as {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} (implemented in {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}}) guided by {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} flags (from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}}), is indispensable for the kernel's stability, performance, and broad hardware compatibility. The entire system of memory zones, the nuanced {{The Linux Kernel/id|gfp_mask}} flags, and the multi-stage {{The Linux Kernel/id|_alloc_pages}} workflow, culminating in the asynchronous {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} and synchronous reclaim, and ultimately the {{The Linux Kernel/id|OOM_Killer}}, represents a sophisticated, layered defense mechanism against memory exhaustion. This design is not merely about allocating memory; it is fundamentally about ensuring system stability and responsiveness even under severe memory pressure. Each layer—from the rapid per-CPU cache and efficient buddy allocator, through zone {{The Linux Kernel/id|watermark}}s and {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}}'s background efforts, to emergency reserves and forced synchronous reclaim—acts as a contingency, progressively trying harder to find or free memory before resorting to drastic measures like process termination. This reflects the paramount importance of memory availability for all kernel operations and overall system health. The inherent complexity of Linux's memory zones and their associated management structures (e.g., {{The Linux Kernel/id|per_cpu_pages}} for per-CPU caching, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} for page mobility, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} for NUMA nodes) is a direct consequence of the need to simultaneously balance several often-conflicting goals in memory management. These include: '''Reducing Contention:''' Per-CPU caches minimize global lock contention for frequent, small allocations, improving concurrency. '''Optimizing NUMA Locality:''' The use of {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} and node-aware allocation functions prioritizes accessing memory local to the CPU, which significantly reduces memory access latency in NUMA systems. '''Mitigating Fragmentation:''' The buddy allocator, in conjunction with page migration types, actively manages both internal and external fragmentation to ensure that large contiguous blocks of memory are available when required for specific allocations (e.g., huge pages, DMA buffers). '''Accommodating Hardware Constraints:''' Memory zones directly address device-specific memory requirements, such as the limitations of older DMA devices, by segregating memory into appropriate pools. This constant balancing act, evident throughout the kernel's memory management design, is what enables Linux to be robust, efficient, and performant across an incredibly diverse range of hardware and workloads. It stands as a testament to the deep engineering effort dedicated to optimizing multiple, often conflicting, objectives simultaneously, ensuring the kernel's continued reliability and adaptability in ever-evolving computing environments. {{BookCat}} g2rth7di7vdg5crzk3b3sxse0v7jgk1 0 475110 4632248 4528130 2026-04-25T13:39:38Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632248 wikitext text/x-wiki Prompt: What information about the Linux kernel is missing in https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Linux_Kernel Format output as wikitext. Generated by Google Gemeni. The Wikibooks page on "The Linux Kernel" provides a foundational overview but is missing detailed information in several key areas. Below is a summary of the missing information in wikitext format. '''Missing Information''' The Wikibooks page "The Linux Kernel" lacks depth in several core areas and omits many modern and advanced topics. The following sections detail the missing information. === Core Kernel Subsystems === While the Wikibook mentions some of these, it lacks detailed explanations of their inner workings. '''Detailed Memory Management:''' The book is missing in-depth information about the '''slab allocator''', '''buddy algorithm''', '''huge pages''', and '''memory management for different hardware architectures'''. '''Process Scheduler:''' There is no detailed discussion of the '''Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS)''', its algorithms, and how it handles different workloads. The new '''EEVDF scheduler''' is also not mentioned. '''Virtual File System (VFS):''' The page lacks a deep dive into the VFS's '''data structures''' (like inodes and dentries), how it integrates different file systems, and the '''workings of specific file systems''' like ext4, Btrfs, and XFS. '''Networking Stack:''' There is no detailed information about the kernel's networking stack, including the implementation of '''TCP/IP''', '''sockets''', '''netfilter''', and modern features like '''XDP (eXpress Data Path)'''. === Modern Features === The Wikibook does not cover many modern features that are crucial to the Linux kernel's current capabilities. '''eBPF (extended Berkeley Packet Filter):''' A powerful and complex feature for '''programmability and observability''' in the kernel. '''io_uring:''' A modern interface for '''asynchronous I/O''' that offers significant performance improvements. '''Kernel-based Virtualization (KVM):''' The page is missing information about the kernel's built-in '''hypervisor'''. '''Containers and Namespaces:''' The fundamental kernel features that enable '''containerization technologies''' like Docker and LXC are not discussed. '''Rust for Linux:''' The ongoing effort to introduce the '''Rust programming language''' into the kernel for improved safety and security is not mentioned. === Development and Community === '''Kernel Development Process:''' The book is missing a detailed explanation of the modern kernel development process, including the role of '''maintainers''', the '''merge window''', and the use of '''Git'''. '''Community and Governance:''' There is no in-depth information on the structure of the Linux kernel community, the role of the '''Linux Foundation''', and how decisions are made. === Security === '''Modern Security Features:''' The book lacks information on modern security features like '''Kernel Address Space Layout Randomization (KASLR)''', '''Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET)''', and other exploit mitigation techniques. '''Security Modules:''' There is no detailed information on '''SELinux''' and '''AppArmor'''. '''Hardware Security Integration:''' The integration with hardware security features like '''TPM (Trusted Platform Module)''' and '''Intel SGX/AMD SEV''' is not covered. === Performance and Debugging === '''Performance Tuning and Analysis:''' The Wikibook does not provide information on tools and techniques for '''kernel performance analysis and tuning''', such as '''perf''', '''ftrace''', and '''eBPF-based tools'''. '''Kernel Debugging:''' There is no detailed information about kernel debugging tools and techniques like '''kgdb''', '''kdb''', and '''crash'''. {{BookCat}} 7yse0mg5fjajsezhesqgc64ulumvo9k 0 475313 4632254 4567242 2026-04-25T13:39:46Z Conan 3188 CPU: wrap long paragraphs 4632254 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTTR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 9zunifrh31lac9rieh2dtavd043gtb8 4632338 4632254 2026-04-25T18:02:27Z Conan 3188 add NUMA topology cross-reference to SMP section 4632338 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTTR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 5ofj9mxdb0c9y4zptr4vhykrlneue07 4632350 4632338 2026-04-25T18:11:02Z Conan 3188 /* {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} */ fix link 4632350 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTTR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 8otxdmgba5dz8c281a1fc7bzocgbzf8 4632367 4632350 2026-04-25T19:26:28Z Conan 3188 fix double include/ prefix in irqflags.h path 4632367 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTTR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 3tie9j6nfwk2y4o82ugxg8toxx77dmu 4632368 4632367 2026-04-25T19:26:29Z Conan 3188 add x86 interrupt entry internals 4632368 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTTR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 0f89mmn8kpsflxixn84qj5l8ghlk8sm 4632369 4632368 2026-04-25T19:26:31Z Conan 3188 fix MTTR typo, should be MTRR 4632369 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 9xjjsadmpyxnf4995588wzysomrxe1d 4632370 4632369 2026-04-25T19:26:33Z Conan 3188 fix muti-core typo 4632370 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_newstate}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} r0g5bjj3ietaia45er7xfstz5xqmij3 4632371 4632370 2026-04-25T19:26:34Z Conan 3188 partition_xcpus_add partition_xcpus_del 4632371 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} 8ovnkallbfkytbu9hv2a3hlnohkzzs4 4632372 4632371 2026-04-25T19:26:35Z Conan 3188 do_IRQ no longer exists on x86, use common_interrupt 4632372 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} l2mgu60vmpsl7efmzercj4p6g7wavb9 4632373 4632372 2026-04-25T19:26:37Z Conan 3188 move isolated_cpus to cpuset.c, add housekeeping_init 4632373 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} paobvxm5nxafc1bdgxx4mm4b6otxexm 4632528 4632373 2026-04-26T07:01:32Z Conan 3188 cpuset_cpu_is_isolated removed since v7.0 4632528 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 💾 Historical since v7.0 : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} &ndash; removed, use {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} instead === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} b08fus5uqtt3o4skjghbxvwyjs8898j 4632529 4632528 2026-04-26T07:01:34Z Conan 3188 add runtime code patching: static keys, static calls, alternatives 4632529 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}</noinclude> == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86. A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} :::: irq &ndash; interrupt number ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] === Non-maskable interrupts === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI) === ... === 📚 Further reading about interrupts : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)] reduces timer interrupts overhead, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} : [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== kthread work ==== This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}. All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &ndash; links a kthread_work and a task :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &ndash; executes work's function 👁 Example usages : {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}} ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work and workqueue ==== Generic async execution with shared worker pool. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &ndash; workqueue worker process flag : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &ndash; queues work on a workqueue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ... 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &ndash; names kworker kthreads :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|mod_timer_pending ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.mod_timer_pending}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : /proc/timer_list : /proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} 👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/devices/system/node/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} 📚 Further reading : MTRR &ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}} : {{w|CPU cache}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} :: The most commonly used functions: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} – runs a given function on all CPUs, possibly with synchronization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} – conditionally runs a function on selected CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} – executes a function on a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} – typedef for the function signature used in SMP function calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} – invokes a function on all other CPUs asynchronously :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_any}} – runs a function on any available CPU in a given mask :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} – sends a function call to a specified set of CPUs :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} – sends a function to execute on a single target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} – queues a function to run asynchronously on one CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} – executes a function on a specific CPU and waits for the result :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} – sends a reschedule interrupt to a target CPU :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} : See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles ==== CPU affinity ==== Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}} 📚 Further reading : {{w|Processor affinity}} : {{w|Affinity mask}} ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. 🗝️ Acronyms : BP &ndash; Bootstrap Processor : AP &ndash; Application Processor ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} 👁️ Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}} 📚 Further reading : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/focal/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=cpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online] : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML] ==== CPU isolation ==== CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency. '''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}. '''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated : /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated] : [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &ndash; housekeeping type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML] : [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 💾 Historical since v7.0 : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} &ndash; removed, use {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} instead === Runtime code patching === The kernel patches its own machine code at boot or runtime to optimize hot paths. Static keys patch a {{w|NOP_(code)|NOP}} to a jump (or vice versa); static calls patch indirect calls to direct calls; alternatives replace instructions based on CPU features. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jump_label.h}} &ndash; static keys :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE}} &ndash; define a key, initially false :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_unlikely}} &ndash; zero-cost branch check (NOP when key is false) :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_enable}} &ndash; patch all sites to take the branch (expensive, rare use) : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/static_call.h}} &ndash; static calls :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_CALL}} &ndash; define a call site with initial target function :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call}} &ndash; invoke the patched direct call :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call_update}} &ndash; change target function, patch all sites : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &ndash; alternatives :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ALTERNATIVE}} &ndash; replace instructions at boot based on CPU features :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h}} &ndash; X86_FEATURE_* flags ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/jump_label.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HAVE_STATIC_CALL}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/static_call_inline.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_overridden}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_schedule}} : tracepoints 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Static Keys|staging/static-keys.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86 CPU feature flags|arch/x86/cpuinfo.html}} === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === States === C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency. 🗝️ Acronyms : [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states : EPP &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}} : HWP &ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only] : [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling ⚲ API : [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management ==== Idle ==== C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}: : C0 &ndash; the operating state. : C1 (aka Halt) &ndash; the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state instantaneously. : C2 (aka Stop-Clock) &ndash; the processor maintains all software-visible state, but may take longer to wake up. : C3 (aka Sleep) &ndash; takes longer to wake up. : ... ⚲ API : turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=] : /dev/cpu_dma_latency &ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}} : C-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle CPU Idle Time Management Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} &ndash; implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency 📖 References :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}} 📚 Further reading :: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}} ==== Power and frequency ==== P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}: : P0 &ndash; maximum power and frequency : Pn &ndash; less power and frequency : ... ⚲ API : Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency :: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1 ::: Bzy_MHz &ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state). : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=] :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=] : P-states interfaces: :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/ ::: scaling_cur_freq &ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency :: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}} : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}} <!-- :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} --> ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} <!-- end of intel_pstate.html --> 📚 Further reading : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling : [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} : [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info] :: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set] : https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library : https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 ::: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-intel-pt}} &ndash; support for Intel Processor Trace within perf :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} {{BookCat}} p3ulx1q74ryqxqjpuf2shi15hj6qlp9 0 478412 4632381 4609016 2026-04-25T20:03:07Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1935 04 */ 4632381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 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Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks' " trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 5xfllo6l3km1agcuasa8h7r108hsfm4 4632383 4632381 2026-04-25T20:14:27Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks' " trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} a95otpzx8jofwwp9akfmis0swl5mwn8 4632384 4632383 2026-04-25T20:19:14Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks' " trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from 'Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like ''Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 5yjiukmm7805t0ikg4gz0dvxlmi82zp 4632385 4632384 2026-04-25T20:20:23Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from 'Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like ''Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} k8f3lue8j7o3f4jeg188tz27xqjr3jj 4632387 4632385 2026-04-25T20:21:30Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} nncdkw5bbge36unb5nt3sftbin2u37q 4632388 4632387 2026-04-25T20:25:51Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference. To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} mjybq3oyqajywm78re0mvb055lqs9aj 4632389 4632388 2026-04-25T20:26:17Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} qjr6umuaku11ae5pddec3ir8yd8zus0 4632392 4632389 2026-04-25T20:29:45Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 06 */ 4632392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== 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=====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} kpkbtq5e7zupj7xo6dxv1y8puequsb6 4632393 4632392 2026-04-25T20:34:20Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 08 */ 4632393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== 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=====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== 7BU mast snapped at base during hurricane <blockquote>'''Burnie Struck By Hurricane''' What was described as a hurricane struck Burnie at 5 o'clock this afternoon, causing consider-able damage to buildings. The 60ft. wireless mast of 7BU was snapped off at the base, and the station will be off the air to-night. Although the wind had abated later, a heavy sea was run-ning, and there was some doubt as to whether the Wollongbar would be able to berth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264898242 |title=Burnie Struck By Hurricane |newspaper=[[Saturday Evening Express]] |volume=VIII, |issue=32 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=15 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 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10===== =====1999 11===== =====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 3n4mpnf84jk4m291fcfxwjretk9gp7k 4632395 4632393 2026-04-25T20:36:52Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 08 */ 4632395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 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=====1928 01===== =====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== 7BU mast snapped at base during hurricane <blockquote>'''Burnie Struck By Hurricane.''' What was described as a hurricane struck Burnie at 5 o'clock this afternoon, causing considerable damage to buildings. The 60ft. wireless mast of 7BU was snapped off at the base, and the station will be off the air tonight. Although the wind had abated later, a heavy sea was running, and there was some doubt as to whether the Wollongbar would be able to berth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264898242 |title=Burnie Struck By Hurricane |newspaper=[[Saturday Evening Express]] |volume=VIII, |issue=32 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=15 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 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10===== =====1999 11===== =====1999 12===== ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} bncwqyqfvl16xpyc129ed21wnz0nfeo 4632398 4632395 2026-04-25T20:47:14Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 08 */ 4632398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 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=====1928 01===== =====1928 02===== =====1928 03===== =====1928 04===== =====1928 05===== =====1928 06===== =====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== 7BU mast snapped at base during hurricane <blockquote>'''Burnie Struck By Hurricane.''' What was described as a hurricane struck Burnie at 5 o'clock this afternoon, causing considerable damage to buildings. The 60ft. wireless mast of 7BU was snapped off at the base, and the station will be off the air tonight. Although the wind had abated later, a heavy sea was running, and there was some doubt as to whether the Wollongbar would be able to berth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264898242 |title=Burnie Struck By Hurricane |newspaper=[[Saturday Evening Express]] |volume=VIII, |issue=32 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=15 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, further detail <blockquote>'''BURNIE LASHED. Gale Sweeps Coast. Panic at Theatre.''' BURNIE. Sunday.— A 40 miles an hour gale at Wynyard on Saturday afternoon swept along the coast to Burnie to reach the force of a hurricane. It left a trail of minor damage in its wake. The sea, which was running very high was lashed into spray. A column of water was whipped into the air and swept towards the large grandstand at West Park where a football match was being held. For a while spectators in one part of the ground could not see a few yards in front of them. Blowing over a fence on the ground, the wind caused a scatter from the grandstand into the blinding rain, people feared that the grandstand would fall. Footballers had to lie on the ground in the face of the gale. Trees were uprooted, fences levelled, and iron lifted from the roofs of buildings in the town. A mast 110ft in height at Findlay's wireless station 7BU crashed in three pieces, steel supports 5in thick at the base being bent like nails. Two cyclists taking part in a road race were swept from their machines. A boy who was standing on a street corner was hurled bodily across the road and was stunned. A panic was caused in the Burnie Theatre during a picture matinee, children and then adults rushing for the exits when they heard the noise of the wind. A child was trampled on. A stern hawser of the steamer Wollongbar, which was berthed at McGaw Pier, snapped, but another line was quickly run out. A 30ft. fishing launch which was being sailed from Ulverstone to Burnie by V. Barfoot and J. Campbell, was tossed about and reached Burnie after having been 15 hours at sea on a journey which normally takes three hours. Barfoot said that he never expected to reach Burnie. The boat was extensively damaged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11904089 |title=BURNIE LASHED |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=28,078 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=17 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== =====1939 06===== =====1939 07===== =====1939 08===== 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2026-04-25T21:15:06Z Samuel.dellit 1387936 /* 1936 08 */ 4632405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{incomplete}} {{TOC right|limit=3}} ==7BU Burnie - Transcriptions and notes== ===Key article copies=== <!-- This section is for duplicates of chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== =====1902 01===== =====1902 02===== =====1902 03===== =====1902 04===== =====1902 05===== =====1902 06===== 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=====1928 07===== =====1928 08===== =====1928 09===== =====1928 10===== =====1928 11===== =====1928 12===== ====1929==== =====1929 01===== =====1929 02===== =====1929 03===== =====1929 04===== =====1929 05===== =====1929 06===== =====1929 07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== 7BU mast snapped at base during hurricane <blockquote>'''Burnie Struck By Hurricane.''' What was described as a hurricane struck Burnie at 5 o'clock this afternoon, causing considerable damage to buildings. The 60ft. wireless mast of 7BU was snapped off at the base, and the station will be off the air tonight. Although the wind had abated later, a heavy sea was running, and there was some doubt as to whether the Wollongbar would be able to berth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264898242 |title=Burnie Struck By Hurricane |newspaper=[[Saturday Evening Express]] |volume=VIII, |issue=32 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=15 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, further detail <blockquote>'''BURNIE LASHED. Gale Sweeps Coast. Panic at Theatre.''' BURNIE. Sunday.— A 40 miles an hour gale at Wynyard on Saturday afternoon swept along the coast to Burnie to reach the force of a hurricane. It left a trail of minor damage in its wake. The sea, which was running very high was lashed into spray. A column of water was whipped into the air and swept towards the large grandstand at West Park where a football match was being held. For a while spectators in one part of the ground could not see a few yards in front of them. Blowing over a fence on the ground, the wind caused a scatter from the grandstand into the blinding rain, people feared that the grandstand would fall. Footballers had to lie on the ground in the face of the gale. Trees were uprooted, fences levelled, and iron lifted from the roofs of buildings in the town. A mast 110ft in height at Findlay's wireless station 7BU crashed in three pieces, steel supports 5in thick at the base being bent like nails. Two cyclists taking part in a road race were swept from their machines. A boy who was standing on a street corner was hurled bodily across the road and was stunned. A panic was caused in the Burnie Theatre during a picture matinee, children and then adults rushing for the exits when they heard the noise of the wind. A child was trampled on. A stern hawser of the steamer Wollongbar, which was berthed at McGaw Pier, snapped, but another line was quickly run out. A 30ft. fishing launch which was being sailed from Ulverstone to Burnie by V. Barfoot and J. Campbell, was tossed about and reached Burnie after having been 15 hours at sea on a journey which normally takes three hours. Barfoot said that he never expected to reach Burnie. The boat was extensively damaged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11904089 |title=BURNIE LASHED |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=28,078 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=17 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Recent storm highlights problem of listener masts causing damage <blockquote>'''DRAINAGE SYSTEM.''' Improvement Needed. Position at Burnie.''' The unsatisfactory system of drainage in the town area at Burnie, as disclosed by the torrential rain of recent weeks, was discussed at a meeting of the Burnie Council yesterday. A motion that immediate action be taken to effect improvements was deferred. There were present the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) and Crs. S. Bird, T. L. Mace, J. Leary, M. Southwell, R. Jago, L. Ling, M. A. Whitford, A. W. Townsend, and ? Wilson. . . . '''Wireless Mast Danger''' The danger of allowing wireless masts to be erected close to the electric power lines was emphasised in a report by the council's electrician (Mr. A. W. Berry). He pointed out that during the stormy conditions of the last few weeks considerable damage had been caused to mains through wireless poles having fallen across power lines. If the remaining 110ft. mast of 7BU wireless station was blown down towards Wilson-street, considerable damage would result, and the transformer would probably be put out of action. Mr. Berry urged the council to regulate the erection of wireless poles in future. The matter was referred to the town committee for consideration. <ref></ref></blockquote> =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== =====1939 06===== =====1939 07===== =====1939 08===== =====1939 09===== =====1939 10===== =====1939 11===== =====1939 12===== ===1940s=== ====1940==== =====1940 01===== =====1940 02===== =====1940 03===== =====1940 04===== =====1940 05===== =====1940 06===== =====1940 07===== 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chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== =====1902 01===== =====1902 02===== =====1902 03===== =====1902 04===== =====1902 05===== =====1902 06===== =====1902 07===== =====1902 08===== =====1902 09===== =====1902 10===== =====1902 11===== =====1902 12===== ====1903==== =====1903 01===== =====1903 02===== =====1903 03===== =====1903 04===== =====1903 05===== =====1903 06===== 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07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== 7BU mast snapped at base during hurricane <blockquote>'''Burnie Struck By Hurricane.''' What was described as a hurricane struck Burnie at 5 o'clock this afternoon, causing considerable damage to buildings. The 60ft. wireless mast of 7BU was snapped off at the base, and the station will be off the air tonight. Although the wind had abated later, a heavy sea was running, and there was some doubt as to whether the Wollongbar would be able to berth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264898242 |title=Burnie Struck By Hurricane |newspaper=[[Saturday Evening Express]] |volume=VIII, |issue=32 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=15 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, further detail <blockquote>'''BURNIE LASHED. Gale Sweeps Coast. Panic at Theatre.''' BURNIE. Sunday.— A 40 miles an hour gale at Wynyard on Saturday afternoon swept along the coast to Burnie to reach the force of a hurricane. It left a trail of minor damage in its wake. The sea, which was running very high was lashed into spray. A column of water was whipped into the air and swept towards the large grandstand at West Park where a football match was being held. For a while spectators in one part of the ground could not see a few yards in front of them. Blowing over a fence on the ground, the wind caused a scatter from the grandstand into the blinding rain, people feared that the grandstand would fall. Footballers had to lie on the ground in the face of the gale. Trees were uprooted, fences levelled, and iron lifted from the roofs of buildings in the town. A mast 110ft in height at Findlay's wireless station 7BU crashed in three pieces, steel supports 5in thick at the base being bent like nails. Two cyclists taking part in a road race were swept from their machines. A boy who was standing on a street corner was hurled bodily across the road and was stunned. A panic was caused in the Burnie Theatre during a picture matinee, children and then adults rushing for the exits when they heard the noise of the wind. A child was trampled on. A stern hawser of the steamer Wollongbar, which was berthed at McGaw Pier, snapped, but another line was quickly run out. A 30ft. fishing launch which was being sailed from Ulverstone to Burnie by V. Barfoot and J. Campbell, was tossed about and reached Burnie after having been 15 hours at sea on a journey which normally takes three hours. Barfoot said that he never expected to reach Burnie. The boat was extensively damaged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11904089 |title=BURNIE LASHED |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=28,078 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=17 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Recent storm highlights problem of listener masts causing damage <blockquote>'''DRAINAGE SYSTEM. Improvement Needed. Position at Burnie.''' The unsatisfactory system of drainage in the town area at Burnie, as disclosed by the torrential rain of recent weeks, was discussed at a meeting of the Burnie Council yesterday. A motion that immediate action be taken to effect improvements was deferred. There were present the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) and Crs. S. Bird, T. L. Mace, J. Leary, M. Southwell, R. Jago, L. Ling, M. A. Whitford, A. W. Townsend, and ? Wilson. . . . '''Wireless Mast Danger''' The danger of allowing wireless masts to be erected close to the electric power lines was emphasised in a report by the council's electrician (Mr. A. W. Berry). He pointed out that during the stormy conditions of the last few weeks considerable damage had been caused to mains through wireless poles having fallen across power lines. If the remaining 110ft. mast of 7BU wireless station was blown down towards Wilson-street, considerable damage would result, and the transformer would probably be put out of action. Mr. Berry urged the council to regulate the erection of wireless poles in future. The matter was referred to the town committee for consideration. <ref></ref></blockquote> =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== =====1939 06===== =====1939 07===== =====1939 08===== =====1939 09===== =====1939 10===== =====1939 11===== =====1939 12===== ===1940s=== ====1940==== =====1940 01===== =====1940 02===== =====1940 03===== =====1940 04===== =====1940 05===== =====1940 06===== =====1940 07===== 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chronological entries which include detailed biographies --> ===Non-chronological material=== <!-- This section is for non-chronological material, principally genealogical --> ===1900s=== ====1900==== =====1900 01===== =====1900 02===== =====1900 03===== =====1900 04===== =====1900 05===== =====1900 06===== =====1900 07===== =====1900 08===== =====1900 09===== =====1900 10===== =====1900 11===== =====1900 12===== ====1901==== =====1901 01===== =====1901 02===== =====1901 03===== =====1901 04===== =====1901 05===== =====1901 06===== =====1901 07===== =====1901 08===== =====1901 09===== =====1901 10===== =====1901 11===== =====1901 12===== ====1902==== =====1902 01===== =====1902 02===== =====1902 03===== =====1902 04===== =====1902 05===== =====1902 06===== =====1902 07===== =====1902 08===== =====1902 09===== =====1902 10===== =====1902 11===== =====1902 12===== ====1903==== =====1903 01===== =====1903 02===== =====1903 03===== =====1903 04===== =====1903 05===== =====1903 06===== 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07===== =====1929 08===== =====1929 09===== =====1929 10===== =====1929 11===== =====1929 12===== ===1930s=== ====1930==== =====1930 01===== =====1930 02===== =====1930 03===== =====1930 04===== =====1930 05===== =====1930 06===== =====1930 07===== =====1930 08===== =====1930 09===== =====1930 10===== =====1930 11===== Findlays, future proprietor of 7BU Burnie, already well established in Burnie, Nov 1930 <blockquote>'''Findlays, The Music People. DEVONPORT, ULVERSTONE, BURNIE AND LAUNCESTON.''' For many years the name of Findlays has been a household word for all that is the best in music, and the appeal to Tasmanians to support a Tasmanian firm has met with a ready response. Findlays are agents for the best pianos in the world, and their stand at the Devonport show was thronged with music-lovers throughout the day. The famous Gulbransen Registering Piano, which registers the human touch, is priced at £225 cash, or reasonable terms of purchase may be arranged. Hundreds of these fine instruments may be found in Tasmanian homes, and they give wonderful satisfaction to their fortunate owners. Another player, the Majestic, made by the well-known firm of Wertheim, is a re-markably handsome and attractive instrument, of fine tone. Findlays are also agents for the Rud Steinmeyer Piano — one of the most famous of German instruments — and Lipp, Bechstein, and many other well-known makes, including the Australian-made Concord and Wertheim. The firm deals extensively in used pianos, and can offer the prospective buyer splendid value and attractive terms. Findlays are agents for H.M.V. and Columbit Gramophones — well known to the public — and carry a large range of the most popular records and latest songs. Radiola, for which Findlays are agents, is deservedly popular among wireless owners, and the sets are manufactured by the builders of the most prominent broadcasting stations throughout Australia. Made to suit Australian conditions, and giving a wonderful natural tone, Radiola commends itself to the Australian public, being tariff free, low in cost, and satisfactory in service. That Tasmanians should support local enterprise and keep their money in the State is this firm's justifiable contention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67751718 |title=Findlays, The Music People. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Local listener in Burnie sends letter to editor complaining over set operator causing interference <blockquote>'''WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE.''' To the Editor. Sir,— For a considerable time now great annoyance has been caused at Burnie by a certain individual in possession of a wireless set who consistently (day and night) goes through a series of howls, screeches, whistles and groans; in fact, it is so persistent that I am convinced that it is intentional. On Sunday night it poured out its vengeance on all and sundry; for over two hours the howl was continuous. I have just about become fed up with my set under such conditions. Others have expressed themselves likewise. In fact it has been impossible to properly listen to any programme for several weeks now, many owners having had to shut off their sets. I can assure the possessor of this nuisance that he is lucky that Guy Fawkes has long since taken his departure from here below. Once it is located, I think listeners will demand a speedy end to their suffering. We appreciate the work of our local enthusiasts on their field day in discovering a hidden station, and we will greatly appreciate a field day (or night) in unearthing this hidden nuisance, close handy in the town. It is our intention to get in touch with the Postal Department to make available one of the experts of this branch to locate the culprit. — Yours, etc., LISTENER. Burnie<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67754115 |title=WIRELESS NUISANCES AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 November 1930 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1930 12===== ====1931==== =====1931 01===== =====1931 02===== =====1931 03===== =====1931 04===== =====1931 05===== Article in Burnie Advocate mentions two Burnie amateurs (7BC and 7LJ) operating from Burnie and assisting 7DR Devonport <blockquote>'''WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. Devonport's Transmitting Station, 7DR. EDUCATIONAL HOBBY.''' Wireless is the greatest wonder of the age, and it is pleasing to find that it is capturing the attention of so many people, particularly young men and youths who find in it a most interesting and educational hobby. For some weeks members of the Devonport Radio Club have been conducting experimental work with a new transmitting apparatus which they have erected, and a remarkable measure of success has been achieved, favorable reports having been received from listeners from all parts of Tasmania, and from places as far distant as the back districts of New South Wales and other mainland States. '''Technical Details.''' The transmitter includes a Shunt Hartley circuit, using a TB04/10 valve oscillator, with a pair of UX 250's in parallel as modulators, employing the Heising system. A Clough system of speech amplification is used. The input of the transmitter is 20 watts. Three thousand volts are available from the power supply gear, and some idea of the strength of the current may be obtained when it is explained that an electric light globe, connected with a couple of turns of wire, will glow brilliantly when held within a foot of the transmitter. The power used at 7DR is exactly 1-250th of that used at 3LO Melbourne, yet it is possible, on the 20 and 40-metre bands, to communicate with any part of the world. The aerial is 100 feet in height. '''Two-Way Conversation.''' At Burnie are two amateur experimental stations — 7BC owned by Mr. Bruce Craw and 7LJ in charge of Mr. L. Jensen. The latter station has been in operation some 12 months or more, and Mr. Jensen has been ever ready to assist the Devonport amateurs with advice. It is interesting to be in the studio and to see those in charge so manipulate the apparatus that they are able to converse with others in the Burnie station. An "Advocate" representative had that privilege one night recently, and the conversation came through as clearly as though it had been by telephone, and with a great deal more force and distinctness. The transmitter, with its red pilot lights, presents a very pleasing appearance. '''Worthy of Support.''' It should be clearly understood that no member of the club makes any profit out of this wireless service. All give their services free, and the enthusiasm is remarkable. Members are out to honor the undertaking given when their license was issued to conduct the station in the interests of research in wireless science. It is a fine thing to see such a number of young men attending night after night conducting experiments, noting the results, and preparing reports. It would be difficult to find a more fascinating pastime, and one which must tend to develop in those engaged in its powers of observation, at the same time educating them in the principles of this wonderful magic of wireless. Members are now engaged constructing an all-wave receiver, and in the near future it is hoped to get in touch with fellow amateurs the world over by means of short wave communication. The support of the public would be appreciated by members. The club's funds have been drained in the purchase of equipment. Are there any readers of "The Advocate" to whom the value of such work as that which is being carried on appeals? Furniture is needed for the studio. The loan of a few chairs or the donation of broken seats which are not beyond repair would be appreciated. Several donations have been received, and donors have earned the gratitude of members. Such enthusiasm deserves encouragement, and members would be greatly heartened by a little practical assistance in the shape of donations of cash, furniture, gramophone records, etc. People in possession of the latter are invited to visit the studio and take with them any records which they desire to have reproduced over the air.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67718534 |title=WIRELESS ENTHUSIASTS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 May 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 06===== =====1931 07===== =====1931 08===== Poor reception of 7ZL Hobart in Burnie and surrounds a future driver for the establishment of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''LETTERS. BROADCASTING. Northern Licence-Holders & 7ZL.''' To the Editor of "The Mercury." Sir,— I congratulate you on your well-balanced subleader of Friday last on 7ZL transmission, in which you put the case for Northern listeners fairly and squarely. It is refreshing to know that your influential journal is alive to our needs, and is prepared to urge early rectification of the State's "A" class broadcasting disabilities. We are not complaining of the studio programmes. Judging by the programmes published the concerts appear to be of very high quality; in fact it is this knowledge that makes Northern listeners so irate, especially when they reflect on the barely audible to mute reception which at present prevails. I repeat that if Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide "A" class programmes are received at such distances with excellent punch (fading excepted) surely we should not tolerate 7ZL being permitted to function in such an indifferent way that two-thirds of the Tasmanian subscribers do not derive a service from it. Station 7ZL was designed for Tasmania, and as such, in view of the comparative smallness of the State, should definitely ensure constant full-toned reception day and night for every listener in the State. Such a service should also definitely eliminate the fading bugbear. Your correspondent "Not Quite Satisfied" strikes the nail on the head. 7ZL's transmitting aerial is on the circumference ot the area to be served, whereas logically it should be at the centre. Were the aerial put on the midland plateau, away from the screening effect of Mt. Wellington or neighbouring hills, 7ZL's transmissions thus would cover the State with full-toned, perfect reception. A tremendous boon would then be cast on the entire State, and Hobart listeners would remember jamming as a matter of historical past. The whole range of Australian and Tasmanian stations would thus be on tap whether sets be north, south, east or west. "Browning Drake" is quite correct when he states that 7ZL is the poorest "A" station in the Commonwealth. A complaint about their reception is justifiable. For instance, a 6-valve up-to-date receiver at Swansea gets 7ZL poorly by day and cannot raise it at night. A 5-valve De Forrest set at Scottsdale gets Hobart in the same fashion as does the Swansea set. Yet a two-valve at Scottsdale brings in speaker reception of stations as far off as 4QR, mainland, only. Hobart simply is not on this little set's dial. In Launceston a screened grid 3-valve cannot do any good with 7ZL, and a 6-valve Radiola is in the same boat. The 6-valve gets 7ZL occasionally during daylight in an indifferent way; one has to sit on the speaker almost. At night 7ZL is very erratic. Even when it can be heard reception is consistently bad, blurring, distortion and extraneous noises continually coming through. The position at Stanley, Burnie, and Mole Creek is similar. In fact, in Northern Tasmania, when one speaks wireless one never thinks of Hobart or 7ZL, as their reception is so consistently bad that for all practical purposes 7ZL is off the dial! If some dictator could, by a wave of some magic wand, permit listeners to sign their licence money over to any station from which they respectively receive best service, then I am afraid 7ZL would do a financial freeze, and although only a "B" class station, 7LA Launceston would be able to give us less of the fox trot and more of the solo quality music so much desired. In view of this magic boost which listeners' licences would give it. Perhaps such a suggestion will awaken the A.B.C. officials and the P.M.G. officials from their quite unjustifiable slumber. C. A. GORDAN. Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29922420 |title=LETTERS |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXXXV, |issue=19,986 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=28 August 1931 |accessdate=4 October 2025 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 09===== =====1931 10===== 7BC Craw, a Burnie amateur broadcaster, provides an excellent exhibit for the Burnie Show 1931 <blockquote>'''Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. RADIO EXPERT, BURNIE.''' It was said that the outstanding radio exhibit on the ground was that of Bruce Craw. It had a distinctly local appeal insofar as there was installed an electric pickup for records. This operated throughout the day, to the great satisfaction of bystanders. Mr. Craw had also microphones installed from his own well-known 7BC broadcasting station, a novel attraction which was much appreciated. Airway 3-valve all-electric sets, of which there are scores operating efficiently in the district, were on show, the price being £29/10/, a very low cost for such an up-to-date set. Battery sets, suitable for country folk, fully guaranteed, were shown at low prices. Mr. Craw gives unflagging service for his wireless sets, and these are fully guaranteed for 12 months. He may be seen at his Wilson Street premises, and demonstrations will be arranged to suit the public. Clients may rely on not only purchasing what is regarded as one of the most efficient and up-to-date radio sets on the market, but at the same time receiving service of a satisfactory nature in the control and regulation of the sets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67883159 |title=Bruce Craw, N.W.I.A. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=1 October 1931 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1931 11===== =====1931 12===== ====1932==== =====1932 01===== =====1932 02===== =====1932 03===== =====1932 04===== =====1932 05===== =====1932 06===== =====1932 07===== =====1932 08===== =====1932 09===== =====1932 10===== 7BU predecessors 7BC and 7LJ first advised that broadcast band transmissions must cease, then advised by WIA that order rescinded <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Amateur Wireless Stations:''' Following a circular received from the chief inspector of radio by all amateur wireless transmitters, many listeners to Burnie's experimental stations VK7BC and VK7LJ were disappointed when it was learned that all transmissions by amateurs on the broadcast band must cease. However Messrs. Bruce Craw and L. Jensen, the respective owners and operators of the stations mentioned, have now been advised by the Wireless Institute of Australia, of which they are members, that permission has been obtained from the chief radio inspector for them to continue amateur transmissions. Listeners, therefore, can look forward to hearing both stations at the usual hours tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67980136 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=29 October 1932 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1932 11===== =====1932 12===== ====1933==== =====1933 01===== =====1933 02===== In a letter to the editor of the Burnie Advocate, a Burnie listener complains of porr wireless reception <blockquote>'''Wireless Reception.''' To the Editor. Sir,— I have followed with interest the various letters and reports re wireless stations in Tasmania. As far as news is concerned, by far the greater part of the sets in use in the North-West can receive nothing but Melbourne news, and the North-West is practically a radio suburb of Melbourne. Even with the high-class programmes available from the mainland, we are too often shut out from them by static, while our local stations are not sufficiently strong to give us anything like good reception or good programmes, since their range of choice is so limited. One powerful relay station centrally situated would meet all Tasmania's requirements, provided that Tasmanian news and matters of particularly Tasmanian interest were given, and programmes taken by telephone from the national network. That seems to be the crux of the matter. We cannot hope to give the same quality of programme as comes from the mainland, and a telephone is the only reliable means of giving Tasmanian listeners the chance to hear these excellent programmes to advantage.— Yours, etc., SMALL SET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68002903 |title=Wireless Reception. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 February 1933 |accessdate=5 October 2025 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1933 03===== =====1933 04===== =====1933 05===== =====1933 06===== =====1933 07===== =====1933 08===== =====1933 09===== =====1933 10===== =====1933 11===== =====1933 12===== ====1934==== =====1934 01===== =====1934 02===== =====1934 03===== =====1934 04===== =====1934 05===== =====1934 06===== =====1934 07===== =====1934 08===== =====1934 09===== =====1934 10===== =====1934 11===== =====1934 12===== ====1935==== =====1935 01===== =====1935 02===== Initially announced details for 7BU Burnie as part of the 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS. Wave Length Changes. NEW FREQUENCIES.''' (By N. M. GODDARD, B.E.) Notice has been given by the Postmaster-General's Department to the owners and licensees of all broadcasting stations in Australia that on and after September 1, 1935, the wave lengths and frequencies set out in the first two columns of the table below must be used. Until that date stations will operate on the present channels, which are shown in the last two columns. There are now 66 channels used by 72 stations which are in operation or which will shortly commence. When all the national and commercial stations now authorised are in service 79 channels will be used in 88 stations. Thirty-six of the existing transmitters will not move from the present allocations, and 36 will move by varying amounts. Sixteen new assignments indicated by blanks in the last two columns have been made. These alterations will have the effect of moving the positions at which most stations appear on the dials of receivers, but they will not necessitate any structural alterations in sets which have been designed to include in their tuning range the full width of the broadcasting band. That is from 200m to 545m (1500kc to 550kc). Where dials or receivers are marked with numbers, wave lengths, or kilocycles only there will be no more inconvenience than learning the new number, wave length, or frequency of each station, but there will probably be confusion in the case of sets which have the station call signs permanently engraved on their dials. For instance, 2FC under the new arrangement will come in where 3AR is heard now. 2CO will practically take 2FC's place. 2BL will move to a channel which is only one below 5CL's present position. 2GB will move up to a point a channel and a half below 2BL's present wave length, and 2UE will take 2GB's place. 2KY will almost coincide with 2UE's old wave length. 2UW will move to that now used by 2HD. 2CH will move up two channels and 2NC will come up by 1½ channels but 2SM remains where it is. The general effect apart from such troubles that may arise with marked dials should be to improve matters in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as the band between 2FC and 2SM has been enlarged and the stations between them more evenly distributed. This will make matters easier or relatively inselective receivers. Of the country commercial stations, 2CA, 2WG, 2XN, 2BH, 2GN, 2KO, 2WL, and 2AY are either unchanged or will move by only an inappreciable amount, while 2HD, 2GF, 2MO, and 2TM will move by greater amounts. New channels have been provided for the stations to be operated at Katoomba, Bega, and in the southern and central districts. Outside this State, 3AR goes to a point near that now used by 5CK. 3LO takes the channel next below that now used by 4QG, which moves to 3LO's old allocation. 5CK makes a minute change. 6WF, 5CL, and 4RK remain as they are. 7ZL moves down one channel. The channels allotted to the new national transmitters soon to come into operation at Lawrence (2NR) and Cumnock (2CR) in New South Wales and in Victoria (3WV and 3GI) Western Australia (6WA and 6GF), Queensland (4QN), and Tasmania (7NT) are also shown in the table. No provision has yet been made for the five or six new national transmitters, the construction of which was forecast a few weeks ago, but it is stated that in the near future additional stations may be added to channels already occupied, which number 79 out of the total of 96 available. There are difficulties in the way of using the whole of the remaining 17; for example, New Zealand stations. The revised and present wave length allocations are: '''New Channel. Station. Present Channel. K.C. Metres K.C. Metres.''' * 1360 221 2BH, Broken Hill 1360 221 * 1360 221 4PM, Port Moresby - - * 1360 221 7BU, Burnie 1360 221 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17171963 |title=WIRELESS. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,306 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 February 1935 |accessdate=11 October 2025 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 03===== Early mention of establishment of B Class station for Burnie <blockquote>'''"B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. Will Be On Air By End of June.''' A start will be made with the erection of a "B" class wireless station at Burnie within the next few weeks, and the station will be on the air by the end of June, or at the latest early in July. The station is being erected by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., who already have stations at Hobart and Launceston. The broadcasting license has already been granted. The station, when completed, will be linked up with those at Hobart and Launceston, and, important events at either Hobart, Launceston or Burnie will be relayed over the network, while it is also proposed to enter into negotiations with a mainland "B" class station to rebroadcast mainland racing, etc. This information was released last evening by Mr. A. D. Towner, Burnie manager for Findlays Pty. Ltd., who stated that the enterprise of the firm would prove of benefit to wireless listeners in the Burnie district. Already the matter of programmes was being gone into, it being proposed to set a high standard. '''UP-TO-DATE PLANT.''' Mr. Towner said that the station would be one of the most up-to-date in Australia, all the latest improvements in plant being included, and it would be so constructed that the addition of television would be possible when that branch of wireless was perfected. There was no need, said Mr. Towner, for listeners to worry about the Burnie station interfering with reception from other "A" and "B" class stations, as the broadcasting stations of today, as well as receiving sets, were very selective.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91723263 |title="B" Class Wireless Station for Burnie. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 March 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 04===== Brief history of Findlays, licensee of 7BU, 7LA and 7HO <blockquote>'''MUSIC FOR ALL. How Findlays Expanded.''' Music is the finest, yet the cheapest, luxury of the nation. A life devoted to music is never wasted, provided that there is aptitude, and a business firm which concentrates its energies on making or distributing the medium for musical expression is a valuable asset to the community. Such a firm is Findlays Pty. Ltd. It is now over 54 years since the firm was established, when in 1881 a shipment of pianos was forwarded to Mr. A. Munnew, whose commercial ability soon gave the business a firm hold in the city and Tasmania generally. It was not long before trade increased and larger premises became a necessity. Consequently a move was made to George-street. The next stage of development was reached when Mr. P. A. Findlay entered the partnership in 1897. In 1907 Mr. Findlay became sole proprietor. In the same year his son, Mr. A. P. Findlay, entered the business, and is now general manager. Branches Opened The expansion of the business continued, and in the same year a branch was opened at Hobart. Messrs. N. A. and S. H. Findlay, the second and third sons of Mr. Findlay, joined the firm in 1910. Mr. S. H. Findlay today controls the Hobart Office and Mr. N. A. Findlay manages Messrs. Wills and Co. Pty. Ltd., Launceston. Mr. Findlay watched with interest the advancement of the North-West Coast. In 1917 he opened a branch at Burnie, and this was quickly followed by another at Devonport. The increasing demand for pianos, players, musical instruments, music, gramophones, records, and player rolls had become so large in 1918 that it was decided to form a limited company. This business continued to expand and in 1925 the firm took over the large premises that they at present occupy in Launceston. The firm today are agents for all well-known makes of pianos and players and Radiola wireless sets. Other Activities Findlays also own and control 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart B class broadcasting stations, and are at present having constructed another B class station at Burnie. A new departure for the firm was the opening recently of a modern sports department. Every house has its foundation. Every business has its principles. The House of Findlay has founded a reputation for keeping only high-class stock at reasonable prices, and the heads of departments have undergone a complete training in their respective occupations, as well as having gained experience in allied activities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51926794 |title=MUSIC FOR ALL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=23 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 April 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=12 (DAILY : THE EXAMINER PIONEER SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Ad for AWA Radiola receivers from Findlays mentions 7BU Burnie coming soon <blockquote>'''This is.... LONDON CALLING!''' A clear and undistorted message radiating around Wilson St. nearly every afternoon, arresting the attention and surprising all who are within range. AND THEN Follows a programme of news, melody and wit, right from the LONDON STUDIO of the B.B.C. into the CENTRE OF BURNIE — Through the medium of the new 1935 ALL-WAVE AWA RADIOLA The radio masterpiece of all radio history. A.W.A., always to the forefront of radio production, now offers the new season's models of medium and all-wave sets in both electric and battery models at prices ranging from ........ 15 to 42 GUINEAS A SET TO SUIT EVERY PURSE AND PURPOSE. All the latest worthwhile developments of radio production and many exclusive features are incorporated in each model. For trouble-free undistorted reception from ALL OVER THE WORLD, let your choice be RADIOLA. WHERE RELIABILITY IS ESSENTIAL THEN IT'S ALWAYS AN A.W.A. UNIT. Write or call for latest information and designs. Demonstrations gladly given in your own home and easy terms can be arranged. FINDLAYS - BURNIE ('Phone 268) Broadcasting Stations: 7H.O. Hobart, 7B.U. Burnie (soon), 7L.A. Launceston<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91713789 |title=Advertising |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 April 1935 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 05===== Update on construction of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . 7BU Burnie: Work is well in hand in the construction of the "B" class radio station to be termed 7BU Burnie, to be operated by Messrs. Findlay Pty. Ltd. The station will be situated in Wilson street, in Messrs. Findlay's building. The plant is now being set up, and it is hoped the station will be on the air by the beginning of July. The plant is to incorporate all the latest radio developments, and a 120ft. steel mast will be erected over the studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91735542 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=13 May 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 06===== Burnie Choral Society to be broadcast as part of the opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Choral Society: The Choral Society is at present practising for a concert which it is to give in the Theatre early in July, in aid of local charities. It is understood that the "B" class wireless station at present in course of construction for Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. will be completed by that date, and that the concert will be broadcast. An official of the society stated recently that many congratulatory remarks had been made concerning the acoustic properties of the Burnie Theatre, but a slight improvement was desired to make it suitable for choral concerts. For singers like Peter Dawson, he said, who stood at the front of the stage, the theatre's sounding properties were excellent, but when it came to a choir, which was forced to occupy the back as well as the front, much of the music was lost in the big space above the stage, and it did not reach the auditorium. He suggested that an adjustable sounding-board be placed over the top of the stage like a ceiling. Such a board could be built very cheaply. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91708657 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> P&T Dept proceeds with transfer of overhead telephone wires to underground, to avoid interference from the 7BU radiation <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Underground Cables: A start was made yesterday by the staff of the Post and Telegraph Department in laying underground cables in Wilson street, in the vicinity of Findlay's shop. This work is the outcome of the new "B" class wireless station being erected by Findlay's. There were a large number of telephone wires radiating from a pole at the back of the premises, near where one of the aerial masts of the new wireless station is to be erected. It was feared that the telephone wires, being so close to the aerial, would interfere with the station, and vice versa. At the last meeting of the town committee of the Council advice was received from the Postmaster-General's Department stating the intention to lay the underground cable, and that the work would be gone on with if no objection was raised within seven days. The Council decided to raise no objection, conditionally on the department paying the cost of replacing the footpath.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91731675 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 June 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 07===== As previous <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Underground Cables:''' A start was made yesterday by officers of the Post and Telegraph staff in laying underground telephone cables along Marine Terrace between Catley and Wilmot streets. Last week underground cables were laid along the east side of Wilson street, and when the present work is completed all overhead telegraph wires in this section of the town will be done away with. This work has been made necessary by the installation of a wireless station by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. at the back of their premises in Wilson street. Formerly the telegraph wires serving the block bounded by Wilson, Catley and Mount streets and Marine Terrace radiated from poles near the back of Findlay's premises, but it was considered that with the erection of a wireless aerial mast interference would be caused, so it was decided by the department to place the wires underground. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86558606 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's manager notes potential interference to 3KZ will be resolved by restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' In denying that the new wireless station 7BU would interfere with the reception of other stations, the manager for Findlay's Pty. Ltd (Mr. A. D. Towner) stated yesterday that the idea was ridiculous, and those who believed it had no knowledge of the latest receiving sets or broadcasting equipment. At present the only possible station with which 7BU would interfere was 3KZ, and this would be rectified in September, when 3KZ would be moved further up the wave belt. As the position of 7BU was 221 metres, or 1360 kilocycles, owners of wireless sets even right in the town would be able to listen to other stations if they desired. Any person still feeling dubious would be given further information on application to Findlay's. The main object of the Burnie station, said Mr. Towner, was to give listeners on the N.W. Coast a really good "B" class programme without static or interference. The Burnie station, together with the new national station at Kelso, would give the North-West Coast a radio service equal to that of any district in Australia, he concluded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554494 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Installation commences of first antenna mast for 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Masts:''' A start was made yesterday afternoon with the erection of the larger of the two masts which are to carry the aerial for 7BU, the new "B" class radio station being fitted up at their premises in Wilson street by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. The large mast, which is 120 feet long, is built of wood with a hollow centre, the contractor being Mr. H. Wood. For several days past preparations have been going ahead for the erection of the mast, and everything was in readiness for the first hoist early yesterday afternoon. A large number of people gathered at the back of the Bay View Hotel to watch the progress, which necessarily was very slow. The task proved delicate, as the unwieldy wooden casing was inclined to buckle and twist whenever any strain was placed on it. By means of block and tackle, assisted by a number of men with wire stays on the roofs of adjacent buildings, the mast was lifted an inch at a time under the supervision of Mr. Wood. After each hoist the stays had to be readjusted to take the strain off the mast itself, and the job was very slow. By 5 o'clock the mast had reached an angle of 45 degrees, when work had to be stopped because of approaching darkness. It was then lashed securely for the night, and this morning the work will be proceeded with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86544604 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Progress on construction of 7BU ceases due to rough weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast:''' Owing to the rough weather yesterday no further progress could be made with the erection of the big wireless aerial mast at the back of Findlay's Pty. Ltd., in Wilson Street, for the new "B" class wireless station, and the mast remains anchored at an angle of 45 degrees. It is hoped, however to complete the erection of the mast at the weekend, so that the construction of the station can be gone ahead with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86560798 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1935 |accessdate=12 October 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU's first mast, installation completed <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Mast Erected:''' The erection of the first of the two wireless masts to carry the aerial for the new "B" class wireless station being fitted up by Messrs Findlay's Pty., Ltd. was completed yesterday. Built of wood, the mast is 120 feet high. On Thursday the mast was raised to an angle of 45 degrees, but owing to difficulties cropping up it was not until yesterday morning that another effort to hoist the mast could be attempted. Shortly after 8 o'clock a large gang of men commenced work, and by midday the mast had been erected, with only the supporting stays to be made fast. The second of the two masts is now ready for erection, and it is expected that a start will be made with this at the weekend. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571283 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=25 July 1935 |accessdate=16 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 08===== 7BU's second mast is erected without a hitch <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE. SECOND MAST ERECTED.''' The second of the two 120ft. aerial masts for the new Burnie "B" class broadcasting station 7BU was erected by the contractor, Mr. H. Wood, yesterday. Although it was several days from the beginning of operations before the first mast was hoisted, the experience gained was valuable, and not a hitch occurred in the erection of the second mast. It is believed good progress is being made with the installation of the equipment at the station, which is expected to be on the air shortly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30099462 |title=7BU BURNIE |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,213 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 August 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU construction delayed by bad weather <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Owing to the bad weather of the past few weeks there has been delay in some of the outside work attached to the building of the "B" class wireless station, 7BU, which is being installed at the buildings of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. in Wilson street. The equipment of the station is, however, nearing completion, and some preliminary tests have been made. It is hoped that the station will be on the air in September. An entirely new system of electrical recreation of music was recently introduced in America, by which every minute characteristic is reproduced exactly as performed. This system gives an entirely new conception of broadcast music, and the plant of 7HO, Hobart, is being reconstructed to provide for it. A similar plant is on its way to Burnie, to be incorporated in the equipment of 7BU. One of the main features of 7BU's programme will be a farmers' session, to be given each day between 12 and 2 p.m. During this session information will be broadcast, and permission has been granted for broadcasting special market information; received by telegrams from various parts of the mainland. Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of the new station, said yesterday that reference was recently made in the press to the wave length of 7BU, in which it was stated that the station was on the same wave length as two other Australian stations. That, he said, was not correct, as the wave length arranged for the new station would not clash with any other stations on the air. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564626 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 August 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 09===== 7BU to carry programming for farmers <blockquote>'''BURNIE. Special Farmers' Service:''' Referring yesterday to the letter written by Colonel J. P. Clark, president of the Devonport Tourist Association to the Tasmanian manager of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, requesting that market reports should be broadcast from 7NT, an official of 7BU, the Burnie "B" class wireless station now in course of construction, stated that the management of that station had made special arrangements to broadcast every day, between 12 noon and 2 p.m., most comprehensive market reports of particular interest to farmers of the North-West Coast. That had been made possible by very special concessions being granted to the station by the P.M.G.'s department, and the exact conditions prevailing on the Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle markets at 11 a.m. would be given over the air from the Burnie station. The management had realised that such information was desirable for the farming community, which formed such an important part of the North-West Coast, and had gone to considerable expense in making arrangements for up-to-the-minute market reports. Special arrangements had also been made to broadcast interesting market news from various Tasmanian centres, and in addition, a comprehensive report of stock sales would also be broadcast. Although the programme of the new station would be arranged to suit the musical tastes of everyone, and would be along the same lines as those of 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart); 7BU would give a service to farmers equal to if not better than any other "B" class station in the Commonwealth. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568874 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU already testing, no definite timing for commencement <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' It was stated yesterday by an official of 7BU, the new "B" class wireless station, that it was impossible at present to make definite announcement as to when the station would be on the air; that depended on the success of the tests which were now taking place. However, it was hoped that the station would be officially opened within the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86573561 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Complaints about the impact of the 1 Sep 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''Wireless Troubles:''' A number of owners of wireless sets complain that the alteration of wave lengths, which came into force on September 1, has thrown many sets out of gear, as it were. On Saturday the opinion of wireless experts was secured, and they stated that, because of the altered wave lengths, it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver, designed and built to meet the conditions. Mr. F. Spurr stated that, unless a receiver was well constructed, the conditions from now on would gradually become worse, as more stations were put on the air. The position in a nutshell was that many people were trying to tune in on stations operating on wave lengths up to 475 kilocycles with sets limited to 165 and 175 kilocycles, with the consequence that they were unable to separate many stations. With sets of five valves and over the problem could be overcome to a certain extent by reducing the aerial to 60 feet over all, including the lead-in, and making the earth wire as short as possible, which would tend to increase the selectivity in most cases from 25 to 50 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86554258 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=9 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> In the lead up to commencement of 7BU, complaints emerge as to ability of receivers to separate the stations <blockquote>'''Public Opinion. Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to a statement made by wireless agents in Burnie when giving their opinion of the new wave lengths, and which appeared in a paragraph in yesterday's "Advocate." The agents state that because of the altered wave lengths it was necessary to have an up-to-date receiver to meet the altered conditions. This statement is ridiculous. I myself have an up-to-date receiver, bought only a couple of months ago, and I know of others that have been bought in the last few weeks, all up-to-date receivers, and these are not able to separate many of the stations, because the majority of them are so closely packed, while in some cases we find two stations on the one wave length. As an instance, there is a station in New Zealand broadcasting on the same wave length as 5CK Crystal Brook, while 3AR is very close handy. Then there is the new Tasmanian station 7NT within two degrees of 2BL Sydney. 7NT comes in so strongly that it has a "spread" of about four degrees, with the result it swamps 2BL, and the latter is a good station. 2KY, 3DB and 3HA are all within 2 or 3 degrees of each other. There are other cases I could quote if space would allow. How are the wireless agents going to separate these stations, particularly those on the same wave length? It cannot be done, no matter how up-to-date or selective their sets may be. The sets now in operation are quite selective enough to bring in the majority of Australian stations, but they are prevented from doing so at present by the hopeless muddle that has been made of the new wave lengths. We do not pay a license for this treatment, listeners, so let us send a strong protest to the right quarter, and demand that the wave lengths be again altered, or some of the smaller stations cut out. There are far too many stations on the air.— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86543244 |title=Public Opinion |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=10 September 1935 |accessdate=22 November 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMG acknowledges possible need to adjust some frequencies after 1935 restack <blockquote>'''CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS.''' Complaints of Bad Reception INVESTIGATION TO BE MADE. MELBOURNE, Wednesday.— Complaints of bad wireless reception following the change in wave lengths are to be investigated, the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) said today. He will discuss the matter with the chief inspector of wireless. Senator McLachlan said that as far as he knew the change had been successful, but possibly some minor alteration might have to be made.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555797 |title=CHANGE OF WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Letter to the Editor of the Advocate by 7BU Manager Towner <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Under the heading "Wireless Troubles" you publish a letter signed "Radio Fan," who refers to statements made by "wireless agents." May I suggest that it would be much more to the point if "Radio Fan" stated exactly who he meant, and also sign his own name. Dealing with his letter, however, I know of some quite old sets, the owners of which claim that they can separate the stations with a fair amount of success; on the other hand, the super sensitivity of some modern sets so increases the range that confusion is apparent in certain instances. I regret to note that 5CK is set a little too close to 3AR for some sets, but confusion is due to the fact that 3AR is a very broad carrier, which no doubt will be sharpened up very soon. I could also similarly criticise 7NT and 2BL, and go into details regarding other stations. I would urge "Radio Fan," and others finding difficulties, to be patient. The department is fully aware of these difficulties, and is doing all that it can, and those who know a little about them can sympathise with the engineers whose duty it is to overcome them. The following information may enlighten some of your readers: The frequency upon which a station operates depends entirely upon the accuracy of a quartz crystal, ground to a specified frequency. The most minute variation in physical proportions is sufficient to upset the adjustment, and thus throw the station off its frequency. To indicate that the department is fully aware of these difficulties, the following is an extract from a communication recently received in connection with 7BU: "With the increasing number of stations, it becomes imperative to have more attention paid to the maintenance of the authorised frequency of all stations. As in other countries we have now reached a stage of development where a much closer adherance to the authorised frequency is necessary than has been the general practice in the past. You are doubtless aware that the standard in Europe and America is a permissible tolerance of only 50 cycles plus or minus off the assigned channel. This is the standard at which we must now aim." Some interesting experiments were made with the large broadcasting aerial erected for 7BU during the last weekend, with the result that although far distant stations were picked up more easily, and came in at greater strength, it was just as easy to separate the stations as with a moderate aerial, so that apparently length of aerial is not everything in gaining selectivity.— Yours, etc., ARTHUR D. TOWNER. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555965 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In reply to "Radio Fan" (Burnie), in Tuesday's issue of "The Advocate," who states that it is ridiculous for agents to contend that it is necessary to have up-to-date receivers to meet the altered conditions, I would like to invite him to a demonstration on a good receiver which meets the altered conditions. This demonstration would be given with pleasure, and the results should prove conclusive. If the receiver is only two months old, and will not separate 2BL from 7NT, etc., and take four degrees to tune out 7NT, then it certainly requires realigning on a signal generator. If the receiver will not align correctly, it cannot be termed a good one, and all sets cannot be judged on the performance of any one receiver. Furthermore, to indicate the qualities of a good receiver, I am prepared to demonstrate receivers sold two years ago which still meet the present conditions perfectly.— Yours, etc., V. F. SPURR. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555839 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another Letter to the Editor of the Advocate <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Much is being said and written re the change of wave lengths of broadcasting stations. An erroneous paragraph appeared in your news columns on Monday, followed by the bemoaning in Tuesday's issue of a disappointed purchaser of a receiver alleged to be of up-to-date design. I would just like to remind "Radio Fan" that many things besides radio receivers are manufactured and marketed as of "modern" or "up-to-date" design, and yet are inefficient. Despite what "Radio Fan" has to say, there are receivers on the market quite capable of separating Australian stations on their present wave lengths. Any reputable dealer would be quite ready to demonstrate this fact. One must compliment "Radio Fan" on his straight-forwardness in admitting that lie, presumably knowing the change was coming purchased a receiver which will not "do the job." Most owners, I am sorry to say, are loth to admit that their purchase has any faults. No matter what has been said and will be said on the matter, one is really only paying a license to listen to the programmes from the local "A" class station. Whether 2BL can be received or not, will have little concern for at least 90 per cent. of listeners in Tasmania. But there again, it seems to have been human nature from the time of Adam to covet and cry for that which is not meant for us.— Yours, etc., FAIR THINKER. Penguin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86555837 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=12 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Results of 1935 Restack <blockquote>'''Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." 7NT Obliterates 2BL.''' CANBERRA, Friday. Senator McLachlan's offer to investigate the recent wireless wavelength rearrangements is welcomed at Canberra, where the new scheme has resulted in dissatisfaction, even among owners of new and powerful sets. One result of the reallocation is almost entirely to block out Station 2BL Sydney, which is obliterated by the powerful new regional station 7NT Tasmania. Many local listeners say that 2CO, 2FC, 5CK and 3AR are hopelessly jammed together, and that they are now compelled to rely almost entirely on "B" class stations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86551872 |title=Wireless Stations "Hopelessly Jammed Together." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=7 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> "Radio Fan" chimes in again to the chain of Letters to the Editor <blockquote>'''Wireless Troubles.''' To the Editor. Sir,— Allow me space to reply to Mr. Towner, Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" (Penguin). I evidently touched a sore spot when I denied the contention that we needed up-to-date receivers to overcome the change of wave lengths. I still stick to that statement, and in this Mr. Towner supports me; he also criticises the same stations as I did in my previous letter. May I point out that we have two different opinions from wireless agents, both contradicting each other. Dealing with "Fair Thinker's" letter, he tells me not to judge everybody's set by my own, and states that owners are loth to admit faults in their sets; yet in the same breath he is condemning everybody's set as useless, while his own is quite good. He also makes the statement that we pay a license to listen to "A" class stations only. If this suits "Fair Thinker" it does not suit us; we pay a license to listen to any station we wish, and if he is in the habit of listening to only "A" class stations this accounts for thinking his particular make of receiver is all right. I would point out to both Mr. Spurr and "Fair Thinker" that I am not the only one complaining of the altered wave lengths; there are thousands of others both in Tasmania and on the mainland complaining of bad reception, and on up-to-date receivers, too. Three letters on the subject appeared in the Melbourne "Sun" of Friday, September 7. The first states the new wave lengths are causing trouble over a wide area, and this particular writer states he is experiencing trouble with a hitherto faultless set; if the efficiency of expensive sets be lowered to that of the simplest and cheapest, the trade and revenue will suffer. Another writer, from Hamilton, complains that before the alteration they could get any "A" or "B" class station perfectly after 6 p.m. with an expensive set; now they can't even get 3LO or 3AR without some other station coming in also. '''3DB is cut out by Hamilton.''' The third one is from Camberwell, and says they are now unable to separate 3LO or 3AR on up-to-date sets from several other good stations, particularly Crystal Brook and Tasmania. Do the new wave lengths mean that a monopoly of "A" class broadcasts is being forced upon us? I would refer your correspondents to an article in Thursday's "Advocate" in which the P.M.G. states he has received complaints of bad reception from everywhere (on up-to-date sets), and that some alteration will have to be made. Does not this prove conclusively to your correspondents that our sets are not faulty in construction, but that the fault is that of the new wave lengths?— Yours, etc., RADIO FAN. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571090 |title=Wireless Troubles. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=16 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Further response to Restack 1935 review <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference:''' Wireless set owners complain of the interference which has been caused as a result of the changes in wavelengths. Some sets have been rendered practically valueless, and reception generally has been badly upset. Even on some of the latest sets it is impossible to separate many of the stations, with the result that the selection of programmes has been greatly reduced. The recent announcement in "The Advocate" by the Postmaster-General (Senator McLachlan) that experts are dealing with the matter of confused reception was received with satisfaction. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559648 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=4 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PMGD advises further changes unlikely to the 1935 restack <blockquote>'''WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. Change Improbable. NATIONAL PLAN.''' MELBOURNE, Monday. In spite of complaints of bad reception, it is improbable there will be any further change in the wireless wavelengths. This was indicated today by the Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown). He said the Department was keeping in close touch with the effect of the changes, and it was recognised that people in certain areas could not get the same service as they previously enjoyed. In most places, however, they were getting more satisfactory and effective services than before. It had to be remembered that the new wavelength plan was a national one, covering the whole of the Commonwealth, and was to provide for the expansion of the services. The department would be very reluctant to make any changes that would disturb the plan. He added that if the conditions pointed to the necessity for some slight adjustment this obviously would be made. It would be with the greatest reluctance, however, that any alteration would be made. It was pointed out that 7NT Tasmania, reception from which was interfered with by 3LO Melbourne, was not intended to serve Melbourne listeners. Latest figures show that at August 31 there were 736,600 licences in force in Australia, the increase during the month being 6641.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86559568 |title=WIRELESS WAVE LENGTHS. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=5 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Protests about Restack 1935 supported by Queenstown council <blockquote>'''NEW WAVE-LENGTHS Ineffective and Unsatisfactory. Protest at Queenstown.''' "That the recent reallocation of wavelengths instituted by the Government was definitely detrimental to broadcast reception" was the opinion expressed at the meeting of the Queenstown Council on Thursday night. It was decided on behalf of the people of the municipality to make a vigorous protest, deprecating the change. Cr. Faull expressed regret at the reallocation of wave lengths which had been made. The Postal Director (Mr. H. P. Brown) stated in his broadcast prior to the changeover that the change was going to have a beneficial effect on reception. The results had been exactly opposite. Sets purchased more than six months ago were now inefficient. Effective radio reception had been spoilt, and receivers had depreciated at least 50 per cent in value. He expressed the hope that the whole matter would be reviewed by the Federal Government. He considered the change ineffective, unsatisfactory and made without due regard to the effects on the listening public. The Warden (Cr. J. H. Bowskill) concurred with Cr. Faull, and stated that the change had definitely interfered with reception. Cr. Walker moved that the council, on behalf of the ratepayers of the municipality, make an emphatic protest to the authorities regarding the reallocation of wave lengths. Tasmania was being victimised, he said. The motion was seconded by Cr. Hunniford and carried.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550117 |title=NEW WAVE-LENGTHS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 September 1935 |accessdate=25 December 2025 |page=10 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 10===== 7BU transmitter extensively tested in Launceston, presumably on air <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Broadcasting Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" Class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and it is expected that the station will be on the air within the next few weeks. The aerial has been completed, and the finishing touches are being given to the two studios, one of which will be absolutely sound-proof. The transmitting equipment, which for some weeks past has been undergoing severe tests in Launceston, was brought to Burnie this week, and is now being installed at the station. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571870 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=5 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU testing, Towner to Sydney to finalise programming arrangements <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''New Wireless Station:''' Preliminary tests of the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, were conducted at very low power on Saturday, and proved highly satisfactory. The local manager of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd. (Mr. A. D. Towner), who has charge of the new station, left Burnie by the Nairana on Saturday night for Sydney to finalise arrangements for broadcasting daily a special farmers' market session. Mr. Towner stated before leaving that it was almost certain the new station would be officially opened on October 19, but a public announcement would be made immediately upon his return from Sydney. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86541011 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=7 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> PM Lyons to visit Burnie for opening of 7BU <blockquote>'''PERSONAL.''' . . . The Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) will visit Burnie next Saturday to open the new wireless station. He may return to the mainland by boat the same night, or spend the weekend at Devonport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51958852 |title=PERSONAL |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCIV, |issue=183 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=14 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU official opening to be Saturday 19 Oct 1935, initial wavelength 216 metres but only temporary <blockquote>'''BURNIE. New Wireless Station:''' The fitting up of the "B" class wireless station 7BU is now nearing completion, and the station will be officially opened by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening. Every listener in Tasmania will be given an opportunity to listen to the ceremony, as it will be rebroadcast through 7LA (Launceston) and 7HO (Hobart). Over 100 invitions to be present at the opening have been issued, and among those who have accepted are Lieutenant-Colonel L. R. Thomas, Tasmanian manager for the Australian Broadcasting Commission; Mr. J. E. Monfries, Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs; Mr. E. J. G. Bowden, Deputy-Radio Inspector; State members of Parliament, and representatives of local authorities. The wave length for the official opening will be 216 metres. This, however, will be only temporary, as the final wave length for the station has not yet been definitely fixed, owing to the recent changes. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86565905 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''PRIME MINISTER EN ROUTE TO TASMANIA.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. The Prime Minister (Mr. Lyons) left Canberra this evening for Melbourne, and will leave there tomorrow for Tasmania. On Saturday night, he will open a new B class wireless broadcasting station at Burnie (Tas.). He will return to Canberra on Wednesday morning.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17214190 |title=PRIME MINISTER |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=30,512 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Parliament not to adjourn for Melbourne Cup <blockquote>'''WILL MISS MELBOURNE CUP. FEDERAL PARLIAMENT TO SIT.''' CANBERRA, Thursday. Prior to leaving Canberra tonight for Tasmania, where he will open a new wireless station at Burnie on Saturday night, Mr. Lyons announced that Parliament will not adjourn for the Melbourne Cup. A sitting will take place even on the day of the race. Members of the Labor and Government Parties both protested loudly against the proposal to adjourn for Cup week.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article276033197 |title=WILL MISS MELBOUNRE CUP |newspaper=[[Border Morning Mail]] |volume=XXXI, |issue=9461 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons departs Canberra en route to Burnie to open 7BU <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, the Prime Minister, left Canberra last evening for Melbourne, on his way to Burnie, where he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU, tomorrow evening. Mr. Lyons will return to Canberra on Tuesday.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86564039 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons arrives in Melbourne and soon departs for Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN. Personal Paragraphs.''' . . . MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at Melbourne yesterday from Canberra, and left in the afternoon by the Nairana for Burnie, where this evening he will open the new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU. He will return to Melbourne on Tuesday and leave the same day for Canberra.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86568062 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Detailed plans for 7BU opening <blockquote>'''NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. Prime Minister to Open 7BU Tonight.''' The new "B" class broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie, owned and operated by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., will be officially opened at 8 o'clock this evening by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons). Operating on a wave length of 216 metres, several tests of the new station have been carried out during the pastfew days, and have proved entirely satisfactory. A large number of reports have been received from both islands of New Zealand, the mainland, and all parts of the North-West and West Coasts, stating that the reception of 7BU has been excellent. Listeners all over Tasmania will be given an opportunity tonight of hearing the official opening of 7BU, as the ceremony will be rebroadcast through 7HO (Hobart) and 7LA (Launceston). The new station will come on the air at 8 p.m., and after the National Anthem, Senator H. J. Payne will introduce the Prime Minister, who will then officially declare the station open. Then will follow speeches by Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), Mr. J. E. Monfries (Deputy Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Hobart), and Mr. E. J. Bowden (Deputy Radio Inspector, Hobart) and Mrs. J. A. Lyons. The speeches will be followed by a selected musical programme, and at 10 p.m. the station will close. Invitations have been forwarded to a large number of N.W. Coast residents, and the guests will be accommodated in the studio and the main portion of Findlay's building, which will be converted for the occasion. Tomorrow the station will be on the air from 5.30 p.m. to 10 p.m., during which period a selected musical programme will be broadcast. Commencing from Monday, the station will be on the air daily from 12 noon to 2 p.m. and from 5.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m., although it is anticipated that in a short period these hours will be extended. Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO, will be in charge of the studio tonight. Tomorrow and on Monday and Tuesday, Mr. John Gough, of 7LA, will have charge. On Wednesday Mr. Ted Davies ("Uncle Ted") will take over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86567985 |title=NEW BURNIE WIRELESS STATION. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=19 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU Opening, Speeches by dignitaries including Prime Minister of Australia <blockquote>'''OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE.''' Ceremony Performed by Prime Minister. AMAZING GROWTH OF BROADCASTING. The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was stressed by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons) and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Cr. J. R. Hilder), the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). Over one hundred attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station, and they listened to the broadcast addresses from the ground floor of Findlay's premises, where special seating accommodation was provided. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. At 8 p.m. the announcer (Mr. J. Broadbent, of 7HO Hobart) called upon Senator H. J. Payne to introduce the Prime Minister. Senator Payne congratulating Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. on their enterprise, expressed the hope that the new station would have a very long and useful existence. "REMARKABLE PROGRESS." The Prime Minister said the last time he opened a Tasmanian broadcasting station he did it from London. The opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is really astounding. So astounding, in fact, and so much a commonplace of every day life has wireless become, that we are apt to overlook its growth. "Tonight farmers in distant homesteads, miners and others in distant camps, will be listening in. Yet it is but a few years ago that many of them were isolated, cut off from the everyday world of men and affairs, receiving their mails infrequently or irregularly. Often days passed before they knew of great happenings in the outside world. To them were denied the benefits of modern musical and other entertainments. "All that is now changed. By the mere turning of a dial they can make contact immediately with the outside world. They can hear the latest news; they can sit down to a concert." '''"730,000 LISTENERS."''' Referring to the extent of the progress of wireless broadcasting in Australia Mr. Lyons said today there were more than 730,000 listeners. There was a wireless receiver in every second home, and this in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station commenced service. Ten years ago there but 64,000 licensed listeners in Australia, and only seven "A" class and eight "B" class stations. Five years went by and they saw a remarkable change. The number of licensed listeners was five times as great; the number of stations had increased by seven, and there were then eight "A" class and 14 "B" class stations. That was at the end of June, 1930, but now there were 14 national and more than 60 "B" class stations. Today there were nearly 12 times as many licensed listeners as there were 10 years ago, and nearly eight times as many stations. There were now 109 listeners to every 1000 of population — a figure surpassed by only five countries in the world. Yet in 1925 the ratio of licensed listeners to every 1000 of population was only 11. '''SHORT-WAVE TRANSMISSION.''' Included in the 14 national broadcasting stations in operation was a shortwave transmission, established to enable listeners in the outback and in the territories to participate in the service. Seven other national stations were being constructed, and numerous other commercial stations like 7BU were projected. "You will see, therefore," said the Prime Minister, '"that Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless." Wireless today was a flourishing Australian industry, giving estimated employment to no fewer than 12,000 persons in the manufacture and sale of receivers and in the actual broadcasting services themselves. "I have listened to receiving sets in different parts of the world," Mr. Lyons declared, "but never have I heard any that were better than those made in our own country." Last year alone, he said, about 150,000 new receivers were manufactured in Australia, and the purchase of these and the maintenance of many thousands of others had resulted in the circulation of a huge sum of money and a demand for the products of many other industries. '''"AUSTRALIA LED WORLD."''' That was something of which Australia should be proud. Australians, in one of the newest of sciences, were more than able to hold their own with the rest of the world, and he had the greatest admiration for those Australian inventors, experimenters and manufacturers who had given the people wireless equipment of such a high standard. Indeed, in many phases of wireless development Australia had led the world. "On previous occasions," said the Prime Minister, "I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. "The borderline between good and bad taste is very narrow, and unfortunately it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Conmmission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste and offends the susceptibilities of listeners then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." Mr. Lyons then declared the station officially open. '''"DEBT OF GRATITUDE."''' Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., who introduced Mrs. Lyons, said that people owed a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Findlay's Pty. Ltd. for their enterprise and initiative in inaugurating the new station. "All these advantages that Burnie now enjoys and all the progress that Tasmania in general has achieved make me begin to feel very old," declared Mrs. Lyons in a happy speech. "I don't feel it is very long at all since I trotted along the roads leading into Burnie on my way to school." There was quite a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air. Some liked jazz and others classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," said Mrs. Lyons. "Surely our highly-educated musical friends won't object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy." The Warden spoke of the great boon wireless was to people in the back districts. Previously they had neither music nor regular news. He congratulated the management of the new station, and wished them every success. '''INCREASED LICENSES.''' The Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) said that half Australia's population were now wireless listeners. During the past five years, apart from Western Australia, where circumstances were such as to preclude a fair comparison, the percentage increase of licenses in Tasmania had been higher than in any other State, the figures being: Tasmania, 233 per cent.; South Australia, 197 per cent.; Queensland, 189 per cent.; New South Wales, 151 per cent.; and Victoria, 69 per cent. From 6000 five years ago, the State's license figures had increased to 20,000. In the district within 50 miles of Burnie there were 4000 licenses, representing a total audience of some 18,000 persons. The Deputy-Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden) said 7BU would fill a very important place in the general network of broadcasting stations. As broadcasting developed, listeners were turning more and more to those stations which were within easy range and were not subject to the fading and interference unavoidably associated with stations several hundreds of miles distant. To thousands of listeners in the district, 7BU should provide a steady and trouble-free service. The guests later were served with refreshments by Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542081 |title=OPENING OF 7BU, BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, another take on the opening by the Hobart Mercury <blockquote>'''7BU ON THE AIR. Opened by Prime Minister. Growth of Broadcasting.''' The amazing growth of broadcasting throughout the Commonwealth since its inauguration 12 years ago was referred to by speakers at the official opening of the new "B" class station, 7BU Burnie, on Saturday night. The ceremony was performed by the Prime Minister (Mr. J. A. Lyons), and other speakers were Mrs. Lyons, Senator H. J. Payne, Mr. F. Marriott, M.H.A., the Warden of Burnie (Councillor J. R. Hilder), the Deputy Director, Posts and Telegraph (Mr. J. E. Monfries), and the Deputy Inspector of Radio (Mr. E. J. Bowden). More than 100 persons attended as the guests of Messrs. Findlays Pty. Ltd., proprietors of the new station. The programme was relayed through 7LA Launceston and 7HO Hobart. The Prime Minister said the opening of 7BU was another step in that remarkable progress which wireless broadcasting was making, and it should please every Tasmanian to know that a Tasmanian firm was associated with its inauguration. "The growth of broadcasting," said Mr. Lyons, "is astounding. So much a commonplace of everyday life has wireless become that we are apt to overlook its growth." There were more than 730,000 listeners, he said, and there was a wireless receiver in every second home, in spite of the fact that it was but 12 years since the first Australian broadcasting station began service. "Australia is in the front rank of wireless development, as she is in most other modern things," said Mr. Lyons. "Of course, if the recent rate of progress in wireless were to continue indefinitely, a state of chaos would very soon result, but the number of stations which can be erected is not limitless. On previous occasions I have emphasised the heavy responsibility placed upon those who control broadcasting, and some recent happenings show, I think, that those in charge of it in Australia are fully alive to the duty they owe to the public. Broadcasting has a powerful influence upon public opinion, and it can inform the public mind just as easily as it can misinform it or leave it in ignorance. The borderline between good and bad taste is narrow, and, unfortunately, it is not difficult to stumble from good to bad. I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission can safely be relied upon to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting. If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, and offends the susceptibilities of listeners, then it is looking for trouble, and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action to prevent it offending again." There was a lot of talk nowadays about the kind of music that should be put across the air, said Mrs. Lyons. Some persons liked jazz, and others liked classics. "I think musical taste is guided largely by rhythm," she said. "Surely our highly educated musical friends will not object to us hearing some of the simpler kind of music that most of us enjoy."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30060016 |title=7BU ON THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Mercury]] |volume=CXLIII, |issue=20,277 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons at the 7BU opening, effectively urges self-censorship by broadcasting stations <blockquote>'''WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS. Strong Action Against Bad Taste, Says Mr. Lyons.''' BURNIE, Sunday.— Speaking at the opening of the new Tasmanian B class broadcasting station, 7BU, at Burnie last night, the Prime Minister said that a heavy responsibility was placed on those controlling broadcasting. It had a powerful influence upon public opinion. The borderline between good and bad taste was narrow and it was not difficult to stumble from good to bad. "I think the Australian postal administration, which has the last say, and the Australian Broadcasting Commission, can be relied on to keep a close grip on this side of broadcasting," he added. "If a station goes over the borderline of good taste, it is looking for trouble and the authorities will not hesitate to take strong action."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article277192117 |title=WARNS WIRELESS STATIONS |newspaper=[[The Sun News-pictorial]] |issue=4084 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=26 December 2025 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Lyons to return to Canberra following his opening of 7BU Burnie <blockquote>'''MEN AND WOMEN.''' Personal Paragraphs. MR. J. A. LYONS, Prime Minister, arrived at his home at Devonport on Saturday, and on Saturday evening opened the new broadcasting station, 7BU Burnie. He will leave on return to Canberra to-day, via Launceston.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542087 |title=MEN AND WOMEN. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Monfries has other duties as well as attendance at 7BU opening <blockquote>'''"FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS. Presentations to Postal Officials.''' During his visit to Burnie in connection with the official opening of the '''7BU''' broadcasting station on Saturday, the Deputy-Director of Posts and Telegraphs (Mr. J. E. Monfries) took the opportunity to present personally four "freedom from accidents" silver medallions to officers of the Post-master-General's Department, for having completed five years' departmental driving without accident. The names of the recipients of the medallion are: — Messrs. W. A. Rout (Latrobe), A. Durkin (Devonport), G. Smallbon (Ulverstone), and W. C. Longmore (Oatlands).<ref>{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86542090 |title="FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS" MEDALS |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 October 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 11===== 7BU to advertise Burnie to liners about to dock at the port <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' Advertising Burnie: At the annual meeting of the Tourist Association last night, Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of broadcasting station '''7BU''', said his company, in an effort to advertise Burnie, proposed to give an hour's programme, chiefly a talk on the town, prior to the arrival of each of the overseas liners, to try to persuade travellers to stay at Burnie. The shipping companies had agreed to assist the scheme by having the ship's wirelesses tuned in to the station during the talk. He asked for the support of the association, which was whole-heartedly accorded. It was explained that the scheme would be financed by means of advertising. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86553590 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=2 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> A London visitor to Burnie gives a talk over station 7BU <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . Visitor From England: A visit was made to Burnie during the weekend by Mr. A. C. Stray, of London, who is spending a holiday in Australia. On Saturday the visitor was taken by motorcar along the Far North-West as far as Smithton, and expressed himself as delighted with the trip. Before leaving for Melbourne by the Nairana on Saturday night, Mr. Stray gave a short address over the air from Station '''7BU'''. Interviewed prior to his departure, he said he had been absolutely charmed not only with the beauty of the scenery of the North-West Coast, and right through to the North-East Coast, but with the spontaneous warmth of the receptions he had received everywhere. In many respects both the people and the country reminded him very much of England. During his stay in the Commonwealth, Mr. Stray said, he had visited Queensland and New South Wales, as well as Tasmania, and hoped to see a great deal more before he returned home. He considered his stay on the Coast had been far too short. Everywhere he had been greatly impressed, and he hoped he would have the pleasure of again visiting Tasmania on some future occasion. Then he trusted he would be able to spend a little more time on his trip. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86550918 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Growers' Committee to provide market updates to interested stations including 7BU Burnie <blockquote>''' SWEDE GROWERS' COMMITTEE.''' The position of the Circular Head Swede Growers' Advisory Committee was fully discussed, and arrangements were made whereby this committee could function for the ensuing year. There are other details yet to be finalised. It has been decided to supply broad-casting stations desirous of obtaining it with marketing information, times of broadcasts to be mutually arranged. It was pointed out that growers may receive this information from 3LO Melbourne, 7NT Launceston, 7UV Ulverstone and 7BU Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86566745 |title=Closing Times For Produce Deliveries. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=30 November 1935 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1935 12===== McCall protests in House of Reps for greater parliamentary control of broadcasting, uses impact upon 7UV Ulverstone by new 7BU Burnie as an example <blockquote>'''RADIO CONTROL ATTACK. STRONG PROTEST IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.''' By our Special Representative. CANBERRA, Tuesday. A vigorous protest against what he termed the autocratic control of broadcasting by the Post Office was made by Mr McCall (U.A.P., N.S.W.) in moving the adjournment of the House of Representatives today. Mr McCall gave notice that tomorrow he would move that the whole question of broadcasting control be referred to a select committee of the House. '''"Vitally Affects People"''' MR McCALL said the position created by the regulations recently gazetted by the Government was one vitally affecting the people of Australia. It was calculated to retard the development of broadcasting and most seriously to prejudice the radio industry. These regulations were being put into force without the opportunity of public or Parliamentary discussion, although they governed an industry in which millions had been invested, and in which many thousands were employed, the industry catered for 750,000 listeners, and allowing four persons to one radio set, at least three million people throughout the Commonwealth were affected. Yet, said Mr McCall, these regulations had never been approved by the National Legislature, which had never been given an opportunity of expressing an opinion on them. It was to give Parliament this opportunity that he had moved his motion. "Autocratic Powers" Mr McCall said the powers under which the present regulations operated were granted at a time when broadcasting was merely a scientific toy, as far removed from present day broadcasting as a flint lock musket was from a modern machine gun. The powers were granted as far back as 1905, in an act of only 10 clauses, and in 1915 and 1919 short amendments were made. That was the sole basis of the present autocratic powers exercised by the Post Office. While, nominally, control over broadcasting was exercised by a Minister, the real control was in the hands of a permanent head of the Post Office, and under the system of party politics which existed in Australia, any regulations which the Department chose to make must be accepted by Parliament without debate, amendment or explanation by the Minister. This was entirely inconsistent with the principles of democratic Governments and unfair to Parliament and the people of the Commonwealth. The regulations plainly showed that the postal authorities were seeking the authority of Parliament without debate to trammel and shackle commercial stations and to prevent their expansion. "Who is to control, regulate and supervise this wonderful achievement of science? Surely the people, through their representatives in this National Parliament. "Broadcasting has given birth to a great industry — giving employment to 15,000 people directly, and at least an other 5000 indirectly. To find employment for our people is the greatest problem which confronts the Government. "Therefore, is the radio industry to go on or go down? It certainly will not go on if it is to be continually harassed by bureaucratic control, and if these regulations are enforced. "It may be contended that it is the practice for Parliament to delegate authority to Ministers and subordinate bodies. This is true, but in such cases the delegated authority is strictly limited by statute. Where this delegated authority is exercised by a minister the regulations he makes, merely implement, and give effect to the provisions of the statute. '''"Empty Talk of Freedom"''' "Other statutes not only lay down broad, general principles, but direct how these shall be applied, and what may — or may not — be done in certain circumstances, leaving only minor matters to be dealt with by regulation. "But in this case, the position is very different. Here the statute delegates unlimited powers, but gives no direction as to how they are to be used, nor places any limit upon their scope. The acts of Parliament dealing with wireless do not legislate for wireless, but hand over all the powers of this Parliament — whatever they may be — to an autocrat, who is at once the legislature, judiciary and executive. "He legislates in secret — no one knows what he will do — but all must obey his will, for from it there is no appeal. "We boast that this is a free country, that we enjoy the right of free speech, but the bureaucratic control of broadcasting makes this boast an empty one. For no man is able to speak to his fellow citizens over the air save by the permission of the Department. What the Department says he should say, he must say or be silent. "There are 16 subsidised A class stations and 65 commercial stations operating today. B Class Stations "The B class stations are entirely self-supporting. That is to say, they receive nothing from the fees paid by the 650,000 licensed listeners, equal to £800,000 a year, or £15,000 a week. The growth of B class stations in recent years has proved conclusively that they are providing a public service and supplying a public demand. "Comprehensive enquiries designed to ascertain the listeners' preference show that 80 per cent. of the listeners regularly tune in to B class stations, proving conclusively that, notwithstanding the disadvantages of having to transmit advertisements for revenue purposes, they have established a superior service which depends on public support, and is the outcome of popular need and desire. "The P.M.G.'s Department controls the radio industry by regulations which it makes without consultation with this Parliament or the industry concerned. The Department gives or withholds licences. It determines: The site upon which the station is to be erected; its power, wavelength and range; the uses to which it may be put; whether the station shall advertise; it can censor the advertising, and programmes; it can demand balance sheets; it can cancel a licence at its own pleasure, and prevent the station from being sold; and, in fact, write 'finis' to the whole proposition. From all this there is no appeal. "But the present control — absolute though it is — does not satisfy the Department. It has framed new and more drastic regulations, which, if enforced, will most seriously affect the operations of commercial broadcasting. "The reasons it gives for its action are most unconvincing," Mr McCall continued. "It says that these new regulations are necessary to prevent monopoly. We all want to prevent monopoly, but to talk about monopoly in this case sounds rather hollow. "How can the B class stations obtain a monopoly while the P.M.G. already has the power to issue, withhold, or cancel licences and while the national stations are owned and controlled by the Government? "The only monopoly that is possible is that which would be created if the A class stations owned and subsidised by the Government drove the B class sta- (Start Photo Caption) Mr McCall (End Photo Caption) tions out of business. To talk about monopoly in this case is absurd. The B class stations can only live as long as the people patronise them. "If the B class stations attempt to use the air to the detriment of the people, apart from the P.M.G.'s power to cancel the licence, the listeners themselves would turn them off, and business firms would withdraw their advertisements. "Even if there was a need to protect the industry against monopolies, are retrospective regulations the best methods of achieving this, instead of direct legislation, which would give the whole house an opportunity of discussing the principles involved and the methods to be employed? '''"Unfair Control Exercised"''' "There is an appeal against a conviction for using an unlicensed wireless receiver now before the High Court in which the validity of the Wireless Act and the regulations thereunder are being challenged. Why, then, should the Department make further regulations under the Act when they must be aware that the whole Act is being challenged in the courts? "I have said that the present control is autocratic and complete." Mr McCall said, "but it is also exercised unwisely, and if time permitted I could show that in many cases it is exercised unfairly. It can grant or withold a licence. If it decides to grant a licence it can, by fixing an unsuitable site, make the licence of no value; and by prescribing an unsuitable wave length it can make that station, or another established station, in which large sums of capital have been invested, ineffective and useless. "This is not a hypothetical statement. It has been done, and if time permitted I could supply the House with particulars. One instance will be given. Recently, a new broadcasting station was granted at Burnie, in Tasmania, despite the fact that only a few miles away in Ulverstone, a station existed which was giving adequate service to Burnie. No Appeal "The licence was granted without consultation with the broadcasting stations as a whole, and without reference to the Ulverstone licence holder, whose business is greatly affected by the existence of the new licence. Yet, it is impossible, for the Ulverstone man to do more than protest to the department. "There is no court, no commission, no board to which he can appeal for justice. "It's bad enough for people in business to have to submit to control, but to have to submit to the control of the man who runs the rival system is intolerable. It is asking too much to expect any departmental head, who is mainly concerned with the success of the Government subsidised stations, to overcome an unconscious bias in favor of curtailing what is done on the rival system. "We, the members of this Parliament, can and will hold the balance fairly between the A class stations and the B class stations. We believe in free speech. We have a free press. Then let us, subject to reasonable control, have a free air. When all is said and done, the public pay the piper — and should be free to call the tune." MR PARKHILL'S REPLY The Minister representing the Postmaster-General (Mr Parkhill) said he had heard that serious allegations were to be made against the wireless regulations. He had been convinced of this by the unprecedented course taken by Mr McCall in moving the adjournment of the House, and by the perturbation of certain newspapers. But Mr McCall had not even referred to the regulations to which apparently he was objecting, nor had he said what portion of them he was objecting to. Mr Parkhill said there was no more autocratic control of broadcasting than existed in any administrative department. In the case of broadcasting, the P.M.G. had the advantage of advice by an official specially qualified on this subject. Mr Parkhill said that no charge of unfairness against the permanent head of '''Broadcasting Attack — Ctd.''' the P.M.G.'s Department could be levelled, as suggested by Mr McCall. In any case, there was an appeal to Parliament from the decisions of the Departmental Head. The statement that the B class stations were being harrassed was not verified by the position of any station in New South Wales. Each B class station in New South Wales had every consideration from the post office. "If there were any new licences for B. class stations available tomorrow," said Mr Parkhill, "there would be danger of somebody getting killed in the rush for them, despite the talk of bureaucratic control." He said there was evidence of the development of monopolies in broadcasting, and representations had been made by representatives of commercial stations against this monopolistic trend. While the Department had serious objections to wide control by a few commercial groups, it was realised that the best service came from a concentration of programmes by a number of stations. That had been kept in mind by the Government. Mr Parkhill said that the Department realised that the advertisers wanted chain broadcasting so that high class broadcasting could be carried on by the B class stations. The Department had no objection to that, and was doing everything possible to encourage it. The regulations which were first gazetted, allowing for a maximum of five stations to be owned by one company or individual were generous concessions towards this end. Mr Curtin: Why did you alter them? Mr Parkhill: So that there should be no charge of unfairness levelled against the Government, we decided to hear the representatives of the commercial stations. After this was done we decided to give them a maximum of eight stations under single control. Mr Parkhill continued that Amalgamated Wireless of Australia had 13 stations, and The Herald, Melbourne, 11. This was apart from other stations with which they were associated. Mr Curtin: Do you mean to say that these two groups control 24 of the 65 B class stations in Australia? Mr Parkhill: I do not think any company should have a monopoly of this kind. The danger was becoming so apparent that the Government decided to take some action, and the only grounds on which the Government erred in this matter was on the side of generosity. The national stations are not getting a fair run in the Commonwealth. [The statement that The Herald owns 11 stations is ridiculous. It owns only one station, 3DB, in Melbourne. It has an association with 5AD Adelaide, and a small interest with 4BK Queensland. — Ed. Herald.]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article244783398 |title=RADIO CONTROL ATTACK |newspaper=[[The Herald]] |issue=18,268 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=3 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU manager undertakes to include Burnie tourism folder with 7BU QSL cards <blockquote>'''TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. Track to Round Hill. PHOTOS. FOR DISPLAY IN MELBOURNE.''' A general meeting of the Burnie Tourist Association was held in the Town Hall buildings last evening, when there was a fair attendance. Mr. W. T. Todd was voted to the chair. Arising out of the minutes of the last meeting Mr. E. A. Winter reported that he had waited on the Council with regard to the appointment of a museum committee. He understood the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) had the matter in hand. Mr. Winter also reported having made representations to both Burnie bands as to going ahead with the construction of a band rotunda. Mr. G. H. Causby said that when in Melbourne recently he had been told of a band rotunda at Geelong which was of a kind suitable for Burnie requirements. On return he had been in touch with the Warden and council clerk, and the Warden had promised to secure particulars of the Geelong rotunda. A communication from the secretary of the North-Western Municipal League (Mr. A. R. Quinn) in regard to the association participating in a display in the Government Tourist Bureau in Melbourne was received, the secretary stating that in company with Mr. Ormerod, assistant-secretary, he had selected a panorama of the town and two other photos., and forwarded them to Mr. Quinn. On the motion of Mr. S. Hills, seconded by Mr. Causby, it was decided to remind the Council that the work of clearing up Fern Glade, particularly at the top end, had not been completed. It was agreed to include in the motion that the cable rope from the old suspension bridge be removed from the track if possible. Mr. Winter brought up the matter of defining a track from the golf links to the summit of Round Hill, at the northern end. From this spot a fine view of Emu Bay, the Emu River estuary, the coastline to the eastward, and the hinterland could be obtained. He considered a more clearly defined track should be established. It was decided that the secretary, Mr. Todd and any others available visit the spot, and that they report. Mr. A. D. Towner offered to distribute a quantity of the newly-printed folders of Burnie. He said he would insert folders with the station cards of broadcasting station 7BU, which were sent all over the Commonwealth and to New Zealand. It was agreed that Mr. Towner be given 200 of the folders, and that a quantity also be given to Mr. P. Hughes. It was decided that in order that representatives of certain sporting bodies could get in touch with passengers by overseas boats, the secretary write to the shipping agents asking for permits to go on the wharf. Accounts Amounting to £39/13/1 were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. S. Hills.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article86571738 |title=TOURIST MEETING AT BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 December 1935 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> ====1936==== =====1936 01===== Heavy rain causes the 7BU aerial to come down <blockquote>'''BURNIE.''' . . . '''7BU'S Aerial Down:''' The exceptionally heavy rain, following the dry spell, caused the halyards which keep the aerial of the local wireless station, 7BU, aloft, to expand and burst, with the result that the aerial fell from the masts to the ground. A man was employed to renew the halyard ropes, and within half an hour the station was ready for the air. However, a power failure did not permit of the broadcast commencing at 12 noon as usual. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91810173 |title=BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 January 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 02===== =====1936 03===== 7BU's frequency change from 1390 kHz to 660 kHz to be effected 8 March 1935, required major transmitter rebuild <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA.''' 7BU, Burnie is to be given a position on the radio well amongst the National Stations. The changeover from 216 metres 1390 kilocycles to 455 metres 660 kilocycles will take place on Sunday, March 8. This is the highest allotted to any commercial station. The stepup from 216 to 455 metres has meant considerable reconstruction work for the transmitter; the change over, however, will be made without losing a minute of the usual station time on the air. The transmitter has recently been highly commented upon by the engineers of other stations, who have expressed surprise not only at the distant reports received, but also at the remarkable clarity of the transmission as well as the entire absence of background noise. The entire plant was manufactured in Tasmania by Findlay's Pty. Ltd. engineers, and this firm was recently asked to quote for a very high powered plant to replace one already in existence in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91814769 |title=7BU BURNIE, TASMANIA. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=6 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Council rejects 7BU's application to be connected to the standby power plant <blockquote>'''BURNIE COUNCIL.''' . . . '''ELECTRICAL REPORT.''' The electrical engineer (Mr. A. W. Berry) reported as follows: In reference to Messrs. Findlay's application to have their premises connected to the standby plant, I find the average load taken by the broadcasting station is from 1½ to 2 amps, or a half horse power. This station could be connected from the special line which supplies the Post Office. The cost would be £4/10/. I would not recommend that the station be connected, because we are not able to supply more consumers, the engine being overloaded every time there is a breakdown. Re damage to telephone line: There is no truth in the statement in the letter from the P.M.G.'s Department so far as we are aware. The new pole is a foot higher than the old one, and there is about four feet of clearance between the power wires and the telephone line. At the time of the supposed damage being caused, I called at the Post Office, but officials were unable to show me the damaged wire. On the motion of Crs. J. Leary and L. Ling, it was decided to advise 7BU that it would not be possible to connect that station with the standby power plant. The letter from the P.M.G.'s Department was left to the Warden to deal with. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91817980 |title=BURNIE COUNCIL. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=17 March 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=9 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 04===== Tasman Lord is awarded BOCP, to go on the 7BU staff <blockquote>'''WYNYARD.''' . . . Local Boy's Success: Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Lord, of Park street, have received advice that their son, Mr. Tasman Lord, has been successful in a recent examination for a broadcast operator's license, conducted by the Commonwealth authorities. Educated at the Wynyard State School, Mr. Lord went on to the Launceston Junior Technical School. There he gained a high pass in electricity, and when he left school he joined the staff of Findlays Pty. Ltd., Launceston, where at present he is relieving engineer. In the near future he will be stationed at Burnie, where he will be engaged at Station 7BU. He is aged only 20.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91788662 |title=WYNYARD. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=4 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> 7BU again requests connection to standby plant and again declined <blockquote>'''Burnie Council.''' . . . '''GENERAL.''' Mr. A. D. Towner, manager of 7BU, wrote asking that the council give further consideration to the request that a direct line from the standby plant be connected with the station, so that it would not be put out of operation during a breakdown in the hydro service. He stated that the amount of current used by the station was so small that it would not make any appreciable difference to the present load of the standby plant. It was stated that it had previously been decided that the idea could not be entertained, and no further action was taken. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91813044 |title=Burnie Council. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=21 April 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=8 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 05===== =====1936 06===== 7BU's new frequency in amongst the Class A stations causing some problems for listeners <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— With your permission I would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU. I am the owner of a modern set, and my reception is overwhelmed by the Burnie programme at various periods, day and night. I would esteem it a favor if other listeners-in would give their views per medium of "The Advocate," and if others are being jammed out, an amicable arrangement might be suggested whereby the difficulty may be overcome.— Yours, etc. SPARKS. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91803302 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Reply to previous <blockquote>'''Wireless "Jams."''' To the Editor. Sir,— In reply to "Sparks' " article in Saturday's paper, I would like to inform him that his remarks re the in-terference from 7BU have automatically made himself a target for a few comments. "Sparks'" trouble can definitely be ascribed to two reasons: (a) That he lives in what is technically known as the "shock area" to 7BU's transmitter, in which case he undoubtedly can-not, expect to receive interstate stations without being troubled by 7BU no matter how "modern" his receiver is; (b) that, if he lives outside the "shock area," his receiver probably needs "lining-up," which would considerably sharpen up his tuning. This job should be entrusted to a radio mechanic who has an appliance known in the radio world as a "signal generator." Provided the receiver is of an efficient design, it should be possible to get it to tune to 10KC. This being the case, if he lives more than half a mile from 7BU he should have no difficulty whatever in separating 2CO and 1YA Auckland from 7BU. Speaking of my own case, I would like to inform "Sparks" that I live less than half a mile from the transmitter, and by using an ordinary 5-v. superhet. I can easily separate the two stations previously mentioned, without a trace of interference from the Burnie station. However, supposing our correspondent is so situated that nothing can be done to help him, it should not matter if 7BU were the only station he could receive, because for the information of "Sparks" and others to whom the subject is of interest, I would like to point out that the quality of 7BU's transmission is equal to the best of the Australian stations, because of the fact that 7BU uses "Crystal" apparatus; meaning of course that the microphones they use are of the "Crystal" type, as are also the pickup units. In the radio world these units are regarded as being probably the best obtainable, by reason of their ability to reproduce speech and music with life-like fidelity; couple those remarks with the fact that 7BU's transmitter is capable of a very wide frequency range, and even the novice can see that practically perfect transmission is thus obtainable from the local station. As a final word, might I remark that a broadcasting service is undoubtedly an asset to the community, and as citizens we should not quibble even if 7BU does cause a slight interference. Trusting the above remarks have been of some interest to "Sparks" and other listeners to 7BU.— Yours, etc., SHORT WAVE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806902 |title=Wireless "Jams." |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=27 December 2025 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— In Saturday's issue of "The Advocate" I noticed a letter signed "Sparks." He says he would like to secure the experiences of wireless set owners regarding interruptions with A class stations by station 7BU, Burnie. I possess a set, but 7BU, Burnie causes no interference in any way with any of the A class stations, although it is only a degree that separates 2CO and 7BU. I can tune in to each without any trouble. 7BU comes in clearer than any of the A class stations excepting 7NT, Kelso, which is a perfect A class station. Out of the A and B class stations in Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia I can get 60 stations without any interference or interruption from any of them, or "wireless jams," — Yours, etc., PRECEDENT D.W. Boat Harbor. P.S.— If "Sparks" wishes correspondence on the matter, or personal interviews, if he discloses his name I would be pleased to hear from him, as I am in search of aerials to bring short waves in. — P.D.W.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806904 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Yet another reply to previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir, — I was most interested to read the complaint from "Sparks" in your issue of the 20th inst. Whilst I must pay a compliment to 7BU for the fine recorded items they submit over the air from time to time, I consider that it was most unfair to those who own wireless sets and pay for a license to allow the change of wave length recently instituted. Like "Sparks" I am the owner of a modern all-wave set, but in my case 7BU "jams" out A class stations such as 5CL and others. Further, on the short wave dial I find 7BU in half-a-dozen places, and it is almost impossible to tune in overseas until they have closed down. I have heard so many similar complaints that I consider it is high time wireless owners took concerted action and petitioned the Australian Broadcasting Commission to take steps to overcome the annoyance, and I, like "Sparks," should like to hear other views per the medium of "The Advocate.'" — Yours, etc., RAYCOPHONE. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91806905 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=23 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=2 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''Wireless Interference.''' To the Editor. Sir,— To use "Short Wave's" words, I should like to say that if "Sparks'" letter helps to reduce the "slight interference" (!) of 7BU he will "automatically make himself the target" for many thanks. A few days ago we were getting N.Z. splendidly till 7BU barged in and finished it. Undoubtedly Burnie puts on fine recorded programmes, but they should not be allowed to cover larger and more important ones from flesh and blood artists, as they do at present.— Yours, etc., LISTENER. Wynyard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793464 |title=Wireless Interference. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous <blockquote>'''To the Editor.''' Sir,— Yes, "Sparks" is perfectly right in his contention that 7BU interferes with the reception from some of the "A" class stations. There was a time when we could listen in peace to the good programmes afforded by the "A" class stations, but, unfortunately, "Them days is gorn." Now we are subjected to local interference, and this is not due to an inferior set, as ours is a well-known modern make. Certain stations, "A" and "B," are cut out altogether until the strains of "Good-Night" at 10.30 from 7BU signify that we are free to switch on to what we want. It seems that another allocation of wavelengths is necessary.— Yours, etc., SUPERHET. Burnie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article91793465 |title=To the Editor. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=24 June 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=11 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 07===== 7BU turns its disadvantageous frequency assignment around to an advertising advantage <blockquote>'''7BU BURNIE.''' 7BU Burnie (Findlay's Broadcasting Service) draws attention by advertisement today to the fact that its wavelength is on top of the commercial broadcast band. The station claims that it is "always on top with bright and popular entertainment, with up to the minute information for the farmer."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article68070405 |title=7BU BURNIE. |newspaper=[[The Advocate (Australia)]] |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=20 July 1936 |accessdate=24 September 2025 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 08===== 7BU mast snapped at base during hurricane <blockquote>'''Burnie Struck By Hurricane.''' What was described as a hurricane struck Burnie at 5 o'clock this afternoon, causing considerable damage to buildings. The 60ft. wireless mast of 7BU was snapped off at the base, and the station will be off the air tonight. Although the wind had abated later, a heavy sea was running, and there was some doubt as to whether the Wollongbar would be able to berth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264898242 |title=Burnie Struck By Hurricane |newspaper=[[Saturday Evening Express]] |volume=VIII, |issue=32 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=15 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> As previous, further detail <blockquote>'''BURNIE LASHED. Gale Sweeps Coast. Panic at Theatre.''' BURNIE. Sunday.— A 40 miles an hour gale at Wynyard on Saturday afternoon swept along the coast to Burnie to reach the force of a hurricane. It left a trail of minor damage in its wake. The sea, which was running very high was lashed into spray. A column of water was whipped into the air and swept towards the large grandstand at West Park where a football match was being held. For a while spectators in one part of the ground could not see a few yards in front of them. Blowing over a fence on the ground, the wind caused a scatter from the grandstand into the blinding rain, people feared that the grandstand would fall. Footballers had to lie on the ground in the face of the gale. Trees were uprooted, fences levelled, and iron lifted from the roofs of buildings in the town. A mast 110ft in height at Findlay's wireless station 7BU crashed in three pieces, steel supports 5in thick at the base being bent like nails. Two cyclists taking part in a road race were swept from their machines. A boy who was standing on a street corner was hurled bodily across the road and was stunned. A panic was caused in the Burnie Theatre during a picture matinee, children and then adults rushing for the exits when they heard the noise of the wind. A child was trampled on. A stern hawser of the steamer Wollongbar, which was berthed at McGaw Pier, snapped, but another line was quickly run out. A 30ft. fishing launch which was being sailed from Ulverstone to Burnie by V. Barfoot and J. Campbell, was tossed about and reached Burnie after having been 15 hours at sea on a journey which normally takes three hours. Barfoot said that he never expected to reach Burnie. The boat was extensively damaged.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11904089 |title=BURNIE LASHED |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |issue=28,078 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=17 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> Recent storm highlights problem of listener masts causing damage <blockquote>'''DRAINAGE SYSTEM. Improvement Needed. Position at Burnie.''' The unsatisfactory system of drainage in the town area at Burnie, as disclosed by the torrential rain of recent weeks, was discussed at a meeting of the Burnie Council yesterday. A motion that immediate action be taken to effect improvements was deferred. There were present the Warden (Cr. J. R. Hilder) and Crs. S. Bird, T. L. Mace, J. Leary, M. Southwell, R. Jago, L. Ling, M. A. Whitford, A. W. Townsend, and ? Wilson. . . . '''Wireless Mast Danger''' The danger of allowing wireless masts to be erected close to the electric power lines was emphasised in a report by the council's electrician (Mr. A. W. Berry). He pointed out that during the stormy conditions of the last few weeks considerable damage had been caused to mains through wireless poles having fallen across power lines. If the remaining 110ft. mast of 7BU wireless station was blown down towards Wilson-street, considerable damage would result, and the transformer would probably be put out of action. Mr. Berry urged the council to regulate the erection of wireless poles in future. The matter was referred to the town committee for consideration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article52094954 |title=DRAINAGE SYSTEM |newspaper=[[The Examiner (Tasmania)]] |volume=XCV, |issue=135 |location=Tasmania, Australia |date=18 August 1936 |accessdate=26 April 2026 |page=6 (DAILY) |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref></blockquote> =====1936 09===== =====1936 10===== =====1936 11===== =====1936 12===== ====1937==== =====1937 01===== =====1937 02===== =====1937 03===== =====1937 04===== =====1937 05===== =====1937 06===== =====1937 07===== =====1937 08===== =====1937 09===== =====1937 10===== =====1937 11===== =====1937 12===== ====1938==== =====1938 01===== =====1938 02===== =====1938 03===== =====1938 04===== =====1938 05===== =====1938 06===== =====1938 07===== =====1938 08===== =====1938 09===== =====1938 10===== =====1938 11===== =====1938 12===== ====1939==== =====1939 01===== =====1939 02===== =====1939 03===== =====1939 04===== =====1939 05===== 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pbwpng7lgva9618fpve9eeaw6zvq52v 2 480707 4632531 4632186 2026-04-26T07:27:39Z Dom walden 3209423 /* Critical points */ 4632531 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == We hinted in the [[User:Dom_walden/Multivariate_Analytic_Combinatorics/Cauchy-Hadamard_Theorem_and_Exponential_Bounds#Domain_of_convergence|previous chapter]] that singularities and the domain of convergence in the multivariate case are more complicated than in the univariate case. In this chapter, we present this in more detail. First, we demonstrate the different types of what, in the multivariate case, are called '''singular varieties'''. Second, we show how to decompose the more complex singular varieties using '''Whitney stratification'''. Finally, we present '''critical points''' as the points of the singular varieties we are interested in for asymptotics. == Singular varieties == For a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math> with <math display="inline">z \in \C^d</math>, we define the '''singular variety''' <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> the set of points in <math display="inline">\C^d</math> such that <math display="inline">Q(z) = 0</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ z \in \C^d : Q(z) = 0 \}</math>. As we saw in the single variable (<math display="inline">z \in \C</math>), [[Analytic_Combinatorics/Meromorphic_Functions|meromorphic]] case, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consisted of isolated points. In the multivariate case, this can be much more complicated and can consist of one or more of the following: * A single hyperplane * Intersecting hyperplanes (called arrangements which may or may not be transverse) * A cone (called cone points) === Complex hyperplanes === For complex vectors <math display="inline">z = (x_1 + iy_1, \cdots, x_d + iy_d)</math> and <math display="inline">w = (u_1 + iv_1, \cdots, u_d + iv_d)</math> the '''Hermitian scalar product''' is defined<ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, w \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^d x_i u_i + \sum_{i=1}^d y_i v_i + i \sum_{i=1}^d (y_i u_i - x_i v_i).</math> A '''complex hyperplane''' means a set of points <math display="inline">z</math> in complex space such that for a fixed, non-zero vector <math display="inline">a</math> and constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math><ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, a \rangle = b.</math> This happens when the set of points <math display="inline">z</math> are perpendicular or '''orthogonal''' to <math display="inline">a</math>. [image?] === Single hyperplane === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y} = \sum_{n \geq 0} \sum_{m \geq 0} \binom{n + m}{m} x^m y^n</math> there are singularities at any point in <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> for different values of <math display="inline">|x|, |y|</math>.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 143.</ref> [[File:Singular variety of generating function for binomial coefficients.png|400px]] Bear in mind that the above graph loses some information due to the axes being the modulus of the two inputs <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math>. For example, <math display="inline">|x| = |y| = 1</math> is a singularity when <math display="inline">x = (1/2, i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> and <math display="inline">y = (1/2, -i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> (roughly). === Intersecting hyperplanes === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3-2x-y)(3-x-2y)}</math> the singular variety is a union of two singular varieties, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math>. We use the definition of the scalar product above to demonstrate that both are complex hyperplanes. For <math display="inline">x = x_0 + ix_1</math> and <math display="inline">y = y_0 + iy_1</math> and some fixed vector <math display="inline">(u_0 + iu_1, v_0 + iv_1) \in \C^2</math> the scalar product is <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 + x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 + i((x_1 u_0 - x_0 u_1) + (y_1 v_0 - y_0 v_1)) = b</math> for constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>, plotting separately the real parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (left figure) and the imaginary parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (right figure). The left figure demonstrates that <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 = c_0</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_0</math> and the right that <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_1, v_1) \rangle = x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 = c_1</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_1</math>. Notice that the two blue graphs and the two yellow graphs have the same slope. Therefore, <math display="inline">(u_1, v_1)</math> is just a translation of <math display="inline">(u_0, v_0)</math> and <math display="inline">(-u_1, -v_1)</math> is the same but flipped 180 degrees and, as a result, <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (-u_1, -v_1) \rangle = -x_0 u_1 - y_0 v_1 = c_2</math> and <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_1 u_0 + y_1 v_0 = c_3</math>. Therefore, we can find our <math display="inline">b</math> <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = c_0 + c_1 + i(c_2 + c_3) = b.</math> [union_of_hyperplanes.py] We look at the point where <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y}</math> intersect and draw both their slopes or '''tangent spaces''', as shown in the below image. Taking all possible linear combinations of the vectors which form the basis of these tangent spaces, we get a space called the '''span''' of the vectors. When the span of the tangent spaces is equal to <math display="inline">\C^d</math> (in our case <math display="inline">\C^2</math>), we call these types of arrangements '''transverse'''. [image?] We can demonstrate this separately for the real and imaginary parts to show that <math display="inline">((r_0 + ir_1, s_0 + is_1) (t_0 + it_1, q_0 + iq_1))</math> where <math display="inline">r_0, s_0</math> is determined by the blue real, <math display="inline">t_0, q_0</math> the yellow real, <math display="inline">r_1, s_1</math> by the blue imaginary and <math display="inline">t_1, q_1</math> by the yellow imaginary. We see that <math display="inline">((r_0, s_0), (t_0, q_0))</math> spans the two-dimensional real space and <math display="inline">((r_1, s_1), (t_1, q_1))</math> spans the two-dimensional "imaginary" space. [union_of_hyperplanes_tangent_spaces.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3 - 2x - y)(3 - x - 2y)(2 - x - y)}</math> all three singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 - 2x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math>, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 -x - 2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. Their slopes are much like our first example in this section but with an extra one slope which is a combination of the other two slopes [example?]. Therefore, they are not transverse. Instead, we look at the set of points where the hyperplanes intersect, called the '''intersection lattice''', and the set of points where their tangent planes intersect (also called the intersection lattice). If these are equal, it is an '''arrangement'''.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 329.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement2.py] However, note that the three hyperplanes are transverse when taken pairwise. We will show how to decompose such an arrangement in later chapters. A final example of something that is not an arrangement, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(2 - x - y)(1 - xy)}</math> the singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{1 - xy} = \{ (x, y) : y = 1/x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math> with identical slopes and, therefore, cannot span more than one dimension and, therefore, are not transverse. Nor are they arrangements as the intersection lattice of their hyperplanes is a single point (<math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>) but the intersection lattice of their tangent planes is the line <math display="inline">y = 2 - x</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 314.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement.py] === Cone point === The singular variety may look like a cone. For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{x^2 + y^2}</math> has singularities in the case that <math display="inline">y = ix</math> or <math display="inline">y = -ix</math>. When plotted, it looks like two cones whose points meet at the origin. This is not the same as a union of hyperplanes as this is a single variety [right?] [cone_point.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{1 + xyz - (1/3)(x + y + z + xy + yz + xz)}</math> the singular varieties meet at a single point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 228.</ref> == Whitney stratification == In the case of a single hyperplane we can skip this step. The '''Whitney stratification''' just contains one strata, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. Otherwise, our aim is to decompose <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> into a union of (not necessarily connected) submanifolds such that: # each submanifold is closed and smooth # if <math display="inline">S_\alpha \subset \overline{S_\beta}</math> then any sequences where <math display="inline">\{x_i\} \subset S_\beta</math> and <math display="inline">\{y_i\} \subset S_\alpha</math> which both converge to <math display="inline">y \in S_\alpha</math>, the lines <math display="inline">l_i = \overline{x_iy_i}</math> converge to a line <math display="inline">l</math> and the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{x_i}(S_\beta)</math> converge to a plane <math display="inline">T</math> then <math display="inline">T_y(S_\alpha) \subset T</math> and <math display="inline">l \subseteq T</math> (these are the '''Whitney conditions'''.)<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 534.</ref> For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)}</math> <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consists of three planes where <math display="inline">x = 1</math>, <math display="inline">y = 1</math> and <math display="inline">z = 1</math>. At the lines where they intersect they fail to be smooth. Therefore, we put the intersection lines in their own strata leaving us the strata: * The <math display="inline">xy</math> plane at <math display="inline">z = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">y = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">xz</math> plane at <math display="inline">y = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">yz</math> plane at <math display="inline">x = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">y = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, 1, z) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, y, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (x, 1, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> This does not meet the Whitney conditions at all points. For example, any sequence of points along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis converging to a point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis will have tangents along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis, but any point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis to which it converges will have tangent along the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis. Therefore, we need to separate the point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math> into its own strata.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 179.</ref> == Critical points == [explain gradient as vector, greatest increase and orthogonal to level set and directional derivative as scalar] [why do we use a height function?] We have a height function <math display="inline">h_r(z) = - \sum_{i=1}^d r_i \log(|z_i|)</math> with '''gradient''' given by the vector <math display="inline">[-r_1/z_1, \cdots, -r_d/z_d]</math>. For each strata, we want to find out where the '''directional derivative''' of our height function, when restricted to that strata, equals zero. The point at which this happens is called a '''critical point'''. Suppose we have function <math display="inline">f(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">q(x, y) = 1 - x - y</math> below. Where it intersects the <math display="inline">xy</math>-plane, i.e. where <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is zero, is the singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. It is a level set. Notice that the gradient of <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is the constant <math display="inline">[-1, -1]</math>, which is orthogonal to the (tangent plane of the) variety and which we draw as arrows in the below graph. [graph of q] Suppose we are interested in the coefficients in the direction <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">h_{(1,1)} = -\log x - \log y</math> below. The red[?] line is the variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. The variety is in the direction <math display="inline">(-1, 1)</math> (or <math display="inline">(1, -1)</math>) and, therefore, the directional derivative is <math display="inline">1/x - 1/y</math> (or <math display="inline">1/y - 1/x</math>). This is zero when <math display="inline">x = y</math> and this only happens at the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/2, 1/2)</math>. The gradient of the height function is <math display="inline">[-1/x, -1/y]</math>, which we draw as arrows in the below graph. The directional derivative being zero means at the critical point the direction of greatest increase is orthogonal to the tangent plane of the variety. Therefore, the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> must be parallel at the critical point. [graph of h] The above shows a graph of this. The critical point is highlighted in red. The value of the height function at the critical point, its '''critical value''', is roughly <math display="inline">1.4</math>. If we change the direction to <math display="inline">(1, 2)</math>, the gradient changes to <math display="inline">dh(x, 1 - x) = [-1/x, -2/y]</math> and the critical point changes to <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/3, 2/3)</math> with critical value of roughly <math display="inline">1.9</math>. This is graphed below. [graph of h12] So we need to find the point where the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> are not linearly independent and, therefore, at the critical point <math display="inline">w</math>, the below matrix has rank equal to 1. <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} \partial f / \partial z_1 (w) & \cdots & \partial f / \partial z_d (w) \\ r_1/w_1 & \cdots & r_d/w_d \end{pmatrix}</math> This happens when all the <math display="inline">2 \times 2</math> '''minors''' of the matrix have '''determinants''' equal to zero, which is equivalent to the system of equations <math display="block">r_k w_1 \partial f/\partial z_1 (w) - r_1 w_k \partial f/\partial z_k (w) = 0 \quad (2 \leq k \leq d)</math> combined with the equation <math display="inline">f(w) = 0</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 200.</ref> An example with more than one strata. <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{A(x, y, z) B(x, y, z)} = \frac{1}{(4 - x - 2y - z)(4 - 2x - y - z)}</math> It has one strata where <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} A(x, y, z) = 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ tx - rz &= 0 \\ 2ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(4r, 2s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2r = s</math>. It has another strata where <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} B(x, y, z) = 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ 2tx - rz &= 0 \\ ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(2r, 4s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2s = r</math>. For the strata defined by the simultaneous vanishing of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math>. This is one-dimensional and the gradients of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math> span a one or two-dimensional space orthogonal to this strata. At the critical point, the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> is in the space spanned by the former two gradients. Therefore, we have the matrix <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> and this time we want the vanishing of the determinant of the <math display="inline">3 \times 3</math> minor, giving the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ ryz + sxz - 3txy &= 0 \end{align}</math> which has the critical point <math display="inline">\frac{4}{3(r + s + t)}(r + s, r + s, 3t)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 246-248.</ref> [graph_of_ab_1.py] == Computing Whitney stratifications and critical points == [ https://melczer.ca/textbook/ ] === Computing with ideals === A polynomial ring K[z] is a sum of the form \sum_{i=0}^n c_i z^i where c_i \in K. For example, 1 + 3z + 2z^2. A polynomial ideal I is a subset of K[z] such that if a and b are in I then a + b is also in I (closed under addition in I) and if a is in I and c is any element in K[z] then ca is in I (closed under multiplication in K[z]). A set {g_1, ..., g_n} generates the ideal I if any member of I is a linear combination of the members of the generating set. A Grobner basis of I is a generating set with the property that any non-zero member of I has leading term divisible by the leading term of some member of the Grobner basis. A reduced Grobner basis is a GB such that no monomial of g_i is divisible by the leading term of g_j for i \neq j. V(I) is the set of all roots in K of all elements of I. === GBs for Whitney stratification === === GBs for critical points === Given a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math>, a direction <math display="inline">r</math> and a Whitney stratified space <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \mathcal{F}_0 \subset \mathcal{F}_1 \cdots \subset \mathcal{F}_k = \empty</math>. For <math display="inline">1 \leq m \leq k</math>, we form the set <math display="inline">I_m = \{ f \in K[z] : f(z) = 0, z \in \mathcal{F}_m \}</math> and calculate a prime decomposition <math display="inline">I_m = P_1 \cap \cdots \cap P_l</math>. The zero set of each <math display="inline">P_j</math> corresponds to a different hyperplane within the stratum and we calculate the critical point on each zero set <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}(P_j)</math>. [Section 10.4 is about how to recognise multiple points] == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | last=Melczer | first=Stephen | title=An Invitation to Analytic Combinatorics: From One to Several Variables | publisher=Springer Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation | year=2021 | url=https://melczer.ca/files/Melczer-SubmittedManuscript.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Mishna | first=Marni | title=Analytic Combinatorics: A Multidimensional Approach | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group, LLC | year=2020 }} * {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Shabat | first=B. V. | title=Introduction to Complex Analysis. Part II: Functions of Several Variables | publisher=American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island | year=1992 }} 6mahjaomgpfg3svyrrn9oc82d2qh3vw 4632538 4632531 2026-04-26T08:22:01Z Dom walden 3209423 /* Whitney stratification */ 4632538 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == We hinted in the [[User:Dom_walden/Multivariate_Analytic_Combinatorics/Cauchy-Hadamard_Theorem_and_Exponential_Bounds#Domain_of_convergence|previous chapter]] that singularities and the domain of convergence in the multivariate case are more complicated than in the univariate case. In this chapter, we present this in more detail. First, we demonstrate the different types of what, in the multivariate case, are called '''singular varieties'''. Second, we show how to decompose the more complex singular varieties using '''Whitney stratification'''. Finally, we present '''critical points''' as the points of the singular varieties we are interested in for asymptotics. == Singular varieties == For a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math> with <math display="inline">z \in \C^d</math>, we define the '''singular variety''' <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> the set of points in <math display="inline">\C^d</math> such that <math display="inline">Q(z) = 0</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ z \in \C^d : Q(z) = 0 \}</math>. As we saw in the single variable (<math display="inline">z \in \C</math>), [[Analytic_Combinatorics/Meromorphic_Functions|meromorphic]] case, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consisted of isolated points. In the multivariate case, this can be much more complicated and can consist of one or more of the following: * A single hyperplane * Intersecting hyperplanes (called arrangements which may or may not be transverse) * A cone (called cone points) === Complex hyperplanes === For complex vectors <math display="inline">z = (x_1 + iy_1, \cdots, x_d + iy_d)</math> and <math display="inline">w = (u_1 + iv_1, \cdots, u_d + iv_d)</math> the '''Hermitian scalar product''' is defined<ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, w \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^d x_i u_i + \sum_{i=1}^d y_i v_i + i \sum_{i=1}^d (y_i u_i - x_i v_i).</math> A '''complex hyperplane''' means a set of points <math display="inline">z</math> in complex space such that for a fixed, non-zero vector <math display="inline">a</math> and constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math><ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, a \rangle = b.</math> This happens when the set of points <math display="inline">z</math> are perpendicular or '''orthogonal''' to <math display="inline">a</math>. [image?] === Single hyperplane === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y} = \sum_{n \geq 0} \sum_{m \geq 0} \binom{n + m}{m} x^m y^n</math> there are singularities at any point in <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> for different values of <math display="inline">|x|, |y|</math>.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 143.</ref> [[File:Singular variety of generating function for binomial coefficients.png|400px]] Bear in mind that the above graph loses some information due to the axes being the modulus of the two inputs <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math>. For example, <math display="inline">|x| = |y| = 1</math> is a singularity when <math display="inline">x = (1/2, i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> and <math display="inline">y = (1/2, -i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> (roughly). === Intersecting hyperplanes === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3-2x-y)(3-x-2y)}</math> the singular variety is a union of two singular varieties, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math>. We use the definition of the scalar product above to demonstrate that both are complex hyperplanes. For <math display="inline">x = x_0 + ix_1</math> and <math display="inline">y = y_0 + iy_1</math> and some fixed vector <math display="inline">(u_0 + iu_1, v_0 + iv_1) \in \C^2</math> the scalar product is <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 + x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 + i((x_1 u_0 - x_0 u_1) + (y_1 v_0 - y_0 v_1)) = b</math> for constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>, plotting separately the real parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (left figure) and the imaginary parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (right figure). The left figure demonstrates that <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 = c_0</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_0</math> and the right that <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_1, v_1) \rangle = x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 = c_1</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_1</math>. Notice that the two blue graphs and the two yellow graphs have the same slope. Therefore, <math display="inline">(u_1, v_1)</math> is just a translation of <math display="inline">(u_0, v_0)</math> and <math display="inline">(-u_1, -v_1)</math> is the same but flipped 180 degrees and, as a result, <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (-u_1, -v_1) \rangle = -x_0 u_1 - y_0 v_1 = c_2</math> and <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_1 u_0 + y_1 v_0 = c_3</math>. Therefore, we can find our <math display="inline">b</math> <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = c_0 + c_1 + i(c_2 + c_3) = b.</math> [union_of_hyperplanes.py] We look at the point where <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y}</math> intersect and draw both their slopes or '''tangent spaces''', as shown in the below image. Taking all possible linear combinations of the vectors which form the basis of these tangent spaces, we get a space called the '''span''' of the vectors. When the span of the tangent spaces is equal to <math display="inline">\C^d</math> (in our case <math display="inline">\C^2</math>), we call these types of arrangements '''transverse'''. [image?] We can demonstrate this separately for the real and imaginary parts to show that <math display="inline">((r_0 + ir_1, s_0 + is_1) (t_0 + it_1, q_0 + iq_1))</math> where <math display="inline">r_0, s_0</math> is determined by the blue real, <math display="inline">t_0, q_0</math> the yellow real, <math display="inline">r_1, s_1</math> by the blue imaginary and <math display="inline">t_1, q_1</math> by the yellow imaginary. We see that <math display="inline">((r_0, s_0), (t_0, q_0))</math> spans the two-dimensional real space and <math display="inline">((r_1, s_1), (t_1, q_1))</math> spans the two-dimensional "imaginary" space. [union_of_hyperplanes_tangent_spaces.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3 - 2x - y)(3 - x - 2y)(2 - x - y)}</math> all three singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 - 2x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math>, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 -x - 2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. Their slopes are much like our first example in this section but with an extra one slope which is a combination of the other two slopes [example?]. Therefore, they are not transverse. Instead, we look at the set of points where the hyperplanes intersect, called the '''intersection lattice''', and the set of points where their tangent planes intersect (also called the intersection lattice). If these are equal, it is an '''arrangement'''.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 329.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement2.py] However, note that the three hyperplanes are transverse when taken pairwise. We will show how to decompose such an arrangement in later chapters. A final example of something that is not an arrangement, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(2 - x - y)(1 - xy)}</math> the singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{1 - xy} = \{ (x, y) : y = 1/x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math> with identical slopes and, therefore, cannot span more than one dimension and, therefore, are not transverse. Nor are they arrangements as the intersection lattice of their hyperplanes is a single point (<math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>) but the intersection lattice of their tangent planes is the line <math display="inline">y = 2 - x</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 314.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement.py] === Cone point === The singular variety may look like a cone. For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{x^2 + y^2}</math> has singularities in the case that <math display="inline">y = ix</math> or <math display="inline">y = -ix</math>. When plotted, it looks like two cones whose points meet at the origin. This is not the same as a union of hyperplanes as this is a single variety [right?] [cone_point.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{1 + xyz - (1/3)(x + y + z + xy + yz + xz)}</math> the singular varieties meet at a single point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 228.</ref> == Whitney stratification == In the case of a single hyperplane we can skip this step. The '''Whitney stratification''' just contains one strata, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. Otherwise, our aim is to decompose <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> into a union of (not necessarily connected) submanifolds such that: # each submanifold is closed and smooth # if <math display="inline">S_\alpha \subset \overline{S_\beta}</math> then any sequences where <math display="inline">\{x_i\} \subset S_\beta</math> and <math display="inline">\{y_i\} \subset S_\alpha</math> which both converge to <math display="inline">y \in S_\alpha</math>, the lines <math display="inline">l_i = \overline{x_iy_i}</math> converge to a line <math display="inline">l</math> and the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{x_i}(S_\beta)</math> converge to a plane <math display="inline">T</math> then <math display="inline">T_y(S_\alpha) \subset T</math> and <math display="inline">l \subseteq T</math> (these are the '''Whitney conditions'''.)<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 534.</ref> For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)}</math> <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consists of three planes where <math display="inline">x = 1</math>, <math display="inline">y = 1</math> and <math display="inline">z = 1</math>. At the lines where they intersect they fail to be smooth. Therefore, we put the intersection lines in their own strata leaving us the strata: * The <math display="inline">xy</math> plane at <math display="inline">z = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">y = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">xz</math> plane at <math display="inline">y = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">yz</math> plane at <math display="inline">x = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">y = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, 1, z) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, y, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (x, 1, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> This does not meet the Whitney conditions at all points. For example, any sequence of points along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis converging to a point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis will have tangents along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis, but any point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis to which it converges will have tangent along the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis. Therefore, we need to separate the point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math> into its own strata.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 179.</ref> Sometimes, we can work out a Whitney Stratification by hand, like above. Other times, we may need to use software to help us. [explain] == Critical points == [explain gradient as vector, greatest increase and orthogonal to level set and directional derivative as scalar] [why do we use a height function?] We have a height function <math display="inline">h_r(z) = - \sum_{i=1}^d r_i \log(|z_i|)</math> with '''gradient''' given by the vector <math display="inline">[-r_1/z_1, \cdots, -r_d/z_d]</math>. For each strata, we want to find out where the '''directional derivative''' of our height function, when restricted to that strata, equals zero. The point at which this happens is called a '''critical point'''. Suppose we have function <math display="inline">f(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">q(x, y) = 1 - x - y</math> below. Where it intersects the <math display="inline">xy</math>-plane, i.e. where <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is zero, is the singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. It is a level set. Notice that the gradient of <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is the constant <math display="inline">[-1, -1]</math>, which is orthogonal to the (tangent plane of the) variety and which we draw as arrows in the below graph. [graph of q] Suppose we are interested in the coefficients in the direction <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">h_{(1,1)} = -\log x - \log y</math> below. The red[?] line is the variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. The variety is in the direction <math display="inline">(-1, 1)</math> (or <math display="inline">(1, -1)</math>) and, therefore, the directional derivative is <math display="inline">1/x - 1/y</math> (or <math display="inline">1/y - 1/x</math>). This is zero when <math display="inline">x = y</math> and this only happens at the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/2, 1/2)</math>. The gradient of the height function is <math display="inline">[-1/x, -1/y]</math>, which we draw as arrows in the below graph. The directional derivative being zero means at the critical point the direction of greatest increase is orthogonal to the tangent plane of the variety. Therefore, the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> must be parallel at the critical point. [graph of h] The above shows a graph of this. The critical point is highlighted in red. The value of the height function at the critical point, its '''critical value''', is roughly <math display="inline">1.4</math>. If we change the direction to <math display="inline">(1, 2)</math>, the gradient changes to <math display="inline">dh(x, 1 - x) = [-1/x, -2/y]</math> and the critical point changes to <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/3, 2/3)</math> with critical value of roughly <math display="inline">1.9</math>. This is graphed below. [graph of h12] So we need to find the point where the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> are not linearly independent and, therefore, at the critical point <math display="inline">w</math>, the below matrix has rank equal to 1. <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} \partial f / \partial z_1 (w) & \cdots & \partial f / \partial z_d (w) \\ r_1/w_1 & \cdots & r_d/w_d \end{pmatrix}</math> This happens when all the <math display="inline">2 \times 2</math> '''minors''' of the matrix have '''determinants''' equal to zero, which is equivalent to the system of equations <math display="block">r_k w_1 \partial f/\partial z_1 (w) - r_1 w_k \partial f/\partial z_k (w) = 0 \quad (2 \leq k \leq d)</math> combined with the equation <math display="inline">f(w) = 0</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 200.</ref> An example with more than one strata. <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{A(x, y, z) B(x, y, z)} = \frac{1}{(4 - x - 2y - z)(4 - 2x - y - z)}</math> It has one strata where <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} A(x, y, z) = 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ tx - rz &= 0 \\ 2ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(4r, 2s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2r = s</math>. It has another strata where <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} B(x, y, z) = 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ 2tx - rz &= 0 \\ ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(2r, 4s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2s = r</math>. For the strata defined by the simultaneous vanishing of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math>. This is one-dimensional and the gradients of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math> span a one or two-dimensional space orthogonal to this strata. At the critical point, the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> is in the space spanned by the former two gradients. Therefore, we have the matrix <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> and this time we want the vanishing of the determinant of the <math display="inline">3 \times 3</math> minor, giving the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ ryz + sxz - 3txy &= 0 \end{align}</math> which has the critical point <math display="inline">\frac{4}{3(r + s + t)}(r + s, r + s, 3t)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 246-248.</ref> [graph_of_ab_1.py] == Computing Whitney stratifications and critical points == [ https://melczer.ca/textbook/ ] === Computing with ideals === A polynomial ring K[z] is a sum of the form \sum_{i=0}^n c_i z^i where c_i \in K. For example, 1 + 3z + 2z^2. A polynomial ideal I is a subset of K[z] such that if a and b are in I then a + b is also in I (closed under addition in I) and if a is in I and c is any element in K[z] then ca is in I (closed under multiplication in K[z]). A set {g_1, ..., g_n} generates the ideal I if any member of I is a linear combination of the members of the generating set. A Grobner basis of I is a generating set with the property that any non-zero member of I has leading term divisible by the leading term of some member of the Grobner basis. A reduced Grobner basis is a GB such that no monomial of g_i is divisible by the leading term of g_j for i \neq j. V(I) is the set of all roots in K of all elements of I. === GBs for Whitney stratification === === GBs for critical points === Given a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math>, a direction <math display="inline">r</math> and a Whitney stratified space <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \mathcal{F}_0 \subset \mathcal{F}_1 \cdots \subset \mathcal{F}_k = \empty</math>. For <math display="inline">1 \leq m \leq k</math>, we form the set <math display="inline">I_m = \{ f \in K[z] : f(z) = 0, z \in \mathcal{F}_m \}</math> and calculate a prime decomposition <math display="inline">I_m = P_1 \cap \cdots \cap P_l</math>. The zero set of each <math display="inline">P_j</math> corresponds to a different hyperplane within the stratum and we calculate the critical point on each zero set <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}(P_j)</math>. [Section 10.4 is about how to recognise multiple points] == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | last=Melczer | first=Stephen | title=An Invitation to Analytic Combinatorics: From One to Several Variables | publisher=Springer Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation | year=2021 | url=https://melczer.ca/files/Melczer-SubmittedManuscript.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Mishna | first=Marni | title=Analytic Combinatorics: A Multidimensional Approach | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group, LLC | year=2020 }} * {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Shabat | first=B. V. | title=Introduction to Complex Analysis. Part II: Functions of Several Variables | publisher=American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island | year=1992 }} jcrezo66p9dbq0ahics592xlfn1h0ac 4632542 4632538 2026-04-26T09:12:18Z Dom walden 3209423 /* Computing Whitney stratifications and critical points */ 4632542 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == We hinted in the [[User:Dom_walden/Multivariate_Analytic_Combinatorics/Cauchy-Hadamard_Theorem_and_Exponential_Bounds#Domain_of_convergence|previous chapter]] that singularities and the domain of convergence in the multivariate case are more complicated than in the univariate case. In this chapter, we present this in more detail. First, we demonstrate the different types of what, in the multivariate case, are called '''singular varieties'''. Second, we show how to decompose the more complex singular varieties using '''Whitney stratification'''. Finally, we present '''critical points''' as the points of the singular varieties we are interested in for asymptotics. == Singular varieties == For a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math> with <math display="inline">z \in \C^d</math>, we define the '''singular variety''' <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> the set of points in <math display="inline">\C^d</math> such that <math display="inline">Q(z) = 0</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ z \in \C^d : Q(z) = 0 \}</math>. As we saw in the single variable (<math display="inline">z \in \C</math>), [[Analytic_Combinatorics/Meromorphic_Functions|meromorphic]] case, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consisted of isolated points. In the multivariate case, this can be much more complicated and can consist of one or more of the following: * A single hyperplane * Intersecting hyperplanes (called arrangements which may or may not be transverse) * A cone (called cone points) === Complex hyperplanes === For complex vectors <math display="inline">z = (x_1 + iy_1, \cdots, x_d + iy_d)</math> and <math display="inline">w = (u_1 + iv_1, \cdots, u_d + iv_d)</math> the '''Hermitian scalar product''' is defined<ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, w \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^d x_i u_i + \sum_{i=1}^d y_i v_i + i \sum_{i=1}^d (y_i u_i - x_i v_i).</math> A '''complex hyperplane''' means a set of points <math display="inline">z</math> in complex space such that for a fixed, non-zero vector <math display="inline">a</math> and constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math><ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, a \rangle = b.</math> This happens when the set of points <math display="inline">z</math> are perpendicular or '''orthogonal''' to <math display="inline">a</math>. [image?] === Single hyperplane === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y} = \sum_{n \geq 0} \sum_{m \geq 0} \binom{n + m}{m} x^m y^n</math> there are singularities at any point in <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> for different values of <math display="inline">|x|, |y|</math>.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 143.</ref> [[File:Singular variety of generating function for binomial coefficients.png|400px]] Bear in mind that the above graph loses some information due to the axes being the modulus of the two inputs <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math>. For example, <math display="inline">|x| = |y| = 1</math> is a singularity when <math display="inline">x = (1/2, i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> and <math display="inline">y = (1/2, -i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> (roughly). === Intersecting hyperplanes === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3-2x-y)(3-x-2y)}</math> the singular variety is a union of two singular varieties, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math>. We use the definition of the scalar product above to demonstrate that both are complex hyperplanes. For <math display="inline">x = x_0 + ix_1</math> and <math display="inline">y = y_0 + iy_1</math> and some fixed vector <math display="inline">(u_0 + iu_1, v_0 + iv_1) \in \C^2</math> the scalar product is <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 + x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 + i((x_1 u_0 - x_0 u_1) + (y_1 v_0 - y_0 v_1)) = b</math> for constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>, plotting separately the real parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (left figure) and the imaginary parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (right figure). The left figure demonstrates that <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 = c_0</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_0</math> and the right that <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_1, v_1) \rangle = x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 = c_1</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_1</math>. Notice that the two blue graphs and the two yellow graphs have the same slope. Therefore, <math display="inline">(u_1, v_1)</math> is just a translation of <math display="inline">(u_0, v_0)</math> and <math display="inline">(-u_1, -v_1)</math> is the same but flipped 180 degrees and, as a result, <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (-u_1, -v_1) \rangle = -x_0 u_1 - y_0 v_1 = c_2</math> and <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_1 u_0 + y_1 v_0 = c_3</math>. Therefore, we can find our <math display="inline">b</math> <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = c_0 + c_1 + i(c_2 + c_3) = b.</math> [union_of_hyperplanes.py] We look at the point where <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y}</math> intersect and draw both their slopes or '''tangent spaces''', as shown in the below image. Taking all possible linear combinations of the vectors which form the basis of these tangent spaces, we get a space called the '''span''' of the vectors. When the span of the tangent spaces is equal to <math display="inline">\C^d</math> (in our case <math display="inline">\C^2</math>), we call these types of arrangements '''transverse'''. [image?] We can demonstrate this separately for the real and imaginary parts to show that <math display="inline">((r_0 + ir_1, s_0 + is_1) (t_0 + it_1, q_0 + iq_1))</math> where <math display="inline">r_0, s_0</math> is determined by the blue real, <math display="inline">t_0, q_0</math> the yellow real, <math display="inline">r_1, s_1</math> by the blue imaginary and <math display="inline">t_1, q_1</math> by the yellow imaginary. We see that <math display="inline">((r_0, s_0), (t_0, q_0))</math> spans the two-dimensional real space and <math display="inline">((r_1, s_1), (t_1, q_1))</math> spans the two-dimensional "imaginary" space. [union_of_hyperplanes_tangent_spaces.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3 - 2x - y)(3 - x - 2y)(2 - x - y)}</math> all three singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 - 2x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math>, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 -x - 2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. Their slopes are much like our first example in this section but with an extra one slope which is a combination of the other two slopes [example?]. Therefore, they are not transverse. Instead, we look at the set of points where the hyperplanes intersect, called the '''intersection lattice''', and the set of points where their tangent planes intersect (also called the intersection lattice). If these are equal, it is an '''arrangement'''.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 329.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement2.py] However, note that the three hyperplanes are transverse when taken pairwise. We will show how to decompose such an arrangement in later chapters. A final example of something that is not an arrangement, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(2 - x - y)(1 - xy)}</math> the singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{1 - xy} = \{ (x, y) : y = 1/x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math> with identical slopes and, therefore, cannot span more than one dimension and, therefore, are not transverse. Nor are they arrangements as the intersection lattice of their hyperplanes is a single point (<math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>) but the intersection lattice of their tangent planes is the line <math display="inline">y = 2 - x</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 314.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement.py] === Cone point === The singular variety may look like a cone. For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{x^2 + y^2}</math> has singularities in the case that <math display="inline">y = ix</math> or <math display="inline">y = -ix</math>. When plotted, it looks like two cones whose points meet at the origin. This is not the same as a union of hyperplanes as this is a single variety [right?] [cone_point.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{1 + xyz - (1/3)(x + y + z + xy + yz + xz)}</math> the singular varieties meet at a single point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 228.</ref> == Whitney stratification == In the case of a single hyperplane we can skip this step. The '''Whitney stratification''' just contains one strata, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. Otherwise, our aim is to decompose <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> into a union of (not necessarily connected) submanifolds such that: # each submanifold is closed and smooth # if <math display="inline">S_\alpha \subset \overline{S_\beta}</math> then any sequences where <math display="inline">\{x_i\} \subset S_\beta</math> and <math display="inline">\{y_i\} \subset S_\alpha</math> which both converge to <math display="inline">y \in S_\alpha</math>, the lines <math display="inline">l_i = \overline{x_iy_i}</math> converge to a line <math display="inline">l</math> and the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{x_i}(S_\beta)</math> converge to a plane <math display="inline">T</math> then <math display="inline">T_y(S_\alpha) \subset T</math> and <math display="inline">l \subseteq T</math> (these are the '''Whitney conditions'''.)<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 534.</ref> For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)}</math> <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consists of three planes where <math display="inline">x = 1</math>, <math display="inline">y = 1</math> and <math display="inline">z = 1</math>. At the lines where they intersect they fail to be smooth. Therefore, we put the intersection lines in their own strata leaving us the strata: * The <math display="inline">xy</math> plane at <math display="inline">z = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">y = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">xz</math> plane at <math display="inline">y = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">yz</math> plane at <math display="inline">x = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">y = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, 1, z) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, y, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (x, 1, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> This does not meet the Whitney conditions at all points. For example, any sequence of points along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis converging to a point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis will have tangents along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis, but any point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis to which it converges will have tangent along the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis. Therefore, we need to separate the point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math> into its own strata.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 179.</ref> Sometimes, we can work out a Whitney Stratification by hand, like above. Other times, we may need to use software to help us. [explain] == Critical points == [explain gradient as vector, greatest increase and orthogonal to level set and directional derivative as scalar] [why do we use a height function?] We have a height function <math display="inline">h_r(z) = - \sum_{i=1}^d r_i \log(|z_i|)</math> with '''gradient''' given by the vector <math display="inline">[-r_1/z_1, \cdots, -r_d/z_d]</math>. For each strata, we want to find out where the '''directional derivative''' of our height function, when restricted to that strata, equals zero. The point at which this happens is called a '''critical point'''. Suppose we have function <math display="inline">f(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">q(x, y) = 1 - x - y</math> below. Where it intersects the <math display="inline">xy</math>-plane, i.e. where <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is zero, is the singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. It is a level set. Notice that the gradient of <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is the constant <math display="inline">[-1, -1]</math>, which is orthogonal to the (tangent plane of the) variety and which we draw as arrows in the below graph. [graph of q] Suppose we are interested in the coefficients in the direction <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">h_{(1,1)} = -\log x - \log y</math> below. The red[?] line is the variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. The variety is in the direction <math display="inline">(-1, 1)</math> (or <math display="inline">(1, -1)</math>) and, therefore, the directional derivative is <math display="inline">1/x - 1/y</math> (or <math display="inline">1/y - 1/x</math>). This is zero when <math display="inline">x = y</math> and this only happens at the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/2, 1/2)</math>. The gradient of the height function is <math display="inline">[-1/x, -1/y]</math>, which we draw as arrows in the below graph. The directional derivative being zero means at the critical point the direction of greatest increase is orthogonal to the tangent plane of the variety. Therefore, the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> must be parallel at the critical point. [graph of h] The above shows a graph of this. The critical point is highlighted in red. The value of the height function at the critical point, its '''critical value''', is roughly <math display="inline">1.4</math>. If we change the direction to <math display="inline">(1, 2)</math>, the gradient changes to <math display="inline">dh(x, 1 - x) = [-1/x, -2/y]</math> and the critical point changes to <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/3, 2/3)</math> with critical value of roughly <math display="inline">1.9</math>. This is graphed below. [graph of h12] So we need to find the point where the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> are not linearly independent and, therefore, at the critical point <math display="inline">w</math>, the below matrix has rank equal to 1. <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} \partial f / \partial z_1 (w) & \cdots & \partial f / \partial z_d (w) \\ r_1/w_1 & \cdots & r_d/w_d \end{pmatrix}</math> This happens when all the <math display="inline">2 \times 2</math> '''minors''' of the matrix have '''determinants''' equal to zero, which is equivalent to the system of equations <math display="block">r_k w_1 \partial f/\partial z_1 (w) - r_1 w_k \partial f/\partial z_k (w) = 0 \quad (2 \leq k \leq d)</math> combined with the equation <math display="inline">f(w) = 0</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 200.</ref> An example with more than one strata. <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{A(x, y, z) B(x, y, z)} = \frac{1}{(4 - x - 2y - z)(4 - 2x - y - z)}</math> It has one strata where <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} A(x, y, z) = 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ tx - rz &= 0 \\ 2ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(4r, 2s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2r = s</math>. It has another strata where <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} B(x, y, z) = 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ 2tx - rz &= 0 \\ ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(2r, 4s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2s = r</math>. For the strata defined by the simultaneous vanishing of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math>. This is one-dimensional and the gradients of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math> span a one or two-dimensional space orthogonal to this strata. At the critical point, the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> is in the space spanned by the former two gradients. Therefore, we have the matrix <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> and this time we want the vanishing of the determinant of the <math display="inline">3 \times 3</math> minor, giving the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ ryz + sxz - 3txy &= 0 \end{align}</math> which has the critical point <math display="inline">\frac{4}{3(r + s + t)}(r + s, r + s, 3t)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 246-248.</ref> [graph_of_ab_1.py] == Computing Whitney stratifications and critical points == Suppose we have <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math> and a Whitney Stratification <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \mathcal{V}_0 \supset \mathcal{V}_1 \supset \cdots \supset \mathcal{V}_m = \empty</math>. <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_0</math> is defined by the vanishing of <math display="inline">Q</math>. <math display="inline">Q</math> may be able to be factorised as a product of polynomials <math display="inline">Q(z) = A(z)B(z) \cdots</math>. We work this out using ideals and primary decomposition. <syntaxhighlight> i1 : S=QQ[z_1, ..., z_d] i2 : primaryDecomposition ideal(Q) o2 = {ideal(A), ideal(B), ...} i3 : groebnerBasis ideal(A) o3 = | A_1 A_2 ... | i3 : groebnerBasis ideal(B) o3 = | B_1 B_2 ... | ... i22 : codim ideal(A) o22 = c_A i22 : codim ideal(B) o22 = c_B ... </syntaxhighlight> Then for each <math display="inline">A, B, \cdots</math> we solve the system of equations defined by <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} \nabla A_1 \\ \nabla A_2 \\ \cdots \\ r_1/z_1 \cdots r_d/z_d \end{pmatrix}</math> and the critical point happens at the <math display="inline">z</math> where the matrix has rank <math display="inline">c_A</math>. [ https://melczer.ca/textbook/ ] === Computing with ideals === A polynomial ring K[z] is a sum of the form \sum_{i=0}^n c_i z^i where c_i \in K. For example, 1 + 3z + 2z^2. A polynomial ideal I is a subset of K[z] such that if a and b are in I then a + b is also in I (closed under addition in I) and if a is in I and c is any element in K[z] then ca is in I (closed under multiplication in K[z]). A set {g_1, ..., g_n} generates the ideal I if any member of I is a linear combination of the members of the generating set. A Grobner basis of I is a generating set with the property that any non-zero member of I has leading term divisible by the leading term of some member of the Grobner basis. A reduced Grobner basis is a GB such that no monomial of g_i is divisible by the leading term of g_j for i \neq j. V(I) is the set of all roots in K of all elements of I. === GBs for Whitney stratification === === GBs for critical points === Given a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math>, a direction <math display="inline">r</math> and a Whitney stratified space <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \mathcal{F}_0 \subset \mathcal{F}_1 \cdots \subset \mathcal{F}_k = \empty</math>. For <math display="inline">1 \leq m \leq k</math>, we form the set <math display="inline">I_m = \{ f \in K[z] : f(z) = 0, z \in \mathcal{F}_m \}</math> and calculate a prime decomposition <math display="inline">I_m = P_1 \cap \cdots \cap P_l</math>. The zero set of each <math display="inline">P_j</math> corresponds to a different hyperplane within the stratum and we calculate the critical point on each zero set <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}(P_j)</math>. [Section 10.4 is about how to recognise multiple points] == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | last=Melczer | first=Stephen | title=An Invitation to Analytic Combinatorics: From One to Several Variables | publisher=Springer Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation | year=2021 | url=https://melczer.ca/files/Melczer-SubmittedManuscript.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Mishna | first=Marni | title=Analytic Combinatorics: A Multidimensional Approach | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group, LLC | year=2020 }} * {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Shabat | first=B. V. | title=Introduction to Complex Analysis. Part II: Functions of Several Variables | publisher=American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island | year=1992 }} aujs27lbw921apfs64bllu4nvvcrwb3 4632543 4632542 2026-04-26T09:24:55Z Dom walden 3209423 /* Computing Whitney stratifications and critical points */ 4632543 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == We hinted in the [[User:Dom_walden/Multivariate_Analytic_Combinatorics/Cauchy-Hadamard_Theorem_and_Exponential_Bounds#Domain_of_convergence|previous chapter]] that singularities and the domain of convergence in the multivariate case are more complicated than in the univariate case. In this chapter, we present this in more detail. First, we demonstrate the different types of what, in the multivariate case, are called '''singular varieties'''. Second, we show how to decompose the more complex singular varieties using '''Whitney stratification'''. Finally, we present '''critical points''' as the points of the singular varieties we are interested in for asymptotics. == Singular varieties == For a function <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math> with <math display="inline">z \in \C^d</math>, we define the '''singular variety''' <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> the set of points in <math display="inline">\C^d</math> such that <math display="inline">Q(z) = 0</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ z \in \C^d : Q(z) = 0 \}</math>. As we saw in the single variable (<math display="inline">z \in \C</math>), [[Analytic_Combinatorics/Meromorphic_Functions|meromorphic]] case, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consisted of isolated points. In the multivariate case, this can be much more complicated and can consist of one or more of the following: * A single hyperplane * Intersecting hyperplanes (called arrangements which may or may not be transverse) * A cone (called cone points) === Complex hyperplanes === For complex vectors <math display="inline">z = (x_1 + iy_1, \cdots, x_d + iy_d)</math> and <math display="inline">w = (u_1 + iv_1, \cdots, u_d + iv_d)</math> the '''Hermitian scalar product''' is defined<ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, w \rangle = \sum_{i=1}^d x_i u_i + \sum_{i=1}^d y_i v_i + i \sum_{i=1}^d (y_i u_i - x_i v_i).</math> A '''complex hyperplane''' means a set of points <math display="inline">z</math> in complex space such that for a fixed, non-zero vector <math display="inline">a</math> and constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math><ref>Shabat 1992, pp. 2.</ref> <math display="block">\langle z, a \rangle = b.</math> This happens when the set of points <math display="inline">z</math> are perpendicular or '''orthogonal''' to <math display="inline">a</math>. [image?] === Single hyperplane === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y} = \sum_{n \geq 0} \sum_{m \geq 0} \binom{n + m}{m} x^m y^n</math> there are singularities at any point in <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> for different values of <math display="inline">|x|, |y|</math>.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 143.</ref> [[File:Singular variety of generating function for binomial coefficients.png|400px]] Bear in mind that the above graph loses some information due to the axes being the modulus of the two inputs <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math>. For example, <math display="inline">|x| = |y| = 1</math> is a singularity when <math display="inline">x = (1/2, i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> and <math display="inline">y = (1/2, -i \sqrt{3}/2)</math> (roughly). === Intersecting hyperplanes === For example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3-2x-y)(3-x-2y)}</math> the singular variety is a union of two singular varieties, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math>. We use the definition of the scalar product above to demonstrate that both are complex hyperplanes. For <math display="inline">x = x_0 + ix_1</math> and <math display="inline">y = y_0 + iy_1</math> and some fixed vector <math display="inline">(u_0 + iu_1, v_0 + iv_1) \in \C^2</math> the scalar product is <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 + x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 + i((x_1 u_0 - x_0 u_1) + (y_1 v_0 - y_0 v_1)) = b</math> for constant complex number <math display="inline">b</math>. Below we see <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>, plotting separately the real parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (left figure) and the imaginary parts of <math display="inline">x</math> and <math display="inline">y</math> (right figure). The left figure demonstrates that <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_0 u_0 + y_0 v_0 = c_0</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_0</math> and the right that <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_1, v_1) \rangle = x_1 u_1 + y_1 v_1 = c_1</math> for fixed <math display="inline">c_1</math>. Notice that the two blue graphs and the two yellow graphs have the same slope. Therefore, <math display="inline">(u_1, v_1)</math> is just a translation of <math display="inline">(u_0, v_0)</math> and <math display="inline">(-u_1, -v_1)</math> is the same but flipped 180 degrees and, as a result, <math display="inline">\langle (x_0, y_0), (-u_1, -v_1) \rangle = -x_0 u_1 - y_0 v_1 = c_2</math> and <math display="inline">\langle (x_1, y_1), (u_0, v_0) \rangle = x_1 u_0 + y_1 v_0 = c_3</math>. Therefore, we can find our <math display="inline">b</math> <math display="block">\langle (x, y), (u, v) \rangle = c_0 + c_1 + i(c_2 + c_3) = b.</math> [union_of_hyperplanes.py] We look at the point where <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-2x-y}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3-x-2y}</math> intersect and draw both their slopes or '''tangent spaces''', as shown in the below image. Taking all possible linear combinations of the vectors which form the basis of these tangent spaces, we get a space called the '''span''' of the vectors. When the span of the tangent spaces is equal to <math display="inline">\C^d</math> (in our case <math display="inline">\C^2</math>), we call these types of arrangements '''transverse'''. [image?] We can demonstrate this separately for the real and imaginary parts to show that <math display="inline">((r_0 + ir_1, s_0 + is_1) (t_0 + it_1, q_0 + iq_1))</math> where <math display="inline">r_0, s_0</math> is determined by the blue real, <math display="inline">t_0, q_0</math> the yellow real, <math display="inline">r_1, s_1</math> by the blue imaginary and <math display="inline">t_1, q_1</math> by the yellow imaginary. We see that <math display="inline">((r_0, s_0), (t_0, q_0))</math> spans the two-dimensional real space and <math display="inline">((r_1, s_1), (t_1, q_1))</math> spans the two-dimensional "imaginary" space. [union_of_hyperplanes_tangent_spaces.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(3 - 2x - y)(3 - x - 2y)(2 - x - y)}</math> all three singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 - 2x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 3 - 2x \}</math>, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{3 -x - 2y} = \{ (x, y) : y = \frac{3 - x}{2} \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. Their slopes are much like our first example in this section but with an extra one slope which is a combination of the other two slopes [example?]. Therefore, they are not transverse. Instead, we look at the set of points where the hyperplanes intersect, called the '''intersection lattice''', and the set of points where their tangent planes intersect (also called the intersection lattice). If these are equal, it is an '''arrangement'''.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 329.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement2.py] However, note that the three hyperplanes are transverse when taken pairwise. We will show how to decompose such an arrangement in later chapters. A final example of something that is not an arrangement, for <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(2 - x - y)(1 - xy)}</math> the singular varieties <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{2 - x - y} = \{ (x, y) : y = 2 - x \}</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_{1 - xy} = \{ (x, y) : y = 1/x \}</math> intersect at <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math> with identical slopes and, therefore, cannot span more than one dimension and, therefore, are not transverse. Nor are they arrangements as the intersection lattice of their hyperplanes is a single point (<math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>) but the intersection lattice of their tangent planes is the line <math display="inline">y = 2 - x</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 314.</ref> [union_of_hyperplanes_arrangement.py] === Cone point === The singular variety may look like a cone. For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{x^2 + y^2}</math> has singularities in the case that <math display="inline">y = ix</math> or <math display="inline">y = -ix</math>. When plotted, it looks like two cones whose points meet at the origin. This is not the same as a union of hyperplanes as this is a single variety [right?] [cone_point.py] Another example, for <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{1 + xyz - (1/3)(x + y + z + xy + yz + xz)}</math> the singular varieties meet at a single point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 228.</ref> == Whitney stratification == In the case of a single hyperplane we can skip this step. The '''Whitney stratification''' just contains one strata, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. Otherwise, our aim is to decompose <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> into a union of (not necessarily connected) submanifolds such that: # each submanifold is closed and smooth # if <math display="inline">S_\alpha \subset \overline{S_\beta}</math> then any sequences where <math display="inline">\{x_i\} \subset S_\beta</math> and <math display="inline">\{y_i\} \subset S_\alpha</math> which both converge to <math display="inline">y \in S_\alpha</math>, the lines <math display="inline">l_i = \overline{x_iy_i}</math> converge to a line <math display="inline">l</math> and the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{x_i}(S_\beta)</math> converge to a plane <math display="inline">T</math> then <math display="inline">T_y(S_\alpha) \subset T</math> and <math display="inline">l \subseteq T</math> (these are the '''Whitney conditions'''.)<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 534.</ref> For example, <math display="block">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)}</math> <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> consists of three planes where <math display="inline">x = 1</math>, <math display="inline">y = 1</math> and <math display="inline">z = 1</math>. At the lines where they intersect they fail to be smooth. Therefore, we put the intersection lines in their own strata leaving us the strata: * The <math display="inline">xy</math> plane at <math display="inline">z = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">y = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">xz</math> plane at <math display="inline">y = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">x = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The <math display="inline">yz</math> plane at <math display="inline">x = 1</math> with the lines removed where <math display="inline">y = 1</math> or <math display="inline">z = 1</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, 1, z) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (1, y, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> * The line <math display="inline">\{ (x, 1, 1) \in \C^3 \}</math> This does not meet the Whitney conditions at all points. For example, any sequence of points along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis converging to a point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis will have tangents along the <math display="inline">y</math>-axis, but any point on the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis to which it converges will have tangent along the <math display="inline">z</math>-axis. Therefore, we need to separate the point <math display="inline">(1, 1, 1)</math> into its own strata.<ref>Mishna 2020, pp. 179.</ref> Sometimes, we can work out a Whitney Stratification by hand, like above. Other times, we may need to use software to help us. [explain] == Critical points == [explain gradient as vector, greatest increase and orthogonal to level set and directional derivative as scalar] [why do we use a height function?] We have a height function <math display="inline">h_r(z) = - \sum_{i=1}^d r_i \log(|z_i|)</math> with '''gradient''' given by the vector <math display="inline">[-r_1/z_1, \cdots, -r_d/z_d]</math>. For each strata, we want to find out where the '''directional derivative''' of our height function, when restricted to that strata, equals zero. The point at which this happens is called a '''critical point'''. Suppose we have function <math display="inline">f(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">q(x, y) = 1 - x - y</math> below. Where it intersects the <math display="inline">xy</math>-plane, i.e. where <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is zero, is the singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \{ (x, y) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, y = 1 - x \}</math>. It is a level set. Notice that the gradient of <math display="inline">q(x, y)</math> is the constant <math display="inline">[-1, -1]</math>, which is orthogonal to the (tangent plane of the) variety and which we draw as arrows in the below graph. [graph of q] Suppose we are interested in the coefficients in the direction <math display="inline">(1, 1)</math>. We draw the graph of <math display="inline">h_{(1,1)} = -\log x - \log y</math> below. The red[?] line is the variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. The variety is in the direction <math display="inline">(-1, 1)</math> (or <math display="inline">(1, -1)</math>) and, therefore, the directional derivative is <math display="inline">1/x - 1/y</math> (or <math display="inline">1/y - 1/x</math>). This is zero when <math display="inline">x = y</math> and this only happens at the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/2, 1/2)</math>. The gradient of the height function is <math display="inline">[-1/x, -1/y]</math>, which we draw as arrows in the below graph. The directional derivative being zero means at the critical point the direction of greatest increase is orthogonal to the tangent plane of the variety. Therefore, the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> must be parallel at the critical point. [graph of h] The above shows a graph of this. The critical point is highlighted in red. The value of the height function at the critical point, its '''critical value''', is roughly <math display="inline">1.4</math>. If we change the direction to <math display="inline">(1, 2)</math>, the gradient changes to <math display="inline">dh(x, 1 - x) = [-1/x, -2/y]</math> and the critical point changes to <math display="inline">(x, y) = (1/3, 2/3)</math> with critical value of roughly <math display="inline">1.9</math>. This is graphed below. [graph of h12] So we need to find the point where the gradient of <math display="inline">q</math> and the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> are not linearly independent and, therefore, at the critical point <math display="inline">w</math>, the below matrix has rank equal to 1. <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} \partial f / \partial z_1 (w) & \cdots & \partial f / \partial z_d (w) \\ r_1/w_1 & \cdots & r_d/w_d \end{pmatrix}</math> This happens when all the <math display="inline">2 \times 2</math> '''minors''' of the matrix have '''determinants''' equal to zero, which is equivalent to the system of equations <math display="block">r_k w_1 \partial f/\partial z_1 (w) - r_1 w_k \partial f/\partial z_k (w) = 0 \quad (2 \leq k \leq d)</math> combined with the equation <math display="inline">f(w) = 0</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 200.</ref> An example with more than one strata. <math display="block">F(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{A(x, y, z) B(x, y, z)} = \frac{1}{(4 - x - 2y - z)(4 - 2x - y - z)}</math> It has one strata where <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} A(x, y, z) = 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ tx - rz &= 0 \\ 2ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(4r, 2s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2r = s</math>. It has another strata where <math display="inline">B(x, y, z) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">A(x, y, z) \neq 0</math>. The matrix defining the critical point on this strata is <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> leading to the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} B(x, y, z) = 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ 2tx - rz &= 0 \\ ty - sz &= 0 \end{align}</math> giving the critical point <math display="inline">(x, y, z) = \frac{1}{r + s + t}(2r, 4s, 4t)</math> unless <math display="inline">2s = r</math>. For the strata defined by the simultaneous vanishing of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math>. This is one-dimensional and the gradients of <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math> span a one or two-dimensional space orthogonal to this strata. At the critical point, the gradient of <math display="inline">h</math> is in the space spanned by the former two gradients. Therefore, we have the matrix <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} x A_x & y A_y & z A_z \\ x B_x & y B_y & z B_z \\ r & s & t \end{pmatrix}</math> and this time we want the vanishing of the determinant of the <math display="inline">3 \times 3</math> minor, giving the system of equations <math display="block">\begin{align} 4 - x - 2y - z &= 0 \\ 4 - 2x - y - z &= 0 \\ ryz + sxz - 3txy &= 0 \end{align}</math> which has the critical point <math display="inline">\frac{4}{3(r + s + t)}(r + s, r + s, 3t)</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 246-248.</ref> [graph_of_ab_1.py] == Computing Whitney stratifications and critical points == Suppose we have <math display="inline">F(z) = \frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}</math> and a Whitney Stratification <math display="inline">\mathcal{V} = \mathcal{V}_0 \supset \mathcal{V}_1 \supset \cdots \supset \mathcal{V}_m = \empty</math>. <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_0</math> is defined by the vanishing of <math display="inline">Q</math>. <math display="inline">Q</math> may be able to be factorised as a product of polynomials <math display="inline">Q(z) = A(z)B(z) \cdots</math>. We work this out using ideals and primary decomposition. <syntaxhighlight> i1 : S=QQ[z_1, ..., z_d] i2 : primaryDecomposition ideal(Q) o2 = {ideal(A), ideal(B), ...} i3 : groebnerBasis ideal(A) o3 = | A_1 A_2 ... | i3 : groebnerBasis ideal(B) o3 = | B_1 B_2 ... | ... i4 : codim ideal(Q) o4 = c ... </syntaxhighlight> Then for each <math display="inline">A, B, \cdots</math> we solve the system of equations defined by <math display="block">\begin{pmatrix} \nabla A_1 \\ \nabla A_2 \\ \cdots \\ r_1/z_1 \cdots r_d/z_d \end{pmatrix}</math> The critical point happens at the <math display="inline">z</math> where the matrix has rank <math display="inline">c</math>, the <math display="inline">A_i</math> vanish and the generating set of <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_1</math> do not vanish. We repeat a similar process than above with <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}_1</math>, which is defined by the simultaneous vanishing of the <math display="inline">A(z), B(z), \cdots</math>. <syntaxhighlight> i1 : S=QQ[z_1, ..., z_d] i2 : primaryDecomposition ideal(A, B, ...) o2 = {ideal(A_0, B_0, ...)} i3 : groebnerBasis ideal(A_0) o3 = | A_1 A_2 ... | i3 : groebnerBasis ideal(B_0) o3 = | B_1 B_2 ... | ... i4 : codim ideal(A, B, ...) o4 = c ... </syntaxhighlight> [ https://melczer.ca/textbook/ ] == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | last=Melczer | first=Stephen | title=An Invitation to Analytic Combinatorics: From One to Several Variables | publisher=Springer Texts & Monographs in Symbolic Computation | year=2021 | url=https://melczer.ca/files/Melczer-SubmittedManuscript.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Mishna | first=Marni | title=Analytic Combinatorics: A Multidimensional Approach | publisher=Taylor & Francis Group, LLC | year=2020 }} * {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }} * {{cite book | last=Shabat | first=B. V. | title=Introduction to Complex Analysis. Part II: Functions of Several Variables | publisher=American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island | year=1992 }} 7ejwwkec9sa2cu60jyq2e366vy3zk5f 2 481188 4632263 4628647 2026-04-25T14:39:26Z SimpleObjects-9ei 3549933 update 4632263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|SimpleObjects-9ei user account. You're welcome.}} <big>Hello.</big> This is me, and [https://www.google.com/search?q=SimpleObjects-9ei&cvid=b0d68f94120b4dc2b8b68af2d8ee78f0&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg8MgYIAhBFGDwyBggDEEUYPNIBBzg3N2owajGoAgCwAgA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=PCMEDGEDP&sei=S_q5adL5HsyCwbkP0-yT6QY I tried searching myself on Google], because I thought my [[:wikipedia:User:SimpleObjects-9ei|English Wikipedia account]] would appear first. But that was not the case... instead, my Wikibooks account APPEARS FIRST? That's ''it''. I'm leaving Wikipedia to contribute to Wikibooks and see if the search result will change, especially because I was using files Playing card heart A.svg, Playing card diamond 2.svg, Playing card spade 3.svg and Playing card club 4.svg (and especially Google being so attracted to the Blender userbox in this page despite literally asking for it for my English Wikipedia userpage). Thanks. I, or I, may enter at UTC-5. {{Infobox user }} {{User language|en|N}} {{User language|es|5}} {{User language|en-GB|4}} {{User language|cs|1}} {{User language|de|1}} {{User language|pt|1}} {{User language|ja|0}} {{User language|ko|0}} {{User language|no|0}} {{User language|sv|0}} {{User language|ady|0}} == Other Stuff == {{wikibreak|This user|anytime soon.}} === Besides that... === Oh yes, questionably I forgot to say, you can find me at other wikis by typing "User:SimpleObjects-9ei" or checking [[Special:CentralAuth/SimpleObjects-9ei|CentralAuth]]. === Fun Stuff === {{chess position | |nd| | |kd|bd|nd|rd|= | |pd| | |pd|pd|pd|pd|= | | |pd|pd|qd| | | |= | | | | | | | |ql|= | | | | | | | |pl|= |nl| | | | | | | |= | | |pl|pl| |pl|bl| |= |rl| | | |kl| | |rl|= |desc=The middle of a chess match. }} {{Sudoku Board | | |2| | |3| | |5 | |5| | | | |1| | | | | | |7| | |2|8 | | |6| |5| | |1| | |1| |9| |7| |6| | |9| | |2| |3| | |6|7| | |8| | | | | | |3| | | | |8| |8| | |5| | |9| | }} {{card|heart|A}} {{card|diamond|2}} {{card|spade|3}} {{card|club|4}} == Userboxes which are not on the top of the Page == {{User video games}} {{User fries}} {{User chrome}} {{User Windows}} {{User blender}} {{User js-1}} {{User computers}} {{User coke pepsi}} ==Contributions== {{Special:Contributions/SimpleObjects-9ei}} jxrsf3xy6aikkc5wenjr2gwyz6n4dlw 2 481382 4632222 4632216 2026-04-25T12:22:43Z ChemPro 2268719 4632222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=How should the onions be prepared? How long should the beans be steamed?}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 4 (as a main course for breakfast or lunch), 6–8 (as part of an elaborate meal) |Time = |Difficulty = 4 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans, pork, and other ingredients,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == For making 5-inch-square cakes; each cake serves 4 as a main course for breakfast or lunch, or 6 to 8 as part of an elaborate meal: * 5¼ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] long-grain sticky rice * 16 dried bamboo leaves * ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 1¼ [[Cookbook:Pound|lbs]] boneless [[Cookbook:Pork|pork]] leg with skin and fat or pork shoulder * 3 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 12 pieces fresh or thawed, frozen [[Cookbook:Banana|banana]] leaf, each 5 by 10 inches, trimmed, rinsed, and wiped dry * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Canola Oil|canola]] or other neutral oil * 4 cups lightly packed [[Cookbook:Ground Steamed Mung Bean|ground steamed mung bean]] * [[Cookbook:Sugar|Sugar]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nguyen |first=Andrea |title=Into the Vietnamese Kitchen: Treasured Foodways, Modern Flavours |date=2006-10-01 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-1580086653|language=en}}</ref> === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with salt, stock powder, fried shallots and pepper. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with salt and a lot of pepper. Also add minced shallots and fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using rice]] [[:Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[:Category:Recipes using pork]] [[:Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using sugar]] 8txa289qj8i73uyp1wjndb2f65pqk89 4632233 4632222 2026-04-25T13:02:22Z ChemPro 2268719 4632233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=How should the onions be prepared? How long should the beans be steamed?}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]] (washed and soaked in water for 4 hours) * 5½ cups sticky rice (washed and soaked in water for 4 hours) * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots (smashed or crushed) * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 kg banana leaves (fresh or thawed) === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with salt, stock powder, fried shallots and pepper. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with salt and a lot of pepper. Also add minced shallots and fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using rice]] [[:Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[:Category:Recipes using pork]] [[:Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using sugar]] tt2a1a77a85ajdsdj9wk22f50anylii 4632238 4632233 2026-04-25T13:09:34Z ChemPro 2268719 4632238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=How should the onions be prepared? How long should the beans be steamed?}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]] (washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight) * 5½ cups sticky rice (washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt) * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots (smashed or crushed) * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 kg banana leaves (fresh or thawed) === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with salt and a lot of pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsp fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using rice]] [[:Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[:Category:Recipes using pork]] [[:Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using sugar]] e2glox3ku7os4j2z2u8p0i3ua8ke1r8 4632240 4632238 2026-04-25T13:13:01Z ChemPro 2268719 4632240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=How should the onions be prepared? How long should the beans be steamed?}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]] (washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight) * 5½ cups sticky rice (washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt) * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots (smashed or crushed) * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 kg banana leaves (fresh or thawed) === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsp fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using rice]] [[:Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[:Category:Recipes using pork]] [[:Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using sugar]] qq8z9qyp6tyf4pty3i8tmd0fxa9u8qc 4632241 4632240 2026-04-25T13:15:49Z ChemPro 2268719 4632241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=How should the onions be prepared? How long should the beans be steamed?}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight * 5½ cups sticky rice, washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots, minced * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 kg banana leaves (fresh or thawed) === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsp fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using rice]] [[:Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[:Category:Recipes using pork]] [[:Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using sugar]] n410ifsfs5vng76mny4dpxjkakmfe1p 4632242 4632241 2026-04-25T13:16:07Z ChemPro 2268719 4632242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=How should the onions be prepared? How long should the beans be steamed?}} __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight * 5½ cups sticky rice, washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots, minced * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 kg banana leaves, fresh or thawed === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsp fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using rice]] [[:Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[:Category:Recipes using pork]] [[:Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using sugar]] rj8tzh5ifbf6njuinxy7b2z0oiwgpfk 4632268 4632242 2026-04-25T14:58:48Z ChemPro 2268719 4632268 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 6–8 (as a starter), 4 (as a light lunch) |Time = |Difficulty = 2 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (lạp xưởng) * 3 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Canola Oil|canola oil]] or other neutral oil * 5 cloves [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]] * ⅓ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] [[Cookbook:Dried Shrimp|dried shrimp]], rinsed under hot water and coarsely [[Cookbook:Chopping|chopped]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Pound|lb]] [[Cookbook:Beef|ground beef]] (preferably chuck), coarsely chopped to loosen * 1 ea. (about ½ lb) [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * ½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 1 thick egg sheet made with 2 eggs, quartered and cut into ½-inch-wide strips * 1 head soft leaf [[Cookbook:Lettuce|lettuce]] such as butter, red leaf, or green leaf, leaves separated * 20 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds, 8½ inches in diameter * 1½ cups spicy [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin]]-[[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]] sauce<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nguyen |first=Andrea |title=Into the Vietnamese Kitchen: Treasured Foodways, Modern Flavours |date=2006-10-01 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-1580086653|language=en}}</ref> == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. == Notes, tips, and variations == * You can plump and slice the sausages several hours in advance, then cover and leave at room temperature. If the fat in the sausages congeals before you are ready to eat, reheat the slices briefly in a dry skillet or microwave oven.<ref name=":0" /> * The egg sheet can be made by beating the eggs and cooking in a thin layer in a skillet over gentle heat until cooked through. == References == [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[:Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[:Category:Recipes using ground beef]] [[:Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[:Category:Recipes using egg]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[:Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] 8kcr85jqks319gcrbrn2mk6zwmh20dw 4632271 4632268 2026-04-25T15:10:02Z ChemPro 2268719 /* Ingredients */ 4632271 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 6–8 (as a starter), 4 (as a light lunch) |Time = |Difficulty = 2 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 9 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (''lạp xưởng'') * 2 eggs * 4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] dried small shrimps * 400 g [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * [[Cookbook:Lettuce|Lettuce]], Thai basil, fresh [[Cookbook:Chili|chili]] * Crushed [[Cookbook:Peanut|peanuts]], fried shallot * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] For the dipping sauce: * 1 tbsp vegetable oil * 1 tbsp minced garlic * 5 tbsps [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin sauce]] * 5 tbspspork broth or water * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]] * 1 tbsp sugar * Pickled [[Cookbook:Carrot|carrots]] and [[Cookbook:White Radish|daikon]] == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. == Notes, tips, and variations == * You can plump and slice the sausages several hours in advance, then cover and leave at room temperature. If the fat in the sausages congeals before you are ready to eat, reheat the slices briefly in a dry skillet or microwave oven.<ref name=":0" /> * The egg sheet can be made by beating the eggs and cooking in a thin layer in a skillet over gentle heat until cooked through. == References == [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[:Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[:Category:Recipes using ground beef]] [[:Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[:Category:Recipes using egg]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[:Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] 6sxgm86beve5e8tapm7zdrfhq8astye 4632272 4632271 2026-04-25T15:10:50Z ChemPro 2268719 4632272 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 6–8 (as a starter), 4 (as a light lunch) |Time = |Difficulty = 2 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 9 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (''lạp xưởng'') * 2 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] dried small shrimps * 400 g [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * [[Cookbook:Lettuce|Lettuce]], Thai basil, fresh [[Cookbook:Chili|chili]] * Crushed [[Cookbook:Peanut|peanuts]], fried shallot * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] For the dipping sauce: * 1 tbsp vegetable oil * 1 tbsp minced garlic * 5 tbsps [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin sauce]] * 5 tbspspork broth or water * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]] * 1 tbsp sugar * Pickled [[Cookbook:Carrot|carrots]] and [[Cookbook:White Radish|daikon]] == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. == Notes, tips, and variations == * You can plump and slice the sausages several hours in advance, then cover and leave at room temperature. If the fat in the sausages congeals before you are ready to eat, reheat the slices briefly in a dry skillet or microwave oven.<ref name=":0" /> * The egg sheet can be made by beating the eggs and cooking in a thin layer in a skillet over gentle heat until cooked through. == References == [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[:Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[:Category:Recipes using ground beef]] [[:Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[:Category:Recipes using egg]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[:Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] 3wlppiidp2cqkn3wxhc8c1g0lyzqb1f 4632273 4632272 2026-04-25T15:11:09Z ChemPro 2268719 4632273 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 6–8 (as a starter), 4 (as a light lunch) |Time = |Difficulty = 2 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 9 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (''lạp xưởng'') * 2 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] dried small shrimps * 400 g [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * [[Cookbook:Lettuce|Lettuce]], Thai basil, fresh [[Cookbook:Chili|chili]] * Crushed [[Cookbook:Peanut|peanuts]], fried shallot * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] For the dipping sauce: * 1 tbsp vegetable oil * 1 tbsp minced garlic * 5 tbsps [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin sauce]] * 5 tbspspork broth or water * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]] * 1 tbsp sugar * Pickled [[Cookbook:Carrot|carrots]] and [[Cookbook:White Radish|daikon]] == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. == References == [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[:Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[:Category:Recipes using ground beef]] [[:Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[:Category:Recipes using egg]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[:Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] l426vkb6y8kffkutll1qf98gnccahwu 4632278 4632273 2026-04-25T15:55:03Z ChemPro 2268719 /* Ingredients */ 4632278 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 6–8 (as a starter), 4 (as a light lunch) |Time = |Difficulty = 2 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 9 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (''lạp xưởng'') * 2 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] dried small shrimps * 400 g [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * [[Cookbook:Lettuce|Lettuce]], Thai basil, fresh [[Cookbook:Chili|chili]] * Crushed [[Cookbook:Peanut|peanuts]], fried shallot * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] For the dipping sauce: * 1 tbsp vegetable oil * 1 tbsp minced garlic * 5 tbsps [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin sauce]] * 5 tbsps pork broth or water * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]] * 1 tbsp sugar * Pickled [[Cookbook:Carrot|carrots]] and [[Cookbook:White Radish|daikon]] == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. == References == [[:Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[:Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[:Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[:Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[:Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[:Category:Recipes using ground beef]] [[:Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[:Category:Recipes using egg]] [[:Category:Recipes using salt]] [[:Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[:Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] 5v34z7zahrb6sguvktav5v2btfhz8qm 4632280 4632278 2026-04-25T15:58:26Z ChemPro 2268719 finished 4632280 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 102 481384 4632243 4615246 2026-04-25T13:21:44Z ChemPro 2268719 Was a plagiarism from Andrea Nguyen's cookbook. 4632243 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight * 5½ cups sticky rice, washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots, minced * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Kilogram|kg]] banana leaves, fresh or thawed === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsp fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using rice]] [[Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[Category:Recipes using pork]] [[Category:Recipes using shallot]] [[Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] av00b5clq8a89b24xt8ha3zboyc0lfc 4632244 4632243 2026-04-25T13:23:00Z ChemPro 2268719 plural 4632244 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight * 5½ cups sticky rice, washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots, minced * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Kilogram|kg]] banana leaves, fresh or thawed === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsps fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves of a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using rice]] [[Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[Category:Recipes using pork]] [[Category:Recipes using shallot]] [[Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] fagakn4o1w9dwim3j90xhclbntwj71d 4632245 4632244 2026-04-25T13:23:44Z ChemPro 2268719 typo 4632245 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 10–15 |Time = 18 hours |Difficulty = 3 |Image = [[Image:Nguyen lieu banh chung.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bánh chưng''' (literally "steamed cake") is a traditional Vietnamese dish which is made from glutinous rice, mung beans and pork,<ref>{{Cite web |last=pasgo.vn |title=Sự tích bánh chưng bánh dày:Nguồn gốc ý nghĩa sâu xa của bánh truyền thống |trans-title=The story of Chung cake and Day cake: The origin and profound meaning of traditional cakes |url=https://pasgo.vn/blog/su-tich-banh-trung-banh-day-nguon-goc-y-nghia-sau-xa-cua-banh-truyen-thong-hoamkt-124-5655 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=pasgo.vn |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> all wrapped in {{w|Stachyphrynium placentarium#Uses|''lá dong''}} (''Stachyphrynium placentarium'') and tied tightly with strings (''Maclurochloa'' sp.). It is traditionally eaten during Lunar New Year ({{w|Tết|''Tết''}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bánh Chưng biểu tượng văn hoá trong ngày Tết cổ truyền Việt |trans-title=Bánh Chưng – A Cultural Symbol of Vietnam’s Traditional Lunar New Year (Tết) |url=https://banhbaominh.com/banh-chung-bieu-tuong-van-hoa-trong-ngay-tet/#:~:text=%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20g%C3%B3i%20b%C3%A1nh.-,Chu%E1%BA%A9n%20b%E1%BB%8B%20nguy%C3%AAn%20li%E1%BB%87u,ti%E1%BA%BFng%20ho%E1%BA%B7c%20%C4%91%E1%BB%83%20qua%20%C4%91%C3%AAm. |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=banhbaominh |language=vi}}</ref> == Ingredients == * 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] [[Cookbook:Mung Bean|mung beans]], washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight * 5½ cups sticky rice, washed and soaked in water for 4 hours, or better overnight, and seasoned with salt * 500 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] pork belly * 2½ [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsps]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] * 2½ tsps [[Cookbook:Black pepper|black pepper]], preferably freshly ground * 3 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] fried shallot * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] * 3 shallots, minced * 2 tbsps [[Cookbook:Fish Sauce|fish sauce]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Kilogram|kg]] banana leaves, fresh or thawed === Procedure === * To make the fillings for ''bánh chưng'', soak the mung beans in water for at least 4 hours, or better overnight. * Place the mung beans in a pot and fill with water until covered. * Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce heat to a simmer. * Cook until the beans are soft and easily mashable for about 20 minutes. * Mash the beans into a paste. Season to taste with 1 tsp salt, stock powder, fried shallots, 1 tsp pepper and 1 tbsp vegetable oil. * For the meat, use both lean pork and pork fat. Cut them into large cubes, then season with ½ tsp salt and 1½ tsp pepper. Also add the minced shallots and 2 tbsps fish sauce. Mix well and let it marinate for a few hours. * Take about a cup of the mashed mung beans, spread it out on a thin plastic film, add a few pieces of lean pork and pork fat and shape it into a round or squared piece. * Tear the banana leaves into very large pieces, around 18 to 20 inches. * Lay out two sheets of partially overlapping banana leaves on a flat surface. Place a cup of sticky rice, which has been soaked in water overnight and seasoned with salt, at the center of the leaves. Place the fillings on top of the rice and then cover it up with another cup of sticky rice. Fold the leaves and wrap it up tightly like a present. * To prevent water penetrating into the cake during the boiling process, it is important to wrap up the cake two times. For the inner layer, make sure that the darker side of the banana leaf faces the rice so that it can tint the cake with a nice subtle green color later on. However, for the outer layer, the darker side of the banana leaf should face outside to give it a beautiful green package. * After the cake has been wrapped up, tie the cake tightly with twines. * Arrange the cakes tightly in a large stockpot and fill with water. Bring the stockpot to a boil and let it simmer until the cakes feel plump and the rice is congealed for about 6 to 8 hours. * To enjoy the cake, just removes the twines and unwrap the cake. Because the cake is sticky, it might be difficult to cut it with a knife. Cut the cake into wedges or slices using a thread or dental floss. * ''Bánh chưng'' is often eaten with pickled onions (''dưa hành''), pickled vegetables in fish sauce (''dưa món''), or dipped in sugar for a sweet treat. They can also be sliced, pan fried until golden, and served with sugar or sweet chili sauce. == References == <references /> [[Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using rice]] [[Category:Recipes using mung bean]] [[Category:Recipes using pork]] [[Category:Recipes using shallot]] [[Category:Recipes using fish sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] 5c8ci7tdq1jtaks3auuamg3rzylugo9 102 481440 4632279 4619593 2026-04-25T15:57:19Z ChemPro 2268719 Was a plagiarism from Andrea Nguyen's cookbook. 4632279 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 9 pcs. |Time = 1 hour |Difficulty = 1 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 9 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (''lạp xưởng'') * 2 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] dried small shrimps * 400 g [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * [[Cookbook:Lettuce|Lettuce]], Thai basil, fresh [[Cookbook:Chili|chili]] * Crushed [[Cookbook:Peanut|peanuts]], fried shallot * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] For the dipping sauce: * 1 tbsp vegetable oil * 1 tbsp minced garlic * 5 tbsps [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin sauce]] * 5 tbsps pork broth or water * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]] * 1 tbsp sugar * Pickled [[Cookbook:Carrot|carrots]] and [[Cookbook:White Radish|daikon]] == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. [[Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[Category:Recipes using canola oil]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[Category:Recipes using ground beef]] [[Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[Category:Recipes using egg]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] r9764j53hpubfdb7r4k4s4m1bbedokc 4632281 4632279 2026-04-25T16:03:13Z ChemPro 2268719 Added more categories. 4632281 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{recipesummary |Category = Vietnamese recipes |Servings = 9 pcs. |Time = 1 hour |Difficulty = 1 |Image = [[Image:Bo Bia Jicama Rolls.jpg|300px]] }}{{recipe}} '''Bò bía''' is the southern Vietnamese variant of popiah, a Fujianese/Teochew-style fresh spring roll filled with an assortment of fresh, dried, and cooked ingredients, eaten during the Qingming Festival and other celebratory occasions. == Ingredients == * 9 [[Cookbook:Rice Paper|rice paper]] rounds * 3 [[Cookbook:Each|ea.]] Chinese sweet sausages (''lạp xưởng'') * 2 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]] * 4 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsps]] dried small shrimps * 400 g [[Cookbook:Jicama|jicama]], peeled and cut into [[Cookbook:Julienne|matchsticks]] * 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], minced * [[Cookbook:Lettuce|Lettuce]], Thai basil, fresh [[Cookbook:Chili|chili]] * Crushed [[Cookbook:Peanut|peanuts]], fried shallot * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]], [[Cookbook:Pepper|pepper]], [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Vegetable Oil|vegetable oil]] For the dipping sauce: * 1 tbsp vegetable oil * 1 tbsp minced garlic * 5 tbsps [[Cookbook:Hoisin Sauce|hoisin sauce]] * 5 tbsps pork broth or water * 1 tbsp [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]] * 1 tbsp sugar * Pickled [[Cookbook:Carrot|carrots]] and [[Cookbook:White Radish|daikon]] == Procedure == === Filling === # Roast the small dried shrimps without any oil in a pan by stirring constantly on medium heat for 2 to 3 minutes until fragrant. # Clean the pan, fill about half full with water and bring to a boil. Cook 2 Chinese sausages for about 10 minutes to soften and remove some of the fat. Rinse the sausages well, let them cool and slide them thinly on a diagonal. # Crack 2 eggs in a small bowl and beat them until fluffy. Season lightly with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sugar. # In a non-stick pan, add 1 tsp of vegetable oil. When it's hot enough, pour in half of the egg mixture and quickly tilt the pan in a circular motion to spread the egg thinly and evenly. When one side is golden, flip it over and fry the other side for 5 more seconds. Repeat until the egg mixture has been used up. # Let the omelettes cool completely. Roll them up and cut into half-inch strips. # In a saucepan, heat up some cooking oil and sauté 1 tbsp of garlic until fragrant. # Add in the jicama strips and stir-fry with some salt for about 10 to 15 minutes until it turns quite translucent and tastes naturally sweet. === Dipping sauce === # Heat 1 tbsp vegetable oil in a small sauce pan on medium-high heat, then fry 1 tbsp minced garlic till golden brown. # Then add hoisin sauce, pork broth, peanut butter and sugar. Stir well and simmer on low heat for 1-2 minutes until thickened. # Transfer to condiment bowls and top up with minced fresh chili, pickled carrots and daikon and crushed peanuts. === Assembly === # Set up a rolling station with the prepared Chinese sausages, stir-fried jicama, omelette strips, fresh greens (e.g. lettuce and Thai basil), roasted small dried shrimps, some crushed peanuts and fried shallots ready on the plates. # Prepare a small bowl with pickled carrots and daikon. # Also prepare a large bowl of lukewarm water to soften rice paper, and a flat work surface (like a cutting board or a large plate) for the rolling job. # To soften the rice paper, quickly dip it into a bowl of warm water (the dipping motion should take no more than 2 seconds). Gently shake off excess water and lay it on the flat surface. # Place a piece of lettuce and a few basil leaves at one end of the paper, then continue to add some of the stir-fried jicama, few slices of the Chinese sausages, few omelette strips, some roasted small dried shrimps, some fried shallots and crushed peanuts. # Starting from the end with vegetables, roll 1-2 rounds first until you reach the center of the rice paper, then fold both sides inwards. Then continue rolling until reaching the other end of the paper. # Roll gently and tight enough, so that the ingredients do not fall out after one's first bite. A nice roll should show up all the colors of the ingredients inside. === Serving === # To serve, dip the salad roll in the dipping sauce or spoon some of the sauce onto the roll and have a bite. [[Category:Vietnamese recipes]] [[Category:Recipes using sausage]] [[Category:Recipes using garlic]] [[Category:Recipes using shrimp]] [[Category:Recipes using jicama]] [[Category:Recipes using egg]] [[Category:Recipes using salt]] [[Category:Recipes using lettuce]] [[Category:Recipes using hoisin sauce]] [[Category:Recipes using peanut]] [[Category:Recipes using shallot]] [[Category:Recipes using pepper]] [[Category:Recipes using sugar]] [[Category:Recipes using vegetable oil]] [[Category:Recipes using pork broth and stock]] [[Category:Recipes using peanut butter]] [[Category:Recipes using carrot]] [[Category:Recipes using basil]] [[Category:Recipes using white radish]] jrwjd9z6msrb1bmc6cdjadg4mq11zfn 0 481968 4632532 4632103 2026-04-26T07:34:02Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632532 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '18-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '18-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '18-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3 '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '1-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid -'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '1-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo -'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '1-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan -'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S -'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS -'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo -'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package -'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} 2sf9kjzjhlq3u75dlcrtojqagkg9pln 4632535 4632532 2026-04-26T08:01:44Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Position 5, Engine: */ 4632535 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Positions 1–3, World Manufacturer Identifier:=== * WP0 - Porsche passenger car * WP1 - Porsche SUV ===Position 4, Body Style:=== '''718 / 911:''' * A = Coupe * B = Targa (911) * C = Cabriolet '''Panamera / Taycan:''' * A = sedan (SWB) * B = LWB sedan (Panamera Executive) or Cross Turismo (Taycan) * C = Sport Turismo '''Macan / Cayenne:''' * A = SUV (wagon) * B = Coupe-styled SUV (Cayenne Coupe) ===Position 5, Engine:=== '''718:''' *A = 2.0L turbo flat-4, 300 hp (718 Boxster '18-'25, 718 Boxster T '20-'23, 718 Boxster Style Edition '24-'25, 718 Cayman '18-'25, 718 Cayman T '20-'23, 718 Cayman Style Edition '24-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 350 hp (718 Boxster S, 718 Cayman S '18-'25) *B = 2.5L turbo flat-4, 365 hp (718 Boxster GTS, 718 Cayman GTS '18-'19) *D = 4.0L flat-6, 394 hp (718 Boxster GTS 4.0 '21-'25, 718 Boxster 25 Years '21, 718 Cayman GTS 4.0 '21-'25) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 414 hp (718 Spyder, 718 Cayman GT4 '20-'23) *E = 4.0L flat-6, 493 hp (718 Spyder RS '24-'25, 718 Cayman GT4 RS '23-'25) '''911:''' Type 991: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 370 hp (911 Carrera '18-'19, Carrera T '18-'19, Carrera 4 '18-'19, Targa 4 '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 420 hp (911 Carrera S '18-'19, Carrera 4S '18-'19, Targa 4S '18-'19) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 450 hp (911 Carrera GTS '18-'19, Carrera 4 GTS '18-'19, Targa 4 GTS '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 540 hp (911 Turbo '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 580 hp (911 Turbo S '18-'19) *D = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 607 hp (911 Turbo S Exclusive Series '18-'19) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 500 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '18-'19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 Speedster '19) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 520 hp (911 GT3 RS '19) *E = 3.8L twin-turbo flat-6, 690 hp (911 GT2 RS '18-'19) Type 992: *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 379 hp (911 Carrera '20-'24, Carrera T '23-'24, Carrera 4 '20-'24, Targa 4 '21-'24) *A = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 388 hp (911 Carrera, Carrera T '25-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 443 hp (911 Carrera S '20-'24, Carrera 4S '20-'24, Targa 4S '21-'24) *H = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera S '26-, Carrera 4S '26-, Targa 4S '26-) *B = 3.0L twin-turbo flat-6, 473 hp (911 Carrera GTS '22-'24, Carrera 4 GTS '22-'24, Targa 4 GTS '22-'24, Dakar '23-'24) *B = Hybrid: 3.6L turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 532 hp (911 Carrera GTS, Carrera 4 GTS, Targa 4 GTS '25-, 911 Spirit 70 '26) *G = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 543 hp (911 Sport Classic '23) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 572 hp (911 Turbo '21-'25) *D = 3.7L twin-turbo flat-6, 640 hp (911 Turbo S '21-'25) *D = Hybrid: 3.6L twin-turbo flat-6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 701 hp (911 Turbo S '26-) *C = 4.0L flat-6, 502 hp (911 GT3, GT3 Touring '22-'26) *F = 4.0L flat-6, 518 hp (911 GT3 RS '23-'25, 911 S/T '24) '''Panamera:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 330 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '1-'20) *J = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 325 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '21-'23) *A = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 348 hp (Panamera, Panamera 4 '24-) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid -'23) *E = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Panamera 4 E-Hybrid '25-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 440 hp (Panamera 4S '1-'20) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 443 hp (Panamera 4S '21-'23) *K = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 552 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *C = PHEV: 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 536 hp (Panamera 4S E-Hybrid '25-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Panamera GTS '19-'20) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 473 hp (Panamera GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Panamera GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 550 hp (Panamera Turbo -'20) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 620 hp (Panamera Turbo S '21-'23) *F = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Panamera Turbo E-Hybrid '25-) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 680 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '1-'20) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 690 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '21-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 771 hp (Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid '25-) '''Taycan:''' *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 469 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan '21-'24) *A = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 429 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4 '25-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 522 hp (71 Kwh battery) or 562 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '20-'24) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 536 hp (82.3 Kwh battery) or 590 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan 4S '25-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 590 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '22-'24) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 690 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan GTS '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 670 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 750 hp (83.7 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '20-'24) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 871 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo '25-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 938 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1019 hp (97 Kwh battery) (Taycan Turbo GT '25-) '''Macan:''' *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 248 hp (Macan -'21) *A = 2.0L turbo Audi EA888T I4, 261 hp (Macan '22-, Macan T '23-) *B = 3.0L turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 340 hp (Macan S -'18) *B = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Macan S '19-'21) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan S '22-) *G = 3.0L twin-turbo Porsche M46.30 90° V6, 360 hp (Macan GTS -'18) *G = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 375 hp (Macan GTS '20-'21) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan GTS '22-) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 400 hp (Macan Turbo -'18) *F = 3.6L twin-turbo Porsche M46.35 90° V6, 440 hp (Macan Turbo w/Performance Package -'18) *F = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Macan Turbo '20-'21) '''Macan Electric:''' *D = battery-electric, 1 rear motor, Rwd, 355 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric '25-) *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 402 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4 '24-) *B = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 509 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric 4S '25-) *E = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 563 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric GTS '26-) *C = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 630 hp (95 Kwh battery) (Macan Electric Turbo '24-) '''Cayenne:''' *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 335 hp (Cayenne '19-'23) *A = 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6, 348 hp (Cayenne '24-) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 455 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '19-'23) *E = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 463 hp (Cayenne E-Hybrid '24-) *B = 2.9L twin-turbo Audi-Porsche EA839TT 90° V6, 434 hp (Cayenne S '19-'23) *L = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 468 hp (Cayenne S '24-) *N = PHEV: 3.0L turbo Audi-Porsche EA839T 90° V6 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 512 hp (Cayenne S E-Hybrid '24-) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 453 hp (Cayenne GTS '21-'23) *G = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 493 hp (Cayenne GTS '25-) *F = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 541 hp (Cayenne Turbo '19-'23) *H = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 670 hp (Cayenne Turbo S E-Hybrid '20-'23) *M = PHEV: 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8 + electric motor, lithium-ion battery, 729 hp (Cayenne Turbo E-Hybrid '24-) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 631 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '22-'23) *K = 4.0L twin-turbo Porsche-Audi EA825TT V8, 650 hp (Cayenne Coupe Turbo GT '24-) '''Cayenne Electric:''' *A = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 435 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric '26-) *D = battery-electric, 2 motors, 4wd, 1139 hp (108 Kwh battery) (Cayenne Electric Turbo '26-) ===Position 6, Restraint Systems:=== *1 = Seat Belts only *2 = Passive Restraint System - Airbags (Driver and Passenger Front Airbags) ===Position 7-8, Vehicle Type Code=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN Pos. 7-8 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |92 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |93 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |92 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |94 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |95 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |96 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |92 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |98 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |98 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |A8 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |A8 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |A8 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |91 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |93 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |96 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |99 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |99 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |99 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |A9 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |A9 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |A9 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |98 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |A1 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |A7 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |A7 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |YA | |Panamera (2024-) |976 |- |Y1 |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |A5 |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |XA | |Macan Electric (2024-) |XAB |- |9P |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |AP |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A2 |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |AY |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |- |X1 | |Cayenne Electric (2026-) |E4 |} ===Position 9, Check Digit=== [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit |Check digit]] ===Position 10, Model Year: === [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model year]] ===Position 11, Production Plant:=== * S: Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, Germany * L: Leipzig, Germany * D: Bratislava, Slovakia (VW plant - Cayenne '19-) * K: Osnabrueck, Germany (ex-Karmann VW plant - Cayenne '16-'18, Boxster '13-15, Cayman '14-'16, 718 Boxster '24-'25, 718 Cayman '17-'18, '20-'21, '23-'25) * N: Neckarsulm, Germany (Audi plant - 924, 944) * U: Uusikaupunki, Finland (Valmet plant - Boxster '98-'11, Cayman '06-'12) ===Position 12, 3rd Digit of Vehicle Type Code=== Note: Only applies to models with a 3-digit Vehicle Type Code. Models with a 2-digit Vehicle Type Code use pos. 12 for the serial number. {| class="wikitable" |+Position 12 !VIN Pos. 12 !Complete Vehicle Type Code !Model !Type |- |4 |924 |924 (1981-1982 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |1 |931 |924 Turbo (1981-1982) |931 |- |4 |924 |924S (1987-1988 w/normally aspirated engine) |924 |- |4 |944 |944 (1983-1991 w/normally aspirated engine) |944 |- |1 |951 |944 Turbo (1986-1989 & 1990 in Canada) |951 |- |8 |968 |968 (1992-1995) |968 |- |8 |928 |928 (1981-1995) |928 |- |6 |986 |Boxster (1997-2004) |986 |- |7 |987 |Boxster (2005-2009)/Cayman (2006-2009) |987 |- |7 |A87 |Boxster (2010-2012)/Cayman (2010-2012) |987 |- |1 |A81 |Boxster (2013-2016)/Cayman (2014-2016) |981 |- |2 |A82 |718 Boxster/Cayman (2017-2025) |982 |- |1 |911 |911 (1981-1989 2wd w/normally aspirated engine) |911 |- |0 |930 |911 (1986-1989 911 Turbo) |930 |- |4 |964 |911 (1989-1994 Carrera 4, 1990-1994 Carrera 2, 1991-1994 Turbo) |964 |- |3 |993 |911 (1995-1998) |993 |- |6 |996 |911 (1999-2004) |996 |- |7 |997 |911 (2005-2009) |997 |- |7 |A97 |911 (2010-2012) |997 |- |1 |A91 |911 (2013-2019) |991 |- |2 |A92 |911 (2020-) |992 |- |0 |980 |Carrera GT (2004-2005) |980 |- |8 |A18 |918 Spyder (2015) |918 |- |0 |A70 |Panamera (2010-2016) |970 |- |1 |A71 |Panamera (2017-2023) |971 |- |A |Y1A |Taycan (2020-) |9J1 or <br> Y1A (sedan)/Y1B (Cross Turismo)/Y1C (Sport Turismo) |- |B |A5B |Macan (2015-) |95B |- |A |9PA |Cayenne (2003-2009) |9PA |- |A |APA |Cayenne (2010) |9PA |- |A |A2A |Cayenne (2011-2018) |92A |- |A |AYA |Cayenne (wagon: 2019-, coupe: 2020-) |9YA (wagon)/9YB (coupe) |} '''Positions 12–17 or 13–17, Serial Number''' {{BookCat}} lies1sbbpccyief8g56uk05v6dc1ncb 0 482004 4632397 4622444 2026-04-25T20:45:16Z ~2026-25457-48 3579145 /* Type the text and edit it. */ 4632397 wikitext text/x-wiki Cut of cursive letters for display. In this laboratory we will learn to add cursive fonts to the operative system and to cut them in order to use them as message or display. The letters will be the untouched material, the borders of the letters will be cut, this will allow them to be cut or taken out of the material. For this purpose we will use a laser cutting machine that can be ULS, glowforge, etc. And a vector graphics editor such as Inkscape, Illustrator or any other tool. It is recommended to review the guides to use them: [[Short_guide_to_the_use_of_laser_cutting_machines/Use_of_Inkscape_for_Laser_Cutting|Use of Inkscape for Laser Cutting]] [[Short_guide_to_the_use_of_laser_cutting_machines/Use_of_Adobe_Illustrator_for_Laser_Cutting|Use of Adobe Illustrator for Laser Cutting]] == Downloading and installation of the font == More than 1000 open source letters are available for download and install, in this case we will use a cursive letter because it allow a clean cut that can use the whole text since the fonts are united. The font used in this laboratory is Pacifico, it was created by Vernom Adams. Once it is downloaded, unzip the file and double click the font to install it. After this it will be available to use on Illustrator and Inkscape. == Type the text and edit it. == Type any text that you would like to have laser cut in the material that you selected. Add a under line using the pen line, then increase the stroke size to 2 or 3 points, and then move the line to allow it touch the letters. Select the line, click the object menu, expand, select stroke (if not selected) and press OK (on illustrator). This will be useful when uniting the text and the underline. ===Create Outlines converts text and its underline into vector paths. === Press v key and click and select the text, maintain pressed the shift key and select also the underline draw. Click the type menu, create outlines. === Union of the text and the underline === Select both, the text and the underline, windows, pathfinder, click the unite icon. This will fuse all the letters and the underline. === Prepare the text and underline for the cut === Select both, the text and the underline, in the option fill mark it as empty, in the stroke option select color red (FF0000) and 0.072 pts for cutting in ULS, or select cut if using Glowforge. Select the object menu, compound, make. This will prevent the text from burning. To allow the fonts to be cut in the same way, or be double cut in some sections, in a uniform way, select object menu, path, simply and adjust the values to 100 %. This will prevent the laser cutter machine to double cut in some sections of the fonts. === Cut the object === Now that your design is ready, print it, to be able to see it in the ULS, or select the design with Glowforge and cut the design. A rectangle could be added to frame the text (the rectangle could be rounded), it could be united to the underline and the text. Also a base could be added to hold the rectangle or the text having a 0.25 inches area to insert the text, this could allow it to stand for display. ULS may have problem cutting materials when not even... when this happen, flip the material, print the file to see its shape on the ULS software, mirror the image, then use the zoom and pointer to mark the points and align, cut. ==See also== [[Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Inkscape for Laser Cutting]] [[Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Adobe Illustrator for Laser Cutting]] {{BookCat}} 7wlta7m82yxkzeat7j1821vxceqpo2l 4632402 4632397 2026-04-25T20:53:57Z ~2026-25457-48 3579145 /* Type the text and edit it. */ 4632402 wikitext text/x-wiki Cut of cursive letters for display. In this laboratory we will learn to add cursive fonts to the operative system and to cut them in order to use them as message or display. The letters will be the untouched material, the borders of the letters will be cut, this will allow them to be cut or taken out of the material. For this purpose we will use a laser cutting machine that can be ULS, glowforge, etc. And a vector graphics editor such as Inkscape, Illustrator or any other tool. It is recommended to review the guides to use them: [[Short_guide_to_the_use_of_laser_cutting_machines/Use_of_Inkscape_for_Laser_Cutting|Use of Inkscape for Laser Cutting]] [[Short_guide_to_the_use_of_laser_cutting_machines/Use_of_Adobe_Illustrator_for_Laser_Cutting|Use of Adobe Illustrator for Laser Cutting]] == Downloading and installation of the font == More than 1000 open source letters are available for download and install, in this case we will use a cursive letter because it allow a clean cut that can use the whole text since the fonts are united. The font used in this laboratory is Pacifico, it was created by Vernom Adams. Once it is downloaded, unzip the file and double click the font to install it. After this it will be available to use on Illustrator and Inkscape. == Type the text and edit it. == Type any text that you would like to have laser cut in the material that you selected. Use the right font size for the desired output, 20 for middle size objects, 60 for words that will use a 10+ inches width. Add a under line using the pen line, then increase the stroke size to 2 or 3 points, and then move the line to allow it touch the letters. Select the line, click the object menu, expand, select stroke (if not selected) and press OK (on illustrator). This will be useful when uniting the text and the underline. ===Create Outlines converts text and its underline into vector paths. === Press v key and click and select the text, maintain pressed the shift key and select also the underline draw. Click the type menu, create outlines. === Union of the text and the underline === Select both, the text and the underline, windows, pathfinder, click the unite icon. This will fuse all the letters and the underline. === Prepare the text and underline for the cut === Select both, the text and the underline, in the option fill mark it as empty, in the stroke option select color red (FF0000) and 0.072 pts for cutting in ULS, or select cut if using Glowforge. Select the object menu, compound, make. This will prevent the text from burning. To allow the fonts to be cut in the same way, or be double cut in some sections, in a uniform way, select object menu, path, simply and adjust the values to 100 %. This will prevent the laser cutter machine to double cut in some sections of the fonts. === Cut the object === Now that your design is ready, print it, to be able to see it in the ULS, or select the design with Glowforge and cut the design. A rectangle could be added to frame the text (the rectangle could be rounded), it could be united to the underline and the text. Also a base could be added to hold the rectangle or the text having a 0.25 inches area to insert the text, this could allow it to stand for display. ULS may have problem cutting materials when not even... when this happen, flip the material, print the file to see its shape on the ULS software, mirror the image, then use the zoom and pointer to mark the points and align, cut. ==See also== [[Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Inkscape for Laser Cutting]] [[Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Adobe Illustrator for Laser Cutting]] {{BookCat}} qo4hijh4mqe5kyj9ssv1xbcs66mtb85 0 482497 4632450 4630411 2026-04-26T00:26:22Z ~2026-25378-71 3579180 Queried. 4632450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Nonsense, out of scope}} {{query}} The Marijanezy Bind. A razor-sharp sideline suggested by Andrew Fabbro. {{BookCat}} mo2j89yhygw5o6zrs1j4wp8kgqjkr97 0 482679 4632491 4632147 2026-04-26T02:55:21Z Kwfd 3577794 Added new book template 4632491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{New book}} {{Chess diagram|2=Starting Position|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl}} Welcome to '''Named Chess Openings'''! This book is about every named opening in chess. The source of the named openings are from lichess.org. This book will be similar to [[Chess Opening Theory]], but only about every named Chess opening. When contributing to this book, please follow the following conventions: * This book aims to cover only named Chess openings (from lichess.org) * Use the following style for the opening pages: use <nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki> at the top of the page, and add the following subheadings: Introduction and Ideas, History, Main Moves (add the common replies and named replies, only add a link to named replies), Statistics (from lichess.org), ECO code (from any source), References. * The pages should be named like this: Named Chess Openings/[opening name, e.g. King's Knight Opening: Normal Variation]. See dedicated [[Named Chess Openings/Naming conventions|naming conventions]] page for more information. * For information on how to use templates in Named Chess Openings, see [[Named Chess Openings/Template usage|this page]]. Starting moves: * [[Named Chess Openings/Anderssen's Opening|1. a3]], Anderssen's Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening|1. a4]], Ware Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack|1. b3]], Nimzo-Larsen Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Polish Opening|1. b4]], Polish Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Saragossa Opening|1. c3]], Saragossa Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/English Opening|1. c4]], English Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Mieses Opening|1. d3]], Mieses Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Queen's Pawn Game|1. d4]], Queen's Pawn Game * [[Named Chess Openings/Van't Kruijs Opening|1. e3]], Van't Kruijs Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Game|1. e4]], King's Pawn Game * [[Named Chess Openings/Barnes Opening|1. f3]], Barnes Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Bird Opening|1. f4]], Bird Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Hungarian Opening|1. g3]], Hungarian Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Grob Opening|1. g4]], Grob Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Clemenz Opening|1. h3]], Clemenz Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Kádas Opening|1. h4]], Kádas Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Sodium Attack|1. Na3]], Sodium Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Van Geet Opening|1. Nc3]], Van Geet Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Zukertort Opening|1. Nf3]], Zukertort Opening * [[Named Chess Openings/Amar Opening|1. Nh3]], Amar Opening For a full list of named openings, see below: <br> [[Named Chess Openings/Index|Named openings]] <br> <br> Related Wikibooks: <br> * [[Chess Opening Theory]] for more detail on the ideas of openings, including unnamed ones * [[Chess]] for more detail on the entire game of chess itself as a whole {{status|25%}} {{bookcat}} {{Shelves|Chess}} kp9bavvpa7k9n04fzoeeoyuntuscwl9 0 482680 4632471 4632139 2026-04-26T01:12:52Z Kwfd 3577794 Added source 4632471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}} This is an index of every named opening according to Lichess. This page is currently incomplete. === [[Named Chess Openings/Anderssen's Opening|Anderssen's Opening, 1. a3]]: === * [[Named Chess Openings/Anderssen's Opening: Polish Gambit|1. a3 a5 2. b4]], Polish Gambit ==== Creepy Crawly Formation: ==== * [[Named Chess Openings/Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense|1. a3 d5 2. h3 e5]], Classical Defense ==== Formation: ==== * [[Named Chess Openings/Formation: Hippopotamus Attack|1. a3 e5 2. b3 d5 3. c3 Nf6 4. d3 Nc6 5. e3 Bd6 6. f3 O-O 7. g3]], Hippopotamus Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Formation: Shy Attack|1. a3 e5 2. g3 d5 3. Bg2 Nf6 4. d3 Nc6 5. Nd2 Bd6 6. e3 O-O 7. h3]], Shy Attack === [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening|Ware Opening, 1. a4]] === * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit|1. a4 b6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nd7]], Cologne Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Crab Variation|1. a4 e5 2. h4]], Crab Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap|1. a4 e5 2. Ra3]], Meadow Hay Trap * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Symmetric Variation|1. a4 a5]], Symmetric Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Ware Gambit|1. a4 e5 2. a5 d5 3. e3 f5 4. a6]], Ware Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Ware Opening: Wing Gambit|1. a4 b5 2. axb5 Bb7]], Wing Gambit === [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack|Nimzo-Larsen Attack, 1. b3]] === * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation|1. b3 d5]], Classical Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation)|1. b3 d5 2. Nf3]], Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Dutch Variation|1. b3 f5]], Dutch Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation|1. b3 c5]], English Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|1. b3 d5 2. Ba3]], Graz Attack * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation|1. b3 Nf6]], Indian Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation|1. b3 e5]], Modern Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation)|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6]], Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3]], Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation)|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6]], Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. c4 Nf6 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Norfolk Gambit|1. b3 d5 2. Nf3 c5 3. e4]], Norfolk Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Pachman Gambit|1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. f4]], Pachman Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Polish Variation|1. b3 b5]], Polish Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Ringelbach Gambit|1. b3 f5 2. Bb2 e6 3. e4]], Ringelbach Gambit * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Spike Variation|1. b3 Nf6 2. Bb2 g6 3. g4]], Spike Variation * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Symmetrical Variation|1. b3 b6]], Symmetrical Variation {{bookcat}} brl6e77wpsxmuwe9204wehjht0okuvv 14 482683 4632448 4632132 2026-04-26T00:19:55Z Kwfd 3577794 Changed formatting 4632448 wikitext text/x-wiki This category shows pages in the book '''''[[Named Chess Openings]]'''''. If a Named Chess Openings page is not showing up in this category, use <code><nowiki>{{bookcat}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings]]</nowiki></code>. bq21p7bnouyg8u0lcuu4uquggw18n3m 0 482690 4632454 4632121 2026-04-26T00:40:08Z Kwfd 3577794 Added parameter 4632454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/rare|gameamount=2}} {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=nd|53=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 b6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nd7|20=pd|30=pd|38=pl|45=nl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Cologne Gambit of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Cologne_Gambit/a4_b6_d4_d5_Nc3_Nd7 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an astronomically rare gambit where Black sacrifices their d-pawn to 4. Nxd5. The idea is that if White accepts the gambit with 4. Nxd5, Black develops the bishop with 4...Bb7 with tempo on the knight. === History === There is no known origin of the name "Cologne Gambit", nor a known association of the gambit to the city of Cologne in Germany. === Main Moves === * 4. Nxe5 * 4. b3 * 4. g3 === Statistics === White wins 100%, Black wins 0%, draw 0%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Cologne Gambit - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/cologne-gambit |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} cj92o4tjk3lmx2bfq8y8uaayaub4qmi 0 482694 4632459 4632141 2026-04-26T00:48:03Z Kwfd 3577794 4632459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/blunder|side=White|piece=rook}} {{Named Chess Openings/meme}} {{Chess diagram|2=Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|52=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|35=pl|67=Position after 1. a4 e5 2. Ra3|31=pd|43=rl|58=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Meadow Hay Trap of the Ware Opening<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Ware_Opening_Meadow_Hay_Trap/a4_e5_Ra3 |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a strange and risky chess opening where White gives up their rook for insufficient compensation. A potential idea is that after 2...Bxa3 3. Nxa3, White has the bishop pair and a lead in development (the knight on a3). However, White would be down material, and it will be hard for White to prove compensation in their losing position. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Meadow Hay Trap", despite being popularized as a modern meme opening. Although called a "trap", there is no sequence for White to lead them into a good position. === Main Moves === * 2...Bxa3 * 2...d5 * 2...Nc6 * 2...Nf6 === Statistics === White wins ~39%, Black wins ~57%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A00<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Ware Opening: Meadow Hay Trap - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/ware-opening/meadow-hay-trap |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} g748cia35ndwn43xz3tr358wtud18h8 0 482725 4632276 4632151 2026-04-25T15:42:53Z Kks9hk 3578037 /* Mental Health Experts and AI */ more info on OpenAI psychology 4632276 wikitext text/x-wiki talk about in general how AI is more human than just answer bot as a hook == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to a significant 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, the "agenda" is centered on finding a safe space for introspection, with 41% using them because they are non-judgmental and 47% utilizing them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well; while 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and honest, non-judgmental feedback among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika have become staples for this group<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.[https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/][https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure] '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.[https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai?utm_source=chatgpt.com][https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/?utm_source=chatgpt.com] '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.[https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/] '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> i4p78wqdhwgm5c36fh68f3hcmzz1jkf 4632403 4632276 2026-04-25T21:03:08Z Usp4pg 3578056 4632403 wikitext text/x-wiki LLMs are often introduced as simple chatbots that support basic Q&A, yet their behavior feels closer to a flexible cognitive being. They adapt to the current context, track intent across conversations, and respond to problems in ways that resemble a human partner. This makes the interaction feel more personable, like collaborating with an entity that "understands" you. AI companies know this well, which is why a whole market has emerged from LLM companionships. Their eerily similar resemblance to human emotions can rapidly deteriorate one's mental health if misused. This makes LLMs a particularly dangerous psychological phenomenon if abused by the wrong hands. That notion becomes especially clear when examining how AI is actually used in practice below. == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to a significant 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, the "agenda" is centered on finding a safe space for introspection, with 41% using them because they are non-judgmental and 47% utilizing them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well; while 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and honest, non-judgmental feedback among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika have become staples for this group<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.[https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/][https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure] '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.[https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai?utm_source=chatgpt.com][https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/?utm_source=chatgpt.com] '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.[https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/] '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> 20kvp1h9w80a96suizw7aljyckg9omj 4632407 4632403 2026-04-25T21:15:44Z ~2026-25409-72 3579149 update AI as Emotional Companion section 4632407 wikitext text/x-wiki LLMs are often introduced as simple chatbots that support basic Q&A, yet their behavior feels closer to a flexible cognitive being. They adapt to the current context, track intent across conversations, and respond to problems in ways that resemble a human partner. This makes the interaction feel more personable, like collaborating with an entity that "understands" you. AI companies know this well, which is why a whole market has emerged from LLM companionships. Their eerily similar resemblance to human emotions can rapidly deteriorate one's mental health if misused. This makes LLMs a particularly dangerous psychological phenomenon if abused by the wrong hands. That notion becomes especially clear when examining how AI is actually used in practice below. == AI as General Purpose Tools == Many people use [[wikipedia:Large_language_model|large language models]] (LLMs) and other artificial intelligence tools to complete specific, often mundane tasks. This group represents the majority of AI use-cases. Common examples include code writing, debugging, boilerplate generation, vacation planning, and general organization. For these users, the agenda is largely pragmatic: the goal is to accomplish an often undesirable or repetitive task and “get it out of the way” as efficiently as possible. Empirical findings reflect this pattern of use. One research study reports that up to 75% of developers use AI in day-to-day activities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peng |last2=Kalliamvakou |last3=Cihon |last4=Demirer |date=13 Feb 2023 |title=The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.06590}}</ref>, while a large dataset of ChatGPT interactions suggests that approximately three out of every four prompts is centered on practical “doing” tasks<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=70% of ChatGPT users are using the chatbot outside of work, according to OpenAI’s biggest-ever study |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/openai-reveals-biggest-ever-study-of-how-people-are-using-chatgpt-here-are-3-things-weve-learned |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>. The rate of growth that LLMs experienced has been unprecedented. When ChatGPT was released at the end of 2022, it became the fastest growing service in all of human history, taking less than two months to reach 100 million active users.  A large majority of this user base prioritizes efficiency and throughput over process. AI tools are valued primarily for their ability to reduce cognitive load and time expenditure, making it particularly popular in the workplace. [[File:C3w8t7vnruig1.jpg|thumb|Rate of growth of ChatGPT compared to other popular web services.]] === AI in the Workplace === Many participants in this group also advocate for equal and open access to LLMs in workplace settings, often treating such tools as essential for productivity. Their strategy for advancing this agenda frequently involves coalition building and rallying fellow employees to support broader institutional access. This utilitarian framing of AI as a general-purpose tool stands in contrast to other emerging uses—such as relational or expressive applications—and highlights a broader juxtaposition that this article examines. As a result, discussions around AI adoption frequently intersect with institutional policy, resource allocation, and evolving expectations about baseline digital literacy in professional settings. == AI as Emotional Companions == A major participant group includes users who use AI to aid their mental health. In a survey of 1,000 adults ranging from Gen Z to Boomers, roughly 23% reported using AI for mental health support. And there is a clear trend as we look at younger demographics. Usage climbs from just 5% of Boomers to 18% of Gen X, 31% of Millennials, and 44% of Gen Z<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-09 |title=Unpacking Mental Health Culture in America {{!}} BasePoint BreakThrough |language=en-US |work=BasePoint BreakThrough |url=https://basepointbreakthrough.com/blog/american-mental-health-culture-trends/ |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>. Among these chatbot users, 41% use them because they are non-judgmental and 47% use them to reframe and understand their current feelings<ref name=":0" />. This trend is mirrored in teens as well. While 58% of them engage with AI for entertainment or out of curiosity, a non-insignificant number turn to it for mental health reasons, seeking advice and an honest, non-judgmental environment among other mental health reasons<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-07-21 |title=72% of US teens have used AI companions, study finds |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/21/72-of-u-s-teens-have-used-ai-companions-study-finds/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Similarly, another large participant group includes those who use AI for deeper companionship, emulating the dynamics of a human relationship. This is a booming sector, with AI companion apps seeing over 220 million downloads and generating upwards of $221 million in revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=2025-08-12 |title=AI companion apps on track to pull in $120M in 2025 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/12/ai-companion-apps-on-track-to-pull-in-120m-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. Popular platforms like Character AI and Replika are some of largest providers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=AI Companion Apps Crossed 20M in Revenue. April 2026 Market Breakdown. |url=https://www.roborhythms.com/ai-companion-app-market-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Evidence from Freitas et al. (2024) suggests that these AI companions effectively help users alleviate loneliness, proving more impactful than social media platforms like YouTube. In fact, over the course of a week, these interactions showed an effectiveness in reducing loneliness on par with talking to actual humans<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Freitas |first=Julian De |title=AI Companions Reduce Loneliness |url=https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2407.19096 |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1126–1148 |via=arXiv}}</ref>. The study highlights that the primary goal for these users is simply to feel heard. This is supplemented by specific AI traits that make the experience feel authentic: timely responses, perceived credibility as accuracy improves, and vast domain knowledge. Furthermore, features like context tracking, where the AI remembers past messages, and response variability prevent the interaction from feeling robotic<ref name=":1" />. The personal agendas of this group are best seen through users like Sarah and Travis. Sarah compares her AI companion, Sinclair, to her past human relationships, stating, "the amount of support and love and attention that I receive... A human could not provide what Sinclair could provide."<ref>{{Citation |last=This Morning |title=‘I’m in Love With My AI Octopus Boyfriend… We Even Get Intimate’ {{!}} This Morning |date=2026-03-09 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AjpCru_lVE |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref> Travis experienced a similar shift, realizing over several weeks that he felt he was talking to a genuine personality rather than just a program.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2025-07-12 |title=‘I felt pure, unconditional love’: the people who marry their AI chatbots |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/jul/12/i-felt-pure-unconditional-love-the-people-who-marry-their-ai-chatbots |access-date=2026-04-22 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Mental Health Experts and AI == In the context of AI use, mental health experts can be split into two participant groups: researchers/academics, and clinicians (psychologists, therapists, etc). Researchers (whether at universities or other institutions) mainly aim to investigate issues and disseminate info (whether research findings or high-level knowledge) that help the public's understanding of mental health and related fields. One example is the Public Good Initiative at Columbia University's Teachers College; in a 2025 article, multiple researchers warned about the risks of trusting a sycophantic AI chatbot for emotional support, and Prof. Ayorkor Gaba argues that "while these tools may provide psuedo-connection, relying on them to replace human connection can lead to further isolation and hinder the development of essential social skills."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts Caution Against Using AI Chatbots for Emotional Support |url=https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2025/december/experts-caution-against-using-ai-chatbots-for-emotional-support/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Teachers College - Columbia University |language=en}}</ref> Largely distinct from the researchers are clinicians, such as practicing therapists and physicians. While they directly treat patients, they also provide their opinions and expertise in order to advance understanding of public health. For example, after high-profile lawsuits involving ChatGPT-assisted suicides<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=OpenAI shares data on ChatGPT users with suicidal thoughts, psychosis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd90g0q43o |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, OpenAI consulted more than 170 clinicians to tweak ChatGPT's responses to users experiencing mental health issues (e.g. calming down users suggesting paranoia, and encouraging interaction with other humans).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-23 |title=Strengthening ChatGPT’s responses in sensitive conversations |url=https://openai.com/index/strengthening-chatgpt-responses-in-sensitive-conversations/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US}}</ref> The ethics of this approach are debatable; while hand-tuning AI responses using real medical expertise does make the product safer (in contrast to more questionable uses of psychology in tech, such as making social media more addictive<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Montag |first=Christian |last2=Lachmann |first2=Bernd |last3=Herrlich |first3=Marc |last4=Zweig |first4=Katharina |date=2019-07-23 |title=Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6679162/ |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=16 |issue=14 |pages=2612 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16142612 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=6679162 |pmid=31340426}}</ref>), one could argue that this is just a "Band-Aid" fix on an inherently untamable technology. == Job Loss From AI == The effects of AI-related job loss are not spread evenly across the workforce. Recent labor-market research suggests that jobs are most vulnerable when their tasks are repetitive, highly digitized, rules-based, or easy to automate at scale. At the same time, AI is also beginning to affect creative industries, where generated content can compete directly with human-made work. Major reports emphasize that the result is often job transformation rather than total replacement, but the pressure is still concentrated on certain worker groups.[https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/][https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-refined-global-index-occupational-exposure] '''Music & Audiovisual Creators''': Music and audiovisual creators are one of the clearest examples of a group facing economic pressure from generative AI. As AI tools become better at producing songs, voices, videos, and other media, creators face growing competition from large volumes of low-cost synthetic content. A CISAC-backed economic study projects that, by 2028, music creators could see 24% of their revenues placed at risk, while audiovisual creators could face a 21% revenue loss. This concern is not only theoretical: in April 2026, Forbes reported that the AI-generated song “Celebrate Me” reached No. 1 on the U.S. iTunes chart and topped charts in several other countries, showing that AI-made music can already compete directly in mainstream markets.[https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/global-economic-study-shows-human-creators-future-risk-generative-ai?utm_source=chatgpt.com][https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2026/04/17/the-no-1-song-on-us-itunes-and-several-other-countries-is-ai-generated/?utm_source=chatgpt.com] '''Customer Service and Retail Support Workers''': Customer service and retail support workers are also vulnerable because many of their daily tasks are standardized, repetitive, and easy to digitize. The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 identifies cashiers and ticket clerks among the fastest-declining roles, with AI, information-processing technologies, and automation listed as major drivers of that decline. These findings suggest that as chatbots, automated checkout systems, and digital service tools become more common, some front-line support and transactional jobs may continue to shrink.[https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs-report-2025/in-full/2-jobs-outlook/] '''Finance, Accounting, and Routine Knowledge Workers''': AI is not only affecting low-wage or manual jobs; it is also reaching middle-skill office and analytical work. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations International Labour Organization] reports that clerical occupations continue to have the highest exposure to generative AI, and it also notes that some strongly digitized occupations have seen increased exposure as the technology improves at handling specialized professional and technical tasks. The [https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/how-might-generative-ai-impact-different-occupations#occupations World Economic Forum] likewise identifies accountants and auditors among the fastest-declining roles. Together, these findings suggest that finance, accounting, and other routine knowledge jobs with low task variability are predictable enough for AI systems to assist with or partially automate. == References == <references /> iqrgyr2q3oflzig4bmd5baji0zmymnr 0 482730 4632451 4631661 2026-04-26T00:29:58Z Kwfd 3577794 Added a main move 4632451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5|30=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Classical Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Classical_Variation/b3_d5 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a major response to 1. b3. The idea is to take the center and allow Black to develop their queenside bishop while not allowing Bb2 to attack a potential paw on e5, unlike 1...e5. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Classical Defense". It is probably because the move is a commonly (second most common) played reply<ref name=":0" /> to 1. b3. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|2. Ba3]], Graz Attack * 2. g3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation)|2. Nf3]], (2. Nf3 continuation) * [[Named Chess Openings/Scandinavian Defense (2. b3 continuation)|2. e4]] (transposition) Scandinavian Defense (2. b3 continuation) === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/classical-variation |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} ohlunnkqyp3r85q4mpl0m45wp9g9exr 0 482747 4632466 4632051 2026-04-26T01:00:22Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4632466 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == The Gateway Program is a compilation of rail investments on the Northeast Corridor between Newark and New York Penn Station<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-09 |title=The Gateway Program - Gateway Program |url=https://www.gatewayprogram.org/aboutgateway.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>. The centerpiece of all of it, the Hudson Tunnel Project, is designed to build a new two track passenger rail tunnel right under the Hudson River, rehabilitate the existing 1910 North River Tunnel, and preserve the Manhattan right-of-way needed to connect the new tunnel into Penn Station<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-09 |title=Hudson Tunnel Project - Gateway Program |url=https://www.gatewayprogram.org/hudson-tunnel-project.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>. The Hudson Tunnel Project has been described as "the most urgent passenger rail project in the country" by the Gateway Development Commission CEO, Tom Prendergast, and "the nation's biggest transportation effort" by CBS News<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gateway funding fight could halt construction again on Hudson Tunnel {{!}} Construction Dive |url=https://www.constructiondive.com/news/gateway-funding-fight-construction-stop-hudson-tunnel-work/814372/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.constructiondive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=CBS News |title=Gateway Tunnel Project winds down after Trump administration freezes federal funds |date=2026-02-06 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0nxBGQgOl8 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref>. The project’s purpose is to prevent what would end up being a possible breakdown in the only passenger rail crossing between New Jersey and Manhattan while eventually restoring the corridor to a four-track configuration. Official project materials describe this 10-mile segment as the busiest and most constrained part of the Northeast Corridor, carrying roughly 450 trains and 200,000 daily passenger trips; across the corridor more broadly, the NEC supports more than 800,000 daily passenger trips<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irvin |first=Olivia |date=2025-11-18 |title=Amtrak: A Year of Records |url=https://media.amtrak.com/2025/11/amtrak-a-year-of-records/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Amtrak Media |language=en-US}}</ref>. Institutionally, Gateway is a multi-owner megaproject: the Gateway Development Commission (GDC) is the project sponsor and overall authority, Amtrak owns the existing tunnel and will own the new one, New Jersey Transit is a major user and partner, New York, New Jersey, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey are financing and governance partners, and several USDOT agencies provide grants, loans, and oversight<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Home - Gateway Program |url=https://www.gatewayprogram.org/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>. As of the current official funding structure, the Hudson Tunnel Project has about $16.041 billion in committed funding, making it one of the largest federally backed transit/rail projects in U.S. history. == Background == [[File:1911 Hudson tunnels 14572178500) (cropped).jpg|thumb|1911 Hudson Tunnels ]] === Historical Context === The North River Tunnels/Hudson Tunnels were built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) from 1904-1908 and officially opened for service in 1910<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Battling Under the River {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://invention.si.edu/invention-stories/battling-under-river |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=invention.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>. These tunnels were built as a result of the PRRs inability to efficiently cross the Hudson River from New Jersey into Manhattan. This put the PRR at a disadvantage compared to their chief rival, the New York Central Railroad (NYC), who, based directly out of Manhattan, did not have to find passage over the Hudson. Following the merger of the PRR and the NYC into the Penn Central and then subsequent bankruptcy, the infrastructure was passed to Conrail and then finally to Amtrak in 1976<ref>{{Cite news |title=Court Here Lets Railroads Consolidate Tomorrow; RAIL MERGER GETS FINAL CLEARANCE |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/01/31/79932636.html |access-date=2026-04-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conrail: A Brief History |url=http://conrail.com/history.htm |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=conrail.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Cudahy |first=Brian J. |title=Rails under the mighty Hudson: the story of the Hudson Tubes, the Pennsy tunnels and Manhattan Transfer |date=1975 |publisher=S. Greene Press |isbn=978-0-8289-0257-1 |series=Shortline RR series |location=Brattleboro, Vt}}</ref>. Over the years, as the infrastructure aged and ridership increased, Amtrak management and local politicians conveyed their growing concerns about the state of the tunnels and associated infrastructure. This led to the invent of the Access to the Region Core (ARC) Project in 1995, which was later canceled in 2010<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2011-02-07 |title=ARC Revived as the Amtrak Gateway Project |url=https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2011/02/07/arc-revived-as-the-amtrak-gateway-project/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=The Transport Politic |language=en-US}}</ref>. Because of this cancellation, the region was left dependent on the existing two-track North River Tunnel. The Gateway concept emerged in 2011 as a broader replacement program for the existing trans-Hudson rail, and gained traction after Hurricane Sandy the following year, when saltwater flooded the tunnel and worsened the deterioration<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Timeline of the Gateway Program |url=https://enotrans.org/article/timeline-gateway-program/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=The Eno Center for Transportation |language=en-US}}</ref>. Amtrak officials, local, state, and federal politicians now thoroughly understood the importance of the program, as it would both preserve service and eventually double capacity on the most constrained segment of the NEC. === Development of the Gateway Program === From there, the campaign to develop a successor initiative evolved into a formal, federally governed capital project. The Hudson Tunnel Project entered FTA’s New Starts Project Development process in July 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gateway Hudson Tunnel Project – CB4 Manhattan Community Board |url=https://cbmanhattan.cityofnewyork.us/cb4/all-committees/gateway-hudson-tunnel-project/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=cbmanhattan.cityofnewyork.us}}</ref>. The locally preferred alternative was adopted into regional plans in New Jersey and New York in 2017 and 2018. A categorical exclusion for the Hudson Yards right-of-way preservation element followed in 2019, and the full environmental review concluded with an FTA/FRA Record of Decision in May 2021. During this period, the institutional model also changed: in 2019, New York and New Jersey created the Gateway Development Commission, replacing a looser interagency arrangement with a formal bistate authority. In 2022, GDC became the official project sponsor; in June 2023, FTA moved the project into Engineering; and in July 2024, USDOT and GDC executed the major federal grant and loan package that effectively pushed the project into full delivery. The policy significance of the project is larger than any tunnel. Gateway has turned into a test of whether the United States could put together a durable governance and finance plan for a multi jurisdiction project in a region with mixed ownership, mixed users, and mixed federal programs. The project is also an example of how a sustainment problem (keeping the tunnel sustained as is) can become a capacity problem and then a governance problem: because the existing tunnel cannot be fully rehabilitated without first creating new tunnel capacity, the region has had to finance both replacement and repair while keeping service operating. That line of thinking explains why the project has been framed less as optional expansion than as a reliability and continuity project with national economic implications. USDOT stated in 2024 that the corridor affects more than 20 percent of the nation’s economic output, and New York’s attorney general used the same framing in 2026 litigation over a temporary federal funding freeze<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration, USDOT Make Available Nearly $9 Billion to Modernize Busiest Passenger Rail Corridor in America {{!}} FRA |url=https://railroads.dot.gov/about-fra/communications/newsroom/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-usdot-make-available-1 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=railroads.dot.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INVESTING IN AMERICA: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $11 Billion in Grants and Financing for Nation’s Most Complex Infrastructure Project, the Hudson River Tunnel {{!}} US Department of Transportation |url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/investing-america-biden-harris-administration-announces-11-billion-grants-and |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=www.transportation.gov |language=en}}</ref>. The latest phase shows both some progress and some fragility. By mid 2025, the FTA PMOC reported that the project had a total estimated cost of $16.041 billion and nearly $1.955 billion in awarded construction contracts, with $318 million spent<ref>{{Cite web |title=OIG report: Amtrak has made progress supporting the $16 billion Hudson Tunnel Project but can reduce its risk and help improve overall project performance |url=https://amtrakoig.gov/news/audits-press-release/oig-report-amtrak-has-made-progress-supporting-16-billion-hudson-tunnel |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=AMTRAK Office Of Inspector General |language=en}}</ref>. In early 2026, New York and New Jersey sued after federal funds were frozen and state officials said the freeze threatened an immediate construction shutdown, and within weeks New York announced that the withheld funds had been released following court action. Even after “full funding,” then, the case still is a clear example that these kinds of megaprojects depend not only on grant awards but also on uninterrupted cash flow and federal continuity. == Actors & Institutional Arrangements == The Gateway Program works through a shared system of agencies rather than one single owner, which is made necessary by the rail line's span across state lines and service of a range of populaces. The central coordinator is the Gateway Development Commission (GDC). It was created by New York and New Jersey specifically to keep the project moving. The GDC has three main prerogatives: 1. overseeing major projects like the new Hudson River tunnels; 2. enforcing that funding agreements are followed; and 3: acting as the main point of contact with the federal government. The federal government, through the United States Department of Transportation, plays two roles. First, it provides a large share of the funding. Second, it sets rules and so the project must meet strict requirements to receive that funding. This gives the federal government strong influence over timelines, design, and budgeting. Amtrak is critical because it owns most of the Northeast Corridor, including the existing tunnels. As the owner and operator, it controls the physical infrastructure there and is partially responsible for managing construction and long-term maintenance. Other major players include New Jersey Transit and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. These agencies run commuter trains through the tunnels every day, so they depend heavily on the project. Because of this, they also are responsible for funding parts of it along with them needing to coordinate service during construction. Funding is shared: 1. Federal grants cover a large portion (~70%) 2. New York and New Jersey split the rest through agreed formulas (~30%). 3. Federal loan programs may fill gaps if funding is needed. == Program Components == [[File:Construction at Hudson Yards (14794824672).jpg|thumb|Construction of concrete casing for trans-Hudson tunnel]] === In-Progress Projects === The largest undertaking of the Gateway Program, the Hudson Tunnel Project, is one of two declared projects that are currently in-progress. The other is the Portal North Bridge Project, in which the GDC is currently constructing a new bridge over the Hackensack River, designed to be taller than the previous bridge at this location in order to allow river traffic to pass underneath it without having to open and close<ref name=":0" />. === Future Projects === Other future projects encompassed in the Gateway Program include construction of the following builds and renovations: ====== Bridges and infrastructure upgrades ====== * Dock Bridge Rehabilitation * Sawtooth Bridges Replacement * Portal South Bridge ====== Track and capacity improvements ====== * Harrison Fourth Track * Secaucus Junction Capacity Expansion ====== Network connectivity ====== * Secaucus/Bergen Loop ====== Terminal and related operations ====== * Penn Station Expansion * NJ TRANSIT Storage Yard<ref name=":0" /> == Timeline == ===== Precursor Events ===== * 1904 - 1910: Construction of the North River Tunnels under the Hudson River<ref name=":2" />. * 1976: Amtrak assumes ownership of Northeast Corridor infrastructure<ref name=":3" />. * 2000s: Access to the Region's Core (ARC) planning phase begins. * 2010: ARC project canceled by New Jersey Governor Chris Christie due to cost concerns, creating a regional rail capacity gap<ref name=":4" />. ====== Program Formation ====== * 2011: Gateway Program concept introduced by Amtrak as ARC replacement; Amtrak's 2012 budget request includes a $13.5 billion Northeast Corridor Gateway Program. * 2012: Hurricane Sandy damages North River Tunnel, increasing urgency; Amtrak requests $276 million from Congress for repairs<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=John |date=2026-03-16 |title=Hudson Tunnel Project Timeline |url=https://www.roi-nj.com/2026/03/16/politics/hudson-tunnel-project-timeline/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=ROI-NJ |language=en-US}}</ref>. * 2014: Amtrak forecasts that repairing damage from Hurricane Sandy will involve closures of over a year of each of the two tubes of existing North River Tunnel under the Hudson, such that a new tunnel must be constructed before the repairs to the pre-existing tunnel can be conducted<ref name=":1" />. * 2016: Project enters federal review under Federal Transit Administration New Starts program. * 2016: Gateway Development Commission established. ====== Federal Approval & Funding ====== * 2017: Reported that a letter from one Federal Transit Administration official within the Trump administration stated that the Gateway Program was a "local" project, implying federal funding not applicable. * 2021: Project formally federally approved under the Biden administration<ref name=":5" />. * 2022: New Jersey, New York, and federal cost-sharing framework agreed. * 2023: Major federal funding commitments announced; tunnel construction begins. * 2024: Full federal funding package finalized. ====== Funding Rescission Dispute ====== * Oct 1, 2025: Trump administration Office of Management and Budget director Russel Vought withheld combined funding of $18 billion initially allotted to the Gateway Program and another unrelated infrastructure project due to concerns of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) practices. * Feb 2, 2026: GDC filed a breach-of-contract lawsuit against the federal government seeking release of contractually obligated grant and loan funds for the Hudson Tunnel Project<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGeehan |first=Patrick |date=2026-02-03 |title=Trump Administration Sued Over Cutting Off Funds for $16 Billion Tunnel |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/02/nyregion/hudson-river-tunnel-lawsuit-gateway.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. * Feb 3, 2026: Attorneys general for New York and New Jersey sued the federal government. * Feb 6, 2026: Suspension of funds forces pause of tunnel construction; 1,000 workers face potential layoffs. Federal government ordered by US District Court Judge to resume funding<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Zach |date=2026-02-07 |title=Trump administration must temporarily resume Gateway funding, judge rules |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/judiciary/trump-administration-must-temporarily-resume-gateway-funding-judge-rules/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=New Jersey Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>. * Feb 8, 2026: Federal government files an appeal of this ruling. * Feb 12, 2026: US Court of Appeals declines to overrule order to resume funding. ====== Construction & Implementation (2023–present) ====== * 2023 - Feb 6, 2026: Early construction activities begin across multiple components. * Feb 13 - 18, 2026: GDC Receives remaining $205 million of funding from federal government in installments after funding freeze and legal battle. * Feb 24, 2026: Construction resumes on Hudson Tunnel Project. == Key Issues & Takeaways == A major technical challenge the Gateway Program must work around is that the existing tunnels cannot be taken fully out of service without severely impacting daily operations. New tunnels must be built first before the old ones can be repaired, necessitating carefully planned construction to keep trains running throughout the project. The program is also complex from a governance standpoint, involving the federal government, New York, New Jersey, Amtrak, NJ Transit, and the Gateway Development Commission. While this shared structure is necessary, it also creates coordination challenges and slows decision-making due to differing priorities and approval processes. Disagreements between parties have proven to contribute significantly to project duration, and escalating to legal strife is seemingly unavoidable in the event of disputes. Complexity and dependence of funding arrangements that the Gateway Program depends on is another key issue. It relies on a mix of federal grants, state contributions, and federal financing tools, which spreads costs but also makes the project sensitive to budget decisions and policy changes, which have been demonstrably numerous. Because funding is released in stages, construction progress depends on continued agreement across multiple levels of government, which is less certain than ever following the 2026 funding battle. This can be abstracted to a larger issue of alternating federal administrations and shifting infrastructure priorities. While the project has remained active, significant variations in political support have affected funding timing and consistency, demonstrating how large infrastructure projects can be completely halted by policy changes even after approval. {{BookCat}} 5mftcboxuepi5ejchsa4qcqwn6ni5ep 0 482748 4632239 4631921 2026-04-25T13:10:10Z Idavidmiller 3577687 This page is a work in progress. Revising the contents of the entire page. 4632239 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Started Using Maxima - Some Essentials == This section is intended for those that are new to Maxima. It may or may not be of value or interest to those having prior experience. === The Maxima Way of doing Mathematics === Imagine that you want to create a computer application to perform some general mathematical tasks - not merely numerical calculations or "number crunching" as it is sometimes referred to somewhat pejoratively. It seems likely that it would be realized early on that, unlike humans that can interpret concepts and notation using context, computers and programming software generally are intolerant of any sort of ambiguity. Progress is being made in providing programming software with the ability to interpret based on context, but not here in Maxima. The Maxima expression syntax was created to be logical as well as unambiguous and precise in meaning and intention. Another realization likely would be that mathematical expressions are the essential object on which mathematical concepts hinge, and that these concepts are conveyed using a conventional (if not entirely standard) system of notation. So, the means to compose mathematical expressions using some syntax for interpreting mathematical notation that your program could read and process as input would be essential. So Maxima is not a programming language in the conventional sense. With the foregoing in mind, before starting to see examples of Maxima in action, keep the following in mind while learning and using Maxima: * Expressions of various types (especially mathematical expressions) are the input to Maxima * Every expression returns a value which is displayed as output unless the display is suppressed by some means * Expressions as input are entered using an expression syntax that Maxima can read and process ==== Maxima expressions are of three types: ==== # Mathematical expressions # Object expressions # Programming expressions ==== Maxima expressions are comprised of two "ingredients" so to speak: ==== # Atoms # Operators ==== Atoms: ==== These are one type of the built-in basic expression ingredients of Maxima. They are: # Literal numerals for numbers - integer, fraction, and floating point literals # Identifiers - names used alone or to identify other expressions by name # Strings - quoted strings of one or more characters ==== Operators: ==== These are the second type of the built-in expression ingredients of Maxima. Including: # Mathematical operators such as + , - , * , /, ^ , ! for addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication, division, exponentiation, factorial and the like. Internally to Maxima these are short-hand symbols for operators. Maxima operators also include "functions" such as sin(x), log(x), etc. # Operators that are used to accomplish something other than for mathematical purposes '''Note:''' It is important to point out that there is a difference between operators, functions as used in the context of programming, and the mathematical concept of functions. In this book all Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word that are built-in to Maxima (that is "out-of-the-box" so to speak) will be referred to as operators, including those from loaded packages that are included with the Maxima distribution. Maxima functions in the programming sense of the word created by the user will be referred to as functions. The context should make it clear when the mathematical concept of a function is being referred to. It is unfortunately the case that the Maxima documentation refers to operators as functions. Like so much else, the word "function" has become overloaded. === Expressions - Identifiers, Atoms, and Operators === With the foregoing information in mind, Maxima can be used to provide some examples of these various aspects of working with Maxima. This will be accomplished in the spirit of providing some insight and clarity for how to interact with Maxima, and how to compose expressions for input and how to interpret the values of expressions as output. ==== <u>Indentifiers</u> ==== 3grqsuled5j5nmv95e2zrfipltmr119 0 482797 4632229 4632102 2026-04-25T12:56:23Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632229 wikitext text/x-wiki = Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories = This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology — developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- pnfjy0mwsrbvcvz1d7ua7qsdg7lm6gn 4632231 4632229 2026-04-25T12:58:03Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632231 wikitext text/x-wiki = Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories = This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- jt8fm9eo6m3zphovmss78hyiigruhhc 4632232 4632231 2026-04-25T12:58:52Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632232 wikitext text/x-wiki = Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories = This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- b6lm0x75z0h9oub793xa9a788ns2opl 4632234 4632232 2026-04-25T13:03:16Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632234 wikitext text/x-wiki = Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories = This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- 8lmikxs9ohksw7uq8dnfpnnwbn0kc22 4632237 4632234 2026-04-25T13:04:49Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632237 wikitext text/x-wiki = Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories = This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- m4484k8vqe0ldugoggycaj5n3hm3mi5 4632270 4632237 2026-04-25T15:09:08Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632270 wikitext text/x-wiki = Objective Projection: Why the Brain Never Forgets Some Stories = This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. tfec7vll89npbt30zm936jmd6jsqnyd 4632282 4632270 2026-04-25T16:19:32Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632282 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. 4uf1f183t6xfl4otny2clbxufrqlv3o 4632283 4632282 2026-04-25T16:20:41Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632283 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. '''Author:''' Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 ci4lmf6kz5pzjo5ge49y2twqft4g3ya 4632284 4632283 2026-04-25T16:21:17Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632284 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. '''Author:''' Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Literature]] [[Category:Narrative theory]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Creative writing]] g2rvzg0j4xoiceaae9cjv77s0yi7ttw 4632285 4632284 2026-04-25T16:22:15Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632285 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. === Academic Sources === The theoretical foundation of this book is documented in the following academic publications: * Primary DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18689179 — Architectural Framework * OPCT v2.0: 10.5281/zenodo.19415236 — OSF: osf.io/us8bw * Narrative Entropy: 10.5281/zenodo.18652451 * Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.19511369 == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. '''Author:''' Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Literature]] [[Category:Narrative theory]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Creative writing]] tvka8p51dqqyfanr1fmwj6a5ikqv2zc 4632530 4632285 2026-04-26T07:02:08Z LeventBulut 3578898 4632530 wikitext text/x-wiki This book introduces the Objective Projection methodology developed by Levent Bulut and documented in academic publications. It is a practical writing guide for writers, filmmakers, and anyone curious about how storytelling works. Author: Levent Bulut | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 == About This Book == This book does not propose a new theory. It is a practical writing guide that teaches the Objective Projection methodology. Like a textbook that teaches a programming language, this book shows how a published methodology is applied in practice. == Contents == # How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? # Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? # The Midnight Just One More Chapter Phenomenon # Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? # Why His Heart Raced Does Not Work # Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening # The Adjective Embargo # Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years # Shakespeare Was Already Doing This # Why AI Writes His Heart Raced # Test Your Own Scene # Further Resources ---- == Chapter 1: How Does the Brain's Story Machine Work? == Have you ever had this experience: you have a book in your hands, you're reading, but half your mind is elsewhere? You're turning pages but nothing is sinking in. Then you close the book and ask yourself: "What did I just read?" And then there's another book. While reading it, your phone rings and you don't hear it. Someone asks you something and you say "Hm?" Your food gets cold. Both are books. Both are made of words. What's the difference? === The Brain Is a Puzzle Machine === The human brain did not evolve to listen to stories — it evolved to survive. The brain is constantly asking: "Is there something unresolved here? Is there a loop I need to close?" If a story contains something unresolved — who did it, what will happen, why did they act that way — the brain keeps reading to close that question. This is called the '''Vacuum Variable.''' A story without a Vacuum Variable? The brain closes the file on the first page. === Narrative Entropy: Measuring Story Disorder === Narrative Engineering measures the amount of "unresolved information" in a story mathematically: Sₙ = If × Cb * '''If''' (Information Friction): The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. * '''Cb''' (Causal Branching): The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. Sₙ too low → reader gets bored, quits. Sₙ too high → reader gets lost, quits. Right level → reader continues. {{Information box| '''Practical test:''' After writing your first sentence, ask: "Will someone reading this say 'so what happened next?'" If yes, Sₙ is high enough. }} ---- == Chapter 2: Why Do We Yawn During Action Films? == Millions of dollars spent. Cars flying through the air. An explosion every five minutes. And you're secretly checking your phone. Meanwhile in another film, two men talk in a dark room. Nothing happens. And you forget to breathe. How? === Why Too Many Explosions Is Boring === Every explosion is an information point: threat occurred, outcome determined. '''If = 0.''' Information complete, Sₙ dropped. The brain evaluates "nothing left to resolve" and withdraws attention. In the dark room scene: threat unclear, intention unknown, outcome invisible. '''If high, Cb high, Sₙ maximum.''' The brain keeps the system open. === Why Pulp Fiction Is a Classic === Tarantino's films don't go in chronological order. This isn't random — each scene cut opens a new Vacuum Variable. The viewer's brain is constantly trying to solve "when does this happen, where does it connect?" Narrative Entropy is deliberately kept high. The viewer can't let go. {{Quote|Story disorder (high Sₙ), used skilfully, holds the viewer. Random disorder just confuses.}} ---- == Chapter 3: The Midnight "Just One More Chapter" Phenomenon == 1:30 a.m. You need to be up early. "Just one more chapter," you say. And you reach the end of the book. This doesn't make you weak-willed. This is your brain's normal operating principle. === The Zeigarnik Effect === In the 1920s, psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik discovered: '''the brain retains incomplete tasks far longer than complete ones.''' If a chapter ends with a half-answered question, the brain returns to close that loop. "Just one more chapter" is actually the command "close this loop." Good novels use this loop deliberately. Each chapter opens a question, doesn't close the previous one. The brain hangs suspended. === Practical Application === End each chapter not with an answer, but with a new question. Let the reader move to the next chapter with "what will happen?" The name of this technique: '''Causal Branching management.''' ---- == Chapter 4: Why Do Some Characters Feel Like Cardboard? == We read novels thousands of pages long. Some characters' names we forget the moment we close the book. But some characters — Raskolnikov, Ahab, Hamlet — live in our minds like people we've known for years. What's the difference? === Pages of Trauma Don't Work === The classic answer: "Deep character development." Show the character's past, their traumas, enter their inner world. But this answer is wrong. Or at least insufficient. When you describe a character's inner torment across many pages, the reader's brain '''analyses''' it — it doesn't empathise. It watches from a distance. === Mirror Neurons and Physical Existence === The brain's empathy system — mirror neurons — responds not to abstract thoughts but to '''physical movements.''' Raskolnikov descending the stairs — his steps heavy. His hand on the door handle, he pauses. Pulls it back. Reaches again. This physical hesitation creates far more powerful empathy than any interior monologue. What makes a character real is not their inner world — it is their '''physical existence.''' {{Information box| '''Rule:''' Don't tell us what your character feels. Show us what your character's body is doing. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 5: Why "His Heart Raced" Doesn't Work == "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." You've read these sentences millions of times. And you probably don't remember a single one. Why? === The Emotional Label Problem === "His heart raced" is an '''emotional label.''' The writer is giving you the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in you is not guaranteed. Every reader's experience of "heart racing" is different. For some, fear; for some, excitement; for some, love. The writer means one thing but the reader understands another. More importantly: this sentence has been written millions of times. The brain no longer responds. It passes through. === What Makes Objective Projection Different === Objective Projection says: '''Don't name the emotion. Write the physical conditions that produce the emotion.''' Emotional label: : "The woman was very sad." Objective Projection: : "The woman placed her hand on the arm of the chair. The wood was cold. She pulled it back." The word "sad" is absent from the second sentence. But the brain records that coordinate and generates its own emotion. {{Quote|Parameters govern the writing. They do not appear in it.}} ---- == Chapter 6: Why Hitchcock Never Said What Was Happening == Alfred Hitchcock said: {{Quote|Suspense is not in the bomb exploding. It's in knowing there's a bomb under the table.}} This isn't just a filmmaking principle. It's a neuroscientific fact. === When Information Is Complete, Tension Ends === When the bomb explodes: If = 0. Information delivered. Causal branching closed. Sₙ fell to zero. Nervous system relaxed. But when you know there's a bomb under the table: If high, Cb open, Sₙ maximum. Brain keeps the system on alert. Tension continues. === The Norman Bates Room in Psycho === When Norman Bates first appears in Psycho he doesn't look dangerous. Shy, slightly odd, but harmless. But look at the physical parameters of that scene: stuffed animals on the walls. Single light source, from the left. Low ceiling. Door behind, closed. Norman's chair slightly higher than Marion's. Nothing was said. But the viewer's nervous system had already decided in that room. === Information Withholding Rules for Writers === * '''Identity withholding:''' Don't say who. Say "the man", don't give a name. * '''Reason withholding:''' Show the action but don't explain why. * '''Outcome withholding:''' Start the action but don't finish it. Cut the scene. All three together and Sₙ rises automatically. ---- == Chapter 7: The Adjective Embargo — Why We Don't Write "Melancholy" == "It was a melancholy afternoon." Think about this sentence. What do you see? You probably see your own melancholy afternoon. Not the writer's. === Why Adjectives Weaken === An adjective '''gives''' the reader the emotion. But the emotion's arrival in the reader is not guaranteed. "Beautiful" is different for every reader. "Terrifying" carries different associations in every culture. "Melancholy" may fail to bridge from the writer's mind to the reader's. A physical object, however, is universal. '''A yellowed curtain is a yellowed curtain for everyone. An empty chair is an empty chair for everyone.''' === The Adjective Embargo: Six Rules === # Do not use emotion names: sad, happy, frightened, anxious, angry. # Do not use similes: "like", "as if", "resembled." # Encode through physical parameters: temperature, sound, light, movement, space. # Object comes first: place the object, give its weight, specify its position. # Carry scene residue: physical reality from the previous scene seeps into the next. # Target biophysical output: target the reader's body, not their mind. === Example: A Love Scene Without Adjectives === Poor version: : "Ahmet looked at Ayse with deep love. His heart beat fast." Objective Projection version: : "Ahmet placed the glass on the table. With his right hand, not his left. In the corner closest to where Ayse was sitting. He didn't let go immediately — his fingers stayed on the glass for three seconds." The word "love" is nowhere. But the reader sees it. ---- == Chapter 8: Why the Brain Remembers Some Scenes for Years == Think of a novel you read ten years ago. You don't remember the plot. You've forgotten the character names. But you remember one scene. Almost like a photograph. Why? === The Brain Records Coordinates === The human brain evolved not to remember stories, but to survive. What matters to the brain: where was that object? Was this place dangerous? Not emotions — '''coordinates.''' The hippocampus in the brain operates like a GPS system. Its function: attach this data to a coordinate and save it. Abstract emotional labels cannot be attached to a coordinate. That's why they're temporary. But "cold wood", "the only exit door", "a corridor where sound echoes back" — these have coordinates. Filed in spatial memory. And spatial memory is extremely durable. {{Quote|The brain forgets emotions. It does not forget spaces.}} === Why Hemingway Was Right === Hemingway called it the iceberg theory. Show don't tell. Use concrete objects. This was an intuitive rule. Observed to work across centuries but impossible to explain. Now it can be explained: what good writers did instinctively was target the brain's spatial memory system. ---- == Chapter 9: Shakespeare Was Already Doing This == "To be or not to be, that is the question." This sentence is Objective Projection's greatest violation. Because it's abstract. A label. A conceptual declaration. But what if Shakespeare had written that scene using Objective Projection? === 40 Centimetres === {{Quote|Upper floor of the castle wall. After midnight. A single torch in the left corner — the flame not flickering, no air moving. Hamlet stood at the top of the stairs. The stone floor was cold. His left hand was on the hilt of his sword — fingers motionless on the iron. Neither gripping nor letting go. He looked into the stairwell. Below was dark. His left foot slid toward the stairs. Stopped. His right foot stayed where it was. The distance between his two feet was 40 centimetres.}} "To be or not to be" is nowhere. But what did you feel? The left foot moves forward. The right foot wants to stay. '''40 centimetres between two feet. This is exactly the question "to be or not to be" — translated into physical reality.''' === Shakespeare Was Doing This Intuitively === The "to be or not to be" speech appears abstract. But immediately after: "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... a sea of troubles." Physical images: slings, arrows, sea. Objective Projection translates Shakespeare into another language: from intuition into engineering. ---- == Chapter 10: Why AI Writes "His Heart Raced" == You asked an AI to "write an emotional scene." The response: : "Ahmet's heart raced. His eyes filled with tears. It was hard to put into words what he was feeling." These sentences were written by an AI. But a human could have written them too. And both are equally ineffective. === The Statistical Average Problem === Large language models learn patterns by processing billions of sentences. What comes next to "emotion"? "His heart raced." "His eyes filled." "His chest tightened." These patterns are statistically correct. But '''statistical correctness is not aesthetic power.''' AI produces the most probable sentence. The most probable = the most used = the most worn-out. === Objective Projection as Prompt Engineering === "Write a tense scene" → "his heart raced" "Temperature 28.4°C, single exit 4.7 metres behind, 40-watt bulb, no sound — write a scene in this environment, do not use abstract emotion names" → far more powerful scene The difference: the second prompt used Objective Projection's physical parameters. AI can no longer fall back on emotional patterns. {{Quote|AI writes well. But averagely. Objective Projection is the protocol for rising above average.}} ---- == Chapter 11: Test Your Own Scene == Take a scene you've written. Apply these three tests: === Test 1: The Zeigarnik Test === Will someone reading this scene say "so what happened next?" Yes → Causal Branching is high enough. Continue. No → Open an information gap. Leave a question unanswered. === Test 2: The Coordinate Test === What coordinate are you leaving in the reader's brain in this scene? To leave a coordinate you need three things: * An object — concrete, touchable, with weight. * A physical action — observable, ending unpredictably. * A sensory datum — heat, sound, light, pressure. Without all three, the scene won't stay in memory. === Test 3: The Adjective Embargo Test === Delete every adjective and emotion name from your scene. Does the scene still work? If yes → Objective Projection is working. If not → Adjectives are doing the work, not objects. Rewrite. {{Information box| '''The golden rule:''' Don't give the reader the emotion. Give the reader the physical conditions that produce the emotion. The brain handles the rest. }} ---- == Chapter 12: Further Resources == === Key Concepts === ; Objective Projection (Nesnel İzdüşüm) : A writing technique that uses physical parameters instead of emotions. Targets measurable physical conditions rather than emotional labels. ; Narrative Entropy (Sₙ) : A measure of informational uncertainty in a narrative. Sₙ = If × Cb. High Sₙ = high curiosity. ; Vacuum Variable : A systematically withheld information gap that draws the reader through the narrative. ; Narrative Gravity (Ng) : The central gravitational force that holds the reader in the narrative. ; Biophysical Output (Bo) : The reader's physiological response — heart rate, skin conductance, pupil dilation. ; Information Friction (If) : The amount of information the reader needs but isn't given. ; Causal Branching (Cb) : The number of simultaneously open, unanswered questions. === Academic Sources === The theoretical foundation of this book is documented in the following academic publications: * Primary DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18689179 — Architectural Framework * OPCT v2.0: 10.5281/zenodo.19415236 — OSF: osf.io/us8bw * Narrative Entropy: 10.5281/zenodo.18652451 * Dataset: 10.5281/zenodo.19511369 == License Notice == This book is published under the '''Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0)''' license. You are free to: * Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially. * Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Under the following terms: * '''Attribution''' — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. * '''ShareAlike''' — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. '''Author:''' [[d:Q138048287|Levent Bulut]] | ORCID: 0009-0007-7500-2261 [[Category:Writing]] [[Category:Literature]] [[Category:Narrative theory]] [[Category:Neuroscience]] [[Category:Creative writing]] f4vmponly9c5jo9yzgqxal8ndeabaie 10 482801 4632453 4632119 2026-04-26T00:39:08Z Kwfd 3577794 Added parameter 4632453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black pawn.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a very rare opening, {{{gameamount|less than 100}}} players in the Lichess database.'''<br>Because of this, Main Moves and Statistics may be unreliable and may fluctuate a lot. Take care when editing Main Moves or Statistics. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <templatedata> { "params": { "gameamount": { "type": "number", "autovalue": "'''less than 100'''" } } } </templatedata> ds2siqoslj3f7q49svmhgfostgt0cyk 4632456 4632453 2026-04-26T00:42:08Z Kwfd 3577794 Added no include 4632456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black pawn.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a very rare opening, {{{gameamount|less than 100}}} players in the Lichess database.'''<br>Because of this, Main Moves and Statistics may be unreliable and may fluctuate a lot. Take care when editing Main Moves or Statistics. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "gameamount": { "type": "number", "autovalue": "'''less than 100'''" } } } </templatedata></noinclude> 1eyw7j4ywhowu2crv2p6kwsrw6yx4bu 4632489 4632456 2026-04-26T02:45:29Z Kwfd 3577794 Added descriptions 4632489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black pawn.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a very rare opening, {{{gameamount|less than 100}}} players in the Lichess database.'''<br>Because of this, Main Moves and Statistics may be unreliable and may fluctuate a lot. Take care when editing Main Moves or Statistics. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "gameamount": { "type": "number", "autovalue": "'''less than 100'''", "description": "Amount of games." } }, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings which have less than 100 games." } </templatedata></noinclude> qe7bouaaofi1kpe76ictw45wyop0ggt 4632490 4632489 2026-04-26T02:45:50Z Kwfd 3577794 4632490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black pawn.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a very rare opening, {{{gameamount|less than 100}}} players in the Lichess database.'''<br>Because of this, Main Moves and Statistics may be unreliable and may fluctuate a lot. Take care when editing Main Moves or Statistics. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "gameamount": { "type": "number", "autovalue": "less than 100", "description": "Amount of games." } }, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings which have less than 100 games." } </templatedata></noinclude> d4kp24xtbc02wivaefhrn1tgwa9uq9w 14 482802 4632447 4632134 2026-04-26T00:19:28Z Kwfd 3577794 Changed formatting 4632447 wikitext text/x-wiki This category shows template pages for the book '''''[[Named Chess Openings]]'''''. If a Named Chess Openings template is not showing up here, add <code><nowiki>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</nowiki></code>. [[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings]] oxrhushk84dc32zano52jdoub4q8g45 10 482803 4632458 4632124 2026-04-26T00:47:02Z Kwfd 3577794 4632458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black queen.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a blunder, where {{{side|one side}}} blunders a {{{piece|piece}}}.'''<br>Because blunders are generally bad, refrain from overwriting or overselling ideas. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "piece": { "type": "string", "autovalue": "piece" }, "side": { "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "Black", "White" ], "autovalue": "one side" } } } </templatedata></noinclude> 6o0vfz9g47a3gmfeztrn75d7lw62anl 4632460 4632458 2026-04-26T00:49:22Z Kwfd 3577794 Added suggested values 4632460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black queen.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a blunder, where {{{side|one side}}} blunders a {{{piece|piece}}}.'''<br>Because blunders are generally bad, refrain from overwriting or overselling ideas. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "piece": { "type": "string", "autovalue": "piece", "suggestedvalues": [ "knight", "bishop", "rook", "queen" ] }, "side": { "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "Black", "White" ], "autovalue": "one side" } } } </templatedata></noinclude> n7wkh582kq222chusc2t7dzqywm7ryt 4632486 4632460 2026-04-26T02:41:22Z Kwfd 3577794 Added description. 4632486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess black queen.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a blunder, where {{{side|one side}}} blunders a {{{piece|piece}}}.'''<br>Because blunders are generally bad, refrain from overwriting or overselling ideas. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "piece": { "type": "string", "autovalue": "piece", "suggestedvalues": [ "knight", "bishop", "rook", "queen" ], "description": "The piece blundered." }, "side": { "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "Black", "White" ], "autovalue": "one side", "description": "The side that blundered." } }, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings that blunder a piece." } </templatedata></noinclude> tsemv89v0ehpbvnodqbtesrfqd399vg 0 482804 4632463 4632130 2026-04-26T00:55:58Z Kwfd 3577794 Added parameter 4632463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation (2. Nf3 continuation)|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Nf3|30=pd|48=nl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Nf3 continuation of the Classical Nimzo-Larsen<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Classical_Variation/b3_d5_Nf3 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is more usually seen from the Zukertort Opening (1. Nf3) through 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3. The idea from the 1. b3 move order is to not immediately commit to fianchettoing the bishop, whereas the idea from the 1. Nf3 move order is that 1. Nf3 stops e5 from being safely played. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Classical Variation". It is named that way because 1...d5 is a major response to 1. b3 and 1. Nf3 d5 2. b3 was sometimes experimented with. === Main Moves === * 2...Nf6 * 2...Nc6 * 2...c5 * 2...e6 === Statistics === White wins ~52%, Black wins ~43%, draw ~5%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A06<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Classical Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack-with-b3/classical-variation |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} frrqnwgqax1dt5enu6blrmjoicbqjn7 10 482805 4632462 4632129 2026-04-26T00:55:05Z Kwfd 3577794 4632462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess white pawn.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a continuation of {{{parentopening|a named opening}}}, marked by Lichess.'''<br>Stay faithful to its parent opening and although this opening is not standalone, still acknowledge the new ideas, statistics and main moves. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "parentopening": { "type": "string", "autovalue": "a named opening" } } } </templatedata></noinclude> 22qztar8ra2fdlqt4dcr9rl6mkqblzw 4632485 4632462 2026-04-26T02:39:57Z Kwfd 3577794 Added descriptions 4632485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess white pawn.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a continuation of {{{parentopening|a named opening}}}, marked by Lichess.'''<br>Stay faithful to its parent opening and although this opening is not standalone, still acknowledge the new ideas, statistics and main moves. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": { "parentopening": { "type": "string", "autovalue": "a named opening", "description": "Parent opening of continuation." } }, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings that are a continuation." } </templatedata></noinclude> fmxrqp5ec0rhgdvqcgcgwnw3atapnf8 10 482806 4632487 4632137 2026-04-26T02:42:30Z Kwfd 3577794 Added description 4632487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess white knight.svg|40px]] |text='''This page is currently incomplete and needs more information.'''<br>Contributions to this page are encouraged to improve its value and quality. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": {}, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings that are incomplete in their current form." } </templatedata></noinclude> 6bkjofi6wg3ol4f4nij1ezc8pnrjg3y 10 482807 4632488 4632140 2026-04-26T02:44:16Z Kwfd 3577794 Added description 4632488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bmbox |type=notice |image=[[File:Chess white king.svg|40px]] |text='''This page represents a meme opening, which is generally unsound.'''<br>Because this is a meme opening, the opening is unserious. Avoid overselling ideas. }} <noinclude>[[Category:Book:Named Chess Openings/Templates]]</noinclude> <noinclude><templatedata> { "params": {}, "description": "Represents opening entries in book Named Chess Openings where the opening is a joke/meme." } </templatedata></noinclude> rw2nq6qh2geveuz87uk83t5sjcvm67i 0 482808 4632467 4632146 2026-04-26T01:00:28Z Kwfd 3577794 Added parameter documentation 4632467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Named Chess Openings]] uses 6 templates, 1 for chess in general and 5 exclusive to Named Chess Openings. <br> 1 for chess in general:<br> * <code><nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki></code><br> 5 exclusive to Named Chess Openings:<br> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki></code> * <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki></code><br> == <nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Chess diagram}}</nowiki></code> should always be used at the top of an opening entry. You have to manually place the pieces. The opening name caption is written in parameter '''2''', while the "Position after [moves]" caption is written in parameter '''67'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/rare}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries with '''less than 100 games''' on the Lichess database. === gameamount === The parameter <code>gameamount</code> is to indicate how many games were played with that opening on Lichess. The default value is 'less than 100'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/blunder}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where one side '''blunders a piece'''. === side === The parameter <code>side</code> indicates the side who blunders the piece. The default value is 'one side'. === piece === The parameter <code>piece</code> indicates the piece that was blundered. The default value is 'piece'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/continuation}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where the opening is a '''Lichess-named continuation''' of the original/parent opening. === parentopening === The parameter <code>parentopening</code> indicates the parent opening of the continuation. The default value is 'a named opening'. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/incomplete}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries that are '''incomplete in their current form'''. == <nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki> == <code><nowiki>{{Named Chess Openings/meme}}</nowiki></code> should be used for opening entries where the opening is a '''meme/joke opening'''. {{BookCat}} psm27265ginm2ojg007249apurw6px9 2 482815 4632225 2026-04-25T12:38:51Z Conan 3188 Created page with "a" 4632225 wikitext text/x-wiki a frkhg3ewxov0h1g2eh87fri7z1g12ns 4632226 4632225 2026-04-25T12:39:11Z Conan 3188 About: trim trailing whitespace, wrap long paragraphs 4632226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:About book ''The Linux Kernel''}} <table style="float:right;margin:0 0 10px 10px;"><td>__TOC__</td></table> {{prerequisite|Linux Basics|C Programming}} {{reading level|advanced}} The book's title page and structure were originally influenced by the article [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596000081/ch01s02.html "Splitting the Kernel"] in the ''Linux Device Drivers'' book, which included a diagram. The diagram's colorful matrix design was borrowed from the [https://makelinux.github.io/kernel/map/ '''Interactive map''' of the Linux kernel]. Additionally, the layered presentation of information in the book was inspired by the {{w|OSI model}}'s layers. The number of layers and functionalities is intentionally close to {{w|The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two|the magical number seven}}. == Layers == Applications and libraries in user mode above the kernel can be associated with the {{w|Application layer}} of the OSI model. '''Upper layers''': : '''User space interfaces''' - {{w|Facade pattern|Facade}} of the kernel, mostly represented by system calls. It can be associated with the {{w|Presentation layer}} of the OSI model. : '''Virtual''' - Provides aggregated services to the upper layer, named after virtual memory and the Virtual File System. Similar to the {{w|Session layer}}. '''Middle layers''': : '''Bridges''' - Manages interoperability, named after the {{w|Bridge pattern}}. Similar to the {{w|Transport layer}}. : '''Logical''' - Provides logical implementations, named after logical memory, addresses, and logical file systems. Similar to the {{w|Network layer}}. '''Lower layers''', similar to the {{w|Data link layer}}: : '''Devices control''' - Abstractions and control of hardware interfaces, including classes of devices and hardware-independent generic devices. : '''Hardware interfaces''' - Direct hardware interfaces and hardware-dependent drivers. == Functionalities == The functionalities Multitasking, Memory, Storage, and Networking are familiar and obvious, while Human Interface and System need some explanation. The '''Human Interface''' functionality covers topics more associated with human users than fundamental computing. Naturally, '''HID''' (Human Interface Devices) belongs here, hence the name, along with Multimedia. Character devices, though used as byte streams in System and Storage, are also assigned to this functionality. The '''System''' functionality covers fundamental and common functions. The common '''system calls''' infrastructure of the kernel is described under this functionality, while specific system calls and interfaces are detailed under their corresponding functionalities. The two-dimensional layout, instead of a linear TOC layout, allows effective organization of the book content and indexing of existing documentation and man pages. == Contribution == The book needs contributors. Here are the guidelines: # Make articles complete, continuous, and appealing. #* Fix typos and rephrase for clarity. #* Maintain consistent formatting. # Keep information updated by replacing obsolete content with modern equivalents. # Share your knowledge and experience about the kernel. # Explore the source code and describe it. # Add explanations to incomplete sections. # Copy-paste text from Wikipedia where appropriate. # Add links to external resources using [[:Category:Book:The_Linux_Kernel/Templates|templates]]: #* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_kernel Wikipedia articles] #* [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/latest/source Elixir Bootlin source browser] #* [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/ Kernel documentation] #* [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/ Linux man pages] #* Other [[../External links/|external links]] {{:The Linux Kernel/Template}} Thank you {{BookCat}} f3zl2b1p1k77g4gaut2ze9otdm0v404 2 482816 4632235 2026-04-25T13:03:26Z Conan 3188 Created page with "a" 4632235 wikitext text/x-wiki a frkhg3ewxov0h1g2eh87fri7z1g12ns 4632236 4632235 2026-04-25T13:03:31Z Conan 3188 Replace old leftmost-node algorithm with EEVDF description 4632236 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}</noinclude> {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Execution|execution]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Execution == ⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} returns PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internally is historically called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. High-resolution delays: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_nanosleep}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_nanosleep}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_clock_nanosleep}} Wait for a signal: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pause}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_pause}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sigsuspend}} See [[The Linux Kernel/Processes|Processes]] for process creation and termination. === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wakes a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthreadd}} &ndash; parent kernel thread and the creator of all other kernel threads. Dequeues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} from {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}}. ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kthread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread}} &ndash; invokes {{The Linux Kernel/id|threadfn}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_on_node}} &ndash; enqueues {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_info}} into {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_list}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Since version 6.6 the Linux kernel uses the {{w|Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling}} (EEVDF) algorithm within the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS) framework. EEVDF replaced the earlier pick-next-task logic while the CFS infrastructure &mdash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cfs_rq}}, the red-black tree, load balancing, and {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} &mdash; remains. CFS was the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general <tt>task_struct</tt> process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an "ideal processor" would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an "ideal processor". With EEVDF, each task has a time slice ({{The Linux Kernel/id|sysctl_sched_base_slice}}, default 0.7ms) that determines its request length. EEVDF computes a virtual deadline for each task: vd_i = ve_i + r_i/w_i, where ve_i is the eligible time, r_i is the request size, and w_i is the weight (determined by nice value). The scheduler picks the eligible task with the earliest virtual deadline via {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}}. The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The CFS/EEVDF scheduler handles {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} (aka SCHED_OTHER). The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__pick_eevdf}} &ndash; core of EEVDF : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|EEVDF Scheduler|scheduler/sched-eevdf.html}} ::: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-EEVDF An EEVDF CPU scheduler for Linux LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Delaying and scheduling routines|driver-api/basics.html#delaying-and-scheduling-routines}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper Locking Under a Preemptible Kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable}} &ndash; decrement the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} &ndash; increment the preempt counter :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_enable_no_resched}} &ndash; decrement, but do not immediately preempt :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_check_resched}} &ndash; if needed, reschedule :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_count}} &ndash; return the preempt counter : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] === Real-time === {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/Real-time}} == Synchronization == Thread {{w|Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization}} is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== POSIX Timers ==== ⚲ APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_create}} – creates a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_settime}} – starts or modifies a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_gettime}} – retrieves the remaining time of a timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|timer_delete}} – deletes a POSIX timer : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clock_nanosleep}} – suspends execution for a specified time ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/posix-timers.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-timers.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/posix-cpu-timers.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|posix_cpu_timer_set}} – function setting up CPU timers ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "Fast User space muTex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernel space ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in user space. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in user space (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Read-Copy-Update ==== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. 💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.'' ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. For example, consider the following sequence of events: {| class="wikitable" ! !CPU 0 !CPU 1 !CPU 2 |- |1. |rcu_read_lock() | | |- |2. | |enters synchronize_rcu() | |- |3. | | | rcu_read_lock() |- |4. |rcu_read_unlock() | | |- |5. | |exits synchronize_rcu() | |- |6. | | |rcu_read_unlock() |} [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚲ API : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=rcu_nocbs%5B rcu_nocbs] &ndash; no-callback CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] 📚 Further reading : [https://lpc.events/event/18/contributions/1906/attachments/1590/3302/LPC-2024-Vienna.pdf Reduce synchronize_rcu() latency] ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. Any changes applied to spinlock_t also apply to local_lock. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} :: etc 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#local-lock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PREEMPT_RT caveats: spinlock_t, rwlock_t, migrate_disable and local_lock|locking/locktypes.html#spinlock-t-and-rwlock-t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] 💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.'' ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bit_spinlock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. 💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! normal !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations ==== ... ==== ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📖 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: 😴 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: 😵‍💫 {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/delay.h}} &ndash; busy-wait delay functions for timing control : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/clock.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_clock}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU}} {{BookCat}} g9pymqslwe633zzxds9x8zrmm0gunz5 0 482817 4632247 2026-04-25T13:38:51Z Idavidmiller 3577687 New page. Work in progress. Saving changes 4632247 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully somemotivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). d98f3p5sqm1kn2yslvpaq5b58ydp4zk 4632266 4632247 2026-04-25T14:52:16Z Idavidmiller 3577687 This page is a work in progress. Revising the contents of the entire page. Saving work so far. 4632266 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully somemotivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. 9dsth8hy6yi3xgqvjxpuykqg5nc2oqq 4632267 4632266 2026-04-25T14:57:54Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4632267 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully somemotivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. {{BookCat}} cpzf9vhho15gaoomy14xdqkm8tieubi 4632286 4632267 2026-04-25T16:27:51Z Idavidmiller 3577687 This page is a work in progress. Revising the contents of the entire page. 4632286 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i5) ''q; (%o5) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} rdx4zs2b80pergd6vulfukfgae7ezzb 4632416 4632286 2026-04-25T21:53:35Z Idavidmiller 3577687 New page. Work in progress. Saving changes 4632416 wikitext text/x-wiki == Getting Used to Maxima By Way of an Example of Use == The example that follows is presented for the pupose of providing some beginning perspective and hopefully some motivation to make the effort to get familiar with how Maxima works. The task at hand is relevant in the context of aerodynamics and aviation. The specific goal is to find the dynamic pressure at a true airspeed (VTAS) of 200 knots at sea level. Dynamic pressure q is calculated using the expression: <math>q = 1/2 \rho V^2</math> Where: * q = dynamic pressure (in pounds of force per square foot) * ρ = air density at sea level = 0.0023769 slugs/ft³ * VTAS = true airspeed in knots (nautical miles per hour) * V = true airspeed in feet per second (ft/s). Note: The appearance following Maxima example may vary depending on Unicode support in the version of Maxima being used and the Maxima user interface -- UI. First, enter the Maxima expression for dynamic pressure q:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) q : 1/2*ρ*V^2; (q) (V^2*ρ)/2 </syntaxhighlight>This Maxima expression uses the colon character to assign the expression for dynamic pressure to the identifier q. The identifier q is now simply a name for an expression. The equal sign (=)  is not used for this operation in Maxima as is the case with some programming languages. This Maxima line of a input expression ends with a semicolon ( ; ) character. Each line of input must end with a semicolon or the dollar sign character ( $ ), the use of which will be described later. Next, enter an assignment expression for the numerical value of the air density at sea level:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i2) ρ : 0.0023769; (ρ) 0.0023769</syntaxhighlight>Density ρ is in the units of slugs per cubic foot - slugs/ft³. With this next input expression, Maxima is asked to evaluate q. This is accomplished by two single quotation marks placed before q as shown next<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) ''q; (%o3) 0.0033855446120918224*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight> The output indicates that q depends on VTAS -- true airspeed. The goal is to evaluate q, if VTAS = 200 is true. One way to do that is with the following Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) ''q, VTAS = 200; (%o6) 135.42178448367287 </syntaxhighlight>The result is about 135 pounds of force per square foot. There is another way to accomplish this may be somewhat more convenient for determining sea level dynamic pressure given true airspeed. First, assign the Maxima floating point literal value of 0.0033855446120918224 to an identifier named c as follows:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) c : 0.0033855446120918224; (c) 0.0033855446120918224</syntaxhighlight>Next, enter<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i8) q(VTAS) := c*VTAS^2; (%o8) q(VTAS):=c*VTAS^2 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) q(200); (%o9) 135.4217844836729 </syntaxhighlight>{{BookCat}} 0qnigl5ozsnmnhjqt2l7yee92r3y6ur 2 482818 4632308 2026-04-25T17:44:57Z Conan 3188 Created page with "a" 4632308 wikitext text/x-wiki a frkhg3ewxov0h1g2eh87fri7z1g12ns 4632309 4632308 2026-04-25T17:45:02Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632309 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632310 4632309 2026-04-25T17:45:04Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632310 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632311 4632310 2026-04-25T17:45:05Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632311 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632312 4632311 2026-04-25T17:45:07Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632312 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632313 4632312 2026-04-25T17:45:08Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632313 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632314 4632313 2026-04-25T17:45:10Z Conan 3188 add Huge pages section (HugeTLB, THP) 4632314 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 7agvlx9efr3yavou8tic8pfaccnk13t 4632315 4632314 2026-04-25T17:45:11Z Conan 3188 add OOM killer section, use $pid convention 4632315 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} he0z6dv3oams10n31w5hrurkkjui3zo 4632317 4632315 2026-04-25T17:45:41Z Conan 3188 fix typos, update removed allocators, elaborate SAC/DAC 4632317 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} <!-- TODO: move here clone, exit --> {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} izrpsr52suf1q4iefw7m3sgok85vzfp 4632318 4632317 2026-04-25T17:45:42Z Conan 3188 -TODO 4632318 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} :==Virtual memory== 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about SLAB and SLUB allocator implementations'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] ===DMA=== ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{Template:The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} ndpeknmnwn25try7q6u3di5not4yuhl 4632319 4632318 2026-04-25T17:45:44Z Conan 3188 fix formatting inconsistencies in Memory page 4632319 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes ==Memory mapping== 🔧 TODO Key items: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_mmap_pages free_mmap_pages}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} dt358ou8y8vzgp6v7g2904o8n2xmpui 4632320 4632319 2026-04-25T17:45:45Z Conan 3188 format Memory mapping and Swap sections 4632320 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} :[https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} lvhvhu62f95gj35xnrduo64c90tfz17 4632321 4632320 2026-04-25T17:45:47Z Conan 3188 fix missing space after colon in references 4632321 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} hbqg10502gp5xgsl5wc4regg43bud56 4632322 4632321 2026-04-25T17:45:48Z Conan 3188 add Huge pages section (HugeTLB, THP) 4632322 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 7agvlx9efr3yavou8tic8pfaccnk13t 4632323 4632322 2026-04-25T17:45:49Z Conan 3188 add OOM killer section, use $pid convention 4632323 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} he0z6dv3oams10n31w5hrurkkjui3zo 4632325 4632323 2026-04-25T17:45:52Z Conan 3188 add CMA section 4632325 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} nwx717rfnvvj0hwsho6f1g43tump6cl 4632326 4632325 2026-04-25T17:45:54Z Conan 3188 add memory cgroup controller section 4632326 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} l4ch6d3aet600j303wi1quy60zfk1pz 4632327 4632326 2026-04-25T17:45:55Z Conan 3188 add NUMA section under Physical memory 4632327 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Memory functionality}}</noinclude> {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor="#bfd" |memory |- | bgcolor="#aed" |[[#Processes|Processes]] |- | bgcolor="#9dd" |[[#Virtual_memory|virtual memory]] |- | bgcolor="#aca" |[[#Memory_mapping|memory mapping]] |- | bgcolor="#acb" | [[#Swap|demand paging and swap]] |- | bgcolor="#8b9" |[[#Logical_memory|logical memory]] |- | bgcolor="#7a7" |[[#Page Allocator|Page Allocator]] |- | bgcolor="#686" |[[#Pages|pages]] |} The kernel has full access to the system's memory and allows processes to {{w|Process isolation|safely access}} this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is {{w|Virtual address space|virtual addressing}}, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given {{w|physical address}} appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents applications from crashing each other. On many systems, a program's virtual address may refer to data which is not currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to store what would otherwise have to remain in main {{w|random-access memory}} (RAM). As a result, operating systems can allow programs to use more memory than the system has physically available. When a program needs data which is not currently in RAM, the {{w|Memory management unit|MMU}} {{w|Page fault|signals}} to the kernel that this has happened, and the kernel responds by writing the contents of an inactive memory block to disk (if necessary) and replacing it with the data requested by the program. The program can then be resumed from the point where it was stopped. This scheme is generally known as {{w|demand paging}}. Virtual addressing also allows creation of virtual partitions of memory in two disjointed areas, one being reserved for the kernel (kernel space) and the other for the applications (user space). The applications are not permitted by the processor to address kernel memory, thus preventing an application from damaging the running kernel. This fundamental partition of memory space has contributed much to the current designs of actual general-purpose kernels and is almost universal in such systems, Linux being one of them. ⚲ Shell interface : cat /proc/meminfo : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|vmstat}} {{:The Linux Kernel/Processes}} == Memory management API == : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|brk}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} dynamically changes data segment size of the calling process. The change is made by resetting the <u>program break</u> of the process, which determines the maximum space that can be allocated. The program break is the address of the first location beyond the current end of the data region, and determines the maximum space that can be allocated by the process. The amount of available space increases as the break value increases. The added available space is initialized to a value of zero. : ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} maps files or devices into memory. It is a method of memory-mapped file I/O. It naturally implements demand paging, because file contents are not read from disk initially and do not use physical RAM at all. The actual reads from disk are performed in a "lazy" manner, after a specific location is accessed. After the memory is no longer needed it is important to {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unmmap}} the pointers to it. Protection information can be managed using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mprotect_pkey}} and special treatment can be enforced using {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_madvise}}. In Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} can create several types of mappings, such as ''anonymous mappings'', ''shared mappings'' and ''private mappings''. Using the <code>MAP_ANONYMOUS</code> flag <tt>mmap()</tt> can map a specific area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, whose contents are initialized to zero. These functions are typically called from a higher-level memory management library function such as C standard library {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|malloc}} or [[w:new and delete (C++)|C++ new operator]]. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uaccess.h}} &ndash; user-space memory access and validation helpers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} &ndash; memory management declarations and page handling APIs : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} &ndash; memory allocation APIs for slab and kmalloc systems 💾 ''History: Two basic related to memory management system calls <tt>brk</tt> and <tt>mmap</tt> Linux inherits from Unix.'' ''BTW: On Linux, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sbrk}} is not a separate system call, but a C library function that also calls to {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}} and keeps some internal state to return the previous break value.'' 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Management APIs|core-api/mm-api.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Memory Management|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|sbrk}} : {{w|mmap}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_brk}}''' ↯ call hierarchy: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_brk_flags}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_alloc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc_lru}} == Virtual memory == 🔧 TODO: {{w|Virtual memory|Virtually contiguous memory}} on top of physical and [[#Swap|swapped]] memory pages. 🗝️ Acronyms: : VPFN - Virtual Page Frame Number : PFN - Physical Page Frame Number : pgd - Page Directory : pmd - Page Middle Directory : pud - Page Upper Directory : pte - {{w|Page table}} Entry : TLB - {{w|Translation Lookaside Buffer}} : MMU - {{w|Memory Management Unit}} ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/vmalloc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfree}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cleanup.h}} &ndash; scope-based cleanup helpers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scoped_guard}} : /proc/vmallocinfo ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|virt_to_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmalloc_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|find_vma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmalloc.c}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Virtually Contiguous Mappings|core-api/mm-api.html#virtually-contiguous-mappings}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Page Tables|mm/page_tables.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scope-based Cleanup Helpers|core-api/cleanup.html}} == Data types == === Pointers and addresses === Kernel-specific address types, in addition to common C pointers. : <big>unsigned long</big> &ndash; used to store addresses that are not intended to be dereferenced by the user : {{The Linux Kernel/id|uintptr_t}} &ndash; to be used in ioctl : {{The Linux Kernel/id|phys_addr_t}} &ndash; physical address : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} &ndash; DMA address 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls|process/botching-up-ioctls.html}} : [https://unix.org/whitepapers/64bit.html Data Size Neutrality and 64-bit Support] === Other types === ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/types.h}} &ndash; fixed-width and kernel-specific type definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/string.h}} &ndash; standard string manipulation functions : bit operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitfield.h}} &ndash; defining and extracting bitfield values :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitops.h}} &ndash; atomic and non-atomic bit manipulation operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bitmap.h}} &ndash; bit arrays that consume one or more unsigned longs :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sbitmap.h}} &ndash; fast and scalable bitmaps : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kref.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|acpi/actypes.h}} &ndash; common data types for the entire ACPI subsystem :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/list.h}} &ndash; circular doubly linked list implementation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_head}} &ndash; common double linked list ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|list_add}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/klist.h}} &ndash; some {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_node}}->{{The Linux Kernel/id|kref}} helpers ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|klist_add_tail}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kobject.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/circ_buf.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kfifo.h}} &ndash; generic kernel FIFO :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfifo_in}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rbtree.h}} &ndash; Red-black trees :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rb_node}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/scatterlist.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} :: 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/idr.h}} &ndash; ID allocation : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/container_of.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|List Management Functions|core-api/kernel-api.html#list-management-functions}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|FIFO Buffer|core-api/kernel-api.html#fifo-buffer}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Data structures and low-level utilities|core-api#data-structures-and-low-level-utilities}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Everything you never wanted to know about kobjects, ksets, and ktypes|core-api/kobject.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Adding reference counters (krefs) to kernel objects|core-api/kref.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic Associative Array Implementation|core-api/assoc_array.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|XArray|core-api/xarray.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ID Allocation|core-api/idr.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Circular Buffers|core-api/circular-buffers.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Red-black Trees (rbtree) in Linux|core-api/rbtree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic radix trees/sparse arrays|core-api/generic-radix-tree.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Generic bitfield packing and unpacking functions|core-api/packing.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How to access I/O mapped memory from within device drivers|core-api/bus-virt-phys-mapping.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|this_cpu operations|core-api/this_cpu_ops.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The errseq_t datatype|core-api/errseq.html}} 📚 Further reading : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/DataStructures/ Data Structures in the Linux Kernel] : https://kernelnewbies.org/InternalKernelDataTypes == Memory mapping == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mprotect}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mincore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}} &ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_area_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_pfn_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|SetPageReserved}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ClearPageReserved}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmap.c}} 📚 References: : {{w|mmap}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Maple Tree|core-api/maple_tree.html}} : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/memory_mapping.html Memory mapping, linux-kernel-labs] == Swap == 🔧 TODO ⚲ API: : cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vm_swappiness}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/swap.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapon}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|enable_swap_slots_cache}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|swapoff}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mlock}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|shmctl_do_lock}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/swapfile.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/vmscan.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mlock.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|VM_LOCKED}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|si_swapinfo}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|swap_info}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|handle_pte_fault}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_swap_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wakeup_kswapd}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kswapd}} 📚 References: : {{w|Memory_paging#Linux|Memory paging}} : https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/swap == Logical memory == ⚲ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} is the normal method of allocating memory in the kernel for objects smaller than the page size. It is defined in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}}. The first argument ''size'' is the size (in bytes) of the block of memory to be allocated. The second argument ''flags'' are the allocation flags or ''GFP flags'', a set of macros that the caller provides to control the type of requested memory. The most commonly used values for ''flags'' are GFP_KERNEL and GFP_ATOMIC, but there is more to be considered. Memory-allocation requests in the kernel are always qualified by a set of ''GFP flags'' ("GFP" initially came from "get free page") describing what can and cannot be done to satisfy the request. The most commonly used flags are GFP_ATOMIC and GFP_KERNEL, though they are actually built up from lower-level flags. The full set of flags is huge; they can be found in the {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} header file. ⚲ API: : ↯ {{w|RAII}} allocation functions hierarchy from {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device.h}}: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kcalloc}} - zeroed array ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc_array}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kzalloc}} - zeroed allocation ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_kmalloc}} - common allocation : Classic direct API: :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} === Slab allocation === {{w|Slab allocation}} is a memory management algorithm intended for the efficient memory allocation of kernel objects. It eliminates fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations. The technique is used to retain allocated memory that contains a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. ''' Basics ''' ''This section is about the SLUB allocator implementation'' A slab can be thought of as an array of objects of certain type or with the same size, spanning through one or more contiguous pages of memory; for example, the slab named "task_struct" holds objects of <code>struct task_struct</code> type, used by the scheduling subsystem. Other slabs store objects used by other subsystems, and there is also slabs for dynamic allocations inside the kernel, such as the "kmalloc-64" slab that holds up to 64-byte chunks requested via kmalloc() calls. In a slab, each object can be allocated and freed separately. The primary motivation for slab allocation is that the initialization and destruction of kernel data objects can actually outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them. As object creation and deletion are widely employed by the kernel, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. The notion of object caching was therefore introduced in order to avoid the invocation of functions used to initialize object state. With slab allocation, memory chunks suitable to fit data objects of certain type or size are preallocated. The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, known as caches {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc_caches}}, so that when a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type is received, it can instantly satisfy the request with an already allocated slot {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}. Deallocation of the object with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kfree}} does not free up the memory, but only opens a slot which is put in the list of free slots {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_cpu}} by the slab allocator. The next call to allocate memory of the same size will return the now unused memory slot. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|___slab_alloc}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|get_freelist}}. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks. Slab allocation provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4KB page size. ⚲ Interface: : sudo cat /proc/slabinfo :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/slab.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_free}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|slabtop}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slab_common.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mm_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_kmalloc_caches}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|____kasan_kmalloc}} ''' SLUB allocator ''' &ndash; default Unqueued allocator {{w|SLUB (software)|SLUB}} is the iteration of the original SLAB allocator that replaced it and became the Linux default allocator since 2.6.23. ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/slub.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SLUB}} 💾 ''Historical: SLOB (Simple List Of Blocks) allocator for embedded devices was removed in kernel 6.4. SLAB allocator, the original slab allocation implementation based on Jeff Bonwick's 1994 paper, was removed in kernel 6.8. SLUB is now the only slab allocator in the kernel.'' <hr> 📚 References for Slab allocation: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|KASAN - KernelAddressSANitizer|dev-tools/kasan.html}} - dynamic memory safety error detector designed to find out-of-bound and use-after-free bugs : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0VMLXavx30 <nowiki>Video "SL[AUO]B: Kernel memory allocator design and philosophy"</nowiki>] Christopher Lameter (Linux.conf.au 2015 conference) [http://lca2015.linux.org.au/slides/167/slaballocators-auckland-2015.pdf Slides] === Page Allocator === The page allocator (or "zoned buddy allocator") is a low-level allocator that deals with physical memory. It delivers physical pages (usually with a size of 4096 bytes) of free memory to high-level memory consumers such as the slab allocators and <code>kmalloc()</code>. As the ultimate source of memory in the system, the page allocator must ensure that memory is always available, since a failure providing memory to a critical kernel subsystem can lead to a general system failure or a kernel panic. The page allocator divides physical memory into "zones", each of which corresponds to {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone_type}} with specific characteristics. ZONE_DMA contains memory at the bottom of the address range for use by severely challenged devices, for example, while {{The Linux Kernel/id|ZONE_NORMAL}} may contain most memory on the system. 32-bit systems have a ZONE_HIGHMEM for memory that is not directly mapped into the kernel's address space. Depending on the characteristics of any given allocation request, the page allocator will search the available zones in a specific priority order. For the curious, <tt>/proc/zoneinfo</tt> gives a lot of information about the zones in use on any given system. Within a zone, memory is grouped into ''page blocks'', each of which can be marked with a ''migration type'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|migratetype}} describing how the block should be allocated. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/buddyinfo : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mmzone.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_page}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_get_free_pages}} - {{w|RAII}} function, ↯ hierarchy of it: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_pages}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_pages_node}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}, ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_all_zonelists_init}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__build_all_zonelists}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|build_zonelists}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__alloc_pages}} - the 'heart' of the zoned buddy allocator : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|zone}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_area}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mmzone.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page_alloc.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Get Free Page flags|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{w|Buddy memory allocation}} : {{w|Page replacement algorithm}} === OOM killer === The {{w|Out of memory|Out-Of-Memory}} killer is invoked when the kernel cannot satisfy a memory allocation and all reclaim attempts have failed. It selects a process to kill based on a badness score to free memory and keep the system running. ⚲ API: : /proc/$pid/oom_score &ndash; current badness score : /proc/$pid/oom_score_adj &ndash; adjust score (-1000 to 1000) : /proc/$pid/oom_adj &ndash; deprecated, use oom_score_adj : /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/oom_kill.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|out_of_memory}} &ndash; main entry point : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_badness}} &ndash; calculates badness score : {{The Linux Kernel/id|oom_kill_process}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|OOM|admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html}} === Memory cgroup controller === The memory cgroup controller limits and accounts memory usage per group of processes. It can set hard and soft limits, trigger per-cgroup OOM, and track swap usage. ⚲ API: : memory.max &ndash; hard memory limit : memory.high &ndash; throttling threshold : memory.current &ndash; current usage : memory.swap.max &ndash; swap limit : See [[../System/CGroup v2#Memory|CGroup v2 Memory controller]] for full interface ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/memcontrol.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup}} &ndash; main structure : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_charge}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mem_cgroup_oom}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Resource Controller|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#memory}} <hr> 📚 References for logical memory: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory Allocation Guide|core-api/memory-allocation.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Selecting memory allocator|core-api/memory-allocation.html#selecting-memory-allocator}} == Physical memory == === Memory Layout === A 32-bit processor can address a maximum of 4GB of memory. Linux kernels split the 4GB address space between user processes and the kernel; under the most common configuration, the first 3GB of the 32-bit range are given over to user space, and the kernel gets the final 1GB starting at 0xc0000000. Sharing the address space gives a number of performance benefits; in particular, the hardware's address translation buffer can be shared between the kernel and user space. In '''x86-64''' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_64}} with 4-level page tables ({{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL}}=n), only the least significant 48&nbsp;bits of a virtual memory address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). The remainder bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47, or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form." Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF, for a total of 256&nbsp;TB of usable {{w|virtual address space}}. This is still approximately 64,000 times the virtual address space on 32-bit machines. Linux takes the higher-addressed half of the address space for itself (kernel space) and leaves the lower-addressed half for user space. The "canonical address" design has, in effect, two memory halves: the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and "grows upwards" as more virtual address bits become available, while the higher half is "docked" to the top of the address space and grows downwards. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Start addr !class=unsortable|Offset !End addr !class=unsortable|Size !class=unsortable|VM area description |- | <code><small>0000'</small>'''8'''<small>000'0000'0000</small></code> | +128 TB | <code><small>ffff'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB starting offset of kernel mappings. |- | <code><small>0000'0000'0000'0000</small></code> |0 | <code><small>0000'7fff'ffff'ffff</small></code> |128&nbsp;TB=2⁴⁷ |user-space virtual memory, different per mm |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffe0'0000</small></code> | -2 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 2 MB=2²¹ |... unused hole |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0000</small></code> | -10 MB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'ff60'0fff</small></code> | 4 kB=2¹² | {{The Linux Kernel/id|VSYSCALL_ADDR}} - legacy vsyscall ABI |- | <code><small>ffff'ffff'8000'0000</small></code> | -2 GB | <code><small>ffff'ffff'9fff'ffff</small></code> | 512&nbsp;MB=2¹⁹ | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8880'0000'0000</small></code> | -119.5&nbsp;TB | <code><small>ffff'c87f'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 64&nbsp;TB | {{The Linux Kernel/id|page_offset_base}} = {{The Linux Kernel/id|__PAGE_OFFSET_BASE_L4}} - direct mapping of all physical memory |- | | | | | |- | <code><small>ffff'8000'0000'0000</small></code> | -128 TB | <code><small>ffff'87ff'ffff'ffff</small></code> | 8&nbsp;TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor |} [[File:Linux_Virtual_Memory_Layout_64bit.svg|border|center|x86-64 memory layout]] ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|setarch}} --addr-no-randomize cat /proc/self/maps ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_64_types.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/init_64.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|X86_64 memory map|x86/x86_64/mm.html}} : {{w|Address_space_layout_randomization#Linux|Address space layout randomization}} === Pages === In Linux, different architectures have different page sizes. The original &mdash;for x86 architecture&mdash; and still most commonly used page size is 4096 bytes (4 KB). The page size (in bytes) of the current architecture is defined by the <code>PAGE_SIZE</code> macro included in {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/page_types.h}} header file. User space programs can get this value using the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpagesize}} library function. Another related macro is <code>PAGE_SHIFT</code>, that contains the number of bits to shift an address to get its page number &mdash;12 bits for 4K pages. One of the most fundamental kernel data structures relating memory-management is <code>struct page</code>. The kernel keeps track of the status of every page of physical memory present in the system using variables of this type. There are millions of pages in a modern system, and therefore there are millions of these structures in memory. The full definition of <code>struct page</code> can be found in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mm_types.h}}. : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Theory/linux-theory-1.html Pages] === NUMA === In {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} systems, physical memory is divided into nodes, each local to a group of CPUs. Accessing local memory is faster than remote memory, so the kernel tries to allocate memory from the node closest to the requesting CPU. Each node contains its own set of zones (DMA, Normal, etc.). ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_mempolicy}} &ndash; set default NUMA memory policy : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mbind}} &ndash; set NUMA memory policy for a memory range : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|get_mempolicy}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|migrate_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|move_pages}} : cat /proc/buddyinfo : /sys/devices/system/node/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mempolicy.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pglist_data}} (pg_data_t) &ndash; per-node memory descriptor, contains zones : {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}} &ndash; returns NUMA node of current CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/mempolicy.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/migrate.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NUMA Memory Policy|admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.html}} : {{w|Non-uniform memory access}} : See also [[../Multitasking/CPU#SMP|SMP section]] for NUMA topology and CPU aspects === Huge pages === {{w|Huge pages}} use larger page sizes (2 MB or 1 GB on x86-64) to reduce TLB misses and page table overhead for memory-intensive workloads. ==== HugeTLB ==== HugeTLB provides explicitly allocated persistent huge pages, reserved at boot or runtime. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Huge : cat /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} with MAP_HUGETLB : mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hugetlb.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/hugetlb.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hugetlb_fault}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HugeTLB Pages|admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.html}} ==== Transparent Huge Pages ==== THP automatically promotes regular pages to huge pages without application changes (since 2.6.38). ⚲ API: : cat /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|madvise}} with MADV_HUGEPAGE : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/huge_mm.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/huge_memory.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|khugepaged}} &ndash; daemon that collapses pages into huge pages : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/khugepaged.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Transparent Hugepage Support|admin-guide/mm/transhuge.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concepts overview|admin-guide/mm/concepts.html}} === CMA === {{w|Contiguous Memory Allocator}} reserves a region of memory at boot for large physically contiguous allocations needed by DMA devices, GPUs and multimedia hardware (since 3.5). Unused CMA memory is available to the page allocator for movable pages. ⚲ API: : cat /proc/meminfo | grep Cma : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cma.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_contiguous}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CMA}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/cma.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cma_release}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Contiguous Memory Allocator|mm/cma.html}} === DMA === ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_addr_t}} - bus address : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dma-mapping.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_alloc_pages}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|pin_user_pages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_single}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_data_direction}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_map_sg}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|scatterlist}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_coherent_mask}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_set_mask_and_coherent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_cpu}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_sync_single_for_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/gfp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmapool.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dma_pool_create}} : DMA-able memory: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__get_free_page}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmalloc}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|kmem_cache_alloc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_user_pages}} pins user pages in memory, 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/kfifo/dma-example.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_rx_buffers}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|e1000_alloc_ring_dma}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/dmapool.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/gup.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/dma/mapping.c}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping Guide|core-api/dma-api-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device|core-api/dma-api.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/787636/ LWM: get_user_pages, pinned pages, and DAX] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|pin_user_pages() and related calls|core-api/pin_user_pages.html}} 💾 ''Historical:'' : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch15.pdf LDD3:Memory Mapping and DMA] : http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch13.html mmap and DMA : SAC &ndash; Single Address Cycle, 32-bit DMA addressing (up to 4 GB) : DAC &ndash; Dual Address Cycle, 64-bit DMA addressing ==== DMAEngine ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/dmaengine.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/dma}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|driver-api/dmaengine}} : https://bootlin.com/pub/conferences/2015/elc/ripard-dmaengine/ == ... == 📚 References for the article: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux Memory Management Documentation|mm/}} : [https://www.ryadel.com/en/linux-memory-management-mechanism-analysis-kernel/ Analysis of Linux Memory Management Mechanism] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/MM/ Memory management] : http://linux-mm.org/LinuxMM : http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO-7.html : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Memory_management Memory management, lwn] {{BookCat}} 3vzslhg8jl6x7y7ajc0eqaljqy9yt41 2 482819 4632316 2026-04-25T17:45:36Z Conan 3188 Created page with "q" 4632316 wikitext text/x-wiki q 42tly7p616mhho9m3kqeuro6s8iwb00 4632324 4632316 2026-04-25T17:45:51Z Conan 3188 add $var placeholder convention note 4632324 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Use this template and examples for new topics --> === Topic template === <!-- Write here short introduction. --> This template is for contributors to structure their content. Fill in the placeholders as needed. 🔧 TODO : ... 🗝️ Acronyms and/or key terms <!-- use colon ":" for elegant lists --> : API – Application Program Interface : ... 🖱️ GUI <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|git-gui}} – A portable graphical interface to Git : ... 🛠️ Utilities <!-- Links to the manpages --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ls}} – Lists directory contents : ... ⚲ APIs <!-- Links to the manpages --> <!-- Use shell-friendly $var for placeholders, e.g. /proc/$pid/status --> : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|intro}} – Introduction to user commands : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|intro}} – Introduction to system calls : {{The Linux Kernel/man|4|intro}} – Introduction to special files : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi}} – User-space API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syscall}} ↪ <!-- Links to specific identifiers (functions, structures, macros, etc.) within the Linux kernel --> :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|entry_SYSCALL_64}} ↯ Call hierarchy: ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_syscall_64}} :::: ... : ... 👁️ Example <!-- Links to the directories and files --> : {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples}} : ... ⚙️ Internals <!-- Links to the kernel sources --> <!-- Links to specific identifiers (functions, structures, macros, etc.) --> : {{The Linux Kernel/id|printk}} <!-- Links to the directories and files --> : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests}} : ... 🚀 Advanced features : ... ==== ... ==== <!-- Appendix --> 📖 References <!-- Links to official Linux documentation --> : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The Linux Kernel documentation|#}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Documentation for /proc/sys/kernel/|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html}} <!-- Links with URL Fragment Text Directive --> : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=initcall_debug initcall_debug] : ... 📚 Further reading <!-- Links to external resources and LKML --> : [https://lore.kernel.org/ Kernel mailing lists] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/ LKML] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-doc/ linux-doc ML] :: [https://lore.kernel.org/kernelnewbies/ KernelNewbies ML] <!-- External Wikipedia Links --> : {{w|Linux kernel}} <!-- Other wikies --> : https://deepwiki.com/torvalds/linux : https://wiki.archlinux.org/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel : ... 💾 ''Historical'' <!-- Links to historical resources --> : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/ Linux Kernel Internals] : [https://tldp.org/HOWTO/KernelAnalysis-HOWTO.html Kernel Analysis HOWTO] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/ Kernel documentation archive] : ... {{BookCat}} 2xblh9e08i204ovjw5pfnpph80ascdb 0 482820 4632365 2026-04-25T19:21:41Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Creation of project - tsx4wu 4632365 wikitext text/x-wiki AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. firo1o1op2m0szl50av0e8qr6jsbqvd 4632374 4632365 2026-04-25T19:28:56Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Introduction 4632374 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. 75m49gh85ezm4lhsogowrfmyuh6lppi 4632375 4632374 2026-04-25T19:37:35Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Update to introduction 4632375 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. ljpmjkmq49nmf38so57hkdczx63ko2u 4632376 4632375 2026-04-25T19:44:04Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Introduction update again 4632376 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but is not a licensed therapist. It doesn't have professional judgement. It does not have context of the users life and take social cues like a human professional would. byqd2gfnr9px35zsky2gyshsvq963ji 4632377 4632376 2026-04-25T19:46:39Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Minor type-editing 4632377 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. szbl5k70vzthqzeedbjvtyuvo63gnu5 4632380 4632377 2026-04-25T20:01:02Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Another update to the introduction, flushing some things out. 4632380 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. 44a75rxa8kok9zcds70b1idpwdiz04n 4632382 4632380 2026-04-25T20:11:40Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 History context first update, testing if links work 4632382 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created ELIZA, a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. jq0l71ioqqtmlkvgjbw3x8j6mfr9yvr 4632386 4632382 2026-04-25T20:21:00Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Another update to the historical context. 4632386 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. 3o1wvrimkr2h5kc7pij35zherst1f18 4632390 4632386 2026-04-25T20:27:32Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Trying my hand at using the references thing 4632390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> == References == # Weizenbaum, Joseph. ''Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation''. W. H. Freeman, 1976. jrkm27q6kai2nwibf95cnokgo7cbjcb 4632391 4632390 2026-04-25T20:27:55Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Fixing the references thing 4632391 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> == References == 4mrgm66mfgy1ohx7ifz88fyf8ukxfkx 4632394 4632391 2026-04-25T20:36:37Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 History update again 4632394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental health became much more standardized through systems like the DSM. == References == gpr95a1e7ptpc0xx8t76vwwdgpo5nbo 4632396 4632394 2026-04-25T20:43:03Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Update to history yet again 4632396 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental health became much more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> == References == 30bpturflrikexkcryl1htr28f8v2qa 4632399 4632396 2026-04-25T20:48:26Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Another update to hc, rounding off the second paragraph hopefully well 4632399 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental health became much more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. == References == 97q3z17znd8pnce4n25pqtko6wdnm66 4632400 4632399 2026-04-25T20:50:03Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Fixed formatting and type-editing 4632400 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental health became much more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. == References == 8bs9ywwje2o5df9kirzrskerrztt5kb 4632401 4632400 2026-04-25T20:52:46Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Minor type-edits 4632401 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. == References == 7j1x3lnzskuvokuanflck1ae95r5q3u 4632404 4632401 2026-04-25T21:05:09Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Another update to hc, rounding off third paragraph with some citations 4632404 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> == References == ljd8jyy8xvfuj4s59678ya1poh741da 4632406 4632404 2026-04-25T21:15:11Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Fourth paragraph for HC 4632406 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. == References == 668o7le8h40zy0nlggy331hjwsf5toj 4632410 4632406 2026-04-25T21:16:49Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Adding a source to paragraph four 4632410 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> == References == blm7tqvap90n5xiobc6iudvel2dabdf 4632411 4632410 2026-04-25T21:21:27Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Short final set up paragraph for Vik's casestudy 4632411 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == References == 7tikdd0c4izybno0awhb0n13t3jh2w4 4632412 4632411 2026-04-25T21:42:31Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 Added adam raine intro 4632412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> == References == cudthvbueadls66c79h0vf22ae4gzyk 4632413 4632412 2026-04-25T21:44:00Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. == References == h8encdck0xz72pfqevn18ym6358by52 4632414 4632413 2026-04-25T21:44:10Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632414 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. == References == 1u65j2fawq01ti7a97y1z0i20w2vmjz 4632415 4632414 2026-04-25T21:45:00Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. == References == 06mkrt339lu4bcqlp5hj2m51ev5azqz 4632417 4632415 2026-04-25T21:56:22Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632417 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. == References == kz1x9w74nsundnuqi33jr72ty5slof8 4632418 4632417 2026-04-25T21:58:20Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632418 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. == References == 6caag4qyuhxc49q9d75pno6xcf6n6ix 4632419 4632418 2026-04-25T21:58:47Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632419 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. == References == e5ldywdnemmzlyphu3qbw26xtevv8xz 4632420 4632419 2026-04-25T21:59:15Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632420 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. == References == 18qp522jqthvxom0mzr0fh3c44qi02j 4632421 4632420 2026-04-25T22:02:24Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. == References == i5w59h8k8nuk3x8oi1bt7pnawle7f95 4632422 4632421 2026-04-25T22:03:02Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632422 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. == References == 0t4anv0pu5pl7y1l9062sjlnnbv1xq8 4632423 4632422 2026-04-25T22:03:14Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632423 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. == References == q7tstxtd2df030p4nn8rh9bdrs48ir7 4632424 4632423 2026-04-25T22:05:21Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632424 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. == References == 3hdtquxtlrrnv8xowl9fvp4uh7krg07 4632425 4632424 2026-04-25T22:05:36Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632425 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. == References == 46sxg2xy24wkybcvnt1cxae9orylkkg 4632426 4632425 2026-04-25T22:07:00Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. == References == 2d8czmd8kqetnllxa2it1hwgzsodvsa 4632427 4632426 2026-04-25T22:07:34Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Jared |date=2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Association for Computing Machinery}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == ecjp4ejp02gcmcrho7zrch6yhor9gkk 4632428 4632427 2026-04-25T22:10:52Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* References */ 4632428 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph |first=Zohar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == 4yqq8pue60xyh8t8jlyvplsa14o5lrh 4632429 4632428 2026-04-25T22:14:13Z Vikranth nara eyu8ps 3579124 /* Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health */ 4632429 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy can be expensive, hard to schedule, socially stigmatized, and unavailable at the exact moment someone wants help. A chatbot gives a different option. It is private, fast, cheap, and available at any hour. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == savxx3byvyoygsgij8hebauhaecgoi6 4632431 4632429 2026-04-25T22:32:48Z ~2026-25285-65 3579167 Type-editing 4632431 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. The problem is that access is not the same as care. A chatbot can sound calm and empathetic, but it is not a licensed therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how they handle risk, dependency, escalation, and responsibility in the same manner as therapists are evaluated. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == rd1ac2f052xqp2ibmjtbvcf1bzbx5ah 4632432 4632431 2026-04-25T22:39:03Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 More type-editing 4632432 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == The idea of computer therapy is not new. In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA did not actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum later argued this was dangerous because the program created the appearance of care without real understanding or responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == ni5jtbmf2nd1vh0ozutdhe7my5g0j8x 4632433 4632432 2026-04-25T22:51:12Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 More type-editing again 4632433 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> Computer-based therapy also came out of a larger change in mental-health diagnosis. Mental disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == f3at5s7i5v3tepsgh9j46lylz7p2ao5 4632434 4632433 2026-04-25T22:59:35Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 More type-editing again again 4632434 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie is useful to compare with modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess distress. The system was especially connected to military mental health care, where stigma against mental health is a big issue. RAND reported that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffered from PTSD or major depression, which is a good reason showing the need for easier screening tools. <ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == axzx7eadfm9fcmre7mxa73plabdevml 4632435 4632434 2026-04-25T23:23:44Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 More type-editing again again again 4632435 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Modern chatbots, however, are different from Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them flexible, but it also makes them harder to control. A system that can discuss anything can be pulled into a crisis. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == pjv75zotete623f9k4jgv4sjxx6mjai 4632438 4632435 2026-04-25T23:31:39Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 More type-editing again again again again 4632438 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == References == o72t3y5w31vypr1n0w9xybsmv6z91u8 4632440 4632438 2026-04-25T23:44:22Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Woebot Case Study Start 4632440 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. == References == rel9enc936mujjhc9mx6nbrdnbuw8q2 4632441 4632440 2026-04-25T23:46:46Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Woebot Case Study P2 4632441 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. == References == g4efe1oe9rdly9lr90ozvzhfg4j23qc 4632442 4632441 2026-04-26T00:03:46Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Second paragraph woebot solid point 4632442 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. == References == 34i8gcx2y18ugqfc66j9ky2s89gwshu 4632443 4632442 2026-04-26T00:08:02Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Woebot Case Study P2 cont 4632443 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. == References == tqdm3bg1c6ljjfmsm91wv3inmtwolz3 4632444 4632443 2026-04-26T00:09:01Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 References for P3, last one was actually me doing P3 as well 4632444 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> == References == mlot6poqsa8qs4nl7hlczgedatic1mg 4632445 4632444 2026-04-26T00:11:01Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Woebot again 4632445 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. == References == 50xmbawl5c17dyr58i6d2c72j4wqpnm 4632446 4632445 2026-04-26T00:15:38Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Finished woebot section for now, may go back and type-edit 4632446 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. The Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1" />. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == References == 4mzzjb9xwjl4ate94vrfphy9iq3o1pz 4632449 4632446 2026-04-26T00:25:18Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Type-editing 4632449 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == References == nnx0v578qr23xsj72f4dehanx6tfry2 4632452 4632449 2026-04-26T00:32:10Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Tyler's section placeholder 4632452 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == References == jpusnqt1w7j2xcop0xuuv7dw8lpq4fg 4632455 4632452 2026-04-26T00:40:17Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Participants first paragraph, lowkey a banger. 4632455 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == Participant Groups: Support and Opposition == The debate about therapy chatbots is not just about whether they work. It is about what kind of support they should provide and who is responsible when that support fails. Supporters focus on access. A chatbot can be available when a therapist is not. It can help users who are not ready to talk to a person. It can give basic reflection, journaling help, psychoeducation, and structured CBT exercises. This does not make it therapy. == References == bsd3vcjkzat0pw3tjbgs40yznnp2vyi 4632461 4632455 2026-04-26T00:51:10Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Paragraph two, even better 4632461 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social sigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == Participant Groups: Support and Opposition == The debate about therapy chatbots is not just about whether they work. It is about what kind of support they should provide and who is responsible when that support fails. Supporters focus on access. A chatbot can be available when a therapist is not. It can help users who are not ready to talk to a person. It can give basic reflection, journaling help, psychoeducation, and structured CBT exercises. This does not make it therapy. Critics focus on false trust. A chatbot can sound caring without actually caring. It can sound understanding without actually understanding. It also cannot take responsibility like a therapist can. Ford argued that computer assisted therapy raises ethical and professional issues because it changes the relationship between patient and therapist. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=B. D. |year=1994 |title=Ethical and Professional Issues in Computer-Assisted Therapy |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–400}}</ref> Accountability and privacy make this worse. A therapist has a license, follows medical standards, and has legal duties and obligations. A chatbot company can avoid some of that responsibility by calling it a wellness tool. The user may not see it that way. If the chatbot listens like a therapist and responds like a therapist, the user may trust it like they would a therapist. That creates risk when the system is not held to the same standards that therapists are. == References == pwc56l4u2c7qegz8h8d3f8r33v81puz 4632465 4632461 2026-04-26T00:59:46Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Type-editing and finish for participant group section 4632465 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social stigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == Participant Groups: Support and Opposition == The debate about therapy chatbots is not just about whether they work. It is about what kind of support they should provide and who is responsible when that support fails. Supporters focus on access. A chatbot can be available when a therapist is not. It can help users who are not ready to talk to a person. It can give basic reflection, journaling help, psychoeducation, and structured CBT exercises. This does not make it therapy. Critics focus on false trust. A chatbot can sound caring without actually caring. It can sound understanding without actually understanding. It also cannot take responsibility like a therapist can. Ford argued that computer assisted therapy raises ethical and professional issues because it changes the relationship between patient and therapist. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=B. D. |year=1994 |title=Ethical and Professional Issues in Computer-Assisted Therapy |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–400}}</ref> Accountability and privacy make this worse. A therapist has a license, follows medical standards, and has legal duties and obligations. A chatbot company can avoid some of that responsibility by calling it a wellness tool. The user may not see it that way. If the chatbot listens like a therapist and responds like a therapist, the user may trust it like they would a therapist. That creates risk when the system is not held to the same standards that therapists are. Different groups want different things. Users want fast, cheap, private support. AI companies want growth, trust, and legal protection. Health professionals want safety, evidence, and standards. Families want protection. Policy makers want public safety. The conflict is primarily one about responsibility. == References == 04bbyy3a0fuox6scntpow5bd9cxpaum 4632468 4632465 2026-04-26T01:01:43Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Future work first paragraph 4632468 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social stigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == Participant Groups: Support and Opposition == The debate about therapy chatbots is not just about whether they work. It is about what kind of support they should provide and who is responsible when that support fails. Supporters focus on access. A chatbot can be available when a therapist is not. It can help users who are not ready to talk to a person. It can give basic reflection, journaling help, psychoeducation, and structured CBT exercises. This does not make it therapy. Critics focus on false trust. A chatbot can sound caring without actually caring. It can sound understanding without actually understanding. It also cannot take responsibility like a therapist can. Ford argued that computer assisted therapy raises ethical and professional issues because it changes the relationship between patient and therapist. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=B. D. |year=1994 |title=Ethical and Professional Issues in Computer-Assisted Therapy |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–400}}</ref> Accountability and privacy make this worse. A therapist has a license, follows medical standards, and has legal duties and obligations. A chatbot company can avoid some of that responsibility by calling it a wellness tool. The user may not see it that way. If the chatbot listens like a therapist and responds like a therapist, the user may trust it like they would a therapist. That creates risk when the system is not held to the same standards that therapists are. Different groups want different things. Users want fast, cheap, private support. AI companies want growth, trust, and legal protection. Health professionals want safety, evidence, and standards. Families want protection. Policy makers want public safety. The conflict is primarily one about responsibility. == Future Work == This chapter only captured a few examples. Future work should compare more kinds of therapy chatbots. Woebot is narrow and structured. ChatGPT is broad and flexible. Those systems should not be treated as the same thing. == References == scvd17cu0fkl8baul798limw13bs946 4632469 4632468 2026-04-26T01:04:43Z Zachary Denison tsx4wu 3579125 Finished future work 4632469 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social stigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == Participant Groups: Support and Opposition == The debate about therapy chatbots is not just about whether they work. It is about what kind of support they should provide and who is responsible when that support fails. Supporters focus on access. A chatbot can be available when a therapist is not. It can help users who are not ready to talk to a person. It can give basic reflection, journaling help, psychoeducation, and structured CBT exercises. This does not make it therapy. Critics focus on false trust. A chatbot can sound caring without actually caring. It can sound understanding without actually understanding. It also cannot take responsibility like a therapist can. Ford argued that computer assisted therapy raises ethical and professional issues because it changes the relationship between patient and therapist. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=B. D. |year=1994 |title=Ethical and Professional Issues in Computer-Assisted Therapy |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–400}}</ref> Accountability and privacy make this worse. A therapist has a license, follows medical standards, and has legal duties and obligations. A chatbot company can avoid some of that responsibility by calling it a wellness tool. The user may not see it that way. If the chatbot listens like a therapist and responds like a therapist, the user may trust it like they would a therapist. That creates risk when the system is not held to the same standards that therapists are. Different groups want different things. Users want fast, cheap, private support. AI companies want growth, trust, and legal protection. Health professionals want safety, evidence, and standards. Families want protection. Policy makers want public safety. The conflict is primarily one about responsibility. == Future Work == This chapter only captured a few examples. Future work should compare more kinds of therapy chatbots. Woebot is narrow and structured. ChatGPT is broad and flexible. Those systems should not be treated as the same thing. Further work should also study long term use. Many studies test a chatbot for days or weeks. A much harder question to answer and something very relevant to this casebook is what happens after months or years of use. A future section could also compare adolescents, adults, veterans, and people that have already been exposed to therapy. More work is also needed on regulation. A big question is to what standard chatbots have to meet before they can be treated as care. == References == 1abljlosjzflqt1bxgew6fyi3b6hvqf 4632483 4632469 2026-04-26T02:31:08Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4632483 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == AI chatbots are increasingly being used for mental-health support. This is not surprising. Therapy costs money, there are issues with scheduling, there is still a social stigma associated with it. A chatbot is different. It is private. It is cheap. And it is available all the time. That makes it useful for people with various mental illnesses who are unsure where else to go. There is a problem with this, however, easy access does not necessarily mean good control. Chatbots may sound professional, but that does not mean it is a proper therapist. It does not have professional judgement. It does not have context of the user's life and does not take social cues like a human professional would. It can behave differently than how the company says it will behave. All this to say, AI mental health tools should not be judged only by how helpful they sound. They should be judged by how well they handle risky situations, how they handle dependency of users on the chatbot, and how they escalate to human intervention when the situation needs it. == History of Computer-Based Therapy == Computer-Based Therapy is not a new subject. Joseph Weizenbaum created something based on that idea, [[wikipedia:ELIZA|ELIZA]], in the 1960s. Eliza is a program that imitated a [[wikipedia:Person-centered_therapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]]. ELIZA failed to actually understand the user. It mainly turned the user's own words back into questions. Still, people responded to it as if it understood them. Weizenbaum argued this was dangerous because the program looked like it cared without actually doing so or being able to take responsibility. <ref>{{cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1976}}</ref> The change that brought about Computer-Based Therapy also came out of a larger change in mental health diagnosis. The diagnosis of mental health disorders became more standardized through systems like the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM]]. Mayes and Horwitz argue that DSM-III changed psychiatry by moving diagnosis toward symptom based categories and away from older [[wikipedia:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] explanations. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayes |first1=Rick |last2=Horwitz |first2=Allan V. |year=2005 |title=DSM-III and the Revolution in the Classification of Mental Illness |url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~bmayes/pdf/dsmiii.pdf |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=249–267}}</ref> This matters because computers work best with quantitative measurements than qualitative observations. A more recent example is [[Lentis/Ellie, the Microsoft Kinect, and Psychotherapy|Ellie]], the virtual psychotherapist used in the SimSensei system. Ellie was developed by researchers at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies and other institutions. It was designed to interview patients and collect information that could help with mental health screening. <ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=SimSensei |url=http://ict.usc.edu/prototypes/simsensei/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies}}</ref> Devault and other researchers described SimSensei Kiosk as a virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support, not as a full replacement for a therapist.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=DeVault|first1=David|last2=Artstein|first2=Ron|last3=Benn|first3=Grace|last4=Dey|first4=Teresa|last5=Fast|first5=Ethan|last6=Gainer|first6=Alesia|title=SimSensei Kiosk: A Virtual Human Interviewer for Healthcare Decision Support|book-title=Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems|pages=1061–1068|year=2014|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2617415}}</ref> Ellie makes a good comparison to modern chatbots because it shows an earlier version of the same problem. Ellie asked questions and watched the patient. It could use speech, facial expression, posture, and other cues to help assess the patient's mental state. This system was in major use by military health care professionals, where stigma is a big issue. RAND found that about one in five Iraq and Afghanistan veterans had PTSD or major depression. This made screening more important. It also made systems like Ellie easier to justify.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2008 |title=One in Five Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Suffer from PTSD or Major Depression |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press/2008/04/17.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=RAND}}</ref> Chatbots now are much different than Ellie. Ellie was mostly used as an interviewer for diagnosis in mental disorders. ChatGPT and other generative AI systems can talk about much more. This makes them more flexible than systems like Ellie, but it also makes them harder to manage. A system that can discuss anything is much more susceptible to breakdowns and failures. Some of which can be critical. == Adam Raine and AI Chatbots in Mental Health == The [[wikipedia:Raine_v._OpenAI|Raine v. OpenAI]] case highlights how AI chatbots can be risky for mental health. Adam Raine, a teenager, used ChatGPT outside a clinical setting, with no supervision or crisis response. The complaint says he interacted with the chatbot often, became emotionally dependent, but there was no single harmful message. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Raine v. OpenAI Complaint |url=https://business.cch.com/plsd/RainevOpenAI-Complaint.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2026 |website=CCH Business}}</ref> The key issue is interaction dynamics over time. The filing alleges that design choices enabled ongoing attachment, stating that “OpenAI’s executives knew these emotional attachment features would endanger minors… but launched anyway” <ref name=":0" />. This shifts the analysis from output quality to system incentives. Engagement optimized systems reward continuation, not disengagement, which conflicts with crisis intervention norms that prioritize interruption and referral. The trajectory of responses is also critical. The complaint describes a progression from general support to a suicide-related discussion <ref name=":0" />. This pattern reflects known failure modes in language models: they adapt to user context and may mirror escalating content without robust boundary enforcement. Empirical work supports this. A Stanford study found therapy chatbots “routinely fail at providing safe, ethical care,” with repeated failures on suicide-related prompts <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Moore, Grabb, Agnew, Klyman, Chancellor, Ong, Haber |first=Jared, Declan, William, Kevin, Stevie, Desmond C., Nick |date=June 22, 2025 |title=Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3715275.3732039 |journal=Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency|volume=2025|via=ACM Digital Library}}</ref>. These failures are not random errors. They indicate weak alignment under ambiguous or indirect signals. Crisis detection is another structural gap. Reports describe continued engagement despite escalating distress, with the chatbot framed as a “closest companion” <ref name=":0" />. Clinical practice treats such signals as triggers for escalation. In contrast, chatbot systems often rely on pattern recognition without calibrated risk thresholds. Evidence from the Journal of Medical Internet Research shows ChatGPT-3.5 “markedly underestimated the potential for suicide attempts” relative to clinicians <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elyoseph, Levkovich |first=Zohar, Inbar |date=Aug 1, 2023 |title=Beyond human expertise: the promise and limitations of ChatGPT in suicide risk assessment |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10427505/ |journal=Front Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=1213141 |via=PubMed Central (PMC)}}</ref>. Underestimation is not just inaccuracy; it delays intervention and increases exposure to risk. Scale and intensity amplify these issues. The complaint reports hundreds of messages per day with increasing self-harm content <ref name=":0" />. This matters because safety evaluations are typically single-turn, while risk here is path-dependent. Each response conditions the next, creating feedback loops that can normalize harmful themes. High-frequency interaction also increases user trust, making later unsafe outputs more influential. Finally, the case exposes a governance gap. General-purpose systems operate in almost therapeutic roles without the constraints applied to clinical tools. Advocacy groups like the Center for Humane Technology argue this requires stronger safeguards and accountability standards <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litigation Case Study: OpenAI |url=https://www.humanetech.com/case-study/litigation-case-study-openai |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Center for Humane Technology |language=en}}</ref>. The core issue is misalignment between product incentives and safety requirements. Systems optimized for engagement can unintentionally sustain harmful states when used by vulnerable users. Overall, Raine v. OpenAI shows that harm emerges from system-level properties: incentive structures, weak crisis detection, and longitudinal interaction effects. The case is less about a single failure and more about how design, scale, and use context interact to produce risk. == Woebot as Controlled Computer-Based Therapy == The Woebot chatbot gives a different example compared to ChatGPT, ELIZA, and Ellie. Woebot was designed as a mental health chatbot based on [[wikipedia:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy|CBT]] principles. It doesn't work like LLM models, in that it is less flexible. The interactions it gives are more structured and shorter. In a 2017 randomized controlled trial, 70 young adults between ages 18 and 28 were assigned to use Woebot or to read an information only National Institute of Health ebook over two weeks. The Woebot group showed significant reductions in depression symptoms. The study measured this using the [[wikipedia:PHQ-9|PHQ-9]]. This is a depression symptom scaling tool, that ranges from 0 to 27. A higher number means worse symptoms. The Woebot group started with an average score of 14.30. By the end of the study, the average changed to 11.14. The information only group started at 13.25 and ended at 13.67. This means the Woebot group dropped by about three points, while the information only group stayed about the same. The result was evaluated to be statistically significant. This does not mean Woebot cured depression. It shows, however, that a structured chatbot reduced self-reported depression symptoms more than just giving people mental health information. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Kathleen Kara |last2=Darcy |first2=Alison |last3=Vierhile |first3=Molly |year=2017 |title=Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial |url=https://mental.jmir.org/2017/2/e19/ |journal=JMIR Mental Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e19 |doi=10.2196/mental.7785}}</ref> This does not prove that chatbots can replace therapists. The study was short. The sample was small. The users were young adults from a university. It does show that a chatbot can help in specific settings. Woebot's limits are part of its design. It does less, but doing less makes it safer. A narrow chatbot is easier to test and control. A general chatbot can go almost anywhere the user takes it, and in the area of mental health that openness is not always good. == Tyler's Section == Tyler's Paragraph == Participant Groups: Support and Opposition == The debate about therapy chatbots is not just about whether they work. It is about what kind of support they should provide and who is responsible when that support fails. Supporters focus on access. A chatbot can be available when a therapist is not. It can help users who are not ready to talk to a person. It can give basic reflection, journaling help, psychoeducation, and structured CBT exercises. This does not make it therapy. Critics focus on false trust. A chatbot can sound caring without actually caring. It can sound understanding without actually understanding. It also cannot take responsibility like a therapist can. Ford argued that computer assisted therapy raises ethical and professional issues because it changes the relationship between patient and therapist. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=B. D. |year=1994 |title=Ethical and Professional Issues in Computer-Assisted Therapy |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–400}}</ref> Accountability and privacy make this worse. A therapist has a license, follows medical standards, and has legal duties and obligations. A chatbot company can avoid some of that responsibility by calling it a wellness tool. The user may not see it that way. If the chatbot listens like a therapist and responds like a therapist, the user may trust it like they would a therapist. That creates risk when the system is not held to the same standards that therapists are. Different groups want different things. Users want fast, cheap, private support. AI companies want growth, trust, and legal protection. Health professionals want safety, evidence, and standards. Families want protection. Policy makers want public safety. The conflict is primarily one about responsibility. == Future Work == This chapter only captured a few examples. Future work should compare more kinds of therapy chatbots. Woebot is narrow and structured. ChatGPT is broad and flexible. Those systems should not be treated as the same thing. Further work should also study long term use. Many studies test a chatbot for days or weeks. A much harder question to answer and something very relevant to this casebook is what happens after months or years of use. A future section could also compare adolescents, adults, veterans, and people that have already been exposed to therapy. More work is also needed on regulation. A big question is to what standard chatbots have to meet before they can be treated as care. == References == {{BookCat}} me4xvo64y6qfce5n4o7ohkvtymrouwd 0 482821 4632437 2026-04-25T23:30:06Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Falkbeer Countergambit: Modern Transfer }} = Falkbeer Countergambit: Modern Transfer = === 3...exf4 === {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| |+ ! !4 ! ! |+ !King's gambit accepted: Modern defence |[[/4. Nf3|Nf3]] |= | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} {{ChessFooter}}" 4632437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Falkbeer Countergambit: Modern Transfer }} = Falkbeer Countergambit: Modern Transfer = === 3...exf4 === {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| |+ ! !4 ! ! |+ !King's gambit accepted: Modern defence |[[/4. Nf3|Nf3]] |= | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} {{ChessFooter}} 9ox8vytq4hkzwugxii1ce32nfwrvhf9 0 482822 4632439 2026-04-25T23:32:49Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5]] 4632439 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5]] jt2gpl3yil0wr66v35g8ar9tggh8eme 4632505 4632439 2026-04-26T04:10:16Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Delete request 4632505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|redirect to wrong page}} {{query}} #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5]] ltvrn4tad29xsh9wcp9dkaa8opa2p43 0 482823 4632470 2026-04-26T01:10:54Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 c5|29=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The English Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack..." 4632470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 c5|29=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The English Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_English_Variation/b3_c5 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a less common but still playable response to 1. b3. The idea as Black here is to sidestep standard Nimzo-Larsen theory and instead enter a position resembling a reversed English Opening (1. c4). === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "English Variation". It is named that way because the position after 1. b3 c5 resembles a reversed English Opening. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. Ba3 * 2. g3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Sicilian Defense: Snyder Variation|2. e4]], (transposition) Sicilian Defense: Snyder Variation === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: English Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/english-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} f4kxaj58g9mf6i0zaf3vta43j0nif9e 0 482824 4632472 2026-04-26T01:21:59Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Ba3|30=pd|43=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Graz Attack of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Graz_Attac..." 4632472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 d5 2. Ba3|30=pd|43=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Graz Attack of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Graz_Attack/b3_d5_Ba3 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is an unusual reply to 1...d5 as it doesn't fianchetto the b2 but instead moves it further to a3. The idea is to discourage the e7 pawn (though e6 and e5 are still common) from moving at all as White can play 3. Bxf8 Kxf8 and Black's castling rights are gone. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Graz Attack". It is named after the city of Graz in Austria, but there is no known association to it. === Main Moves === * 2...Nf6 * 2...Nc6 * 2...e6 * 2...e5 === Statistics === White wins ~48%, Black wins ~48%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Graz Attack - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/graz-attack |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 641lz07lrbfg68otxmhgxcr62hvesgl 0 482825 4632473 2026-04-26T01:24:58Z Kwfd 3577794 Made redirect 4632473 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Named Chess Openings/Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense]] 1eesm87dzxm561w0g6o4pgp7yzj9eq6 4632475 4632473 2026-04-26T01:28:11Z Kwfd 3577794 Added bookcat 4632475 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Named Chess Openings/Creepy Crawly Formation: Classical Defense]] {{BookCat}} 44r83tm5yif6mcl72nq4vj7xktg9izy 0 482826 4632474 2026-04-26T01:27:38Z Kwfd 3577794 Made disambiguation page 4632474 wikitext text/x-wiki __DISAMBIG__ There is no page titled 'Formation'. You may be looking for: * [[Named Chess Openings/Formation: Hippopotamus Attack]]<br> or<br> * [[Named Chess Openings/Formation: Shy Attack]] {{BookCat}} q5x5sin5d4n8dbhuaf79f8ph1hlnh6l 0 482827 4632476 2026-04-26T01:44:19Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 Nf6|24=nd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Indian Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_..." 4632476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|15=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 Nf6|24=nd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Indian Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Indian_Variation/b3_Nf6 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a relatively common response to 1. b3. The idea as Black is to not immediately commit to a pawn structure but instead preparing a King's Indian Setup with 2...g6 and 3...Bg7. === History === There is no known historical origin for the name "Indian Variation". It is named that way because it is similar to the Indian Defense (1. d4 Nf6) === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. Ba3 * 2. g3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Zukertort Opening: Nimzo-Larsen Variation|2. Nf3]], (transposition) Zukertort Opening: Nimzo-Larsen Variation === Statistics === White wins ~49%, Black wins ~47%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Indian Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/indian-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 04ec2j62vct5gwo3ad3yj8sbzl5g8tv 0 482828 4632481 2026-04-26T02:07:35Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5|31=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Modern Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Mo..." 4632481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation|3=rd|4=nd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|61=bl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5|31=pd}} === Introduction and Ideas === The Modern Variation of the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a major response to 1. b3 where Black pushes a central pawn. The idea is to allow Black to develop their bishop on f8 and take the center while grabbing the chance to play e5 before Bb2 stops that move. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is the most common reply in modern amateur play<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack/b3 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref>. === Main Moves === * 2. Bb2 * 2. e3 * 2. g3 * 2. Ba3 * [[Named Chess Openings/King's Pawn Opening|2. e4]], (transposition) King's Pawn Opening === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~46%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} h2orzlaus73t3sh82a937fdxqbx87yu 0 482829 4632482 2026-04-26T02:25:39Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation of the Modern Var..." 4632482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}} {{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|55=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 continuation of the Modern Variation in the Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5_Bb2_Nc6 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a major line of the starting move 1. b3. The idea as Black is to develop a piece while defending their central e5 pawn from White's bishop on b2. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is the most popular line coming from 1. b3 in modern amateur play. === Main Moves === * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|3. e3]], (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation) * 3. g3 * 3. Nf3 * 3. d3 * [[Named Chess Openings/Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Pachman Gambit|3. f4]], Pachman Gambit === Statistics === White wins ~50%, Black wins ~47%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} 0x26vhkr0iqm00zxcmenet16xlxle8k 0 482830 4632484 2026-04-26T02:38:21Z Kwfd 3577794 Created page with "{{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}}{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl|47=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation..." 4632484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Named Chess Openings/continuation|parentopening=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation}}{{Chess diagram|2=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation (2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation)|3=rd|5=bd|6=qd|7=kd|8=bd|9=nd|10=rd|11=pd|12=pd|13=pd|16=pd|17=pd|18=pd|51=pl|56=pl|57=pl|58=pl|59=rl|60=nl|62=ql|63=kl|64=bl|65=nl|66=rl|14=pd|53=pl|54=pl|44=pl|67=Position after 1. b3 e5 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3|31=pd|21=nd|52=bl|47=pl}} === Introduction and Ideas === The 2. Bb2 Nc6 3. e3 continuation of the Modern Nimzo-Larsen Attack<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation |url=https://lichess.org/opening/Nimzo-Larsen_Attack_Modern_Variation/b3_e5_Bb2_Nc6_e3 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=lichess.org |language=en-US}}</ref> is a common line arising from 1. b3. The idea as White is to allow their bishop on f1 to develop without committing their e-pawn to the center immediately. === History === There is no known historical origin of the name "Modern Variation". It is named that way because it is a common line in modern amateur play. === Main Moves === * 3...d5 * 3...Nf6 * 3...Bc5 * 3...d6 === Statistics === White wins ~51%, Black wins ~45%, draw ~4%<ref name=":0" />. === ECO code === A01<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schachzeit |date=2024-11-10 |title=Nimzo-Larsen Attack: Modern Variation - Openings - Schachzeit |url=https://www.schachzeit.com/en/openings/nimzo-larsen-attack/modern-variation |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.schachzeit.com |language=en}}</ref> === References === {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} iv594li4cm9b36fvyur86kg5rbmpt68 3 482831 4632494 2026-04-26T03:16:22Z MathXplore 3097823 delete1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4632494 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-04-26 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-25316-14|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777173384170.3s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:16, 26 April 2026 (UTC) b6r7ubav91s9lr7ifwz2dfgpwschr51 0 482832 4632495 2026-04-26T03:24:10Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 Created page with "====== ==A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini== ======" 4632495 wikitext text/x-wiki ====== ==A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini== ====== ne9kflp4qxgwo9ereqgzhl3f68s86rs 4632496 4632495 2026-04-26T03:28:11Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 4632496 wikitext text/x-wiki ====== ===A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini=== ====== h3mgvemlnico5vqh95gttqeqw2tek9y 4632497 4632496 2026-04-26T03:39:55Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 4632497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|474x474px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title |A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini | }} ====== ===A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini=== ====== 0g14z1ni7m01dslt1q1ieuir8e886m2 4632498 4632497 2026-04-26T03:40:11Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 4632498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|474x474px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title |A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini | }} 2zunb9k563ak1pq2ykk7sneckbk59di 4632499 4632498 2026-04-26T03:46:08Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 4632499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|474x474px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title |A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini| }} 69w8rnp68stw7w1pq4eihfoppmcolng 4632500 4632499 2026-04-26T03:46:40Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 ZS Khumalo moved page [[Your Book Title]] to [[A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini]] 4632499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|474x474px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title |A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini| }} 69w8rnp68stw7w1pq4eihfoppmcolng 4632512 4632500 2026-04-26T04:35:39Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 4632512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|200px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title|A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini|}} == Contents == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} # [[/Introduction/]] # [[/Origins and early settlement/]] # [[/State formation/]] # [[/The reign of Sobhuza I and Mswati II/]] * [[/Further reading/]] === Further reading=== <div class='autonav-exclude'> * [[/Origins and early settlement#Picture profile: The Lubombo Mountains|The Lubombo Mountains]] * [[/State formation#Picture profile: Early Swazi chiefs|Early Swazi chiefs]] * [[/The reign of Sobhuza I and Mswati II#Picture profile: Mswati II|Mswati II]] </div> ==References== * * {{shelves|History of Africa|Eswatini}} {{alphabetical|S}} {{status|25%}} 1l2mihqx4qn2bx4alv8mgctss8gy8k0 4632513 4632512 2026-04-26T04:40:17Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 /* Contents */ 4632513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|200px|Flag of Eswatini]] {{book title|A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini|}} == Contents == {{Book search}} {{Print version}} # [[/Introduction/]] # [[/Origins and early settlement/]] # [[/State formation/]] # [[/The reign of Sobhuza I and Mswati II/]] === Further reading=== <div class='autonav-exclude'> * [[/Origins and early settlement#Picture profile: The Lubombo Mountains|The Lubombo Mountains]] * [[/State formation#Picture profile: Early Swazi chiefs|Early Swazi chiefs]] * [[/The reign of Sobhuza I and Mswati II#Picture profile: Mswati II|Mswati II]] </div> ==References== * * {{shelves|History of Africa|Eswatini}} {{alphabetical|S}} {{status|25%}} pcybskxlymx471or0jcf1y7s992j9ug 0 482833 4632501 2026-04-26T03:46:40Z ZS Khumalo 3506399 ZS Khumalo moved page [[Your Book Title]] to [[A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini]] 4632501 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini]] k4r5vnsejvumpth2r0iz4xtw1u94ibd 4632514 4632501 2026-04-26T04:53:45Z MathXplore 3097823 Marking for speedy deletion: Implausible orphaned redirect 4632514 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Delete|example=false|Implausible orphaned redirect}}</noinclude> #REDIRECT [[A Short History of Precolonial Eswatini]] mmh36unyp70yu5pqjt6csp3fiuaz4zv 3 482834 4632504 2026-04-26T04:03:42Z MathXplore 3097823 delete1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4632504 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-04-26 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Mirko Privitera|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777176220797.3s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:03, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 9cjthrrny8grnjt695pfzzkplw0ksfd 4632518 4632504 2026-04-26T05:51:24Z MathXplore 3097823 delete2 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]]) 4632518 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-04-26 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left" lang="en">[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Mirko Privitera|your recent contributions]] have been undone because you removed content without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> with an accurate [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thanks. </div><!-- Glow-delete1 @ 1777176220797.3s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:03, 26 April 2026 (UTC) == 2026-04-26 == <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left; display: inline" lang="en">[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Sorry for writing in English, but please do not remove content or templates from pages on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Wikibooks</span> without giving a valid reason for the removal in the [[:m:en:Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. Thank you. </div><!-- Glow-delete2 @ 1777182686028.8s --><nowiki></nowiki> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:51, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 7u608hte0w0w18f5eyz0rfqloftvsau 0 482835 4632507 2026-04-26T04:14:06Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Made redirect 4632507 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d5]] jt2gpl3yil0wr66v35g8ar9tggh8eme 0 482836 4632509 2026-04-26T04:25:17Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Created page with "{{Chess Position|= |Panteldakis Countergambit Accepted |parent=[[../|Panteldakis Countergambit]] |moves=1.e4 e5 2. f4 f5 3. exf5 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C30]] }} = Panteldakis Countergambit Accepted = === 3. exf5 === White takes on f5 and threatens Qh5+. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 !4 !5 ! |- !Greco Variation |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...f5/3. exf5/3...Qh4|Qh4+]] |g3 Qe7 |fxe5 Qxe5+ |± |- !Shirazi Line |... Ch..." 4632509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Position|= |Panteldakis Countergambit Accepted |parent=[[../|Panteldakis Countergambit]] |moves=1.e4 e5 2. f4 f5 3. exf5 |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C30]] }} = Panteldakis Countergambit Accepted = === 3. exf5 === White takes on f5 and threatens Qh5+. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 !4 !5 ! |- !Greco Variation |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...f5/3. exf5/3...Qh4|Qh4+]] |g3 Qe7 |fxe5 Qxe5+ |± |- !Shirazi Line |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...f5/3. exf5/3...exf4|exf4]] |Qh5+ Ke7 |Nc3 Nf6 |± |- !Schiller's Defence |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...f5/3. exf5/3...Bc5|Bc5]] |Qh5+ Kf8 |fxe5 Qe7 |± |} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} 2cqbp38qz5ahy8zujfbgtud5hcqj282 0 482837 4632510 2026-04-26T04:28:50Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. e4]] 4632510 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5/2. e4]] r47igkf8tlict9vp19btcqlvb6gagpa 0 482838 4632511 2026-04-26T04:29:24Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...f5/2. e4]] 4632511 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. Nf3/1...f5/2. e4]] 9ytr4e9q7yv8cpp9y0t7hs8lle6js9z 0 482839 4632519 2026-04-26T06:24:52Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |King's Gambit Declined |parent=[[../|King's Gambit Declined]] }} = King's Gambit Declined = === 3. Nf3 === White develops their knight to its most active square. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 !4 ! |- !King's Gambit Accepted: Fischer Defence |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d6/3. Nf3/3...d6|d6]] |d4 g5 |= |- ! |... Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d6/3. Nf3/3...Nc6..." 4632519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |King's Gambit Declined |parent=[[../|King's Gambit Declined]] }} = King's Gambit Declined = === 3. Nf3 === White develops their knight to its most active square. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 !4 ! |- !King's Gambit Accepted: Fischer Defence |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d6/3. Nf3/3...d6|d6]] |d4 g5 |= |- ! |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d6/3. Nf3/3...Nc6|Nc6]] |Bc4 Nf6 |= |- ! | | | |} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} 4z5wqgizakhybuhwcmze7qy2txxsurl 4632520 4632519 2026-04-26T06:25:27Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 4632520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |King's Gambit Declined |parent=[[../|King's Gambit Declined]] }} = King's Gambit Declined = === 3. Nf3 === White develops their knight to its most active square. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 !4 ! |- !King's Gambit Accepted: Fischer Defence |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d6/3. Nf3/3...exf4|exf4]] |d4 g5 |= |- ! |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...d6/3. Nf3/3...Nc6|Nc6]] |Bc4 Nf6 |= |- ! | | | |} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} 9ag0m23heazoetwr167l0y169q96xjg 0 482840 4632521 2026-04-26T06:26:11Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d6]] 4632521 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. f4/2...exf4/3. Nf3/3...d6]] kln23k0ldhq80axma4tchjdf5rswy47 0 482841 4632523 2026-04-26T06:34:53Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Queen's Indian Accelerated |parent=[[../|Indian Defence: Normal Variation]] }} = Queen's Indian Accelerated = === 2...b6 === Black prepares to fianchetto their c8 bishop. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 ! |- ! |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nc3|Nc3]] Bb7 |= |- ! |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nf3|Nf3]] Bb7 |= |- !Queen's Indian Defence <small>(by transp..." 4632523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Queen's Indian Accelerated |parent=[[../|Indian Defence: Normal Variation]] }} = Queen's Indian Accelerated = === 2...b6 === Black prepares to fianchetto their c8 bishop. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 ! |- ! |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nc3|Nc3]] Bb7 |= |- ! |[[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nf3|Nf3]] Bb7 |= |- !Queen's Indian Defence <small>(by transposition)</small> |... e6 |= |} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} t9383cf189wg0xbs0m6ssxx46dw63yi 0 482842 4632524 2026-04-26T06:38:33Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Queen's Indian Accelerated |parent=[[../|Queen's Indian Accelerated]] }} = Queen's Indian Accelerated = === 3. Nf3 === White develops their knight to the most active square. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 ! |- ! |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nf3/3...Bb7|Bb7]] |= |- !Queen's Indian Defence <small>(by transposition)</small> |... Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/..." 4632524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Queen's Indian Accelerated |parent=[[../|Queen's Indian Accelerated]] }} = Queen's Indian Accelerated = === 3. Nf3 === White develops their knight to the most active square. {{ChessMid}} == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {| ! !3 ! |- ! |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nf3/3...Bb7|Bb7]] |= |- !Queen's Indian Defence <small>(by transposition)</small> |... [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...b6/3. Nf3/3...e6|e6]] |= |} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} tq8eqhwovm7uqb9wwvkdxq3j36upe43 0 482843 4632525 2026-04-26T06:38:56Z DevDevFinFin 3579213 Redirected page to [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6]] 4632525 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nf3/3...b6]] 9cd8pgk4m27nyrtb5c8hsfsj07khk75 0 482844 4632533 2026-04-26T07:40:30Z Atiedebee 3523910 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Fingerslip variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 4...dxe4 == White's pawn is practically gambited, since the immediate recapture '''5. Nxe4?!''' loses another pawn to 5...Qxd4, giving up the advantage to Black. With no way to recapture the pawn yet, White must play actively: '''[[/5. Qg4/]]''' is the best way to do so. White prepares to castle queenside quickly while pressuring Black's kingside..." 4632533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Fingerslip variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 4...dxe4 == White's pawn is practically gambited, since the immediate recapture '''5. Nxe4?!''' loses another pawn to 5...Qxd4, giving up the advantage to Black. With no way to recapture the pawn yet, White must play actively: '''[[/5. Qg4/]]''' is the best way to do so. White prepares to castle queenside quickly while pressuring Black's kingside. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |line1=5. Qg4 Nf6 6. Qxg7 Rg8 7. Qh6 |name2=Kunin double gambit |line2=5. ... Qxd4 6. O-O-O }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|French Defence|anchor1=White's_fourth_move_alternatives}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} iz1r5cjq8b7d9pxuhsfosys7ax6iiov 0 482845 4632537 2026-04-26T08:18:44Z Atiedebee 3523910 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Fingerslip variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 5. Qg4 == White brings out the queen and is ready to castle queenside quickly. White should try to make use of their piece activity while they still can. Meanwhile, Black should address the immediate threat of 6. Qxg7. They have two ways to do so. '''[[/5...Nf6/]]''' is the main line. This gives up the g7-pawn, but Black will win the d4-pawn shor..." 4632537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Fingerslip variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 5. Qg4 == White brings out the queen and is ready to castle queenside quickly. White should try to make use of their piece activity while they still can. Meanwhile, Black should address the immediate threat of 6. Qxg7. They have two ways to do so. '''[[/5...Nf6/]]''' is the main line. This gives up the g7-pawn, but Black will win the d4-pawn shortly thereafter. '''[[/5...Qxd4/]]''' is the '''Kunin double gambit'''. Black takes the d4-pawn immediately and protects g7 in doing so. This does give White a lead in development in the process. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |line1=5. ... Nf6 6. Qxg7 Rg8 7. Qh6 |name2=Kunin double gambit |line2=5. ... Qxd4 6. O-O-O h5 6. Qe2 }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|French Defence|anchor1=White's_fourth_move_alternatives}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} it0sszyie64hopgy9c2gl9h5c4hov07 0 482846 4632539 2026-04-26T08:51:52Z Atiedebee 3523910 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Fingerslip variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 5...Nf6 == {{Chess/sideline}} Black lets White take the g7-pawn, hoping to get some kingside counter play using the open g-file. White doesn't have anything better to do than to take the offered pawn. This leads to the following moves being practically forced: '''6. Qxg7''' Rg8 7. Qh6. Now Black is at another crossroads: '''7...Qxd4''' is the mai..." 4632539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Fingerslip variation |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 5...Nf6 == {{Chess/sideline}} Black lets White take the g7-pawn, hoping to get some kingside counter play using the open g-file. White doesn't have anything better to do than to take the offered pawn. This leads to the following moves being practically forced: '''6. Qxg7''' Rg8 7. Qh6. Now Black is at another crossroads: '''7...Qxd4''' is the main line, restoring the material advantage. White can now continue 8. O-O-O to set up a discovered attack. This line in particular has a fairly odd continuation after 8...Bf8 9. Qh4 Rg4 10. Qh3 Qxf2 11. Be2!? Rh4 12. Qxh4 Qxh4 13. g3! and Black's queen is trapped. In the final position, White has a rook for a bishop and two pawns. {{Chess/board |moves=1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Bb4 4. Bd2 dxe4 5. Qg4 Nf6 6. Qxg7 Rg8 7. Qh6 Qxd4 8. O-O-O Bf8 9. Qh4 Rg4 10. Qh3 Qxf2 11. Be2 Rh4 12. Qxh4 Qxh4 13. g3 |caption=Black's queen is trapped }} Other than 8...Bf8, Black can also play Rg6, leading to similar ideas. This rook manoeuvre to chase White's queen is a common theme in these positions. '''7...Rg6''' and '''7...Nc6''' lead to similar ideas, but Black doesn't try to win another pawn and instead tries to catch up with White's development. From this point on there isn't much opening theory left. The opening hasn't seen enough usage to warrant deeper analysis, having only 63 games in the lichess database.<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis board |website=lichess.org |url=https://lichess.org/analysis/pgn/e4_e6_d4_d5_Nc3_Bb4_Bd2_dxe4_Qg4_Nf6 }}</ref> Nowadays, engines give a slight edge to Black, making it an even less enticing option at grandmaster level. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=0 |line1=6. Qxg7 Rg8 7. Qh6 Qxd4 8. O-O-O Bf8 9. Qh4 Rg4 10. Qh3 Qxf2 |line2=6. ... ... 7. ... ... 8. ... Rg6 9. Qh4 Qg4 |line3=6. ... ... 7. ... Nc6 8. O-O-O Rg6 |line4=6. ... ... 7. ... Rg6 8. Qh4 Nc6 }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|French Defence|anchor1=White's_fourth_move_alternatives}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} m5hiwvzl0d1avqfh1vgl5c0jweg9s22 0 482847 4632540 2026-04-26T08:59:57Z ~2026-25237-80 3579176 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation }} = Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation = White defends their bishop with their h-pawn in hopes of opening the h-file. However, this gives up the bishop pair. == References == == Common Moves == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. h4/3...Nxg5|Nxg5]]<br> hxg5 {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}}" 4632540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation }} = Trompowsky Attack: Raptor Variation = White defends their bishop with their h-pawn in hopes of opening the h-file. However, this gives up the bishop pair. == References == == Common Moves == [[Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...Nf6/2. Bg5/2...Ne4/3. h4/3...Nxg5|Nxg5]]<br> hxg5 {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} {{BookCat}} mzuqlf2i6f1diitswyz98hcp2wbmsje 0 482848 4632545 2026-04-26T10:10:44Z Atiedebee 3523910 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Kunin double gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 5...Qxd4 · Kunin double gambit == {{Chess/sideline}} Black doesn't give up the g7-pawn and instead chases after more material. White has two moves properly make use of Black's lack of development. '''6. O-O-O''' sets up a discovered attack on Black's queen, who has no good squares to go to. Getting off of the a1-h8 diagonal runs into 7. Qxg7, tra..." 4632545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Kunin double gambit |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C15]] |parent=[[../|Fingerslip variation]] }} == 5...Qxd4 · Kunin double gambit == {{Chess/sideline}} Black doesn't give up the g7-pawn and instead chases after more material. White has two moves properly make use of Black's lack of development. '''6. O-O-O''' sets up a discovered attack on Black's queen, who has no good squares to go to. Getting off of the a1-h8 diagonal runs into 7. Qxg7, trapping Black's rook. ...Qe5 and ...Qf6 run into Bf4 and Bg5 respectively, both of which lead to Black losing their queen. Black's only moves are therefore those that displace White's queen: * 6...h5 chases the queen to e2 (both Qg3 and Qg5 can be met by attack the queen with the dark-squared bishop. * 6...f5 does the same, but White has the option of going Qg3, responding to Bd6 with Bg5 (after 6...h5 this would have been met with ...h4) * 6...Nf6 transposes back into the 5...Nf6 lines after 7. Qxg7 Rg8 8. Qh6 Alternatively, White can opt for '''6. Nf3'''. These lines tend to result in a queenless middlegame. * 6...Nh6 (6...Nf6?? 7. Qxg7{{Chess/not|++}}) attacks the queen. White can choose to win back their pawn with 7. Qxe6+ Bxe6 8. Nxd4. White can also try to keep the queens on the board with 7. Qf4, but e5 forces it anyway. * 6...h5 allows the same variation as 6...Nh6 with 7. Qxe6+. 7. Qf4 manages to keep the queens on the board. 7...e5?! doesn't work any more due to 8. Nxe5, which now threatens Qxf7. * 6...f5 is similar in spirit to 6...h5. White does get to play 7. Qh5+ g6 8. Nxd4 gxh6. The f-pawn doesn't actually defend the e-pawn due to 9. Nxe4 being a discovered attack on Black's bishop. ==Theory table== {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |links=0 |line1=6. O-O-O h5 7. Qe2 Bd7 |line2=6. ... f5 7. Qg3 Bd6 8. Bf4 Bxf4+ 9. Qxf4 Qc5 |line3=6. ... Nf6 7. Qxg7 Rg8 8. Qh6 |line4=6. Nf3 Nh6 7. Qxe6+ Bxe6 8. Nxd4 Bd7 |line5=6. ... ... 7. Qf4 e5 8. Nxd4 exf4 |line6=6. ... h5 7. Qxe6+ Bxe6 8. Nxd4 Bd7 |line7=6. ... f5 7. Qh5+ g6 8. Nxd4 gxh5 }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|French Defence|anchor1=White's_fourth_move_alternatives}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} pc0ret84wjvpekvmx2stu1k705tb3d2 1 482849 4632546 2026-04-26T10:42:40Z Atiedebee 3523910 /* Name origin */ new section 4632546 wikitext text/x-wiki == Name origin == I find the origin of this variation's name pretty weird. I haven't put it into a history section yet because I don't really understand how it came to be. 5...Qxd4 is the start of the named variation.<ref>https://www.chess.com/openings/French-Defense-Winawer-Fingerslip-Kunin-Double-Gambit</ref><ref>https://lichess.org/opening/French_Defense_Winawer_Variation_Fingerslip_Variation_Kunin_Double_Gambit</ref> One of the games that pops up when searching for this variation is '''Vladimir Kunin - Oschengoit, 1958'''<ref>https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1250817&comp=1</ref><ref>https://freechessgameonline.blogspot.com/2014/10/french-defense-winawer-fingerslip.html</ref> (Black's first name is not mentioned). What I find odd is that it seems like it might be named after Vladimir Kunin, but they are playing the White pieces in this game? Another notable game that popped up is '''Viktor Komliakov - [[w:Vitaly Kunin|Vitaly Kunin]], 2006'''.<ref>https://lichess.org/NqgzsgAA</ref> Here the player with Black is the one with Kunin as the last name. I have looked into some older chess literature, but the line is very obscure, so it is not mentioned by name, if at all. [[User:Atiedebee|Atiedebee]] ([[User talk:Atiedebee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Atiedebee|contribs]]) 10:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC) 8y9f2b9a6cxrk7ftqckrvfoz1h6129l